Master File- Chronic

8/14/2019 Master File- Chronic

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Akshc \qkhmhmo Yqòqkg

QYODS



\JE JUGKM A@LX



@veqvhew `f Kmk|`gx &Yjxsh`dòx

‡ Kmk|`gx – \je s|ulx `f |je s|quc|uqe `f a`lxykq|s kml |jehq qedk|h`msjhys |` `me km`|jeq-

‡ Yjxsh`dòx – \je s|ulx `f |je fumc|h`m `f |jea`lx‘s s|quc|uqkd gkcjhmeqx-



Cjeghckd deved

K|`gs c`gahme |`

f`qg g`decudes

;

1

3

<

Ceddudkq deved

Cedds kqe gkle uy `f g`decudes

\hssue deved

\hssues c`mshs| `f

shghdkq |xyes `f

cedds

5 @qokm sxs|eg deved

@qokm sxs|egs c`mshs| `f lhffeqem|

`qokms |jk| w`qb |òe|jeq cd`sedx

@qokm deved

@qokms kqe gkle uy `f

lhffeqem| |xyes `f |hssues

6 @qokmhsgkd deved

\je jugkm `qokmhsg hs

gkle uy `f gkmx `qokm

sxs|egs

Sg``|j guscde cedd

C`mmec|hve|hssue

Deveds `f S|quc|uqkd @qokmh~k|h`m

Fhouqe ;-;



Deveds `f S|quc|uqkd @qokmh~k|h`m

‡ Cjeghckd – k|`gs c`gahmel |` f`qgg`decudes

‡ Ceddudkq – cedds kqe gkle `f g`decudes

‡ \hssue – c`mshs|s `f shghdkq |xyes `f cedds

‡ @qokm – gkle uy `f lhffeqem| |xyes `f |hssues

‡ @qokm sxs|eg – c`mshs|s `f lhffeqem| `qokms|jk| w`qb cd`sedx |òe|jeq

‡ @qokmhsgkd – gkle uy `f |je `qokm sxs|egs



Cjeghckd `qokmh~k|h`m

‡ Kdd f`qgs `f gk||eq dhvhmo `q m`mdhvhmo kqe gkle`f dhgh|el m`- `f auhdlhmo ad`cbs ckddeledegem|s-

‡ Jugkm a`lx hs gkle `f 16 lhffeqem| edegem|-

‡ C$J$@$&M ''''''''86%

‡ Ck$Y$B$S$Mk$Cd$Go$Fe''''3-:%

‡ Kllh|h`mkd ;< |qkce edegem|“9-1%



_jk| hs xùq a`lx gkle `f0

88% `f |je gkss `f |je jugkm a`lx>

‡ `zxoem *65%(

‡ckqa`m *;:-6%(

‡ jxlqòem *8-?%(

‡ mh|qòem *3-1%9

‡ ckdchug *;-:%(

‡ yj`syj`qus *;-9%(



Cjeghckd `qokmh~k|h`m

‡ Ckqa`jxlqk|e> – C$J$@“3%*Emeqox(

‡ Dhyhls> – C$J$@'''15%''Yq`|ec|h`m & emeqox s|`qkoe-

‡ Yq`|ehms> – C$J$@$M''';:%''*S|quc|uqkd fqkge w`qb(-



G`decudkq Deved

– Ckqa`jxlqk|es

‡ Suokqs kml s|kqcjes

– Dhyhls

‡ Fk|s kml `hds – Yq`|ehms *f`qgel fq`g kghm` kchls(

‡ Em~xges$ j`qg`mes$ km|ha`lhes

‡ Akshs `f dhfe

– Mucdehc kchls *f`qgel fq`g mucde`|hles(

‡ LMK$ QMK

‡ Le|eqghme wjk| yq`|ehms kqe gkle



Cedd

z \je cedd hs |je akshcs|quc|uqkd kml fumc|h`mkdumh| `f |je a`lx-

z Kaù| 199 lhffeqem| |xye`f cedds kqe akshc umh| `f jugkm a`lx-

‡ Cx|`dòx – s|ulx `f |jecedd



Akshc Cedd Fumc|h`ms

‡ @a|khm mu|qhem|s kml `zxoem fq`g suqqùmlhmoemvhq`mgem|

‡ Yeqf`qg cjeghckd qekc|h`ms |jk| yq`vhle emeqox

f`q |je cedd‡ Edhghmk|e ckqa`m lh`zhle kml `|jeq wks|es |`

suqqùmlhmo emvhq`mgem|

‡ Sxm|jesh~e meelel ceddudkq c`gy`mem|s



Akshc Cedd Fumc|h`ms

‡ Qeyq`luc|h`m – Ezcey|h`m ' meqve cedds kml guscde cedds

d`se |jehq kahdh|x |` qeyq`luce luqhmo |jehq ekqdx leved`ygem|

‡ Semshmo kml qesy`mlhmo |` cjkmoes hmsuqqùmlhmo emvhq`mgem|

‡ C`m|q`d ezcjkmoe `f gk|eqhkds ae|weem ceddkml h|s suqqùmlhmo emvhq`mgem|



Cedd

‡ Cx|`ydksg > H| c`mshs|s `f kdd |je ceddudkq c`m|em| hmae|weem ydksgkgegaqkme & mucdeus-

‡ Cx|`s`de > Fduhl y`q|h`m-

‡ @qokmeddes > seveqkd |xye`f `qokm jkvhmo syechfhcsjkye & fumc|h`m dhbe

Cx|`sbede|`m$ Qha`s`ge$E-Q$ O`doh c`gydez$Dxs`s`ge$Gh|`cj`mlqhk-



Cedd

‡ Cedd Gegaqkme> H| hs ksedec|hve akqqheq |jk|qeoudk|es |je fd`w `f

gk|eqhkds hm|` kml ù||je cedd-



Cedd

‡ Cx|`sbede|`m >Yq`vhles k s|quc|uqkdfqkgew`qb f`q |jecedd & ohves kykq|hcudkq sjkye |`cedd- Jedys hm |jeg`vegem| `f

`qokmeddes hm shle|je cedd-



Cedd

‡ Qha`s`ge >Qha`s`ge/s kqe sh|ef`q yq`|ehm sxm|jeshs-

‡ Gh|`cj`mlqhk > shmce|jex oemeqk|e g`s|`f |je K\Y jemceckddel y`weq jùse-



Cedd

‡ Eml`ydksghcQe|hcudug > EQ hs kmez|emshve me|w`qb `f f`dlel gegaqkmes|jk| ez|emls fq`g

mucdekq gegaqkme|jqùoj ù| |je

– s|eq`hl sxm|jeshs

– le|`zhfhck|h`m – s|`qkoe



Cedd

‡ O`doh c`gydez > – Qecehves yq`|ehm fq`g

EQ kml qegkbes |jeghm|` em~xges hmdxs`s`ges

– Sxm|jesh~esy`dxskccjkqhles$odxc`dhyhls$odxc`yq`|ehms$

dhy`yq`|ehms$ gucùskml secqe|es gkmx `f |jeg fq`g |je cedd



Cedd

‡ Dxs`s`ges >Dxs`s`ge kqegegaqkme emcd`sel

veshcdes |jk| f`qgfq`g |je o`dohc`gydez & c`m|khms69 |xye `f lhoes|hve

& jxlq`dx|hc em~xge



Cedd

‡ Mucdeus > C`m|khmsg`s| `f |je cedd‘soeme wjhcj kqe

d`ck|el `mcjq`g`s`ge-C`m|q`ds ceddudkq s|quc|uqe$ lhqec|s

ceddudkq kc|hvh|x



\hssue

‡ \hssues> – oqùys `f cedds wjhcj kqe shghdkq hm

s|quc|uqe kml wjhcj yeqf`qg c`gg`m

`q qedk|el fumc|h`ms-

‡ Jhs|`dòx>

– |je s|ulx `f |hssues-



Akshc bhmls `f |hssues

‡ Eyh|jedhkd \hssue D`ck|h`ms> Eyh|jedhkd |hssuec`mshs|s `f cedds kqqkmoel hm c`m|hmuùssjee|s$ hm shmode dkxeq `q gud|hyde dkxeqs-

– C`veqs |je a`lx

– Dhmes |je ckvh|hes$ |uaes$ luc|s kml ad``lvesseds hmshle |je a`lx

– C`veqs |je `qokms hmshle a`lx ckvh|hes

–



Akshc bhmls `f |hssues

‡ Cdksshfhck|h`m> Aksel `m kqqkmoegem|s `f cedds eyh|jedhkd|hssue hs `f |jqee |xyes >;- Shgyde eyh|jedhkd – Shmode dkxeq'

Fhd|qk|h`m$Kas`qy|h`m$Secqe|h`m1- S|qk|hfhel eyh|jedhkd' Gud|hyde dkxeq'Yq`|ec|h`m-3-Yseul`s|qk|hfhel eyh|jedhug' `me dkxeq au| kyyekq ks

gud|hyde dkxeq' Secqe|h`m & G`vegem|-

Aksel `m sjkye eyh|jedhkd |hssues ckm ae cdksshfhel ks >;- S{ukgùs' Fdk|* Fd``q dhbe(1- Cua`hlkd' Cuae dhbe*Jezko`kmd(3- C`dugmkq' Qec|kmoudkq* Chddhk|el M`mchddhk|el(<- \qkmsh|h`mkd' Vkqhkade sjkye



C`mmec|hve \hssue

‡ C`mmec|hve \hssue>

– G`s| kaumlkm| & whledx lhs|qhau|el |hssue-

‡ C`mmec|hve \hssue Fumc|h`ms>

– C`mmec|s$ ahmls kml suyy`q|s s|quc|uqes$

‡ \eml`ms$ dhokgem|s$ e|c-

– Yq`|ec|s `qokms kml |hssues$

– Gkn`q sh|e `f emeqox s|`qkoe-

– \qkmsy`q|s suas|kmces *ad``l(-

– Gkhm sh|e f`q hggume qesy`mse-



Cdksshfhck|h`m

Egaqx`mhc c`mmec|hve |hssue>

;- Gesemcjxge' fùml hm egaqx` &kdd c`mmec|hve |hssue kqhses fq`gh|-

1- Gucùs c`mmec|hve |hssue' kds`bm`wm ks wjkq|`m‘s neddx fùmlgkhmdx hm ugadhckd c`ql-



Cdksshfhck|h`m

Gk|uqe c`mmec|hve |hssue'

D``se c`mmec|hve |hssue'

k- Kqe`dkq c`mmec|hve' Fhaqàdks|$Gkcq`yjkoe$ Gks| cedd-

a- Klhy`se |hssue' s|`qes fk|-

c- Qe|hcudkq |hssue' f`qgs suyy`q|hmo

me|w`qb-



Cdksshfhck|h`m

Lemse c`mmec|hve |hssue'

Lemse qeoudkq *Ykqkdded yk||eqm(' \eml`ms & G`s|dhokgem|-

Lemse hqqeoudkq *sjee| yk||eqm(' Yeqhckqlhug$leqghs$ yeqhcj`mlqhug *gegaqkme suqqùmlhmockq|hdkoe($ yeqh`s|eug *gegaqkme suqqùmlhmoa`me(-

Edks|hc c`mmec|hve |hssue' s|q`mo & ckm qec`hd |`h|s `qhohmkd sjkye- Dumos |hssue$ kq|eqhes-



Cdksshfhck|h`m

Ckq|hdkoe – lemse me|w`qb `f c`ddkoem fhaqes- h|jks kahdh|x |` kssuge h|s `qhohmkd sjkye kf|eq lef`qgk|h`m-

Jxkdhme ckq|hdkoe' h| hs fùml k| |je eml `f dkqoe

a`mes$dkqxmz$|qkcjek-yq`vhles fdezhahdh|x$suyy`q|$& sg``|j suqfkce f`q g`vegem|-

Fhaq`ck|hdkoe ' bmee ykls- Suyy`q| & fush`m-

Edks|hc ckq|hdkoe – ohves suyy`q| & gkhm|khmssjkye-

A`me & ad``l hs kds` k |xye `f c`mmec|hve |hssue-



Guscde \hssue

‡ Guscde \hssue> – Guscde |hssue c`mshs|s `f fhaeqs |jk| kqesyechkdh~el f`q c`m|qkc|h`m- H| yq`vhles g`|h`m &gkhm|emkmce `f y`s|uqe-

– Sbede|kd guscde |hssue hs k||kcjel |` a`mes & h|skc|h`m hs v`dum|kqx-

– Ckqlhkc guscde |hssue f`qgs g`s| `f |je jekq| & h|skc|h`m hs hmv`dum|kqx-

‡ Guscde \hssue Fumc|h`ms> – G`vegem|

– Gkhm|khms y`s|uqe – Yq`luces jek|

– Yugys ad``l

– Yeqhs|kdshs



Meqvùs \hssue

‡ Meqvùs \hssue> – Gkhm c`gy`mem| `f |je meqvùs

sxs|eg$

he-$ aqkhm$ syhmkd c`ql & meqves-‡ Meqvùs \hssue Fumc|h`ms>

– Qeoudk|es & c`m|q`ds a`lx fumc|h`ms

– Oemeqk|es & |qkmsgh|s meqve hgyudses

– Suyy`q|s$ hmsudk|es kml yq`|ec|shgyudse oemeqk|hmo meuq`ms-



@qokms

‡ \w` `q g`qe |xyes `f yqhgkqx |hssue

‡ @qokmh~el |` yeqf`qg k ykq|hcudkq

fumc|h`m



S9GE @F \JE GKN@Q @QOKMS HM \JEJUGKM A@LX

AQKHM

\JE DUMOS

DHVEQ\JE S\@GKCJ

\JE ADKLLEQ



Meqvùs Sxs|eg

‡ Fks|'kc|hmo c`m|q`d sxs|eg

‡ Qesy`mls |` hm|eqmkd kml ez|eqmkd cjkmoes



Hm|eougem|kqx Sxs|eg

‡ F`qgs ez|eqmkd a`lx

c`veqhmo‡ Yq`|ec|s leeyeq |hssues

fq`g hmnuqx‡ Sxm|jesh~es vh|kghm L‡ Sh|e `f cu|kmeùs

qecey|`qs

*ykhm$ yqessuqe$ e|c-( kmlswek|

kml `hd odkmls



Sbede|kd Sxs|eg

‡ Yq`|ec|s kml suyy`q|sa`lx `qokms

‡ Yq`vhles k fqkgew`qb f`q guscdes

‡ Ad``l cedds f`qgel wh|jhma`mes

‡ S|`qes ghmeqkds



Guscudkq Sxs|eg

‡ D`c`g`|h`m

‡ Fkchkd ezyqessh`m

‡ Gkhm|khms y`s|uqe‡ Yq`luces jek|



Eml`cqhme Sxs|eg

‡ Odkmls secqe|ej`qg`mes |jk|qeoudk|e>

– Oq`w|j – Qeyq`luc|h`m

– Mu|qhem| use



Ckqlh`vkscudkq Sxs|eg

‡ Ad``l vesseds|qkmsy`q| ad``l – Ckqqhes `zxoem kml

ckqa`m lh`zhle

– Kds` ckqqhes mu|qhem|skml wks|es

‡ Jekq| yugys ad``l



Dxgyjk|hc Sxs|egHggumh|x

‡ Lhsy`ses `f leaqhs hm|je dxgyjk|hc sxs|eg

‡ Jùses wjh|e ad``lcedds *dxgyj`cx|es(

‡ Gùm|s k||kcb kokhms|f`qehom suas|kmces hm|je a`lx-



Qesyhqk|`qx Sxs|eg

‡ Beeys ad``l suyydhelwh|j `zxoem

‡ Qeg`ves ckqa`m lh`zhle

‡ Oks ezcjkmoe `ccuqs

|jqùoj wkdds `f khq skcshm |je dumos



Lhoes|hve Sxs|eg

‡ Aqekbs l`wm f``l hm|`kas`qakade umh|s

‡ Hmlhoes|hade f``ls|uffsedhghmk|el ks feces



Uqhmkqx Sxs|eg

‡ Edhghmk|esmh|qòemùs wks|es

‡ Qeoudk|es wk|eq$

edec|q`dx|e$ kml kchl'akse akdkmce



Gkde & Fegkde Qeyq`luc|hve Sxs|egs

‡ @veqkdd fumc|h`m hs |`

yq`luce `ffsyqhmo‡ \es|es yq`luce

syeqg kml gkde sezj`qg`mes

‡ @vkqhes yq`luceeoos kml fegkdesez j`qg`mes

‡ Gkggkqx odkmlsyq`luce ghdb

@qhem|k|h`m kml Lhqec|h`mkd



@qhem|k|h`m kml Lhqec|h`mkd\eqgs



@qhem|k|h`m kml Lhqec|h`mkd \eqgs



@qhem|k|h`m kml Lhqec|h`mkd \eqgs



DHFE YQ@CESSES

;- GE\KA@DHSG hs |je sug `f kdd cjeghckd qekc|h`mshm |je a`lx- \w` gkn`q lhvhsh`ms>CK\KA@DHSG$yq`vhlhmo |je emeqox meelel |` sus|khm dhfe |jqùoj|je aqekbhmo l`wm `f f``l gk|eqhkds$ kml

KMKA@DHSG$ wjhcj uses |je emeqox fq`gck|ka`dhsg |` gkbe mugeqùs suas|kmces-

1- QESY@MSHVEMESS hs |je kahdh|x |` le|ec| kmlqesy`ml |` cjkmoes hm |je hm|eqmkd kml `q ez|eqmkdemvhq`mgem|-

J`ge`s|kshs



J`ge`s|kshsJ`ge`s|kshs hs km *hlekd `q vhq|ukd( s|k|e `f e{uhdhaqhug$ hm wjhcj kdd a`lx sxs|egs kqe w`qbhmokml hm|eqkc|hmo hm km kyyq`yqhk|e wkx |` fudfhdd kdd |jemeels `f |je yeqs`m kml`q |je a`lx-

_jem j`ge`s|kshs hs hm|eqquy|el *e-o- ax qesy`mse

|` k s|qess`q($ |je a`lx |qhes |` qes|`qe h| axklnus|hmo `me `q g`qe yjxsh`dòhckd yq`cesses-\jhs s|qess'klky|h`m gecjkmhsg hmcduleskc|hvk|h`m `f |je Jxy`|jkdkghc'Yh|kuh|kqx'KmlqemkdKzhs *JYK Kzhs( wh|j |je ku|`m`gùs meqvùssxs|eg kml eml`cqhme qekc|h`ms `f |je a`lx-



J`ge`s|kshs

‡ J`w we beey |jhmos |je skge

– Fhqs|$ we meel qecey|`qs |` le|ec|wjem |jhmos sucj ks |egyeqk|uqe

cjkmoe- – \jem we meel k yq`cesshmo cem|qe |`

qecehve |jhs hmf`qgk|h`m kml c``qlhmk|eùq qesy`mse-

– Fhmkddx$ we meel effec|`qs |` yq`lucek qesy`mse |jk| emsuqes ùq a`lx





Akshcs `f Yjkqgkc`dòx



Yjkqgkc`dòx

Yjkqgkc`dòx hs k schemce |jk| lekds wh|j |je

gecjkmhsg `f kc|h`m `f lquos$ |jehq uses kml

|je klveqse effec|s `f |je lquos



_jk| hs k lquoK lquo hs k cjeghckd suas|kmce |jk| hs usel hm

`me `f |je f`dd`whmo wkxs

y \` yqevem| lhsekse *vkcchmes(

y\` lhkom`se lhsekse *c`m|qks| gelhk usel hmZ'qkxs(

y \` c`m|q`d lhsekse *sucj ks km|h'lhkae|hc lquos(

y \` cuqe lhsekses*sucj ks km km|hah`|hc(



Qù|es `f klghmhs|qk|h`m `f

lquos

y @qkd

y Ykqem|eqkd

y D`ckd



@qkd klghmhs|qk|h`m

Lquos ohvem ax gù|j$ |` ae swkdd`wel

S`ge `f |je f`qgudk|h`ms usel hmcdule

\kade|s

Ckysudes Sxquys kml susyemsh`m

Lq`ys



\kade| f`qgudk|h`ms

Ydkhm qedekse |kade|s

Lhsyeqshade |kade|s

Suokq c`k|el |kade|s

Em|eqhc c`k|el |kade|s Sus|khmel qedekse |kade|s



@qkd klghmhs|qk|h`m klvkm|koes

H| hs shgyde |` use

Ckm ae l`me k| j`ge

Lès m`| qe{uhqe kmx gelhckd ksshs|kmce

ckm ae |kbem k| k c`mvemhem| |hge ykhmdess kml skfe



@qkd lquos lhsklvkm|koes

Kas`qy|h`m ckm vkqx kg`mo yk|hem|sVkqhkahdh|x lue |` f``l kml lhsekses `f

|je OH |qkc|Ckmm`| ae usel hm umc`mschùs

yk|hem|sumc``yeqk|hve yk|hem|sDkqoe {ukm|h|hes `f lquos ckmm`| ae usel\ks|e kml ykdk|kahdh|x dhgh|k|h`ms

Syechkd yqàdegs hm v`gh|hmo lhkqqjekL`se ckm ae ghssel `q kd|eqmk|hvedx$

ez|qk l`skoes gkx ae |kbem



Q@U\E @F LQUOS KLGHMHS\QK\H@M*C`m|l-(

\je Ykqem|eqkd qù|es kqe >

Hmjkdk|h`m

Hmnec|h`ms \qkms'cu|kmeùs

\qkms'guc`skd



HMNEC\H@MS

Hm|qk'leqgkd Suacu|kmeùs

Hm|qkguscudkq

Hm|qkvemùs

Hm|qk'kq|eqhkd

Hm|qk'|jeckd

Hm|qk'yeqh|`mekd Hm|qk'geluddkqx

Hm|qk'kq|hcudkq kml hm|qk'desh`mkd



@|jeq Yjkqgkceu|hckd Yqeykqk|h`ms

‡ Cqekgs ' `/w

‡ @hm|gem|s ' w/`

‡ Oeds$ d`|h`ms

‡ Vkohmkd/qec|kd suyy`sh|`qhes

‡ Mkskd lq`ys/keq`s`ds

‡ Hmjkdeqs/suadhmoukd

‡ @|hc/`y|jkdghc yqeykqk|h`ms

H n | ad l l |



Hmnec|kade lquos – klvkm|koes

Usefud hf lquo hs y``qdx kas`qael `qkddx Hf lquo hs les|q`xel ax kchl hm |je s|`gkcj Dkqoe l`sel kqe meelel Usefud hm umc`mschùs yk|hem|syqesemce `f

v`gh|hmo Qkyhl `mse| qe{uhqel hm km egeqoemcx Hf |je lquo ckuses seveqe oks|q`'hm|es|hmkd

hqqh|k|h`m



Hmnec|kade lquos ' lhsklvkm|koes

Meels gelhckd ksshs|kmce

Ykhmfud

C`gydhck|h ms ckm `ccuq

\qkmsfeq `f hmfec|h`ms$ hf sxqhmoes kml meeldes kqem`| s|eqhdh~el

C`s|dheq



\w` wkxs |` em|eq chqcudk|h`m

@qkd

HG/HV

Sxs|eghc chqcudk|h`m

Qes| `f |je a`lx

Dhveq



Gkhm ksyec|s `f Yjkqgkc`dòx

Yjkqgkc`bhme|hcsy Yjkqgkc`bhme|hcs hs |je le|khdel s|ulx `f j`w

|je a`lx kas`qas$ lhs|qhau|es$ ge|ka`dh~es kml

ezcqe|es k lquo

Yjkqgkc`lxmkghcsy Yjkqgkc`lxmkghcs hs |je le|khdel s|ulx `f

effec|s `f |je lquos `m |je a`lx



Lhss`du|h`m

‡ Lhss`du|h`m hs |je kgùm| `f lquo suas|kmce|jk| oès hm|` s`du|h`m yeq umh| |hge umleq s|kmlkql c`mlh|h`ms `f s`dhldh{uhl hm|eqfkce$|egyeqk|uqe$ kml s`dvem| c`gy`sh|h`m-



Lhss`du|h`m

‡ Lquo Kas`qy|h`m fq`g k s`dhl `qkd l`skoe leyemls`m |je qedekse `f |je lquo suas|kmce fq`g |je lquoyq`luc| *lhss`du|h`m($ |je s`duahdh|x$ kml |jeyeqgekahdh|x kcq`ss |je oks|q`hm|es|hmkd |qkc|- \jefhqs| ksyec| `f |je |kade|s hs le|eqghmel ax |je

gkmufkc|uqe `f |je yq`luc|- \je mez| |w` ksyec|skqe le|eqghmel ax |je yq`yeq|hes `f |je kc|hveyjkqgkceu|hckd- Kdd s`dhl `qkd l`skoe f`qgs ckm aecjkqkc|eqh~el kcc`qlhmo |` |jese |jqee yq`yeq|hes-



YJKQGKC@BHME\HCS

_JK\ A@LX L@ES \@ \JE LQUO-

‡ LEKDS _H\J – KAS@QY\H@M

– LHS\QHAU\H@M

– GE\KA@DHSGAH@\QKMSF@QGK\H@M

– EZCQE\H@M



Kas`qy|h`m

\je |qkmsfeq `f lquo fq`g h|s sh|e `f klghmhs|qk|h`m |` ad``ls|qekg hsckddel kas`qy|h`m

Sh|e

Ad``l s|qekg



Yq`cess `f Kas`qy|h`m

‡ Hm `qleq f`q k lquo |` jkve h|s effec| kf|eq `qkdklghmhs|qk|h`m h| gus| o` hm|` s`du|h`m kml |jemlhffuse |jqùoj |je ou| wkdd hm|` |je a`lx- \je fhqs|s|ey hm |jk| yq`cess hs |je lhshm|eoqk|h`m `f |je

l`skoe f`qg f`dd`wel ax lhss`du|h`m `f |je kc|hvehmoqelhem|-



Yq`cess `f Kas`qy|h`m

‡ @me wkx |` hmcqekse lhss`du|h`m qk|e `f y``qdxs`duade lquos hs |` hmcqekse |je suqfkce kvkhdkadef`q lhss`du|h`m- \jhs hs l`me ax qeluchmo ykq|hcdesh~e `q ax lhvhlhmo |je l`skoe f`qg hm|` |w` sgkddeq

|kade|s `q ckysudes$ wh|j k dkqoeq c`gahmel suqfkcekqek- @|jeq wkxs hmcdule hmcqekshmo |jelhshm|eoqk|h`m qk|e kml lekooqeok|h`m-



_jeqe kqe `qkd lquos kas`qael

_jhde s`ge lquos kqe kas`qael hm |je s|`gkcj$

g`s| lquos kqe kas`qael hm |je sgkdd hm|es|hmes-

Fkc|`qs kffec|hmo kas`qy|h`m



Fkc|`qs kffec|hmo kas`qy|h`m

Cjeghckd mk|uqe `f lquosG`decudkq wehoj|

S`duahdh|x

Oks|qhc g`|hdh|x

yJ `f kas`qahmo sh|e

Kqek `f kas`qahmo suqfkce

Ad``l fd`w fhqs| ykss ge|ka`dhsg

Hmoes|h`m wh|j `q wh|jù| f``l



Ah`kvkhdkahdh|x

Fqkc|h`m `f lquo hm umcjkmoel fq`g |jk| qekcjes

|je sxs|eghc chqcudk|h`m kf|eq umleqo`hmo fhqs| ykssge|ka`dhsg

Klghmhs|qk|h`m

Kas`qy|h`mY`q|kd chqcudk|h`m

Dhveq

Fhqs| ykss ge|ka`dhsg

Ah`kvkhdkahdh|x

Sxs|eghc chqcudk|h`m



Lhs|qhau|h`m

H| hs k qeveqshade yq`cess ax wjhcj k lquo dekves

|je sxs|eghc chqcudk|h`m kml em|eqs |jeez|qkceddudkq fduhl `q hmshle |je cedd



C`gykq|gem|s `f lhs|qhau|h`m

Hm|qkvkscudkq *wh|jhm |je ad``l vesseds(

Hm|qkceddudkq *hmshle |je cedds(

Ez|qkceddudkq *ù|shle |je cedds(

\qkmsceddudkq *hm fduhls f`qgel hm a`lx dhbe CSF$ ahde

Yq`|ehm ahmlhmo



Yq`|ehm ahmlhmo

S`ge lquos ckm chqcudk|e hm ad``l `mdx hf |jex

kqe c`gahmel wh|j k yq`|ehm g`decude hm |jead``l- \je yeqcem|koe `f lquo |jk| hs aùml |`

k yq`|ehm hs ckddel yq`|ehm aùml$ wjhde |je qes|hs |eqgel ks fqee lquo-



Ge|ka`dhsg `q Ah`|qkmsf`qgk|h`m

G`s| lquos kqe ge|ka`dh~el hm |je Dhveq

Ge|ka`dh|es

\je eml qesud| `f |je ge|ka`dhc yq`cess hs |eqgel

k ge|ka`dh|e- K ge|ka`dh|e hs usukddx hmkc|hve$ au|s`ge ge|ka`dh|es qe|khm s`ge kc|hvh|x `f |jeykqem| c`gyùml-



Meel `f Ge|ka`dhsg

Ge|ka`dhsg yqeykqes |je lquo f`q ezcqe|h`ms fq`g

|je a`lx |jqùoj uqhme `q ahde- Lquos |jk| kqes`duade hm wk|eq *jxlq`yjhdhc( ckm ekshdx ykss hm|`

|je uqhme- Au| lquos |jk| l` m`| lhss`dve hm wk|eq *jxlq`yjàhc( meel |` ae fhqs| c`mveq|el hm|` wk|eq s`duade ge|ka`dh|es aef`qe ezcqe|h`m ckm aeohm



Ge|ka`dhsg \xyes

Yjkse H qekc|h`ms

Yjkse qekc|h`ms kqe qedk|hvedx shgyde qekc|h`ms dhbeYjkse qekc|h`ms kqe qedk|hvedx shgyde qekc|h`ms dhbe

@zhlk|h`m$ qeluc|h`ms kml jxlq`dxshs- \jex qe{uhqe@zhlk|h`m$ qeluc|h`ms kml jxlq`dxshs- \jex qe{uhqeceq|khm em~xges fùml hm dhveq cedds ckddel CXY'<59ceq|khm em~xges fùml hm dhveq cedds ckddel CXY'<59em~xgesem~xges

Yjkse HH qekc|h`ms

Yjkse HH qekc|h`ms kqe c`gydez qekc|h`m kds` ckddelks c`mnuok|h`m qekc|h`ms- \jex kqe qe{uhqel hf

Yjkse H qekc|h`ms ckmm`| kle{uk|edx c`mveq| lquoshm|` wk|eq's`duade f`qgs-

Lquo Hm|eqkc|h`m Lquo



Lquo Hm|eqkc|h`m Lquo

Hm|eqkc|h`m

‡ Lquo hm|eqkc|h`ms hmv`dvhmo |je cx|`cjq`ge y<59 sxs|ekqe c`gg`m

‡ Qesud| fq`g eh|jeq em~xge hmjhah|h`m `q hmluc|h`m‡ Em~xge hmjhah|h`m hmv`dves c`gye|h|h`m wh|j km`|jeq

lquo f`q em~xge ahmlhmo sh|es‡ Em~xge hmluc|h`m `ccuqs wjem `me lquo s|hgudk|esyq`luc|h`m `f g`qe em~xgk|hc ge|ka`dhsg ckykch|x

‡ Leyemls uy`m' lquo jkdf'dhves

' |je qk|e `f em~xge yq`luc|h`m$ kml' hmlhvhlukd oeme|hc vkqhk|h`ms

C`gg`m hmluceqs kml



hmjhah|`qs

‡ Hmluceqs > e-o- Yjemàkqah|kd$ Yjemx|`hm$Qhfkgyhm * f`q Ckdchug Cjkmmed Ad`cbeqs$E|jhmxd es|qklh`d(

‡ Hmjhah|`qs > e-o- K~`de km|hfumokds*esy-be|`c`mk~`de kml h|qkc`mk~`de($Chge|klhme$ Cdkqh|jq`gxchm$eqx|jq`gxchm kml Yq`|ekse hmjhah|`qs* f`q |je skge lquos gem|h`mel ka`ve(



Edhghmk|h`m `q Ezcqe|h`m

Lquos kqe edhghmk|el gkhmdx |jqùoj uqhme kml

ahde *s|``ds(- \je `|jeq qù|es `f ezcqe|h`m kqeGhdb

Swek|

Dumos



Edhghmk|h`m bhme|hcs'fhqs|

`qleq

G`s| lquos f`dd`w fhqs| `qleq bhme|hcs `f edhghmk|h`m wjeqe k c`ms|km| fqkc|h`m `f lquo hsedhghmk|el yeq umh| fqkc|h`m- \je qk|e `f edhghmk|h`m hs lhqec|dx yq`y`q|h`mkd |` |je ydksgkc`mcem|qk|h`m `f lquo- K| jhojeq c`mcem|qk|h`ms`f lquo$ |je kgùm| `f lquo edhghmk|el hs g`qe$

wjhde k| d`weq c`mcem|qk|h`ms `f lquo> |jekgùm| `f lquo edhghmk|el hs d`weq-

Edh h |h bh |h



Edhghmk|h`m bhme|hcs ' ~eq`

`qleq

Few lquos f`dd`w ~eq` `qleq bhme|hcs `f edhghmk|h`mwjeqe |je qk|e `f edhghmk|h m hs c`ms|km| yeq umh||hge- \je kgùm| `f lquo edhghmk|el yeq umh| |hgehs skge$ hqqesyec|hve `f |je ydksgk c`mcem|qk|h`m`f |je lquo

Cgkz kml \gkz



y Hf k cjkq| `f lquo c`mcem|qk|h`m veqsus |hge hsyd`||el$ H| wùdl d``b dhbe |jhs

y Cgkz hs |je jhojes| c`mcem|qk|h`m qekcjel ax|je lquo wjhde \gkz hs |je |hge qe{uhqel |`kcjheve |je jhojes| c`mcem|qk|h`m-

|hge

Cgkz

\ gkz

C`mc

Jkdf dhfe



Jkdf dhfeH| hs |je |hge meelel f`q |je ydksgk

c`mcem|qk|h`m |` fkdd |` jkdf |je C gkz vkdue

9 3 < 5 6 ? :1;

;9 gco

19 gco

39gco

<9 gco



YJKQGKC@LXMKGHCS

_JK\ LQUO L@ES \@ \JE A@LX

LQUO \KQOE\S

yQecey|`qs

yEm~xges

yMucdehc kchls

yCkqqheq g`decudesy H`m cjkmmeds

Qecey|`qs



Qecey|`qs

Qecey|`qs kqe syechkdh~el |kqoe| g`decudes$

yqesem| `m cedd suqfkce `q hm|qkceddudkqdx$ |jk|ahml |` lquo kml gelhk|e yjkqgkc`dòhckdkc|h`ms-

Lquo " qecey|`q Lquo'qecey|`q c`gydez

Effec|

Lquo qecey|`qs



Lquo qecey|`qs

Gkmx lquos k||kcj |` k qecey|`qs |` yq`luce h|seffec|- H| hs y`s|udk|el |jk| k lquo g`decude fhqs|c`gahmes wh|j h|s syechfhc qecey|`q yq`|ehm `m|je cedd gegaqkme |` f`qg k lquo qecey|`q c`gydez- \je lquo qecey|`q c`gydez |jkmkc|hvk|es ceddudkq yq`cesses hmshle |je cedd |jk|ud|hgk|edx ckuses |je effec|s `f |je lquo



GHC89 @F K LQUO

GHC *GHMHGUG HMJHAH\@QX C@MCEM\QK\H@M(

`f k lquo hs |je ghmhgug c`mcem|qk|h m |jk| hs

qe{uhqel |` hmjhah| k| deks| 89% `f |je

ghcq``qokmhsgs

Effh f l



Effhckcx `f k lquo

\je effhckcx `f lquo hs leyemlem| `m |je

mugaeq `f lquo qecey|`q c`gydezes f`qgel-G`qe |je c`gydezes f`qgel g`qe hs |je

effhckcx

f



Y`|emcx `f k lquo

Y`|emcx le|eqghmes j`w gucj lquo hs qe{uhqel|` yq`luce k ohvem qesy`mse$ d`weq |je l`seqe{uhqel g`qe y`|em| hs |je lquo

K g`qe y`|em| lquo lès m`| mecesskqhdx gekm|jk| h| hs kds` g`qe effhckchùs

Oemeqkd yqhmchydes `f lquo kc|h`m



L`se'qesy`mse {ukm|h|k|h`m

Y`|emcx `f lquo

Ah`d`

ohc

kdeffec|

Dò lquo c`mcem|qk|h`m

Lquo K Lquo A

59

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L quo K hs g ` qe

y` |em | |jkm A $

au | a` |j jkve

skg e e f f hc kcx

Ko`mhs| lquo



Ko`mhs| lquo O``l kffhmh|x *ahmlhmo ckykch|x |` qecey|`q(

O``l hm|qhmshc kc|hvh|x *|je kahdh|x |` ckuse cjkmoes hm k cedd(

Km|ko`mhs|hc lquos O``l kffhmh|x

Y``q hm|qhmshc kc|hvh|x

Km|ko`mhsg ckm ae qeveqshade kml hqqeveqshade kml gkx ae f`q |je skge qecey|`q *c`gye|h|hve( m`q lhffeqem| qecey|`q *m`m'c`gye|h|hve(

\jeqkyeu|hc whml`w



\jeqkyeu|hc whml`w

\jeqkyeu|hc whml`w hs k |je`qe|hckd c`mcey|

ckdcudk|el ks |je lhffeqemce ae|weem |jec`mcem|qk|h`m `f k lquo meelel |` ckuse shleeffec|s kml |je c`mcem|qk|h`m meelel f`q lquokc|hvh|x

\`deqkmce



\`deqkmce

Ceq|khm lquos kf|eq yq`d`moel use aeohm |` sj`w

qelucel |jeqkyeu|hc aemefh|s- \je qeks`m hs |jk||je qecey|`q `m wjhcj |je lquo kc|s jkve qelucelhm |jehq mugaeq- Qelucel qecey|`qs gekms |jk||jeqe whdd ae dess lquo qecey|`q c`gydezes f`qgel

Lquo leyemlemcx `q Kllhc|h`m



Lquo leyemlemcx `q Kllhc|h`m

S`ge lquos ykq|hcudkqdx kc|hmo `m |je meqvùs

sxs|eg ckmm`| ae sullemdx s|`yyel- @m s|`yyhmo|je lquo yk|hem|s leved`y yjxshckd sxgy|`gs dhbeqkhsel ad``l yqessuqe$ |kcjxckqlhk$ swek|hmo kswedd hqqh|k|h`m `q vh`dem| aejkvh`q- \jhs hs aeckuseyk|hem|s leved`y leyemlemcx `m |je lquo-

FKC\@QS G@LHFXHMO \JE




EFFEC\S @F K LQUO

A`lx wehoj|

Koe

Sez

Lhe| kml emvhq`mgem|

Qù|e `f klghmhs|qk|h`m

Eg`|h`mkd fkc|`qs Oeme|hc fkc|`qs





EFFEC\S @F K LQUO *C`m|l-(

Yqesemce `f lhsekse

Cugudk|h`m

@|jeq lquos kml cjeghckds Kllh|hve effec|

Sxmeqohsg

Km|ko`mhsg

Kllh|hve Effec|Kllh|hve Effec|



_jem |je |`|kd yjkqgkc`dòhckd kc|h`m `f

\w` `q g`qe lquos klghmhs|eqel |òe|jeq

Hs e{uhvkdem| |` |je suggk|h`m `f |jehq

hmlhvhlukd yjkqgkc`dòhckd kc|h`ms

Eo> eyjelqhme " kghm`yjxddhme hm |qek|gem|

`f aq`mcjhkd ks|jgk


\w` `q g`qe lquos klghmhs|eqel |òe|jeq

Hs e{uhvkdem| |` |je suggk|h`m `f |jehq

hmlhvhlukd yjkqgkc`dòhckd kc|h`ms

Eo> eyjelqhme " kghm`yjxddhme hm |qek|gem|

`f aq`mcjhkd ks|jgk

Yjkqgkc`dòx & Yjkqgkc`|jeqkyeu|hcs$ Sk|`sbkq2;88?> yo Yjkqgkc`dòx & Yjkqgkc`|jeqkyeu|hcs$ Sk|`sbkq2;88?> yo

; " ; 7 1; " ; 7 1

Sxmeqohs|hc effec|Sxmeqohs|hc effec|




|w` `q g`qe lquos klghmhs|eqel |òe|jeq

hs g`qe |jkm |je suggk|h`m `f |jehqhmlhvhlukd yjkqgkc`dòhckd kc|h`ms

Eo> C`|qhg`zk~`de*sudyjkge|j`zk~`de

"\qhge|j`yqhg( Sey|qkm


|w` `q g`qe lquos klghmhs|eqel |òe|jeq

hs g`qe |jkm |je suggk|h`m `f |jehqhmlhvhlukd yjkqgkc`dòhckd kc|h`ms

Eo> C`|qhg`zk~`de*sudyjkge|j`zk~`de

"\qhge|j`yqhg( Sey|qkm

Yjkqgkc`dòx & Yjkqgkc`|jeqkyeu|hcs$ Sk|`sbkq2;88?> yo <5 Yjkqgkc`dòx & Yjkqgkc`|jeqkyeu|hcs$ Sk|`sbkq2;88?> yo <5

; " ;7Z *=1(; " ;7Z *=1(



Lquo l`shmo

@L ' @mce lkhdx

AL ' |whce lkhdx

\L ' \jqhce lkhdx[L ' Fùq |hges lkhdx

S@S ' Luqhmo egeqoemcx use

JS ' K| ael |hge

S|k| ' hggelhk|edx



KLVEQSE LQUO QEKC\H@MS

*KLQ(

Kmx umleshqkade kml umwkm|el effec| |jk| oèskd`mo wh|j |je |jeqkyeu|hc effec|s `f |je lquo

Shle effec|s

Um|`wkql effec|s

\`zhc effec|s

Kddeqohc / jxyeqsemsh|hvh|x effec|s





‡ Shle effec|s> `ccuq k| m`qgkd |jeqkyeu|hc

l`ses kml kqe ezyec|el

‡ Um|`wkql effec|s `ccuq k| |jeqkyeu|hc

l`ses kml kqe umezyec|el‡ \`zhc effec|s `ccuq k| jhoj l`ses kml `q

gkmhfes| wjem |je lquo hs usel f`q k d`moeq luqk|h`m

Cdhmhckd |qhkds



Cdhmhckd |qhkds

Kmx hmves|hok|h`m hm jugkms

\` lhsc`veq `q veqhfx |je cdhmhckd$yjkqgkc`dòhckd kml/`q `|jeq

yjkqgkc`lxmkghc effec|s `f kmhmves|hok|h`mkd yq`luc| *s(

\` hlem|hfx kmx klveqse qekc|h`ms$|` km

um hmves|hok|h`mkd yq`luc|s \` s|ulx kas`qy|h`m$ lhs|qhau|h`m$ge|ka`dhsg$ kml ezcqe|h`m `f kmhmves|hok|h`mkd yq`luc|

Cdhmhckd |qhkds



YJKSE @F K CDHMHCKD \QHKD Yjkse H *gkz |`deqk|el l`se & skfe|x$ c`gyqhses `f

sgkdd m`- `f yk|hem|s(

Yjkse HH * |jeqkyeu|hc effec| (

Yjkse HHH *c`gykqk|hve s|ulx wh|j |je cuqqem| s|kmlkql

|jeqkyx$ c`gyqhses `f dkqoe m`- `f yk|hem|s(

Yjkse HV / Y`s|gkqbe|hmo suqvehddkmce *YGS(c`m|hmuhmo evkduk|h`m |jk| |kbes ydkce kf|eq FLK kyyq`vkd$

wjem |je lquo `q |qek|gem| yq`celuqe hs kdqeklx `m |je

gkqbe| kml kvkhdkade f`q oemeqkd use-

Cdhmhckd |qhkds

Vkqhùs \eqghm`dòhes




‡ Ah`kvkhdkahdh|x> \jhs |eqg gekms |je qk|e kmlez|em| |` wjhcj |je kc|hve hmoqelhem| `q kc|hveg`he|x hs kas`qael fq`g k lquo yq`luc| kmlaec`ges kvkhdkade k| |je sh|e `f kc|h`m-

‡ Ahè{uhvkdem| Lquo Yq`luc|s> \jhs |eqglescqhaes yjkqgkceu|hckddx e{uhvkdem| yq`luc|s|jk| lhsydkx c`gykqkade ah`kvkhdkahdh|x wjem

s|ulhel umleq shghdkq ezyeqhgem|kd c`mlh|h`ms-





‡ Yjkqgkceu|hckd E{uhvkdem|s ' Lquo yq`luc|s kqec`mshleqel yjkqgkceu|hckd e{uhvkdem|s hf |jex c`m|khm|je skge kc|hve hmoqelhem| hm |je skge l`skoe f`qgkml kqe hlem|hckd hm s|qemo|j `q c`mcem|qk|h`m-

‡ Yjkqgkceu|hckd Kd|eqmk|hves ' Lquo yq`luc|s |jk|c`m|khm |je skge |jeqkyeu|hc g`he|x$ au| kqe lhffeqem|

sdk|s$ es|eqs$ `q c`gydezes `f |jk| g`he|x `q kqelhffeqem| l`skoe f`qgs-‡ \jeqkyeu|hc E{uhvkdem|s ' Lquo yq`luc|s wjhcj kqe

yjkqgkceu|hckd e{uhvkdem|s kml kqe ezyec|el |` jkve|je skge cdhmhckd effec| kml skfe|x yq`fhde wjemklghmhs|eqel |` yk|hem|s umleq c`mlh|h`ms syechfhel hm

|je dkaedhmo-

Ahè{uhvkdemce



Ahè{uhvkdemce

Gekms kasemce `f k shomhfhckm| lhffeqemce hm|je qk|e kml ez|em| |` wjhcj |je kc|hvehmoqelhem| hm lhffeqem| yjkqgkceu|hckdkd|eqmk|hves aec`ges kvkhdkade k| |je sh|e `f

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Ad``l " Ad``l vesseds " Jekq|

Ad``l



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AD@@L CEDDS



AD@@L CEDDS

‡ EQX\JQ@CX\ES *QAC(‡ DEUB@CX\ES *_AC(

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Ad``l vesseds



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Ad``l vesseds



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Kq|eqxVehm lhffeqemces



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\je Jekd|jx Jekq|

\je Jekq| _kdd



‡ C`gy`mem|s `f |je jekq| wkdd hmcdule>

– Yeqhckqlhug

– Gx`ckqlhug

– Eml`ckqlhug

Jekq|



Qhoj| k|qhug

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Def| k|qhu

Def|

vem|qhcd

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‡ A`|j c`gy`sel `f

c`mmec|hve |hssue kswedd ks guscde

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K'V Vkdves

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‡ Ad``l hm |je jekq| cjkgaeqs lès m`| mùqhsj |jegx`ckqlhug

‡ \je jekq| jks h|s `wm mùqhsjhmo chqcudk|`qx sxs|eg

‡ C`q`mkqx kq|eqhes

‡ Ckqlhkc vehms

‡ Ad``l egy|hes hm|` |je qhoj| k|qhug vhk |jec`q`mkqx shmus

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Jekg`lxmkghcs



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c`m|qkc|h`m$ `f |je jekq| hshmh|hk|el ax |je edec|qhckd

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‡ -

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wkdds `f ad``l vesseds‗

A-Y 7 [email protected]

Ad``l Yqessuqe



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AY 7 ;19 ggJo :9 ggJo

Fkc|`qs hmfduemchmo ad``lyqessuqe



‡ Ad``l v`duge hmcqekses lue |` hmcqeksel

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e|c- 7 AY

Ad``l Yqessuqe 7 Ad``l V`duge ß Yeqhyjeqkd Qeshs|kmce

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Ckqlhkc @u|yu| 7 chqcudk|hmo ad``l v`duge

Ad``l Yqessuqe 7 C@ ß Yeqhyjeqkd Qeshs|kmce

Ckqlhkc @u|yu| 7 Jekq| Qk|e ß S|q`be V`duge

Hmcqeksel jekq| qk|e ckusel ax |je qedekse `f eyhmeyjqhme

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hmcqekse ad``l yqessuqe-

Ad l Y C @ Y h j d Q h |

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‡ ad``l vhsc`sh|x *|jhcbmess(

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aqùoj| akcb |` m`qgkd- \jhs qeoudk|h`m `f ad``l yqessuqe hs l`me ax |w` sxs|egs `f |je a`lx '

– Meqvùs Sxs|eg

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CDKSSHFHCK\H@M @F J\M



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\xyes `f jxyeq|emsh`m



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gkx ae hmlucel ax lquos & yqeomkmcx-

CKUSE @F JXYEQ\EMSH@M

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leved`ygem| `f essem|hkd jxyeq|emsh`m>

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vks`c`ms|qhc|`q$ wjhcj gkx yq`luce k skd| semsh|hve qhse hm ad``l

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ezcqe|h`m fq`g |je bhlmex ks k s`q| `f mk|uqkd lhuqe|hc- K lefec|hm |jhs sxs|eg gkx ckuse fduhl qe|em|h`m kml jxyeq|emsh`m -

Effec|s `f Jhoj Ad``l Yqessuqe`m Xùq A`lx



‡ Jkqlemhmo `f |je kq|eqhes

‡ S|q`be

‡ Jekq| k||kcb

‡ Bhlmex lkgkoe‡ Adhmlmess

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‡ Jxyeq|emsh`m hs ckddel k shdem| bhddeq ks h| hs veqx lhffhcud| |`le|ec|- H| hs oemeqkddx le|ec|el luqhmo k qù|hme cjecb uy- Au|jxyeq|emsh`m jks seqhùs c`gydhck|h`ms wjhcj kqe cjq`mhckml dhfe |jqek|emhmo-

‡ \je g`s| c`gg`m |kqoe| `qokms lkgkoel kqe '

‡ Jekq| kml ad``l vesseds$ deklhmo |` '

– Hscjeghc jekq| Lhsekse *k|jeq`scdeq`shs( – Def| Vem|qhcudkq Jxyeq|q`yjx

– Jekq| Fkhduqe

– Kqqjx|jghk

– Yeqhyjeqkd vkscudkq lhsekse

‡ Bhlmex *Meyjq`yk|jx( ' Gkx dekl |` bhlmex *qemkd( fkhduqe-

‡ Aqkhm ' Gkx dekl |` s|q`be-

‡ Exe *Qe|hm`yk|jx( ' Gkx dekl |` adhmlmess-

C@GYDHCK\H@M @F J\M

Ghcq` vkscudkq c`gydhck|h`m >



Qemkd lhsekse

Ku|`m`ghc meuq`yk|jx > uqhmkqx hmc`m|hmemce$ `q|j`s|k|hcjxy`|emsh`m-

Sezukd lxsfumc|h`m > jxyeq|emsh`m & km|hjxyeq|emshve

|jeqkyhes gkx c`m|qhau|e |` sezukd lxsfumc|h`m hmlhkae|es-

@q|j`s|k|hc jxy`|emsh`m > suyhme jxyeq|emsh`m wh|j`q|j`s|k|hc jxy`|emsh`m ckm `ccuq hm yeqs`m wh|jlhkae|es aeckuse `f ku|`m`ghc lxsfumc|h`m-

Exe lhsekse > jxyeq|emsh`m ckm ckuse odkuc`gk$ lhkae|hcqe|hm`yk|jx & y`|em|hkd adhmlmess-

C@GYDHCK\H@M @F J\M



Gkcq` vkscudkq c`gydhck|h`m >Ckqlhkc lhsekse > J\M ckm ckuse c`q`mkqx kq|eqx

lhsekse$ CJF & Ckqlh`gx`yk|jx-

Ceqeaq`vkscudkq lhsekse > J\M hmcqekse |je qhsb`f s|q`be hm lhkae|hc yk|hem|s-

Yeqhyjeqkd vkscudkq lhsekse > J\M hmcqekses |je

qhsb `f f``| udceq & kgyu|k|h`m hm yk|hem|s wh|jlhkae|es-

C`m|q`ddhmo Xùq Ad``lYqessuqe



‡ Dhfes|xde Cjkmoes – Jekd|jx ek|hmo ydkm

– Dhgh| s`lhug

– Kcjheve k jekd|jxwehoj|

– Ezeqchseyjxshckdkc|hvh|x

‡ evem wh|jù|wehoj| d`ss

C`m|q`ddhmo Xùq Ad``lYqessuqe



‡ Dhfes|xde Cjkmoes – L`m‘| sg`be

– Dhgh| kdc`j`d

– Gkmkoe s|qess

F`dd`w k Jekd|jx Ek|hmo Ydkm



‡ Ek| g`qe fquh|s$veoe|kades$ d`w'fk| lkhqxf``ls

‡ Hmcdule wj`de oqkhms$yùd|qx$ fhsj kml mu|s

‡ Ek| dess fk|$ qel gek|$swee|s kml suokqelaeveqkoes

Dhgh| S`lhug kml Skd|



‡ Qesekqcj sj`ws |jk| ek|hmo dess

s`lhug kml skd| d`weqs ad``l yqessuqe

‡ D`weq xùq s`lhug hm|kbe ax>

– Ek|hmo ù| dess `f|em

– Auxhmo fqesj$ fq`~em `q umskd|el ckmmel

f``ls – Cj``shmo f``ls wh|j dess |jkm <99

goseqvhmo

– Auxhmo d`w' `q qelucel's`lhug$ `q m` skd|kllel f``ls

– Ushmo dess skd|

Oe| Emùoj Y`|ksshug



‡ Y`|ksshug jedys d`weq ad``l yqessuqe

– Jedys akdkmce |je kgùm| `f s`lhug hmxùq a`lx

– Hf xù l`m‘| oe| emùoj y`|ksshug$ xùckm kccugudk|e |`` gucj s`lhug

‡ F``ls jhoj hm y`|ksshug hmcdule>

– Fquh|s$ veoe|kades$ lkhqx f``ls$ kml fhsj

D`se _ehoj| hf @veqwehoj|



‡ Ahooeq ye`yde meelg`qe ad``l |` suyydxmu|qhem|s |` |je a`lx

‡ D`shmo evem ;9 yùmls

ckm d`weq ad``lyqessuqe

Ae Yjxshckddx Kc|hve



‡ Hmkc|hvh|x hmcqekses xùq qhsb `f aehmo `veqwehoj|

‡ Jekq| guscdes jkve |`w`qb jkqleq wh|j ekcj

c`m|qkc|h`m$ hmcqekshmo|je f`qce `m |je kq|eqhes

‡ _kdbhmo 39 ghmu|es k lkxjedys d`weq ad``l

yqessuqe

S|`y Sg`bhmo



‡ Sg`bhmo lkgkoesad``l vessed wkdds kmlckuses ekqdx jkqlemhmo`f |je kq|eqhes

‡ Mhc`|hme mkqq`ws xùq ad``l vesseds kmlf`qces xùq jekq| |`w`qb jkqleq

Dhgh| Kdc`j`d



‡ Jekvx lqhmbhmo *3 q g`qelqhmbslkx( ckm lkgkoe xùq jekq| guscde

‡ Cu||hmo akcb |` k g`leqk|e

deved `f lqhmbhmo ckm d`weq xùq ad``l yqessuqe

– m` g`qe |jkm 1 lqhmbs k lkxf`q gem

– m` g`qe |jkm ; lqhmb k lkxf`q w`gem

Ad``l Yqessuqe Gelhck|h`ms



‡ D`weq ad``l yqessuqe hmgkmx lhffeqem| wkxs

‡ G`qe |jkm `me |xye gkxae meelel

– lhuqe|hcs – ae|k'ad`cbeqs

– KCE'hmjhah|`qs

– ckdchug cjkmmed

ad`cbeqs



HSCJEGHC JEKQ\ LHSEKSE

‡ Hscjeghc *dkcb `f ad``l suyydx( jekq| lhsekse *HJL(



@Q C`q`mkqx kq|eqx lhsekse *CKL( `q c`q`mkqxjekq| lhsekse *CJL( `ccuqs lue |` às|quc|h`m |`|je ad``l fd`w |` |je jekq| guscdes-

‡ Ckuses `f às|quc|h`m ' – K|jeq`gk ' Ley`sh|h`m `f fk||x gk|eqhkds hm |je wkdds `f |je

kq|eqhes

– \jq`ga`shs ' F`qgk|h`m `f k cd`|-

– Syksg ' Sullem c`ms|qhc|h`m `f k y`q|h`m `q gud|hyde

y`q|h`m `f kq|eqx – Ega`dhsg ' K g`vhmo cd`| `q k|jeq`gk-

Sxgy|`gs `f HJL



‡ Jekq|auqm$‡ Mkusek$

‡ V`gh|hmo$

‡ Sj`q|mess `f aqek|j$ kml

‡ Jekvx swek|hmo-

‡ _jk| kqe |je g`s| c`gg`m

yqesem|k|h`ms `f HJL0

– ;- Kmohmk Yec|`qhs- – 1- Kcu|e Gx`ckqlhkd Hmfkqc|h`m *jekq| k||kcb(

_jk| hs kmohmk0

Kmohmk hs cjes| ykhm `q lhsc`gf`q| |jk| `ccuqs



o y

wjem km kqek `f xùq jekq| guscde lèsm‘| oe|emùoj `zxoem'qhcj ad``l-

Kmohmk gkx feed dhbe yqessuqe `q s{uee~hmo hmxùq cjes|-

\je ykhm gkx `ccuq hmsjùdleqs$kqgs$mecb$nkw `q akcb-

Kmohmk hs `f |jqee |xyes>;- S|kade kmohmk>

\xyes `f Kmohmk



o;- \jhs hs |je g`s| c`gg`m |xye-

1- H| `ccuqs wjem jekq| hs w`qbhmo jkqleq |jkm usukd-3- \je ykhm usukddx oès kwkx hm k few ghmu|e kf|eq |kbhmo qes|-<- H| hmlhck|es k jekq| k||kcb g`qe dhbedx hm fu|uqe-

Fkc|`qs wjhcj |qhooeqs s|kade kmohmk>;- Yjxshckd ezeq|h`m hs |je g`s| c`gg`m `me-

1- Eg`|h`mkd s|qess

3- Jekvx gekds

<- Sg`bhmo

Ums|kade kmohmk>

; H| `ccuqs wh|j `q wh|jù| ezeq|h`m @f|em `ccuqs k| qes|

\xyes `f Kmohmk



;- H| `ccuqs wh|j `q wh|jù| ezeq|h`m- @f|em `ccuqs k| qes|-

1- C`ges ks k suqyqhse-3- Hs g`qe seveqe & dks|s d`moeq * ks d`mo ks 39 ghm-(

<- H| `ccuqs ks |je g`vhmo ad``l cd`| ykq|hkddx `q |`|kddx ad`cbskm kq|eqx-

5- \je ykhm usukddx lèsm‘| oès kwkx ax qes| `q gelhck|h`m-

6- H| hs k shom |jk| k jekq| k||kcb gkx jkyyem s``m-

-

\xyes `f Kmohmk



Vkqhkm| `q Yqhm~ge|kd‘s kmohmk>

;- H| hs qkqe- H| usukddx `ccuqs k| qes| *ghlmhoj| `q$ekqdx g`qmhmo(-

1- \je ykhm ckm ae seveqe-

3-H| `ccuqs aeckuse `f c`q`mkqx syksg-

<- \jhs gkx `ccuq hm |je yk|hem| wh|j `q wh|jù| CKL

_j` hs k| qhsb f`q Kmohmk0

Kmohmk hs k sxgy|`g `f km umleqdxhmo jekq| c`mlh|h`m usukddx

CKL- S` hf k yeqs`m hs k| qhsb f`q CKL je hs kds` k| qhsb f`q



\qek|gem|

\je c`gg`m gelhchmes hmcdule$ ksyhqhm$ ae|k ad`cbeqs$mh|qòdxceqhme$ ckdchug cjkmmed ad`cbeqs$ hs`s`qahle g`m`mh|qk|ekml mhc`qkmlhd-

kmohmk-

qhsb fkc|`q kmohmk hmcdule >

;- Umjekd|jx cj`des|eq`d deved-

1- Jhoj AY

3- Chokqe||e sg`bhmo

<- Hmsudhm qeshs|kmce5- @veqwehoj|

6- Dkcb `f yjxshckd kc|hvh|x

?- Koe

:- Fkghdx jhs|`qx

Kmsweq |je f`dd`whmo0



‡ _jk| hs kmohmk0‡ _jk| kqe |je lhffeqem| |xyes `f kmohmk0

‡ _jk| hs yqhm~ge|kd kmohmk0

‡ _jk| hs ums|kade kmohmk0

‡ _j` hs k| qhsb f`q Kmohmk0



Fkc|`qs |jk| gkx hmh|hk|e |je yq`cess `f k|jeq`scdeq`shs kqe'

;-Jhoj DLD deved

1-Yq`d`moel jhoj AY

3-Ckqa`m g`m`zhle hm chokqe||e sg`bhmo<-Jhoj oduc`se deved hm LG



_jem Ydk|ede|s$ dhyhls & `|jeq C`gy`mem| `f ad``l c`ges hm

C`m|kc| wh|j cj`des|eq`d |jex s|hgudk|es\je sg``|j cedd hm kq|eqhkd wkdd |`

Yq`dhfeqk|e & f`qgs k ydk{ue-

Ks km k|jeq`scdeq`|hc ydk{ueLeved`ys & emdkqoes h|

@as|quc| |je ad``l fd`w,,

Kllh|h`mkd lkgkoe hs |jk| k ydk{ueGkx yq`vhle qùojemel suqfkce |jk|

K||qkc|s ydk|ede| & hmh|hk|e cd`| f`qgk|h`m& fuq|jeq às|quc|hmo |je ad``l fd`w

K| hmnuqx sh|e cj`des|eq`d& |qhodxceqhle c`ddec|s

G`qe`veq k |jq`gaus gkxlhsd`loe |` aec`ge km ega`dh

Km ega`dh fd`k|s hm |je ad``l fqeedx& às|quc| ad`l fd`w hm `|jeq vesseds

Leved`ygem| `f C`q`mkqx K|jeq`scdeq`shs>



C`q`mkqx Kq|eqx Lhsekse

K|j d h



‡ K|jeq`scdeq`shs

– Lefhme> |jhcbmess kml jkqlemhmo `f |je kq|eqhesckusel ax ley`sh|s `f fk| kml fhaqhm wjhcj jkqlem-

– Dekls |` lecqeksel dugem kml lecqeksel ad``l fd`wkml hscjeghk kml lek|j `f |je |hssue

‡ Kq|eqh`scdeq`shs

– Lefhme> d`ss `f edks|hch|x kml kam`qgkd |jhcbemhmo `q jkqlemhmo `f |je wkdds `f |je kq|eqhes wjhcj ckm aelue |` kccugudk|h`m `f dhyhls$ cj`des|eq`d$ ckdchug `q |jq`gaus-

– Gkx kds` dekl |` `ccdush`m `f |je dugem `f |je vessed$

usukddx k| |je ahfuqck|h`m `f |je vesseds – Gkx leved`y c`ddk|eqkd chqcudk|h`m hf leved`ys sd`wdx

Shoms kml Sxgy|`gs

‡ Usukddx m`me um|hd = 69%



‡ Usukddx m`me um|hd = 69%‡ Ykhm usukd sxgy|`g au| gkx ezyeqhemce

lxsymek‡ Gkx jkve hqqeoudkq jekq| qk|e‡ MV gkx kds` kcc`gykmx |je `|jeq sxgy|`gs

‡ Ckddel kmohmk – Ums|kade – yeqshs|em|$ evem k| qes| – Yqhm~ge|kd/s – vkqhkm|$ kml gkx `ccuq

wh|jù| k|jeq`scdeq`shs

Gx`ckqlhkd Hmfkqc|h`m *GH(

K jekq| k||kcb *gx`ckqlhkd hmfkqc|h`m( `ccuqs wjem km



kqek `f jekq| guscde lhes `q hs yeqgkmem|dx lkgkoelaeckuse `f hmkle{uk|e suyydx `f `zxoem |` |jk| kqek-

Sxgy|`gs

Cjes| ykhm aejhml |je s|eqmug *aqeks|a`me( hs k gkn`q sxgy|`g `f jekq| k||kcb- @f|em$ |je ykhm qklhk|es fq`g xùq cjes| |` xùq kqgs`q sjùdleq2 mecb$ |ee|j$ `q nkw2 kal`gem `q akcb-

Gx`ckqlhkd Hmfkqc|h`m *GH(

\j h | h dd d | d |j 19



‡ \je ykhm |xyhckddx dks|s d`moeq |jkm 19

ghmu|es kml hs oemeqkddx m`| fuddxqedhevel ax qes| `q mh|qòdxceqhme$ a`|j`f wjhcj ckm cdekq ykhm fq`g kmohmk-

‡ \je ykhm ckm ae hm|emse kml seveqe `q {uh|e sua|de kml c`mfushmo- H| ckm feed

dhbe>‡ S{uee~hmo `q jekvx yqessuqe

‡ K |hoj| akml `m |je cjes|

‡ —Km edeyjkm| sh||hmo `m cjes|‗

‡ Akl hmlhoes|h`m

Kmohòqkg ' Ega`dhsg Hmfkqc|h`m





‡Ckqlhkc ck|je|eqh~k|h`m> |je yq`celuqehmv`dves hmseq|hmo k d`mo$fdezhade$qklh`yk{ueck|je|eq hm|` k yeqhyjeqkd vehm f`q qhoj| shle& hm|` k yeqhyjeqkd kq|eqx f`q def| shle |`cjecb geksuqe |je yqessuqe hm jekq| &

ad``l vessed & hlem|hfx |je d`ck|h`m `f sey|kd& vkdvudkq lefec|s-



‡ Kmohòqkyjx – |jhs yq`celuqe gkx aeusel |` vhsukdh~e c`q`mkqx kq|eqx$ k`q|k$yudg`mkqx ad``l vessed |` kccess |jes|quc|uqkd kam`qgkdh|x-

‡ Kmohòqkyjx ckm ae usel |` hmnec| cd`|lhss`dvhmo lquos sucj ks s|qey|`bhmkse `q |hssue ydksghmòem kc|hvk|`q*|'YK( hm|` kc`q`mkqx kq|eqx |` lhss`dve km às|quc|hmo|jq`gaus-



CKAO



Gelhckd \qek|gem|

‡ Lecqekse qhsb fkc|`qs

Lhe|



– Lhe|

– C`m|q`d cj`des|eq`d|qhodxceqhles

– Ezeqchse

– Sg`bhmo

– Jxyeq|emsh`m

‡ Lquos – Ckdchug cjkmmed ad`cbeqs

– Mh|qòdxceqhm

– D`w l`se KSK

‡ Suqoeqx

\jeqe kqe vkqhùs |qek|gem| `y|h`m leshomel



\jeqe kqe vkqhùs |qek|gem| `y|h`m leshomel|` hmcqekse |je ad``l suyydx- \jese`y|h`ms kqe>

;- Mh|qòdxceqhme

1- Ae|k ad`cbeqs

3- Dhyhl d`weqhmo koem|

<- Cd`| lhss`dvhmo koem|

5- CKAO

6- Y\CK

s|q`be_jem ad``l suyydx |` kmx ykq| `f |je aqkhm hs



hm|eqquy|el$ qesud|hmo hm |hssue lek|j kml d`ss `f aqkhm fumc|h`m-

c`gg`m sxgy|`gs Cjkmoes hm vhsh`m$ Syeecj$ kml c`gyqejemsh`m2 _ekbmess2 Veq|ho`2

D`ss `f semsk|h`m hm k ykq| `f |je a`lx2 `q cjkmoes hm |je deved `f c`mschùsmess$

\qkmshem| Hscjeghc K||kcb *\HK (



‡ K aqkhm lhs`qleq ckusel ax |egy`qkqxlhs|uqakmce `f ad``l suyydx |` km kqek`f |je aqkhm$qesud|hmo hm k sullem$ aqhef *dess |jkm 1< jùqs$ usukddx dess |jkm ;

jùq( lecqekse hm aqkhm fumc|h`ms-

Kmsweq |je f`dd`whmo0‡ _jk| hs ydk{ue0



‡ _jk| hs |jq`gaus0‡ _jk| hs hscjeghk0

‡ _jk| hs ega`dus0

‡ _jk| hs ega`dhsg0

‡ _jk| hs GH0‡ _jk| hs k|jeq`scdeq`shs0

‡ _jk| lecqekses |je qhsb `f CKL0

‡ _jk| kqe |je |qek|gem| `y|h`m f`q CKL0

_jk| hs jekq| fkhduqe0

‡ Jekq| fkhduqe hs k c`mlh|h`m hm wjhcj |je jekq|



‡ Jekq| fkhduqe hs k c`mlh|h`m hm wjhcj |je jekq|ckm‘| yugy ad``l |je wkx h| sjùdl- Hm s`geckses$ |je jekq| ckm‘| fhdd wh|j emùoj ad``l-Hm `|jeq ckses$ |je jekq| ckm‘| seml ad``l |`|je qes| `f |je a`lx wh|j emùoj f`qce-

‡ Jekq| fkhduqe leved`ys `veq |hge ks |jeyugyhmo `f |je jekq| oq`ws wekbeq- H| ckmkffec| |je qhoj| shle `f |je jekq| `mdx `q a`|j|je def| kml qhoj| shles `f |je jekq|

Cdksshfhck|h`m `f jekq| fkhduqe

‡ Qhoj| Jekq| Fkhduqe



Qhoj| Jekq| Fkhduqe' \je hmkahdh|x `f |je qhoj| shle `f |je jekq| |`kle{uk|edx yugy vemùs ad``l hm|` |jeyudg`mkqx chqcudk|h`m-' Qhoj|'shle jekq| fkhduqe gkx ckuse fduhl |`

auhdl uy hm |je fee|$ kmbdes$ deos$ dhveq$kal`gem$ kml$ qkqedx$ |je vehms hm |je mecb-‡ Cdhmhckd sxgy|`gs lue |` fduhl c`moes|h`m>

– sj`q|mess `f aqek|j

– elegk *y``dhmo `f fduhl hm dumos kml a`lx(

Cdksshfhck|h`m `f jekq| fkhduqe

‡ Def| Jekq| Fkhduqe ' \je hmkahdh|x `f |je def| shle



Def| Jekq| Fkhduqe \je hmkahdh|x `f |je def| shle`f |je jekq| |` yugy hm|` |je sxs|eghcchqcudk|h`m- Cdhmhckd sxgy|`gs lue |` y``q ad``l fd`w |` |je a`lx> – lhffhcud|x ezeqchshmo

– fk|houe

– lh~~hmess *lue |` d`w ad``l yqessuqe(

\je deklhmo ckuses `f jekq| fkhduqe kqelhsekses |jk| lkgkoe |je jekq|- \jesehmcdule>

– C`q`mkqx kq|eqx lhsekse *CKL($ – Jhoj ad``l yqessuqe$ kml

– Lhkae|es

Ckuse `f Jekq| fkhduqe



‡ Jekq| fkhduqe hs ckusel ax gkmx c`mlh|h`ms|jk| lkgkoe |je jekq| guscde$ hmcdulhmo> – C`q`mkqx kq|eqx lhsekse

– Kqqjx|jghks

– Ckqlh`gx`yk|jx “ lkgkoe |` |je jekq| guscde fq`g

ckuses `|jeq |jkm kq|eqx `q ad``l fd`w yqàdegs- – Jhoj ad``l yqessuqe *jxyeq|emsh`m(

– Vkdve lhsekse Jekq| lefec|s yqesem| k| ahq|j

– Lhkae|es Geddh|us

– Cjq`mhc bhlmex lhsekse

J`w lès jekq| fkhduqe leved`y0

‡ Mkqq`wel kq|eqhes |jk| suyydx ad``l |` |je jekq| guscde“



yy x

c`q`mkqx kq|eqx lhsekse-‡ Yks| jekq| k||kcb$ `q gx`ckqlhkd hmfkqc|h`m$ wh|j sckq |hssue

|jk| hm|eqfeqes wh|j |je jekq| guscde‘s m`qgkd fumc|h`mhmo-‡ Def| Vem|qhcudkq Jxyeq|q`yjx-‡ Jhoj ad``l yqessuqe-‡ Vkdvudkq jekq| lhsekse lue |` yqevhùs qjeugk|hc feveq `q

`|jeq ckuses-‡ Yqhgkqx lhsekse `f |je jekq| guscde h|sedf$ ckddel

ckqlh`gx`yk|jx-‡ C`moemh|kd jekq| lefec|s *ahq|j lefec|s(‡ Hmfec|h`m `f |je jekq| vkdves kml`q jekq| guscde h|sedf“

eml`ckqlh|hs kml`q gx`ckqlh|hs

_jk| hs MXJK cdksshfhck|h`m0

‡ \je Mew X`qb Jekq| Kss`chk|h`m *MXJK(



\je Mew X`qb Jekq| Kss`chk|h`m *MXJK(

Fumc|h`mkd Cdksshfhck|h`m yq`vhles k shgydewkx `f cdksshfxhmo |je ez|em| `f jekq| fkhduqe- H|ydkces yk|hem|s hm `me `f fùq ck|eo`qhes aksel`m j`w gucj |jex kqe dhgh|el luqhmo yjxshckd

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‡ Qesud|s

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– \jeqe weqe 39 yeqcem| qeluc|h`m hm |je qhsb `f lek|j

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Meyjq`|hc sxmlq`ge> ;99 199golkx



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Syhq`ghle

C`gy`sh|h`m>

Fquseghle 19 go



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Syhq`ghle

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yqessuqe-

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‡ Lue |` kmk|`ghckd lhs|`q|h`m y`q|kd ad``l ckmm`|axykss dhveq ckushmo hmcqeksel y`q|kd vemùs

yqessuqe kml fhd|qk|h`m `f fduhl hm yeqh|`mekd ckvh|x



yqessuqe kml fhd|qk|h`m `f fduhl hm yeqh|`mekd ckvh|xckushmo ksch|es-

‡ Lue |` lecqeksel dhveq fumc|h`m kle{uk|e kgùm| `f yq`|ehms kqe m`| sxm|jesh~el$ lecqekshmo |je`sg`|hc yqessuqe `f ad``l$ fkv`qhmo leved`ygem| `f

ksch|es-‡ C`ddec|h`m `f fduhl hm kal`gem ckuse lecqeksel

ad``l v`duge kml lecqeksel ad``l yqessuqedeklhmo |` kam`qgkd skd| kml wk|eq qe|em|h`m*↛QKKS(- Kdl`s|eq`me deveds kqe kam`qgkddx

hmcqeksel-‡ Fquseghle kml Syhq`m`dkc|`me lecqekse fduhl

`veqd`kl kml km|ko`mhse kdl`s|eq`me qesyec|hvedx-

Syhq`ghle *Klveqse Effec|s(

‡ Oxmkec`gks|hk$

‡ Lecqekse hm dhahl`



‡ Lecqekse hm dhahl`‡ Gems|qukd hqqeoudkqh|hes hm fegkdes

‡ Lhkqqjèk$

‡ Kal`ghmkd cqkgys$

‡ Jeklkcje$ lq`wshmess$‡ Hgy`|emce$

‡ Sbhm qksj$





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|xye d``y lhuqe|hc gkhmdx usel hm |je gkmkoegem|`f elegk kss`chk|el wh|j c`moes|hve jekq| fkhduqe-H| hs kds` usel k| d`w l`ses f`q |je gkmkoegem| `f



H| hs kds` usel k| d`w l`ses f`q |je gkmkoegem| `f jxyeq|emsh`m-

‡ Yjkqgkc`bhme|hc lk|k > – Ah`kvkhdkahdh|x > :9'89% – Yq`|ehm ahmlhmo> 88%

– Ge|ka`dhsg >:9%*jeyk|hc(

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– Ck|òeqx > C

– Qù|es > @qkd H-V

Hs h| |hge f`q k meweq kml ae||eq d``y lhuqe|hc0

‡ \je leoqee `f bkdhuqeshs |jk| |je lquo

*Fquseghle( hmluces ckm dekl |`



*Fquseghle( hmluces ckm dekl |`y`|em|hkddx fk|kd c`mse{uemces$ esyechkddxhm ge|ka`dhckddx leqkmoel s|k|es sucj ksc`moes|hve jekq| fkhduqe kml qemkd fkhduqe-

‡ Fquseghle hs k {uhcb kml sj`q| kc|hmolquo *`whmo |` h|s sj`q| jkdf'dhfe ; jùq(kml jemce hs g`qe usefud f`q hm|qkvemùs

klghmhs|qk|h`m hm egeqoemches-


‡ Fquseghle hs ezcdushvedx ezcqe|el ax |je

bhlmexs Jemce kmx c`gyq`ghse hm qemkd



bhlmexs- Jemce kmx c`gyq`ghse hm qemkdfumc|h`m hgykhqs cdekqkmce `f |je lquo- \jhsdekls |` kccugudk|h`m `f ge|ka`dh|es hm yk|hem|swh|j seveqe qemkd hgykhqgem|$ wjhcj cùdl dekl|` |`zhch|x-

‡ Ah`kvkhdkahdh|x `f fquseghle hs eqqk|hc*;;'89% (kml |jhs klls |` umyqelhc|kahdh|x `f qesy`mse &kds` sj`ws hm|qk'yk|hem| vkqhkahdh|x-


‡ Fquseghle hmlucel k shomhfhckm| hmcqekse hm

ckdchug ezcqe|h`m kml k c`qqesy`mlhmo



ckdchug ezcqe|h`m kml k c`qqesy`mlhmolecqekse hm sequg ckdchug c`mcem|qk|h`ms- \jhsckm dekl |` `s|e`y`q`shs `veq k yeqh`l `f |hge-

_jx —Legk|`q‗0

‡ Legk|`q yq`luces hm|emse lhuqeshs kml

mk|qhuqeshs c`gykqkade |` |jk| `f fquseghle



mk|qhuqeshs c`gykqkade |` |jk| `f fquseghle-;9'19 go `f Legk|`q 7 <9 go `f fquseghle-

‡ Legk|`q$ kml m`| fquseghle$ jks aeem sj`wm |`hmjhah| kdl`s|eq`me ahmlhmo |` h|s qecey|`q hm |jeqk| bhlmex-

_jx —Legk|`q‗0

‡ Legk|`q jks aeem qey`q|el |` jkve k

wekbeq bkdhuqe|hc effec| |jkm `|jeq d``y



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‡ Legk|`q lhl m`| shomhfhckm|dx cjkmoeckdchug ezcqe|h`m `q sequg ckdchugdeveds- Jemce$ Legk|`q jks ckdchugsykqhmo effec|-

_jx —Legk|`q‗0

‡ Legk|`q lès m`| ckuse cjkmoes hm dhyhl yq`fhde$

oduc`se ge|ka`dhsg kml sequg uqhc kchl kml|h h J a l f j h



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g`qe sus|khmel kc|h`m ks c`gykqel |`fquseghle-

_jx —Legk|`q‗0

‡ \je lquo hs ge|ka`dh~el |` k dkqoe ez|em| hm |je

dhveq *:9%(- Qemkd cdekqkmce `f |je ykqem| lquo



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Aemefh|s aex`ml fquseghle ‡ hm c`moes|hve jekq| fkhduqe >

– \@QHC *\`qseghle hm C`moes|hve Jekq| Fkhduqe( – m7;3?? wh|j MXJK cdkss HH'HHH CJF

– Lhuqe|hc |jeqkyx wh|j |`qseghle ;9 go `q fquseghle <9go `q `|jeq lhuqe|hcs hm kllh|h`m |` |jehq ezhs|hmo s|kmlkql



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– @u|cge>‡ G`q|kdh|x wks shomhfhckm|dx d`weq hm |je |`qseghle *1-1%(

|jkm hm |je fquseghle`|jeq lhuqe|hcs oqùy *<-5%(-‡ \`qseghle |qek|gem| wks kss`chk|el wh|j k shomhfhckm|dx

d`weq |`|kd g`q|kdh|x kml ckqlhkc g`q|kdh|x- Kds`$ kshomhfhckm|dx oqek|eq yq`y`q|h`m `f yk|hem|s hm |je |`qseghleoqùy sj`wel hgyq`vegem| hm |je MXJK cdkss c`gykqel |`yk|hem|s |qek|el wh|j fquseghle `q `|jeq lhuqe|hcs-

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Aemefh|s aex`ml fquseghle‡ hm qemkd fkhduqe>

– \qhkds hm cjq`mhc qemkd fkhduqe c`mfhqg |jk| |`qseghle *;99'199go( hs k jhoj cehdhmo lhuqe|hc kml jks effec|s `m uqhme v`duge

kml edec|q`dx|e ezcqe|h`m shghdkq |` |j`se `f fquseghle- D`mo'|eqg use `f |`qseghle jks aeem fùml |` ae skfe kml



x o|eqg use `f |`qseghle jks aeem fùml |` ae skfe kmleffec|hve-

– \`qseghle hs fqee fq`g |je qeaùml lecqekse hm edec|q`dx|eezcqe|h`m- \`qseghle jks kds` aeem fùml |` ae effec|hve hm

yk|hem|s umleqo`hmo jkeg`lhkdxshs-

– Hm yk|hem|s wh|j meyjq`|hc sxmlq`ge$ |`qseghle hm `qkdl`skoes `f uy |` 199 golkx kml hm c`gahmk|h`m wh|jsyhq`m`dkc|`me sj`wm oqek|eq lhuqe|hc kml mk|qhuqe|hc effec|wh|j |`qseghle ks c`gykqel |` fquseghle

Qefeqemces;- N Ckqlh`vksc Yjkqgkc`d ;8832 11 *suyyd 3(> S58'S?9

Aemefh|s aex`ml fquseghle

‡ hm ksch|es >

– \`qseghle kml fquseghle jkve aeem c`gykqel hmchqqj`|hc yk|hem|s qecehvhmo syhq`m`dkc|`me kml s`lhug



chqqj`|hc yk|hem|s qecehvhmo syhq`m`dkc|`me kml s`lhug'qes|qhc|el lhe|s- \`qseghle hmlucel k qegkqbkadx jhojeq mk|qhuqe|hc kml lhuqe|hc effec| |jkm fquseghle- A`lxwehoj| d`ss wks kds` shomhfhckm|dx jhojeq wh|j |`qseghle*1-5 " ;-6 vs 9-1 " ;-3 bo(-

– Hm km`|jeq s|ulx$ |je |`qseghle oqùy jkl oqek|eq fqeewk|eq cdekqkmce kml oqek|eq sykqhmo `f y`|ksshug$gkomeshug kml yj`syjk|e |jkm fquseghle qechyhem|s-\jhs suooes|s |jk| |`qseghle hs k ae||eq kd|eqmk|hve |`fquseghle hm jeyk|hc chqqj`shs-

Aemefh|s aex`ml fquseghle

‡ \`qseghle hm jxyeq|emsh`m >



xy – \jhk~hles kqe qec`ggemlel ks fhqs|'dhme lquos f`q

jxyeq|emsh`m- D``y lhuqe|hcs sucj ks fquseghle jkveyq`vem |` ae dess effec|hve hm c`m|q`ddhmo ad``lyqessuqe |jkm |jhk~hles- Hm c`m|qks|$ |`qseghle jksaeem fùml |` ae ks effec|hve ks |jhk~hles

*jxlq`cjd`q`|jhk~hle kml k c`gahmk|h`m `f jxlq`cjd`q`|jhk~hle kml k y`|ksshug sykqhmo lhuqe|hc(hm sgkdd l`ses f`q |je |jeqkyx `f jxyeq|emsh`m wh|jù|cjkmoes hm sequg edec|q`dx|es `q ge|ka`dhc hmlhck|`qs-

– \je l`skoes `f |`qseghle usel hm |je |qek|gem| `f

jxyeq|emsh`m$ |xyhckddx 1-5 `q 5 golkx$ kqe lescqhaelks m`m'lhuqe|hc-

Klvkm|koes `f Legk|`q `veq fquseghle

‡ \`qseghle hs g`qe y`|em| |jkm fquseghle `m



yk wehoj| yeq wehoj| akshs- ;9'19 go `f |`qseghle yq`luces effec|s e{uhvkdem| |` |jk|`f <9 go `f fquseghle-

‡ \`qseghle jks k fks| `mse| `f kc|h`m kmlyq`luces hm|emse lhuqeshs$ wjhcj hsc`gykqkade |` |jk| `f fquseghle- J`weveq$

umdhbe fquseghle$ wjhcj hs sj`q| kc|hmo$|`qseghle jks k g`qe sus|khmel lhuqe|hckc|h`m-


‡ \`qseghle jks k g`qe yqelhc|kade kas`qy|h`m

yq`fhde kml ae||eq ah`kvkhdkahdh|x |jkm fquseghle-Fquseghle jks km eqqk|hc kml jhojdx vkqhkade



y xFquseghle jks km eqqk|hc kml jhojdx vkqhkadeah`kvkhdkahdh|x$ wjhcj dekls |` umyqelhc|kahdh|x `f qesy`mse- \jhs gkx kffec| |je `veqkdd ù|c`geswh|j fquseghle-

‡ \`qseghle hs y`|ksshug sykqhmo hm mk|uqe> |jhs hsk||qhau|kade |` h|s kdl`s|eq`me'hmjhah|hmo yq`yeq|x-\`qseghle kds` yqevem|s ckdchug d`ss-


‡ S|ulhes jkve sj`wm |jk| hm c`moes|hve jekq| fkhduqe$

|`qseghle'|qek|el yk|hem|s weqe dess dhbedx |` aeqeklgh||el f`q jekq| fkhduqe kml f`q kdd ckqlh`vkscudkq



ckuses- \`qseghle hs kds` kss`chk|el wh|j lecqekselg`q|kdh|x qk|es- H| kds` qesud|s hm qelucel `veqkdd c`s|s-

‡ \`qseghle hs ezcqe|el gkhmdx vhk |je jeyk|hc qù|e2jemce jhoj l`ses uy |` ;99'199 go hm klvkmcel cjq`mhcqemkd fkhduqe gkx ae usel- Fquseghle$ `m |je `|jeq jkml$kccugudk|es hm qemkd fkhduqe kml ckuses |`zhch|x-


‡ \`qseghle jks aeem usel hm c`gahmk|h`m wh|j

syhq`m`dkc|`me hm chqqj`shs `f dhveq wh|j ksch|es- \jhslecqekses y`|ksshug d`ss kml fuq|jeq hgakdkmce `f



yedec|q`dx|es- Fquseghle `m |je `|jeq jkml ckusesy`|ksshug d`ss kml klls |` hgakdkmce `f edec|q`dx|es-

‡ \`qseghle hs |je fhqs| d``y lhuqe|hc hmlhck|el f`q |je|qek|gem| `f jxyeq|emsh`m- L`ses qe{uhqel kqe sua'lhuqe|hc l`ses *1-5 |` 5 go( kml l` m`| jkve kmxah`cjeghckd `q edec|q`dx|e klveqse effec|s-\`qseghle gkx ae usel kd`me `q hm c`gahmk|h`mwh|j `|jeq lquos f`q jxyeq|emsh`m

C@MCDUSH@M

—Hm c`mcdush`m$ h| gkx ae skhl |jk| |`qseghle hs k

lhuqe|hc |jk| c`gahmes |je yjkqgkc`dòhckd yq`fhde



y o y

`f d``y lhuqe|hcs hm jhoj l`ses kml |jhk~hles hm d`w

l`ses- H| hs k y`|em| lhuqe|hc kml hs kss`chk|el wh|j

desseq qhsb `f jxy`bkdeghk kml kd|eqk|h`ms `f

ah`cjeghckd ykqkge|eqs‗-

L@SKOE KMLKLGHMHS\QK\H@M

‡ C`moes|hve Jekq| Fkhduqe

– \je usukd hmh|hkd l`se hs ;9 go `q 19 go `f `mce'lkhdx `qkd `q hm|qkvemùs LEGK\@Q- Hf |je lhuqe|hc



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‡ Cjq`mhc Qemkd Fkhduqe – \je usukd hmh|hkd l`se `f LEGK\@Q hs 19 go `f

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L@SKOE KMLKLGHMHS\QK\H@M

‡ Jeyk|hc Chqqj`shs

– \je usukd hmh|hkd l`se hs 5 go `q ;9 go `f `mce'lkhdx`qkd `q hm|qkvemùs LEGK\@Q$ klghmhs|eqel |òe|jeq h|j dl | | h | | h h



wh|j km kdl`s|eq`me km|ko`mhs| `q k y`|ksshug'sykqhmolhuqe|hc- Shmode l`ses jhojeq |jkm <9 go jkve m`| aeemkle{uk|edx s|ulhel-

– Cjq`mhc use `f kmx lhuqe|hc hm jeyk|hc lhsekse jks m`|aeem s|ulhel hm kle{uk|e kml wedd'c`m|q`ddel |qhkds-

‡ Jxyeq|emsh`m – \je usukd hmh|hkd l`se hs 5 go `mce lkhdx- Hf |je 5 go

l`se lès m`| yq`vhle kle{uk|e qeluc|h`m hm ad``lyqessuqe wh|jhm < |` 6 weebs$ |je l`se gkx aehmcqeksel |` ;9 go `mce lkhdx- Hf |je qesy`mse |` ;9 go

hs hmsuffhchem|$ km kllh|h`mkd km|hjxyeq|emshve koem|sjùdl ae kllel |` |je |qek|gem| qeohgem-

Shle effec|s

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‡ Jeklkcje‡ Mkusek



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‡ Jxyequqeceghk

‡ Jxy`v`deghk

‡ Hgy`|emce‡ Es`yjkoekd jeg`qqjkoe$ kml lxsyeyshk

LQUO HM\EQKC\H@MS

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ezyeqhemce skdhcxdk|e |`zhch|x wjem LEGK\@Qh h| |d l h h | l



hs c`mc`gh|km|dx klghmhs|eqel-

‡ \je mk|qhuqe|hc effec| `f LEGK\@Q *dhbe |jk| `f gkmx `|jeq lhuqe|hcs( hs ykq|hkddx hmjhah|el ax |je

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LEGK\@Q-





\`ylhy

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‡ Hmlhck|h`ms



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C`gy`sh|h`m

‡ Kgd`lhyhme aesxdk|e e{uhvkdem| |`



Kgd`lhyhme aesxdk|e e{uhvkdem| |`1-5go5go;9go kgd`lhyhme

_jk| kqe |je hmlhck|h`ms &l`skoe f`q \`ylhy0

Hmlhck|h`ms‡ Jxyeq|emsh`m



‡ Jxyeq|emsh`m

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J`w lès \`ylhy Kc|0



_jk| kqe |je bex yjkqgkc`bhme|hcfek|uqes `f Kgd`lhyhme0

‡ Ah`kvkhd *%(> 6<'89



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‡ @mse| *ghm(> 39'69

‡ Yq`|ehm Ahmlhmo> 83

‡ Jkdf'dhfe *j(> } <9 j‡ \gkz *j(> 6';1

_jk| kqe |je klvkm|koes `f \`ylhy0

‡ Qùml |je cd`cb c`m|q`d lue |` d`mo | ;1

‡ Khls yk|hem| c`gydhkmce wh|j @L l`shmo



‡ Fkvùqkade skfe|x yq`fhde

‡ Effec|hve ks g`m`|jeqkyx kml hm c`gahmk|h`mwh|j lhuqe|hcs$ KCEHs kml ae|k ad`cbeqs

‡ Usefud hm jxyeq|emshve yk|hem|s `f kdd koes wh|jc`mc`gh|km| lhsekses vh~- ks|jgk$jxyeqdhyhleghk$ lhkae|es$ CJL kml qemkdlhsekse



_jk| hs \`ylhy K\0_jk| kqe h|s hmlhck|h`ms & l`skoe0

C`gy`sh|h`m

‡ K|em`d`d 59 go " Kgd`lhyhme 5 go



Hmlhck|h`ms

‡ Jxyeq|emsh`m$ yq`yjxdkzhs `f cjq`mhc s|kade

kmohmk-

L`skoe

‡ ; |kade| `mce lkhdx

_jk| hs \`ylhy K\0

‡ K|em`d`d – Ae|k ad`cbeq$ Sedec|hve$ _k|eq' s`duade



$ $

‡ Kgd`lhyhme

– D`mo kc|hmo CCA wh|j Sus|khmel kml sg``|j

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‡ D`w KLQ yq`fhde `f ekcj

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Yjkqgkc`bhme|hc fek|uqes `f Kgd`lhyhme & K|em`d`d hm \`ylhy K\

Kgd`lhyhme K|em`d`d



‡ Ah`kvkhd *%(> 6<'89

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‡ Ah`kvkhdkahdh|x> 59 ' 69%

‡ Jkdf'dhfe> 6'8 jùqs‡ Yq`|ehm ahmlhmo>;6%

‡ Ezcqe|el> 59% umcjkmoel hmfeces

‡Lès m`| cq`ss ad``l aqkhmakqqheq ' D`w dhyhl s`duahdh|x

Jxyeq|emsh`m

Hmh|hkd 59 go @L eh|jeq kd`me `q hm c`mnumc|h`m wh|j klhuqe|hc

Hm wjk| l`skoe hs K|em`d`dyqescqhael0



Hmcqekse l`skoe |` ;99 go/lkx

KmohmkHmh|hkd 59 go @L$ Hmcqekse |` ;99 go @L

Hm GH kml SVK > hm|qkvemùs f`qgudk|h`ms usel

∉ ↓AY & `zxoem legkml ax ad`cbhmo "ve hm`|q`yhc

& cjq`m`|q`yhc kc|h`m `f ck|ecj`dkghmes

_jk| kqe |je klvkm|koes `f K|em`d`d0



‡ Ckqlh`sedec|hve * A;(2 M` umwkm|el *A1(

aq`mcj`c`ms|qhc|`q effec|s$ ckm ae usel hm

ks|jgk|hcs

‡ _k|eq s`duade ae|k'ad`cbeq- Jemce d`w hmchlemce `f

CMS shle effec|s

‡ M` HSK umdhbe ge|`yq`d`d

‡ M` effec| `m oduc`se ge|ka`dhsg > Usefud hmlhkae|hc jxyeq|emshves

‡ Effec|hve hm edleqdx

‡ @L l`shmo hgyq`ves yk|hem| c`gydhkmce‡ Ae||eq cdhmhckd qesy`mse wh|j desseq shle effec|s lue |`

\`ylhy K\Klvkm|koesKlvkm|koes



yqeluc|h`m hm |je l`ses `f |je hmlhvhlukd lquos

‡ Emjkmcegem| `f km|hjxyeq|emshve & km|hkmohmkd kc|h`m

‡ Kd|eqk|h`m *qeluc|h`m( `f klveqse effec|s vh~- Kgd`lhyhme gkx

hmjhah| kdyjk klqemeqohc gelhk|el vks`c`ms|qhc|h`m ckuselax k|em`d`d

‡ K| jhoj l`ses$ ae|k'; sedec|hvedx hs d`s|-Shmce hm c`gahmk|h`m$d`weq l`ses kqe usel$ sedec|hvh|x hs qe|khmel-

KCELHY



KCELHY

KCELHY

C@GY@SH\H@M

Dhshm`yqhd 5 go " Kgd`lhyhme 5 go



HMLHCK\H@MS & L@SKOE

‡ Jxyeq|emsh`m

‡ Qeshs|km| Jxyeq|emsh`m

‡ Lhkae|hc Jxyeq|emsh`m

‡ ; |kade| `mce lkhdx

KCELHY

QK\H@MKDE

Ckdchug Cjkmmed Ad`cbeq KCEH

*Kgd`lhyhme( " *Dhshm`yqhd(



‡ Kf|eqd`kl Yqed`kl & Kf|eqd`kl

‡ Hmjhah|s Ck"" em|qx Hmjhah|s KCE

SXMEQOHS\HC KM\HJXYEQ\EMSHVE EFFEC\

KCELHY

HM QESHS\KM\ JXYEQ\EMSH@M

‡ Suyeqh`q AY c`m|q`d$ |jkm g`m`|jeqkyx



‡ m 7 339$ ?8 ù|yk|hem| cdhmhcs

‡ Qeluc|h`m `f LAY & SAY

' Effec|hve * hm ??-65% yk|hem|s (

Gk|jew NKO e| kd$ Hmlhkm Yqkc|$

;88:> 5;*6(> <<;'<<?-

KCELHY

HM LHKAE\HC KML @Q @AESE

JXYEQ\EMSHVES

‡ Suyeqh`q AY c`m|q`d$ |jkm g`m`|jeqkyx

H h dh h|h h|



‡ Hgyq`ves hmsudhm semsh|hvh|x

‡ Km|hyq`|ehmuqhc effec|s

‡ Desseq cùoj

‡ Ae||eq c`gydhkmceGk|jew NKO e| kd$ Hmlhkm Yqkc|$

;88:> 5;*6(> <<;'<<?-

KCELHY

SUGGKQX

‡Sxmeqohs|hc kc|h`m ' Suyeqh`q AY c`m|q`d |jkm

g`m`|jeqkyx‡; |kade| lkhdx hm jxyeq|emsh`m



x xy

* Qeshs|km|$Lhkae|hc$@aese(

– Lhkae|hc jxyeq|emshves > Hgyq`ves hmsudhm semsh|hvh|x$

Km|hyq`|ehmuqhc effec|s

– @aese / Jxyeqdhyhleghc jxyeq|emshves > Dhyhl meu|qkd

‡Khls yk|hem| c`gydhkmce ' @L l`shmo Desseq cùoj$

elegk

Gk|jew NKO e| kd$ Hmlhkm Yqkc|$

;88:> 5;*6(> <<;'<<?-

KCELHY

KLVKM\KOES Sxmeqohsg `f km|hjxyeq|emshve effec|

D`weq l`ses `f ekcj lquo qe{uhqel deklhmo

|` ae||eq cdhmhckd qesy`mse wh|j desseq shleeffec|



Lue |` |jehq d`mo edhghmk|h`m `f jkdf'dhfe$|jex ckm ae klghmhs|eqel `mce lkhdx$jemce hgyq`vel yk|hem|s‘ c`gydhkmce kml

ae||eq cdhmhckd qesy`mse-

Kgd`lhyhme kc|hvk|es sxgyk|je|hc meqvùssxs|eg- Dhshm`yqhd cùm|eqakdkmces |jhseffec| ax lecqekshmo sxgyk|je|hc ù|fd`w-

Vks`yq`|ec|hve kml ckqlh`yq`|ec|hveeffec|s

Feweq |kade|s |` ae klghmhs|eqel$ |jhsdekls |` hmcqeksel yk|hem|s‘ c`mvemhemce

Kv`hlhmo Ckqlh`vkscudkq Evem|s |jqùojKv`hlhmo Ckqlh`vkscudkq Evem|s |jqùojC@Gahmk|h`m \jeqkyx hm Yk|hem|sC@Gahmk|h`m \jeqkyx hm Yk|hem|sDHvhmo wh|j Sxs|`dhc Jxyeq|emsh`mDHvhmo wh|j Sxs|`dhc Jxyeq|emsh`m

‡ @anec|hve>@anec|hve> \` le|eqghme hf kgd`lhyhme aesxdk|e

aemk~eyqhd whdd c`mfeq qeluc|h`m hm ckqlh`vkscudkq g`qahlh|x kml g`q|kdh|x hm jhoj'qhsb jxyeq|emshve suanec|s



x x o xy nwjem c`gykqel wh|j |je c`gahmk|h`m `f aemk~eyqhd kmlJC\^-

‡ Leshom > – Gud|hmk|h`mkd$ lùade'adhml cdhmhckd |qhkd

– Yk|hem| ' ;;$59: suanec|s *559 cem|eqs(

– Luqk|h`m> 5'xekq

C`mcdush`msC`mcdush`ms

‡ \je qesud|s `f KCC@GYDHSJ yq`vhle c`gyeddhmo

evhlemce f`q hmh|hkd c`gahmk|h`m |jeqkyx wh|j kcecca kmlcjkddemoes cuqqem| lhuqe|hc aksel ouhledhmes-

H| | l d a | | | h|j



‡ H| wks s|`yyel ekqdx aeckuse |qek|gem| wh|jkm|hjxyeq|emshve c`gahmk|h`m |jeqkyx''|je KCE hmjhah|`q aemk~eyqhd ydus |je ckdchug'cjkmmed ad`cbeq

kgd`lhyhme''wks g`qe effec|hve |jkm |qek|gem| wh|j |jeKCE hmjhah|`q ydus lhuqe|hc-



D`sk|ec

C`gy`sh|h`m>

D`skq|km D`skq|km 15go$



D`skq|km 59go$


Kmoh`|emshmòem

Kmoh`|emshm H

Qemhm

Aqkhm'S|q`be

Jekq|'

DVGH*Bhlmex(

Fhaq`shs



Kmoh`|emshm H

KCE *Dumos(

Kmoh`|emshm HH

↛Ad``l Yqessuqe

Vks`c`ms|qhc|h`m

K\'1


K\';


Kdl`s|eq`me

Kc|s `m GQ

AV'Eml`|jedhkdlxsfumc|h`m

Bhlmex'_k|eq & MkQe|em|h`m

Kdaughmuqhk

Kq|eqhkd

s|hffmess

Effec| `f Kmoh`|emshm ' hh k| K\; &K\1 qecey|`q



Gecjkmhsg `f kc|h`m D@SKQ\KM

KHH qecey|`q *K\;( ad`cbeq



Vks`lhdk|h`m

Kf|eqd`kl

Qeluc|h`m hm AY

Yjkqgkc`bhme|hcs

‡ Kas`qy|h`m> D`sk|ec hs wedd kas`qael `m `qkd

klghmhs|qk|h`m-‡ Ah`kvkhdkahdh|x ' 33%-



‡ Yq`|ehm Ahmlhmo> 88%-

‡ Jkdf'dhfe> 6'8 jùqs qesyec|hvedx-

‡ Ezcqe|h`m> F`dd`whmo `qkd klghmhs|qk|h`m `f D`sk|ec$ kyyq`zhgk|edx 35% `f |je qklh`kc|hvh|xhs qec`veqel hm |je uqhme kml kaù| 69% hm |jefkeces-

D`sk|ec‡ Hmlhck|h`ms

– D`sk|ec hs hmlhck|el f`q |je |qek|gem| `f jxyeq|emsh`m2 h| gkxae usel kd`me `q hm c`gahmk|h`m wh|j `|jeq km|hjxyeq|emshvekoem|s- D`sk|ec hs hmlhck|el hm lhkae|hc meyjq`yk|jx-



‡ L`skoe

– Usukd s|kq|hmo l`se hs 59 go `mce lkhdx- – D`sk|ec ckm ae klghmhs|eqel wh|j `q wh|jù| f``l `mce `q

|whce lkhdx wh|j |`|kd lkhdx l`ses qkmohmo fq`g 15 |` ;99 go- – Hf |je km|hjxyeq|emshve effec| geksuqel k| |qùoj ushmo `mcelkhdx l`shmo hs hmkle{uk|e$ k |whce lkhdx qeohgem k| skge |`|kdlkhdx l`se `q km hmcqekse hm l`se gkx ohve k g`qesk|hsfkc|`qx qesy`mse-

D`sk|ec\je USYs `f D`sk|ec

– Fhqs| kmoh`|emshm HH qecey|`q ad`cbeq

– Sedec|hve K HH qecey|`q *\xye K\;( km|ko`mhs| – Yk|hem|s wh|j suscey|hade |` cùoj `m KCEHs

Umqesy`mshve Hm|`deqkm| |` cuqqem| |jeqkyx



– Umqesy`mshve Hm|`deqkm| |` cuqqem| |jeqkyx

– M` qeaùml jxyeq|emsh`m `m kaquy| wh|jlqkwkd umdhbe Ae|kad`cbeqs

– M` cjkmoe hm jekq| qk|e umdhbe Ckdchug Cjkmmed ad`cbeqs

– M` effec| `m od`gequdkq fhd|qk|h`m qk|e$ qemkd ydksgk kmlfhd|qk|h`m fqkc|h`m

– Qeluc|h`m `f g`q|kdh|x kml def| vem|qhcudkq gkss

– Qeluc|h`m hm |je qhsb `f s|q`be

– Qem` – yq`|ec|h`m hm lhkae|hcs

D`skq|km Hm|eqvem|h`m f`q Emly`hm|Qeluc|h`m hm Jxyeq|emsh`m S|ulx

*DHFE S|ulx(

@anec|hve' Lùade'adhml$ qkml`gh~el |qhkd |`

c`gykqe |je effec|s `f d`skq|km kml k|em`d`d `mckqlh`vkscudkq g`qahlh|x kml g`q|kdh|x hm jhoj'qhsb

f



yk|hem|s wh|j jxyeq|emsh`m kml def| vem|qhcudkq jxyeq|q`yjx *DVJ(-

‡ Y`yudk|h`m8$;83 yk|hem|s *55 |` :9 xekqs `dl( fq`g 8<5 sh|es hm ?cùm|qhes

yqevhùsdx |qek|el `q um|qek|el essem|hkdjxyeq|emsh`m *sxs|`dhc AY ;69–199 ggJo `q

lhks|`dhc AY 85–;;5 ggJo(;$;85 yk|hem|s *;3%( jkl lhkae|es k| aksedhme

DHFE S|ulxSuggkqx

‡ D`skq|km'aksel c`gykqel wh|j k|em`d`d'aksel

km|hjxyeq|emshve |jeqkyx wks kss`chk|el wh|j> – K qeluc|h`m hm |je c`gahmel yqhgkqx emly`hm|



K qeluc|h`m hm |je c`gahmel yqhgkqx emly`hm|`f ckqlh`vkscudkq lek|j$ s|q`be `q GH *';3%(

– Feweq s|q`bes *'15%(

– shghdkq ad``l yqessuqe qeluc|h`m – D`skq|km qelucel |je qk|e `f mew'`mse| lhkae|es *'15%(

‡ Hm |je lhkae|hc suaoqùy$ d`skq|km qelucel |je qk|e`f>

– C`gahmel emly`hm| `f ckqlh`vkscudkq lek|j$s|q`be kml GH *'15%(

– Kdd'ckuse g`q|kdh|x *'38%(

DHFE S|ulx

‡ C`mcdush`ms

– D`skq|km qelucel |je c`gahmel qhsb `f ckqlh`vkscudkq g`qahlh|x kml g`q|kdh|x c`gykqel



|` k|em`d`d wh|j aemefh|s m`| ezydkhmel ax ad``lyqessuqe qeluc|h`m

– D`skq|km qelucel |je qk|e `f mew'`mse| lhkae|es

– iD`skq|km wks shomhfhckm|dx ae||eq |`deqk|el |jkmk|em`d`d

– Kg`mo lhkae|hcs$ d`skq|km qelucelckqlh`vkscudkq g`qahlh|x kml g`q|kdh|x

Qeluc|h`m `f Emly`hm|s hm M`m'hmsudhm leyemlem|lhkae|es geddh|us wh|j |je Kmoh`|emshm HHKm|ko`mhs| D`skq|km*QEMKKD(

\je {ues|h`m kllqessel ax |jhs s|ulx hs> lès |kbhmo

d`skq|km qeluce |je yqòqessh`m `f bhlmex lhsekse hm

yk|hem|s wh|j |xye 1 lhkae|es kml es|kadhsjel bhlmex

lhsekse0



l sekse

‡ Qesud|s' – D`skq|km |qek|gem| wks kss`chk|el wh|j>

– 1:% qhsb qeluc|h`m `f ESQL `veq k gekm `f 3-< xekqs *Y 7 9-991(

– 15% qhsb qeluc|h`m `f k lùadhmo `f |je sequg cqek|hmhmec`mcem|qk|h`m *Y 7 9-996(

– 35% lecqekse hm |je deved `f yq`|ehmuqhk *Y 4 9-99;(

Qeluc|h`m `f Emly`hm|s hm M`m'hmsudhm leyemlem|lhkae|es geddh|us wh|j |je Kmoh`|emshm HHKm|ko`mhs| D`skq|km*QEMKKD(

– 31% qhsb qeluc|h`m hm |je qk|e `f fhqs|

j`syh|kdh~k|h`m f`q jekq| fkhduqe *Y 4 9-995( – \je aemefh|s ezceelel |j`se k||qhau|kade |`



cjkmoes hm ad``l yqessuqe- G`qahlh|x fq`gckqlh`vkscudkq ckuses wks shghdkq hm |je |wòqùys$ ks wks kdd'ckuse g`q|kdh|x-

‡ C`mcdush`m'''D`skq|km c`mfeqqelshomhfhckm| qemkd aemefh|s hm yk|hem|s wh|j|xye 1 lhkae|es kml wks oemeqkddx wedd

|`deqk|el-

D@SK\EC' J

C`gy`sh|h`m>D`skq|km 59 go " Jxlq`cjd`q`|jhk~hle ;1 5 go



D`skq|km 59 go " Jxlq`cjd`q`|jhk~hle ;1-5 go

|kade|

C`gydegem|kqx kc|h`ms

‡ Fhqs| `f k mew cdkss `f KHH qecey|`q ad`cbeqs

" lhuqe|hc *|jhk~hle(



L`skoe

‡ ; |kade| @L

‡ Ckm ae hmcqeksel |` 1 |kade|s @L

*G (



*Gkz-(

Gecjkmhsg `f kc|h`m D@SKQ\KM JXLQ@CJD@Q@\JHK^HLE

KHH qecey|`q *K\;( Lhuqe|hc

ad`cbeq *hmjhah|s s`lhug

qekas`qy|h`m(



qekas`qy|h`m(

Vks`lhdk|h`m Yqed`kl

Kf|eqd`kl Ad``l v`duge

Qeluc|h`m hm AY

Yjkqgkc`bhme|hcs

‡ C`gyk|hade

– M` hm|eqkc|h`m ae|weem D`skq|km &Jxlq`cjd`q`|jhk~hle

– M` lhffeqemce ae|weem xùmo kml edleqdx



– M` lhffeqemce ae|weem xùmo kml edleqdx

‡ D`skq|km Jxlq`cjd`q`|jhk~hle

\ · 1j *6'8j( 5-6 – ;<-:j‡ L`shmo fqe{uemcx

@L @L

YJKQGKC@LXMKGHCS –

C@GYK\HADE

‡ Kllh|hve AY qeluc|h`m' AY qeluc|h`m

oqek|eq |jkm eh|jeq c`gy`mem|kd`me



kd`me

‡ Sg``|j kml Sus|khmel AY

qeluc|h`m f`q 1< jùqs ax D`skq|kmydus jxlq`cjd`q`|jhk~hle

YDKCE HM \JEQKYX

‡ Yk|hem|s qe{uhqhmo kllh|h`m `f lhuqe|hc |`D`skq|km g`m`|jeqkyx `q kmx `|jeq g`m`|jeqkyx

‡ Yk|hem|s m`| qesy`mlhmo |` `|jeq FLCs *KCEHs



‡ Yk|hem|s m`| qesy`mlhmo |` `|jeq FLCs *KCEHs" JC\^CkCA " JC\^( lue |` hmkle{uk|e AYc`m|q`d

‡ Yk|hem|s m`| |`deqk|hmo `|jeq FLCs *lue |`klveqse effec|s eo- KCEH hmlucel cùoj CkCA hmlucel elegk(

‡ Hm kdd koe oqùys – Edleqdx & xùmo





\je meqvùs sxs|eg hs jhojdx `qokmh~el me|w`qb `f

ahddh f |j | h | h| d | b f

Meqvùs Sxs|eg



ahddh`m `f meuq`ms |jk| ckqqhes ù| vh|kd |ksbs `f jugkm a`lx$ sucj ks semshmo sgedds$ yq`luchmo

syeecj$ qegegaeqhmo$ yq`vhlhmo shomkd |jk|c`m|q`ds a`lx g`vegem| & qeoudk|hmo |je`yeqk|h`m `f hm|eqmkd `qokms-

‡ \jese lhveqse kc|hvh|hes ckm ae oqùyel hm|`|jqee akshc fumc|h`ms>

– Sems`qx fumc|h`m *Kffeqem| meuq`ms( – Hm|eoqk|hve fumc|h`m



– G`|`q fumc|h`m *Effeqem| meuq`ms(

@qokmh~k|h`m `f Meqvùs Sxs|egMeqvùs Sxs|eg>

;- Cem|qkd meqvùs sxs|eg

;- Aqkhm

1- Syhmkd c`ql

1- Yeqhyjeqkd meqvùs sxs|eg



1- Yeqhyjeqkd meqvùs sxs|eg

;- S`gk|hc meqvùs sxs|eg

1- Ku|`m`ghc meqvùs sxs|eg3- Em|eqhc meqvùs sxs|eg

Cem|qkd meqvùssxs|eg

‡ Aqkhm‡ Syhmkd c`ql



y

Hm|q`luc|h`m |` |je Aqkhm

‡ ;99 ahddh`m meuq`ms

‡ K |xyhckd meuq`m jks kaù|;$999 |` ;9$999 sxmkyses *|jk|

hs$ h| c`ggumhck|es wh|j ;$999 –;9$999 `|jeq meuq`ms$guscdecedds$ odkmls$ e|c-(-

‡ ;99 |qhddh`m sxmkyses



x y

– S|quc|uqes

‡ Lhvhlel hm|` 3 oemeqkdkqeks

– Fumc|h`ms

‡ C`m|q`ds |je akqemecessh|hes `f dhfe

‡ D`ck|h`m f`q yqhgkdlqhves kml eg`|h`ms

‡ Hm|eddec|ukd |jùoj|$hgkohmk|h`m$ yeqcey|h`m$

hm|eqyqe|k|h`m$ e|c-

Yq`|ec|h`ms kml C`veqhmos

‡ Cqkmhkd a`mes' Jkql a`mx s|quc|uqe wjhcjyq`|ec|s |je aqkhm ckddel cqkmhug-

‡ Gemhmoes – Gemhmoes kqe |jqee dkxeqs `f c`mmec|hve |hssue wjhcj emchqcdes |je em|hqesyhmkd c`ql & aqkhm



syhmkd c`ql & aqkhm-

– Cqkmhkd gemhmoes – emchqcdes |je aqkhm-

– Syhmkd gemhmoes – emchqcdes |je syhmkdc`ql-

Gemhmoes jks |jqee dkxeqs>

;- Luqk gk|eq' Ez|eqmkd

1- Kqkcjm`hl gk|eq' Ghllde

3- Yhk gk|eq' Hmmeq

Yq`|ec|h`ms kml C`veqhmos‡ Ceqeaq`syhmkd Fduhl' CSF hs kcdekq$ c`d`qdess dh{uhl fùml hmae|weem yhk gk|eq & kqkcjm`hlgk|eq wjhcj yq`|ec|s |je aqkhmkokhms| hmnuqx- H| kds` ckqqhes

`zxoem$ oduc`se & `|jeq cjeghckdqe{uhqel ax meuq`ms & meuqòdhk-‡ CSF jks |jqee gkhm fumc|h`m>'



– Gecjkmhckd yq`|ec|h`m' seqves kssj`cb kas`qaeq & yq`|ec|s |jeledhck|e |hssue `f CMS-

– Cjeghckd yq`|ec|h`m' yq`vhles km`y|hgkd emvhq`mgem| f`q kccuqk|emeuq`mkd shomkdhmo-

– Chqcudk|h`m' CSF hs k gelhug f`q ezcjkmoe `f mu|qhem|s & wks|eyq`luc|s ae|weem |je ad``l &meqvùs |hssue-

Yq`|ec|h`ms kml C`veqhmos‡ Ad``l'Aqkhm

Akqqheq – K fumc|h`m `f odhkd cedds

‡ Secqe|e cjeghckds|jk| gkhm|khm |je AAA



U\'OSG 199:

‡ Kas`qa gk|eqhkds fq`gad``l

‡ Ez|qkc| gk|eqhkds fq`g

aqkhm – Cedds `f ckyhddkqhes f`qg

|hoj| numc|h`ms – Lhffeqem|hkd qk|es `f

yksskoe `f ceq|khmgk|eqhkds

Klud| Aqkhm

– F`qeaqkhm‡ Ceqeaqug



‡ \jkdkgus & jxy`|jkdkgus

– Ghlaqkhm

– Jhmlaqkhm‡ Ceqeaeddug & y`ms

‡ Geluddk àd`mok|k

Ceqeaqug

*sek| `f hm|eddhoemce(



Jeghsyjeqhc Syechkdh~k|h`m‡ Qhoj| shle yq`cesses>‡ Cqek|hvh|x

‡ Yk||eqms‡ Syk|hkd Kwkqemess‡ C`m|ez|



C`m|ez|‡ H| Qecòmh~es>‡ Fkces

‡ Ydkces‡ @anec|s

Jeghsyjeqhc Syechkdh~k|h`m

Def| shle yq`cesses>‡ Syeecj

‡ Kmkdxshs



‡ Kmkdxshs

‡ \hge

‡ Se{uemceH| Qecòmh~es>

‡ De||eqs

‡ Mugaeqs

‡ _`qls



Jekqhmo

Semses kml hm|eoqk|es



Geg`qx F`qgk|h`mEg`|h`ms

Lechsh`m gkbhmoQeks`mhmoYeqs`mkdh|x

Jekqhmo$@qokmh~k|h`m`f dkmoukoe

Hmf`qgk|h`m

Qe|qhevkd*Geg`qx kmlGeg`qx

F`qgk|h`m(

H|s yqhgkqx fumc|h`m

hs |je yq`cesshmo$

hm|eoqk|h`m$

hm|eqyqe|k|h`m$e|c- `f VHSH@M

kml vhsukd s|hgudh-

Semses kml hm|eoqk|essemsk|h`ms(

Syk|hkd kwkqemess kmlYeqcey|h`m

*Kwkqemess `f a`lx/a`lx ykq|s

hm sykce kml hmqedk|h`m |` ekcj `|jeq(

FUMC\H@MKD KQEKS @FCEQEAQUG *Akskd Okmodhk(

‡\je gkhm fumc|h`m `f akskd okmodhk hs> – Hmh|hk|h`m & |eqghmk|h`m `f g`vegem|s- – Suac`mschùs c`m|qkc|h`m `f sbede|kd guscde



*e-o- ku|`gk|hc kqg swhmos wjhde wkdbhmo &dkuojhmo hm qesy`mse |` k n`be(

– K||em|h`m $ geg`qx & ydkmmhmo – Kc|s wh|j dhgahc sxs|eg & qeoudk|es eg`|h`mkdaejkvh`qs-

\JKDKGUS >

H| hs k ykhqel `vkd gkss `f oqkx gk||eq- H| kc|sks qedkx s|k|h`m f`q sems`qx hgyudses fq`g yeqhyjeqx

|` aqkhm- \je gkhm fumc|h`m hs>

FUMC\H@MKD KQEKS @FCEQEAQUG* \jkdkgus &

Jxy`|jkdkgus (



‡ Hmf`qg us `f ùq eg`|h`mkd s|k|e

‡ Qedkx hmf`qgk|h`mc`mceqmel wh|j

g`|`q qe{uhqegem|s& kc|h`ms

‡ Hm|eoqk|e vhsukd kml

kulh|`qx qefdezes

Jxy`|jkdkgus – D`ck|h`m – umleq

|jkdkgus

– S|quc|uqe‡ Cdus|eqs `f meqve cedda`lhes

Ku|`m`ghc cem|eqs



– Ku|`m`ghc cem|eqs

– Hmh|hk|es yqhgkd lqhves‡ Jumoeq$ |jhqs|$ sez$ qkoe$

e|c-‡ C`m|q`ds ku|`m`ghc

meqvùs sxs|eg – —fhoj| `q fdhoj|‗

sxgyk|je|hc qesy`mse-

–C`m|q`ds yh|uh|kqxodkml *—gks|eq odkml‗`f eml`cqhme sxs|eg(

Dhgahc Sxs|eg

‡ C`m|q`ds G``l kml k||h|ule

‡ S|`qes jhojdx cjkqoeleg`|h`mkd geg`qhes



eg`|h`mkd geg`qhes

‡ C`m|q`ds kyye|h|e kml sdeeycxcdes

– Hmcdules ykq|s `f seveqkdkmk|`ghckd s|quc|uqes

‡ Ceqeaqug

‡ Jxy`|jkdkgus

‡ \jkdkgus

Kmk|`gx `f Dhgahc Sxs|eg

‡ Kgxolkdk

– Hmv`dvel hm kmoeq$ &fekq



‡ Jhyy`ckgyus

– Hs hgy`q|km| hm |jef`qgk|h`m `f geg`qhes

– B`qskb`ff‘s sxmlq`ge





Kmk|`gx `f

Dhgahc Sxs|eg

‡ \jkdkgus

Q d h f |h |



– Qedkx sems`qx hmf`qgk|h`m |`|je ceqeaqkd c`q|ez

‡ Jxy`|jkdkgus – Hgy`q|km| |` ge|ka`dhc

aejkvh`qs$ ek|hmo$ lqhmbhmo$sezukd aejkvh`qs$ kmlqeoudk|hmo eg`|h`ms



Ghl'Aqkhm‡ D`ck|h`m

– \je ghlaqkhm ez|emls fq`g |je y`ms |` |jed`weq y`q|h`m `f |jkdkgus-

– Ghl'aqkhm c`m|khms seveqkd mucdeh & qhoj| &



Ghl aqkhm c`m|khms seveqkd mucdeh & qhoj| &def| suas|km|hk Mhoqk wjhcj kqe dkqoe lkqbdxyhogem|el suas|kmce-

– Meuq`ms |jk| qedekses l`ykghm ez|emlsfq`g |je saas|km|hk mhoqk |` |je akskdokmodhk & jedys c`m|q`d suac`mschùsguscde kc|hvh|hes-

Jhmlaqkhm

‡Y`ms – Qedkx s|k|h`m



Geluddk @ad`mok|kGeluddk @ad`mok|k‡ \je d`wes| ykq| `f |je aqkhm s|eg

‡ Geqoes hm|` |je syhmkd c`ql

‡ Hmcdules hgy`q|km| fhaeq |qkc|s‡ C`m|khms hgy`q|km| c`m|q`d cem|eqs

‡ Jekq| qk|e c`m|q`d



C`yxqhoj| ¨ 1993 Yekqs`m Eluck|h`m$ Hmc- yuadhsjhmo ks Aemnkghm Cugghmos

‡ Jekq| qk|e c`m|q`d

‡ Ad``l yqessuqe qeoudk|h`m

‡ Aqek|jhmo‡ Swkdd`whmo

‡ V`gh|hmo

Ceqeaeddug

‡ Qeoudk|es |je kc|hvh|x `f guscdes

‡ M`| c`mceqmel wh|j c`mschùs semsk|h`ms

‡ G`ludk|`q cem|qe ae|weem ceqeaqkd c`q|ez kmlyeqhyjeqkd g`|`q g`vegem|s



‡ _jk| ceqeaqkd c`q|ez hmh|hk|es

ceqeaeddug qeoudk|es‡ C`'`qlhmk|es kc|hvh|hes kss`chk|el wh|j

gkhm|emkmce `f akdkmce kml e{uhdhaqhug

‡ Lkgkoe |` h| ckuses cdugsx$ um'c``qlhmk|e

guscudkq g`vegem|s-

\JE MEQV@US SXS\EG

Syhmkd c`ql ‡ Dhmb ae|weem aqkhm kml a`lx `qokms

‡ Sh|uk|el hm veq|eaqkd ckmkd

‡ C`veqel ax Gemhmoes kml CSF



x o

‡ Cem|qkd oqkx gk||eq ' J-sjkyel

‡ Yeqhyjeqkd wjh|e gk||eq Syhmkd c`ql

‡ Sems`qx meqves G`|`q meqves

\JE MEQV@US SXS\EG

Ku|`m`ghc Meqvùs Sxs|eg >



‡ Lekds wh|j ku|`gk|hc `q hmv`dum|kqx fumc|h`ms

e-o- qk|e kml f`qce `f jekq| aek|

secqe|h`m `f odkmls `f OH\

‡ Sxgyk|je|hc Meqvùs sxs|eg

KMS

Ykqksxgyk|je|hc meqvùs Sxs|eg

\JE MEQV@US SXS\EG

Sxgyk|je|hc Meqvùs Sxs|eg >

‡ Meuq`|qkmsgh||eq qedeksel k| sxmkyseM`qklqemkdhmeKlqemkdhme



‡ \jeqef`qe kds`ckddel ks Klqemeqohc MS

‡ Qecey|`qs kqe |jeqef`qe ckddel ks Klqemeqohcqecey|`qs

‡ Sxgyk|je|hc MS yqeykqes |je a`lx |` lekd wh|jFHOJ\$ FQHOJ\ KML FDHOJ\

\JE MEQV@US SXS\EGYkqksxgyk|je|hc Meqvùs

Sxs|eg >

‡ Meuq`|qkmsgh||eq qedeksel k| sxmkyse hs Kce|xcj`dhme-



‡ \jeqef`qe ykqksxgyk|je|hc MS hs ckddel cj`dhmeqohcMS-

‡ Qecey|`qs kqe |jeqef`qe ckddel ks cj`dhmeqohcqecey|`qs-

‡ Ykqksxgyk|je|hc MS sd`ws l`wm a`lx kc|hvh|hes*YEKCEGKBEQ( ezcey| lhoes|h`m kml kas`qy|h`m `f f``l-

‡ M`qgkddx$ 1 ù|fd`ws w`qb c`mcuqqem|dx |` qeoudkqhsehm|eqmkd a`lx s|k|us hm |ume wh|j ù|shle w`qdl-

Jhs|`dòx `f Meqvùs|hssue

Meqvùs |hssue c`mshs|s `f |w` |xye `f cedds-;- Meuq`ms' Ckqqhes vh|kd fumc|h`m dhbe semshmo$|jhmbhmo$ qesegadhmo$ c`m|q`ddhmo guscde



o$ o$ okc|hvh|x & qeoudk|hmo secqe|h`m-

1- Meuqòdhk – Suyy`q|s$ mùqhsj & yq`|ec| |jemeuq`ms & gkhm|khm j`ge`s|kshs hm |jehm|eqs|h|hkd fduhl wjhcj ak|jes meuq`ms-

Meuq`ms jkve |je yq`yeq|x|` yq`luce & ckqqxedec|qhckd hgyudse



U\'OSG 199:

edec|qhckd hgyudse-

Ykq|s `f Meuq`m>

Cedd A`lx

Lemlqh|es

Kz`m

Meuq`msMeuq`ms

cedd

a`lx

lemlqh|es

kz`m wh|jgxedhm sjek|j



sxmkyses

Scjwkmm

cedd

G``qe‘s C@K5 1996



Cedd A`lx *yq`cesshmocem|eq(Hmshle hs ckddel |je S@GK

Lemlqh|es *qecey|`qs( \kbe hm ezch|k|`qx & hmjhah|`qxs|hgudh

Lemlqh|esLemlqh|es kqe |je !qecehvhmo!

suqfkce `f |je meuq`m-

Lemlqh|esLemlqh|es kqe |je !qecehvhmo!

suqfkce `f |je meuq`m-

\je kz`mkz`m hs |je ykq| `f|je meuq`m wjhcj c`mluc|s

km edec|qhckd shomkd ckddel kmkc|h`m y`|em|hkd-

\je kz`mkz`m hs |je ykq| `f|je meuq`m wjhcj c`mluc|s

km edec|qhckd shomkd ckddel kmkc|h`m y`|em|hkd-



\je s`gks`gk *cedd a`lx( `f kmeuq`m c`m|khms |je mucdeus*LMK( `f |je cedd & cx|`ydksgcx|`ydksg|jk| hmcdules `qokmeddes sucj ks|jk| hmcdules `qokmeddes sucj ksdxs`s`ge$ gh|`cj`mlqhk$ & o`dohdxs`s`ge$ gh|`cj`mlqhk$ & o`dohc`gydez-c`gydez-- H| kds` gkmufkc|uqes

meuq`|qkmsgh||eqsmeuq`|qkmsgh||eqs-

\je s`gks`gk *cedd a`lx( `f kmeuq`m c`m|khms |je mucdeus*LMK( `f |je cedd & cx|`ydksgcx|`ydksg|jk| hmcdules `qokmeddes sucj ks|jk| hmcdules `qokmeddes sucj ksdxs`s`ge$ gh|`cj`mlqhk$ & o`dohdxs`s`ge$ gh|`cj`mlqhk$ & o`dohc`gydez-c`gydez-- H| kds` gkmufkc|uqes

meuq`|qkmsgh||eqsmeuq`|qkmsgh||eqs-

‡ Gxedhm' \je kz`m `f g`s| meuq`ms kqe suqqùmlel ax dhyhl &

yq`|ehm c`veqhmo ckddel Gxedhm sjek|j |jk| hs yq`lucel axmeuqòdhk- Kz`m wh|jù| sucj c`veq hs bm`wm ksumgxedhmk|el & |j`se c`veqel bm`wm ks gxedhmk|el kz`ms-

\w` |xyes `f meuqòdhk yq`luce GXEDHM sjek|j-

– Scjwkmm cedds' YMS – @dho`lemlq`cx|es – CMS

‡ _jh|e gk||eq kooqeok|h`m `f g edhmk|el & mg edhmk|el



‡ _jh|e gk||eq' kooqeok|h`m `f gxedhmk|el & umgxedhmk|elkz`ms-

‡ Oqkx gk||eq' Kooqeok|h`m `f cedd a`lhes$ lemlqh|es &

umgxedhmk|el kz`ms-

Sems`qx *Kffeqem|( vs- G`|`q *Effeqem|Sems`qx *Kffeqem|( vs- G`|`q *Effeqem|((

e-o-$ sbhm

sems`qx *kffeqem|( meqve

*yseul`'( umhy`dkq meuq`ms c`mluc|hmo hgyudsesf | |j CMS



e-o-$ guscde

Oqkx‘s Kmk|`gx 3: ;888

g`|`q *effeqem|( meqve

fq`g sems`qx `qokms |` |je CMS

gud|hy`dkq meuq`ms c`mluc|hmo hgyudsesfq`g |je CMS |` effec|`q `qokms *guscdes & odkmls(

Cjeghckds |jk| cq`ss |je sxmkyse ae|weem



|w` meuq`ms & ckm ckuse eh|jeq ezch|k|h`m

`q hmjhah|h`m `f y`s|sxmky|hc meuq`ms-

Meuq`|qkmsgh||eq

M\ ckm ae lhvhlel hm|` |w` cdksses aksel `msh~e- \jex kqe>

;- Sgkdd G`decude M\';- Kce|xdcj`dhme' Kcj hs ezch|k|`qx k| s`ge sxmkyse

sucj ks meuq`guscudkq numc|h`m & h| hs kds` hmjhah|`qxk| `|jeq sxmkyse ks h| sd`ws |je jekq| qk|e-



1- Kghm` kchls' Odu|kgk|e & Ksykq|k|e jkve y`weqfudezch|k|`qx effec|- Jkdf `f |je ezch|k|`qx meuq`ms hm

CMS c`ggumhck|e vhk Odu|kgk|e- Hmkc|hvk|h`m `f Odu|kgk|e `ccuqs vhk qeuy|kbe-

3- OKAK' Okggk kghm` au|xqhc kchl & Odxchme kqehgy`q|km| hmjhah|`qx M\- OKAK hs gkhmdx fùml hm CMS& hm Syhmkd c`ql jkdf `f |je sxmkyse use OKAK & jkdf uses Odxchme

Meuq`|qkmsgh||eq

‡ Ahòemhc Kghmes' Ceq|khm kghm` kchls kqe g`lhfhel & leckqa`zxdk|el|` yq`luce Ahòemhc kghme- \jex kqe kds` bm`wm ks ck|ecj`dkghme-

– M`q eyhmeyjqhme' ydkxs q`de hm kqùskd$ lqekghmo & qeoudk|hmo |jeg``l-

– L`ykghme' ydkxs q`de hm eg`|h`mkd qesy`mses$ kllhc|hve aejkvh`q & ydeksuqe ezyeqhemce- L`ykghme kds` jedy hm gkhm|khmhmo |jeguscde |`me-



‡ Ahòemhc kghmes kqe sxm|jesh~el fq`g |je kghm` kchl |qx`shme-

‡ \w` em~xge |jk| aqekb'l`wm ck|ecj`dkghme ;-ck|ec`d“`'

ge|jxd|qkmsfeqkse & G`m`kghme `zhlkse-

‡ 5'J\' Ydkxs q`de hm sems`qx yeqcey|h`m$ |egy-qeoudk|h`m$ g``lc`m|q`d$ kyye|h|e & hmluc|h`m `f sdeey



M`qeyhmeyjqhme *ME( M`qgkd q`de kffec|s g``l * hm leyqessh`m$ hm gkmhk( deveds kss`chk|el wh|j kooqessh`m$

hgyudshvh|x gelhk|es qewkql$ kqùskd$ fekq

Meuq`|qkmsgh||eqs kml aejkvh`q



jhoj c`mcem|qk|h`m hm d`cus cequdeus d`cus cequdeus s|hgudk|h`m ckuses fekq hm

g`mbexs qedeksel ax emeqoe|hc/kmzhe|x yq`v`bhmo s|qess qedeksel ME deveds c`qqedk|el wh|j hm|emsh|x- kss`chk|el wh|j kc|hvk|h`m `f |je

SMS* |kcjxckqlhk$ |kcjxymek$ jxyeq|emsh`m

L`ykghme‡ _jk| hs l`ykghme0

– K meuq`|qkmsgh||eq yq`lucel hm seveqkd kqek `f aqkhm-

– K meuq`j`qg`me qedeksel ax jxy`|jkdkgus |`hmjhjhah| yq`dkc|hm-

– L`ykghme hm AO jedys hm g`vegem|* devedckuses YL(



ckuses YL(-

– L`ykghme hm fq`m|kd dàe jedy hm còmh|hve

fumc|h`m & lhs`qleqs hm |jhs qeoh`m whdd ckuselecdhme hm meuq`còmh|hve fumc|h`ms *geg`qx$k||em|h`m$ yqàdeg s`dvhmo(-

– L`ykghme hm dhgahc sxs|eg qeoudk|es g``l &aejkvhùq-

– L`ykghme jedys hm kc{uhqhmo mew aejkvhùq -

L`ykghme

‡ Lecqeksel deved> –

YL – Guscde qhohlh|x

– Ums|kade y`s|uqe*s|``yel(

‡ Hmcqeksel deved> –

Kllhc|h`m – Susyhchùs & yq`me |`ghshm|eqyqe|-

– G`qe hm|emse



*s|``yel(

– D`ss `f akdkmce

– Gksb dhbe fkchkdezyqessh`m-

– Hgykhqgem| hmhm|ddec|ukd kc|hvh|x

– Hgykhq kahdh|x |` f`cus

*KLJL(

– G`qe hm|emsesusyhchùsmess-

– Semse `qokm whdd oe|kffec|el-

– Jkdduchmk|h`m-

– Ledush`ms-

L`ykghme & gem|kd lhs`qleq

deved hm ge`dhgahc sxs|eg ckuses

jkdduchmk|h`m & ledush`m-Deved hm ges`c`q|hckd qeoh`m ckm ckuse kyk|jx& s`chkd wh|jlqkwd-



Deved hm mhoq`s|qhk|kd |qkc| whdd ckuse EYS-

Deved hm |uaeq` hm fumlhaudkq |qkc| whdd ckuseoxmkec`gs|h-

L`ykghme Qecey|`q Lk|kQecey|`q Sua|xye L; L1 L3 L< L5

D`ckdhsk|h`m

Ckulk|e$ Ckulk|e$ Mucdeuskccugaems$

Fq`m|kd c`q|ez$ Jhyy`ckgyus$

yu|kgem$ yu|kgem$ `dfkc|`qx|uaeqcde$

ghlaqkhm$ jxy`|jkdkgus

mucdeuskccugaems$

mucdeuskccugaems$

hsdkmls `f Ckddenk

kgxolkdk$



$ $ n

`dfkc|`qx|uaeqcde

`dfkc|`qx|uaeqcde

ckqlh`vkscudkq sxs|eg

DhbedxYjxsh`dòhckd Q`des

D`c`g`|h`m$ D`c`g`|h`m$ D`c`g`|h`m$ G`s|dxumbm`wm '

Dekqmhmo kml

geg`qx

qewkql$qehmf`qcegem|$

qewkql$qehmf`qcegem|$

y`sshade q`dehm còmh|h`mkml eg`|h`m

y`sshade q`de hmcòmh|h`m kmleg`|h`m$

dekqmhmo kmlgeg`qx$

dekqmhmo kmlgeg`qx$

jxyeq|emsh`m

Seq`|`mhm‡ _jk| hs seq`|`mhm0

– Qeoudk|es a`lhdx yq`cess sucj ks sdeey$ dhahl`$ a`lx|egyeqk|uqe-

– Aqkhms `hd-

– _jem seq`|`mhm hs d`w $ we ezyeqhemce yqàdegs wh|j



$ y yc`mcem|qk|h`m & geg`qx-

Seq`|`mhm

‡ G`leqk|edx d`w deved

– Sdeey lhs|uqakmce – Kyye|h|e lhs|uqakmce

– Qelucel dhahl`

S h d h|jl d

‡ Seveqedx d`w>

– \jhmbhmo syeel whddhmcqekse

– F`cus g`qe `m |`q|uqhmogeg`qhes



– S`chkd wh|jlqkwkd

– Fqe{uem| cqxhmo syedds

– D`w sedf'es|eeg

– D`ss `f yeqs`mkdh|x

geg`qhes

– Eg`|h`mkddx muga

– @u|auqs|s whdd aeohm – Evhd |jùoj|

Kce|xdcj`dhme *KCj( ks M\

‡ KCj hs a`|j km ezch|k|`qx kml hmjhah|`qx M\$

leyemlhmo `m `qokm hmv`dvel-

‡ Mhc`|hmhc KCj qecey|`qs>



Mhc`|hmhc KCj qecey|`qs> – Fùml hm ku|`m`ghc okmodhk kml sbede|kd guscde

fhaeqs-

‡ Gusckqhmhc KCj qecey|`qs> – Fùml hm |je ydksgk gegaqkme `f sg``|j kml

ckqlhkc guscde cedds$ kml hm cedds `f ykq|hcudkq odkmls-

L`ykghmeqohc yk|jwkxL`ykghmeqohc yk|jwkxs kqe meuqkd yk|jwkxshm |je aqkhm wjhcj |qkmsgh| |je meuq`|qkmsgh||eq l`ykghme fq`g `me qeoh`m `f |je aqkhm |`

km`|jeq-

\jeqe kqe ehoj| l`ykghmeqohc yk|jwkxs$ au|



o y o y x|je fùq gkn`q `mes kqe>

Ges`dhgahc yk|jwkx

Ges`c`q|hckd yk|jwkx

Mhoq`s|qhk|kd yk|jwkx

\uaeq` hmfumlhaudkq yk|jwkx





Ges`dhgahc yk|jwkx

\jhs yk|jwkx `qhohmk|es hm |je vem|qkd|eogem|kd kqek kml hmmeqvk|es seveqkds|quc|uqes `f |je dhgahc sxs|eg$ hmcdulhmo |jemucdeus kccugaemcx-



\je ges`dhgahc yk|jwkx hs hgy`q|km| f`q

geg`qx kml f`q g`|hvk|hmo aejkvh uqs-

Ax ad`cbhmo |jhs yk|jwkx$ km|hysxcj`|hc lquosqeluce |je hm|emse eg`|h`ms ckusel ax

c`mlh|h`ms sucj ks scjh~`yjqemhk-

Ges`c`q|hckd yk|jwkx\je ges`c`q|hckd yk|jwkx kds` `qhohmk|es hm

|je vem|qkd |eogem|kd kqek$ au| yq`nec|s |` |je

fq`m|kd c`q|ez kml suqqùmlhmo s|quc|uqes-

Gkdfumc|h`m hm |jhs yk|jwkx ghoj| ae |je ckusef f j f jh j h



`f s`ge `f |je sxgy|`gs `f scjh~`yjqemhk$

sucj ks jkdduchmk|h ms kml lhs`qleqel |jhmbhmo-

Gelhck|h`ms |jk| ad`cb |jhs yk|jwkx qeluceysxcj`|hc ledhqhug$ au| kds` qeluce |je `veqkdd

kc|hvh|x `f |je fq`m|kd dàes-

Mhoq`s|qhk|kd yk|jwkx

Mhoq`s|qhk|kd yk|jwkx yq`nec|s kz`ms fq`g |je

suas|km|hk mhoqk |` |je s|qhk|ug *ckulk|emucdeus kml yu|kgem($ wjhcj hs hmv`dvel hmg`|`q c`m|q`d-



Leoemeqk|h`m `f |je meuq`ms hm |jhs yk|jwkx hskss`chk|el wh|j |je |qegadhmo kml guscudkq

qhohlh|x sxgy|`gk|hc `f Ykqbhms`m‘s lhsekse-

\uaeq`hmfumlhaudkq yk|jwkx

\je |uaeq`hmfumlhaudkq yk|jwkx$ wjhcj

c`mmec|s |je jxy`|jkdkgus |` |je yh|uh|kqxodkml$ wjeqe h| hmfduemces |je secqe|h`m `f j`qg`mes sucj ks yq`dkc|hm-





Ysxcj`shs

‡ Ysxcj`shs *fq`g |je Oqeeb !ysxcje!$f`q ghml `q sùd$ kml !'`shs!$ f`q kam`qgkd c`mlh|h`m(-

Dh dd a d lh h f



‡ Dh|eqkddx gekms kam`qgkd c`mlh|h`m `f

|je ghml$ kml hs k oemeqhc ysxcjhk|qhc|eqg f`q k gem|kd s|k|e `f|em lescqhaelks hmv`dvhmo k !d`ss `f c`m|kc| wh|jqekdh|x!-

‡ Ye`yde suffeqhmo fq`g ysxcj`shs kqeskhl |` ae ysxcj`|hc

Shoms kml sxgy|`gs

Ye`yde wh|j ysxcj`shs gkx jkve `me `q

g`qe `f |je f`dd`whmo>‡ Jkdduchmk|h`ms

– K jkdduchmk|h`m hs lefhmel ks sems`qx



xyeqcey|h`m hm |je kasemce `f ez|eqmkd s|hgudh-

– Jkdduchmk|h`ms gkx `ccuq hm kmx `f |je fhvesemses kml |kbe `m kdg`s| kmx f`qg$ wjhcjgkx hmcdule shgyde semsk|h`ms *sucj ksdhoj|s$ c`d`qs$ |ks|es$ kml sgedds( |` g`qe

gekmhmofud ezyeqhemces-

\xyes `f jkdduchmk|h`msKulh|`qx jkdduchmk|h`ms‡ kds` bm`wm ks Ykqkcushk$ ykq|hcudkqdx `f `me `q g`qe

|kdbhmo v`hces-

‡ @|jeq |xyes `f kulh|`qx jkdduchmk|h`m hmcdule ezyd`lhmo

jekl sxmlq`ge kml gushckd ekq sxmlq`ge-

@dfkc|`qx jkdduchmk|h`ms

‡ Yjkm|`sghk hs |je yjem`gem`m `f sgeddhmo `l`qs



y o|jk| kqem/| qekddx yqesem|- \je g`s| c`gg`m `l`qskqe umydekskm| sgedds sucj ks q`||hmo fdesj$ v`gh|$uqhme$ feces$ sg`be$ e|c-

\kc|hde jkdduchmk|h`ms

‡ \jhs |xye `f jkdduchmk|h`m hs `f|em kss`chk|el wh|jsuas|kmce use$ sucj ks s`ge`me wj` feeds auoscqkwdhmo `m |jeg *bm`wm ks f`qghck|h`m( kf|eq kyq`d`moel yeqh`l `f c`ckhme `q kgyje|kghme use-

Ledush`ms

‡ K ledush`m$ hm eveqxlkx dkmoukoe$hs k fhzel aedhef |jk| hs eh|jeq fkdse$fkmchfud `q leqhvel fq`g lecey|h`m



fkmchfud$ `q leqhvel fq`g lecey|h`m-

\xyes `f ledush`m‡ Ledush`m `f c`m|q`d> \jhs hs k fkdse aedhef |jk| km`|jeq yeqs`m$ oqùy `f ye`yde$ `q ez|eqmkd f`qce c`m|q`ds `me/s|jùoj|s$ feedhmos$ hgyudses$ `q aejkvh`q-

‡ Mhjhdhs|hc ledush`m> K ledush`m wj`se |jege cem|eqs `m|je m`mezhs|emce `f sedf `q ykq|s `f sedf$ `|jeqs$ `q |jew`qdl- K yeqs`m wh|j |jhs |xye `f ledush`m gkx jkve |jefkdse aedhef |jk| |je w`qdl hs emlhmo-

‡ Ledush`mkd nekdùsx *`q ledush`m `f hmfhledh|x(> Kyeqs`m wh|j |jhs ledush`m fkdsedx aedheves |jehq syùse `q d h j h ff h



d`veq hs jkvhmo km kffkhq-‡ Ledush`m `f ouhd| `q shm *`q ledush`m `f sedf'

kccusk|h`m(> \jhs hs k fkdse feedhmo `f qeg`qse `q ouhd| `f ledush`mkd hm|emsh|x-

‡ Ledush`m `f qefeqemce> \je yeqs`m fkdsedx aedheves |jk|hmshomhfhckm| qegkqbs$ evem|s$ `q ànec|s hm `me/semvhq`mgem| jkve yeqs`mkd gekmhmo `q shomhfhckmce- F`q hms|kmce$ k yeqs`m gkx aedheve |jex kqe qecehvhmosyechkd gesskoes fq`g mewsykyeq jekldhmes-

\xyes `f ledush`m‡ Eq`|`gkmhk hs k ledush`m hm wjhcj `me aedheves |jk| km`|jeq

yeqs`m hs hm d`ve wh|j jhg `q jeq-

‡ Oqkmlh`se ledush`m> Km hmlhvhlukd hs c`mvhmcel |jex jkvesyechkd y`weqs$ |kdem|s$ `q kahdh|hes- S`ge|hges$ |je hmlhvhlukd gkxkc|ukddx aedheve |jex kqe k fkgùs yeqs`m `q cjkqkc|eq *f`q ezkgyde$ k q`cb s|kq(-

‡ Yeqsecu|`qx ledush`ms> \jese kqe |je g`s| c`gg`m |xye `f



Yeqsecu|`qx ledush`ms> \jese kqe |je g`s| c`gg`m |xye `f ledush`ms kml hmv`dve |je |jege `f aehmo f`dd`wel$ jkqkssel$cjek|el$ y`hs`mel `q lquooel$ c`msyhqel kokhms|$ syhel `m$

k||kcbel$ `q às|quc|el hm |je yuqsuh| `f o`kds-

‡ S`gk|hc ledush`m> K ledush`m wj`se c`m|em| yeq|khms |` a`lhdxfumc|h`mhmo$ a`lhdx semsk|h`ms$ `q yjxshckd kyyekqkmce- Usukddx|je fkdse aedhef hs |jk| |je a`lx hs s`gej`w lhseksel$ kam`qgkd$`q cjkmoel“f`q ezkgyde$ hmfes|el wh|j ykqksh|es-

\jùoj| lhs`qleq

‡ \jùoj| lhs`qleq lescqhaes km

umleqdxhmo lhs|uqakmce |` c`mschùs|jùoj| kml hs cdksshfhel dkqoedx ax h|seffec|s `m syeecj kml wqh|hmo-



‡ Kffec|el yeqs`ms sj`w d``semhmo `f

kss`chk|h`ms$ |jk| hs$ k lhsc`mmec|h`m kmllhs`qokmh~k|h`m `f |je segkm|hc c`m|em|`f syeecj kml wqh|hmo- Hm |je seveqe f`qgsyeecj aec`ges hmc`gyqejemshade kml

h| hs bm`wm ks !w`ql'skdkl!-

Leyqessh`m‡ _jk| hs leyqessh`m0

– Leyqessh`m qefeqs |` k s|k|e `f d`w g``l-

– LSG *Lhkom`s|hc & s|k|hs|hckd gkmukd `f



* ogem|kd lhs`qleq( lefhmes — k leyqessel

yeqs`m ezyeqhemchmo feedhmos `f sklmess$jedydessmess & j`yedessmess‗-

\xyes `f leyqessh`m‡ K|xyhckd leyqessh`m' hmkahdh|x |` ezyeqhemce

ydeksuqe- Ezcesshve sdeey & hmcqekselkyye|h|e-

‡ Gedkmcj`dhc leyqessh`m' seveqe leyqessh`m-

‡ Seks`mkd kffec|hve lhs`qleq



Seks`mkd kffec|hve lhs`qleq

‡ Gkn`q leyqesshve lhs`qleq ‡ Ahy`dkq lhs`qleq

Scjh~`yjqemhkScjh~`yjqemhk hs `f|em lescqhael hm |eqgs `f

y`sh|hve & meok|hve sxgy|`gs-

Y`sh|hve sxgy|`g' km ezcess `q lhs|`q|h`m `f m`qgkd fumc|h`m- \jex hmcdule ledush`m$



jkdduchmk|h`m & |jùoj| lhs`qleq-

Meok|hve sxgy|`g' Lhghmu|h m `q |je d`ss `f m`qgkd fumc|h`m- \jex hmcdule fdk| eg`|h`m$kdòhk$ kmkeqàhk$ kv`dh|h`m$ ks`chkdh|x

Scjh~`yjqemhk‡ J`w hs scjh~`yjqemhk lhkom`sel0 – Kcc`qlhmo |` |je qevhsel fùq|j elh|h`m `f

|je Lhkom`s|hc & S|k|hs|hckd Gkmukd `f Gem|kd Lhs`qleq$ |` ae lhkom`sel wh|j

scjh~`yjqemhk$ |jqee lhkom`s|hc cqh|eqhkgus| ae ge|>

‡ Cjkqkc|eqhs|hc sxgy|`gs> \w` `q g`qe `f |jef`dd`whmo$ ekcj yqesem| f`q gucj `f |je |hgel h |j h l * d hf



luqhmo k `me'g`m|j yeqh`l *`q dess$ hf sxgy|`gs qegh||el wh|j |qek|gem|(- – Ledush`ms – Jkdduchmk|h`ms – Lhs`qokmh~el syeecj$ – Oq`ssdx lhs`qokmh~el aejkvh`q *e-o- lqesshmo

hmkyyq`yqhk|edx$ cqxhmo fqe{uem|dx( `q ck|k|`mhcaejkvh`q

– Meok|hve sxgy|`gs“kffec|hve fdk||emhmo *dkcb `q lecdhme hm eg`|h`mkd qesy`mse($ kdòhk *dkcb `q lecdhme hm syeecj($ `q kv`dh|h`m *dkcb `q lecdhme hmg`|hvk|h`m(

Scjh~`yjqemhk‡ S`chkd/`ccuyk|h`mkd lxsfumc|h`m> F`q k

shomhfhckm| y`q|h`m `f |je |hge shmce |je `mse| `f |je lhs|uqakmce$ `me `q g`qe gkn`q kqeks `f

fumc|h`mhmo sucj ks w`qb$ hm|eqyeqs`mkd qedk|h`ms$`q sedf'ckqe$ kqe gkqbeldx aed`w |je devedkcjhevel yqh`q |` |je `mse|-



‡ Luqk|h`m> C`m|hmuùs shoms `f |je lhs|uqakmceyeqshs| f`q k| deks| shz g`m|js- \jhs shz'g`m|jyeqh`l gus| hmcdule k| deks| `me g`m|j `f sxgy|`gs *`q dess$ hf sxgy|`gs qegh||el wh|j|qek|gem|(-



L`ykghme

Qecey|`qs

L;

L; L1

L1



y

L3L<

L5

L`ykghme Jxy`|jeshs`f Scjh~`yjqemhk

Mhoq`s|qhk|kdMhoq`s|qhk|kdyk|jwkxyk|jwkx

*ykq| `f EY sxs|eg(*ykq| `f EY sxs|eg(

Ges`c`q|hckdyk|jwkx

Jxy`kc|hvh|x>Jxy`kc|hvh|x>meok|hvemeok|hve

sxgy|`gssxgy|`gs



Klky|el fq`g Hmùe kml Mkbk|k- Nym N Yjkqgkc`d - 199;2:6>3?6-

\uaeq`hmfumlhaudkq yk|jwkx\uaeq`hmfumlhaudkq yk|jwkx*hmjhah|s yq`dkc|hm qedekse(*hmjhah|s yq`dkc|hm qedekse(

sxgy|`gssxgy|`gs

Jxyeqkc|hvh|x>Jxyeqkc|hvh|x>y`sh|hvey`sh|hve

sxgy|`gssxgy|`gs

Ges`dhgahcGes`dhgahcyk|jwkxyk|jwkx

Yk|jwkxs Sxgy|`gs

Meuq`'\qkmsgh||eqs

Qegkqbs

;( GES@DHGAHC "ve LK = 5J\ Jkdduchmk|h`m$

Ledush`ms seem1( GES@C@Q\HCKD 've 5J\ = LK Kyk|jx$

s`chkd wh|jlqkwkdseem

3( MHOQ@S\QHK\KD SHLE KCJ = LK E Y S



3( MHOQ@S\QHK\KD SHLE'EFFEC\

KCJ = LK E-Y-S-

<( \UAEQ@'HMFUMLHAUDKQ

SHLE'EFFEC\

YQ@DKC\HM=LK

Oxmkec`gks|hk

L`ykghme |qkc| Hmmeqvk|h`m Fumc|h`m L'km|ko`mhs|effec|s

Ges`dhgahc Dhgahc kqeks*kgxolkdk…(

Kqùskd$ geg`qx$s|hgudus yq`cesshmo$aejkvhùq –sy`m|kmeh|x$ g`|hvk|h`m$ksseq|hvh|x$ sedf'c`mfhlemce

Ysxcj`shs qedhef

L`ykghme |je`qx>l`ykghmeqohc sxs|egs hm CMS



Ges`c`q|hckd C`q|ez – fq`m|kd kmlyqefq`m|kd

C`ggumhck|h`m$còmh|h`m$ s`chkdfumc|h`ms kml s|qessqesy`mse

Ysxcj`shs qedhef Kbk|jhshk0

Mhoq`'s|qhk|kd Ckulk|e Mucd-$Yu|kgem

Ez|qkyxqkghlkd sxs|egkml g`vegem|c``qlhmk|h`m

G`vegem| lhs`qleqs

\uaeq`'hmfumlhaudkq Yh|uh|kqx odkml Yq`dkc|hm secqe|h`mqeoudk|h`m

Jxyeqyq`dkc|hmekghk$okdkc|`qjek$oxmec`gks|hk

Km|hysxcj`|hc gelhck|h`m‡ Km|hysxcj`|hcs kqe k oqùy `f ysxcj`kc|hve lquos

c`gg`mdx au| m`| ezcdushvedx usel |` |qek|ysxcj`shs-

‡ Km|hysxcj`|hcs kqe kds` qefeqqel |` ks meuq`dey|hclquos- \je w`ql meuq`dey|hc hs leqhvel fq`g Oqeeb>*meuq` qefeqqhmo |` |je meqves( kml *dey|hc gekmhmo



*meuq` qefeqqhmo |` |je meqves( kml *dey|hc gekmhmo|kbe j`dl `f (-\jus$ |je w`ql gekms |kbhmo j`dl `f `me/s meqves-

‡ Km|hysxcj`|hcs kqe aq`kldx lhvhlel hm|` |w` oqùys$|je |xyhckd `q fhqs|'oemeqk|h`m km|hysxcj`|hcs kml

|je k|xyhckd `q sec`ml'oemeqk|h`m km|hysxcj`|hcs-

Km|hysxcj`|hcs ' Cdksshfhck|h`m



\xyhckd`q

C`mvem|h`mkd

K|xyhckd

Cjd`qyq`gk~hme \jh`qhlk~hme

\qhfdu`yeqk~hme$ Jkd`yeqhl`d

Cd`~kyhme$ @dkm~kyhme

Qhsyeqhl`me

K|xyhckd km|hysxcj`|hcs

K|xyhckd km|hysxcj`|hcs

@dkm~kyhme Cd`~kyhme [ue|hkyhme



Seq`|`mhm' L`ykghme

Km|ko`mhs|s *SLK‘s(

Qhsyeqhl`me ^hyqkshl`meSeq|hml`de

\xyhckd km|hysxcj`|hc‡ \je |xyhckd km|hysxcj`|hc kqe cdksshfhel kcc`qlhmo |`

|jehq cjeghckd s|quc|uqe- H| hs s`ge|hge qefeqqel ksgkn`q |qkm{uhdh~eqs-

‡ \jex kc|s ax L1 qecey|`q km|ko`mhsg

‡ Fhqs| oemeqk|h`m km|hysxcj`|hcs‡ Au|xq`yjem`mes

– Jkd`yeqhl`d – Lq`yeqhl`d *Lq`dey|km(



y * y (

‡ Yjem`|jhk~hmes – Cjd`qyq`gk~hme – Fduyjemk~hme – Yeqyjemk~hme

– Yq`cjd`qyeqk~hme

‡ \jh`zkm|jemes – Cjd`qyq`|jhzeme – Fduyem|jhz`d – \jh`|jhzeme

K|xyhckd sec`ml oemeqk|h`m

km|hysxcj`|hc

‡ Cdksshfhel aksel `m yjkqgkc`dòhckd yq`yeq|x-

‡ Kc|s `m a`|j 5'J\ & L'qecey|`q-

‡ Usel |` |qek| scjh~`yjqemhk kcu|e gkmhk ahy`dkq



Usel |` |qek| scjh~`yjqemhk$ kcu|e gkmhk$ ahy`dkq

gkmhk$ ysxcj`|hc koh|k|h`m-

– Cd`~kyhme$ @dkm~kyhme$ [ue|kyhme$ Qesyeqhl`me$^hyqkshl`me $ Seq|hml`de$ Kghsudyqhle



Seqemkse‡ Seqemkse c`m|khms jkd`yeqhl de-

‡ Jkd`yeqhl`d hs k |xyhckd km|hysxcj`|hc- H| hs hm |jeau|xq`yjem`me cdkss `f km|hysxcj`|hcgelhck|h`ms kml jks yjkqgkc`dòhckd effec|sshghdkq |` |je yjem`|jhk~hmes-



‡ Jkd`yeqhl`d wks lhsc`veqel ax Ykud Nkmssem- H|wks leved`yel hm ;85? ax |je Aedohkmc`gykmx Nkmssem Yjkqgkceu|hck kmlsuagh||el |` fhqs| cdhmhckd |qhkds hm Aedohug hm |jeskge xekq- H| wks kyyq`vel ax |je U-S- F``l

kml Lquo Klghmhs|qk|h`m `m Kyqhd ;1$ ;86?-

Yjkqgkc`dòx

Ah`kvkhdkahdh|x Kyyq`z- 69 |` ?9% *|kade|skml dh{uhl(

Ge|ka`dhsg Jeyk|hc

Jkdf dhfe ;1 |` 36 jùqs



Jkdf dhfe ;1 |` 36 jùqs

Ezcqe|h`m Ahdhkqx kml qemkd

Uses

‡ Kcu|e ysxcj`shs

‡ Kcu|e gkmhc yjkses‡ Jxyeqkc|hvh|x$ kooqessh`m-‡ Kcu|e ledhqhug‡ Klnumc|hve |qek|gem| `f kdc`j`d kml `yh`hl wh|jlqkwkd‡ \qek|gem| `f seveqe mkusekegeshs *y`s|`yeqk|hve



‡ \qek|gem| `f seveqe mkusekegeshs *y`s|`yeqk|hve$shle'effec|s `f qklhk|h`m kml ckmceq cjeg`|jeqkyx(

‡ Klnumc|hve |qek|gem| `f seveqe cjq`mhc ykhm$ kdwkxs|òe|jeq wh|j kmkdoeshcs

‡ \jeqkyeu|hc |qhkd hm yeqs`mkdh|x lhs`qleqs sucj ksa`qleqdhme yeqs`mkdh|x lhs`qleq

‡ Kds` usel hm |je |qek|gem| `f hm|qkc|kade jhccuys

C`m|qkhmlhck|h`ms

Kas`du|e‡ Yqeezhs|hmo c`gk$ kcu|e s|q`be

‡ Seveqe hm|`zhck|h`m wh|j kdc`j`d `q `|jeq cem|qkd leyqesskm| lquos



y o

‡ Bm`wm kddeqox kokhms| jkd`yeqhl`d `q `|jeq au|xq`yjem`mes `q `|jeq lquo hmoqelhem|s

‡ Bm`wm jekq| lhsekse2 wjem c`gahmel whdd|eml |`wkqls ckqlhkc kqqes|

C`m|qkhmlhck|h`ms

Syechkd cku|h`m meelel

‡ Yqeezhs|hmo Ykqbhms`m/s lhsekse‡ Yk|hem|s k| syechkd qhsb f`q |je leved`ygem| `f [\yq`d`mok|h`m

‡ C`gyq`ghsel dhveq'fumc|h`m *ks jkd`yeqhl`d hs ge|ka`dh~elkml edhghmk|el gkhmdx ax |je dhveq$ l`se qeluc|h`ms kml`q sykcel hm|eqvkds gkx ae meelel(



sykcel hm|eqvkds gkx ae meelel(

‡ Yk|hem|s wh|j jxyeq|jxqe`shs2 |je kc|h`m `f jkd`yeqhl`d hshm|emshfhel kml shle'effec|s kqe g`qe dhbedx- Hmh|hk|e kmeffec|hve |jeqkyx `f jxyeq|jxqe`shs-

‡ HV hmnec|h`ms> hmnec| sd`wdx |` kv`hl jxy`|emsh`m `q `q|j`s|k|hc c`ddkyse- Kv`hl HV hmnec|h`ms hm ckqlh`vkscudkq ums|kade yk|hem|s *yqeezhs|hmo jxy`|emsh`m$ sj`cb$c`mc`gh|km| km|hjxyeq|emshve |jeqkyx$ jekq| hmsuffhchemcx(-

Yqefeq hm |jese ckses g`leqk|e `qkd `q HG l`ses-

Klveqse effec|s

‡ Ez|qkyxqkghlkd shle'effec|s

‡ \kqlhve lxsbhmeshk‡ Kbk|jhshk‡ Lqx gù|j$

D |j



‡ De|jkqox$

‡ Qes|dessmess `f kbk|jhshk$‡ Guscde's|hffmess$‡ Guscde'cqkgyhmo$ qes|dessmess$ |qeg`qs$‡

wehoj|'okhm2

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremor



Sec|h`m HV Yq`luc|



Hmf`qgk|h`m

‡ [;> _jk| hs Seqemkce0 *_jhcj oqùy lès h| aed`mo|`0 _jk| hs |je c`gy`sh|h`m0(

‡ [1> _jk| kqe |je hmlhck|h`ms0‡ [3> J`w l` we lefhme |je hmlhck|h`ms0‡ [<> _jk| hs EYS0‡ [5> J`w |` jkmlde EYS {ues|h`m0‡ [6> J`w |` jkmlde K|xyhckd km|hysxcj`|hcs {ues|h`m0

FK[



‡ [6> J`w |` jkmlde K|xyhckd km|hysxcj`|hcs {ues|h`m0

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[;> _jk| hs Seqemkce0

‡ _jhcj oqùy lès h| aed`mo |`0

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– Cjeghckd oqùy Au|xq`yjem`me

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go

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Lhs`qokmh~el syeecj

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‡ Scjh~`yjqemhk *C`m|l-(

– Yqevkdemce ;'3%$lhsekse `f kl`descem|xùmo klud|

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‡ = 6 g`m|js Scjh~`yjqemhk

[3>J`w l` we lefhme |je

hmlhck|h`ms0 *C`m|l-(

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‡ Hgykhqgem| `f c`mschùsmess



‡ Hgykhqgem| `f c`mschùsmess

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' Ledush`ms ' G``l cjkmoes

[3> J`w l` we lefhme |je hmlhck|h`ms0*C`m|l-(

‡ Gkmhk Sxgy|`gs> kam`qgkddx yeqshs|em|dxedevk|el `q

hqqh|kade g``l



hqqh|kade g``l

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[<> _jk| hs EYS0

‡ EYS } Ez|qk'Yxqkghlkd sxmlq`ge

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cuqes ysxcj`|hc sxgy|`gs

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km|hysxcj`|hcs {ues|h`m0

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vs k|xyhckd km|hysxcj`|hcs-

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{ues|h`m0 *C`m|l-(

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ks c`m|q`ddhmo ve sxgy|`gs `f Scjh~`yjqemhk kqe

c`mceqmel-

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http://www.catie.unc.edu/



w`qdl se||hmosw`qdl se||hmos

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Meuq`dòhc Shle Effec|s



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‡ Kcu|e ckses

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5'19 golkx



‡ Gkhm|emkmceQeluce l`se ax 59% `veq 3'6

g`m|jsQec`ggemlel `y|hgkd l`se 6';1 go *Kg Ysxcj

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Klk`y|el fq`g —Ushmo |je mew km|hysxcj`|hc koem|s‗ ax Dùqhc B Kus|- L`c- M`- 15$ Nume ;888

http://e/Program%20Files/Therapeutic%20Guidelines/Complete/tgc/ptg/5a599db.htm











Dhyhl‡ Sec`ml mkge usel f`q —fk|‗-

‡ C`ms|h|u|es ;:'15% `f a`lx gkss-

‡ Usukddx hms`duade hm wk|eq au| s`duade hm cjd`q`f`qg& e|jeq-

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|jkm ;5% `f |je |`|kd fk| hm|kbe-

DHYHL LHOES\H@M

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FUMC\H@MS @F DHYHLS>

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‡ Yq`|ec|h`m *e-o- bhlmexs kqe sjhedlel wh|j fk| hm fels|k|e(

‡ Hmsudk|h`m

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–



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c`m|khms \O wjhcj jks sk|uqk|el fk|s-

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– Ckm`dk `hd$ c`qm `hd$ skffd`weq `hd$ sumfd`weq



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Gkn`q c`gy`mem| `f cedd gegaqkme-

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‡ S|eq`hl> a`lx cedd sxm|jesh~e s|eq`hl fq`g



cj`des|eq`d-

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1'g`m`kcxdodxceq`d



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‡ @mce kls`qael fk||x kchls kml 1'g`m`kcxdodxceq`d kqeqec`gahmel |` f`qg |qhkcxdodxceq`d-

‡ \qhkcxdodxceq`d " cj`des|eq`d " yj`syj`dhyhl " yq`|ehms f`qgk dhy`yq`|ehm c`gydez ckddel k cjxd`ghcq`m wjhcj |qkmsy`q|s



k dhy`yq`|ehm c`gydez ckddel k cjxd`ghcq`m wjhcj |qkmsy`q|s|je dhyhls hm |je chqcudk|h`m-

Ky`yq`|ehms

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Ky dhy yq |ehm

Ky K 'H



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Fumc|h`m hs |` |qkmsy`q| lhe|kqx \KO |` |je klhy`se |hssues wjeqeh| ckm ae s|`qel ks fk| `q |` guscdes wjeqe |je c`ms|h|uem| fk||xkchls ckm ae usel f`q emeqox-

Dhy`yq`|ehm

dhykse

\hssues

CG

A<:

CG

A<:

CHHE

A<:

\kbem uy ax

\jhs kmhgk|h`m sj`ws j`w cjxd`ghcq`ms kqe ge|ka`dhsel`mce |jex em|eq |je chqcudk|h`m fq`g |je dxgyjk|hc sxs|eg



Ckyhddkqx wkdd

*eml`|jedhkd suqfkce

JLD

CHHE

CGQ CHHE

CGQ

A<:

CHHE

y x

dhveq *vhk DLD qecey|`qs(

Cjxd`ghcq`m suggkqx‡ Sxm|jeshsel hm hm|es|hme-

‡ C`m|khm g`s|dx lhe|kqx \KO *wh|j k dh||decj`des|eq`d$ cj`des|eq`d es|eq & yj`syj`dhyhl-

‡ \qkmsy`q| \KO |` |hssues kml ledhveq qegkhmhmo



y ocj`des|eq`d & cj`des|eq`d es|eq |` |je dhveq-

Veqx D`w Lemsh|x Dhy`yq`|ehm*VDLD(

‡ Sxm|jeshsel hm |je dhveq- C`m|khm g`s|dx \KO au| wh|j k shomhfhckm|kgùm| `f cj`des|eq`d kml cj`des|eq`d es|eq-

– 89% dhyhl$ ;9% yq`|ehm

‡ Mkscem| VDLD c`m|khms ky`yq`|ehm A;99 au| yhcb uy `|jeqs fq`g

JLD hm |je chqcudk|h`m- – Ky` A';99

‡Qecey|`q ahmlhmo

Ky` C'HH

‡DYD kc|hvk|`q



Ky` E‡Qegmkm| qecey|`q ahmlhmo

Fumc|h`m>

‡Fumc|h`m hs |` |qkmsy`q| emlòemùsdx sxm|jeshsel \KO hmfks|hmo s|k|e |` |je ez|qk jeyk|hc |hssues wjeqe h| ckm ae s|`qel

ks fk| `q |` guscdes wjeqe |je c`ms|h|uem| fk||x kchls ckm aeusel f`q emeqox- \je cj`des|eq`d hs ledhveqel |` ez|qk jeyk|hc|hssues `mce VDLD jks aeem ge|ka`dhsel |` DLD-

DLD Dhy`yq`|ehm

dhykse

\hssues

\jhs kmhgk|h`m sj`ws j`w VDLD kqe ge|ka`dhsel

`mce |jex em|eq |je chqcudk|h`m fq`g |je dhveq

VDLD

A;99

CHHE

A;99

S`ge DLD |kbem uy

ax dhveq *DLD qecey|`qs(

Jkvhmo d`s| \KO |`

|hssues DLD c`m|khms k



Ckyhddkqx wkdd

*eml`|jedhkd suqfkce(

JLD

CHHE

S`ge DLD |kbem uy ax

`|jeq |hssues *DLD qecey|`qs(-

DLD ledhveqs cj`des|eq`d kml

\KO |` |je ez|qk jeyk|hc |hssues-

dkqoe yq`y`q|h`m `f cj`des|eq`d/cj`des|eq`d

es|eqs

VDLD suggkqx

‡ Sxm|jeshsel hm dhveq-

‡ C`m|khm g`s|dx lhe|kqx \KO *wh|j k dh||decj`des|eq`d$ cj`des|eq`d es|eq & yj`syj`dhyhl-

‡ C`mveq|el |` DLD wjhcj c`m|khm km hmcqekselyq`y`q|h`m `f cj`des|eq`d & cj`des|eq`d es|eq *lue



|` d`ss `f \KO(-‡ \qkmsy`q| \KO kml cj`des|eq`d fq`g dhveq |`|hssues-

‡ Cj`des|eq`d hm DLD qefeqqel |` ks —akl

cj`des|eq`d‗ shmce DLDs kqe hgydhck|el hmk|jeq`scdeq`shs

Hm|eqgelhk|e Lemsh|x Dhy`yq`|ehm

*HLD(

Sxm|jesh~el fq`g VDLD luqhmo VDLD leoqklk|h`m

\qhodxceqhle |qkmsy`q| kml yqecuqs`q |` DLD

– Ky` A';99

‡ Qecey|`q ahmlhmo

– Ky` C'HH

‡ DYD kc|hvk|`q



– Ky` E‡ Qecey|`q ahmlhmo

D`w Lemsh|x Dhy`yq`|ehm *DLD(

– Sxm|jesh~el fq`g HLD

– Cj`des|eq`d |qkmsy`q|

– ?:% dhyhl$ 5:% cj`des|eq`d &CE

– Ky` A';99

‡ Qecey|`q ahmlhmo



Jhoj lemsh|x dhy`yq`|hems‡ Kc| ks k qeseqv`hq f`q ky`yq`|ehms wjhcj ckm ae l`mk|el `q qecehvel fq`g `|jeq dhy`yq`|ehms-

‡ Kds` ydkx k vh|kd q`de hm sckvemohmo —usel‗ cj`des|eq`d *qeveqse cj`des|eq`d |qkmsy`q|(>

JLDJLD

ky`yq`|ehms

Dhveq

JLD qecey|`q gelhk|el

eml`cx|`shs ax dhveq JLD

s`ge cj`des|eq`d

es|eq |qkmsfeqqel |`



Yeqhyjeqkd|hssues

—usel‗ cj`des|eq`d

|qkmsfeqqel |` JLD kml

c`mveq|el |` cj`des|eq`d

es|eq

Cj`des|eq`d ckm ae

c`mveq|el |` ahde skd|s

f`q ezcqe|h`m `q

qeykcbkoel hm VDLD

f`q qelhs|qhau|h`m

VDLD

DLDDLDDLDqecey|`q gelhk|el

eml`cx|`shs

chqcudk|hmo VDLD

Jhoj lemsh|x dhy`yq`|hems

suggkqx‡ JLD ckqqhes —usel‗ cj`des|eq`d *ks CE( akcb |` |je

dhveq- Kds` l`mk|e s`ge CE |` chqcudk|hmo VDLD f`q qelhs|qhau|h`m |` |hssues-

‡ JLD |kbem uy ax dhveq kml leoqklel- \jecj`des|eq`d hs ezcqe|el ks ahde skd|s `q qeykcbkoel hmVDLD f`q lhs|qhau|h`m |` |hssues-



‡ Cj`des|eq`d sxm|jeshs hm |je dhveq hs qeoudk|el ax |jecj`des|eq`d kqqhvhmo |jqùoj JLD *kml lhe|kqxcj`des|eq`d qe|uqmel ax cjxd`ghcq`m qegmkm|s(-

‡ Cj`des|eq`d *CE( hm JLD hs qefeqqel |` ks —o``lcj`des|eq`d‗-

Yk|jwkx qesy`mshade f`q |qkmsy`q| & gkhm|emkmce `f

dhyhl deved'Ezòemùs yk|jwkx

\O hm f``l \O hm f``l

ghzel wh|j ahde hm OH |qkc|ghzel wh|j ahde hm OH |qkc|

Kas`qael ax ceddKas`qael ax cedd

c`gahmes wh|j yj`syj`dhyhls$ cj`des|eq`d & ky`dhy`yq`|emc`gahmes wh|j yj`syj`dhyhls$ cj`des|eq`d & ky`dhy`yq`|em

f`qgs cjxd`ghcq`msf`qgs cjxd`ghcq`ms



qekcjes |` klhy`se & guscde |hssueqekcjes |` klhy`se & guscde |hssue

dhy`yq`|ehm dhykse ckuses jxlq`dxshs `f \Odhy`yq`|ehm dhykse ckuses jxlq`dxshs `f \O

FFK kqe ledhveqel |` |hssueFFK kqe ledhveqel |` |hssue

Emlòemùs yk|jwkx

Dhveq u|hdh~es s|`qel \O‘s " cj`des|eq`d"Yj`syj`dhyhls " ky` A |` f`qg

VDLD

Qecehves Ky` C'HH *DYD kc|hvk|`q( & Ky` EKy` C'HH *DYD kc|hvk|`q( & Ky` E

*Qegmkm| qecey|`q ahmlhmo( fq`g JLD*Qegmkm| qecey|`q ahmlhmo( fq`g JLD

Qekcj |` klhy`se |hssue



& guscde |hssue

Jxlq`dxshs `f \O ax DYD |`Fqee fk||x kchl

DHYHL \QKMSY@Q\ ' @veqvhew



Qeveqse Cj`des|eq`d \qkmsy`q| kml JLD

Jhoj Lemsh|x Dhy`yq`|ehm *JLD(

– G`ve dhyhls akcb |` dhveq

– Dhyhl'fqee Ky` K; hs secqe|el axdhveq hm|` chqcudk|h`m$

– Ky`K;

‡ Sckvemoes fqee cj`des|eq`ddekvhmo |hssue vhk |je KAC';|qkmsy`q|eq



‡ C`'fkc|`q f`q em~xge dech|jhm'cj`des|eq`d kcxd|qkmsfeqkse*DCK\( |jk| es|eqhfhes fqeecj`des|eq`d

– Gk|uqe JLD hs |kbem uy ax dhveq vhkjeyk|hc sckvemoeq qecey|`q cdkss A

‡ Secqe|el |` ahde‡ S|eq`hl sxm|jeshs

‡ VDLD sxm|jeshs

VDLD*mkscem|(

Ky` A

JLD> ohves Ky` C$E f`q

cdekqkmce VDLD*sequg(

Ky` A$ C$ E

Jxyeqdhyhleghk— Jxyeqdhyhleghk hs k s|k|e `f hmcqeksel hm |je c`mcem|qk|h`m `f

\O‘s & cj`des|eq`d hm ad``l-‗

Ckuse >

;- Hmcqeksel DLD

1- Lecqeksel JLD

3- Hmcqeksel qegmkm|s dhy`yq`|ehm dhbe HLD & CG



qegmkm|s-

\xye>

k- Yqhgkqx' Lue |` oeme|hc lefec|s

a- Sec`mlkqx' Ge|ka`dhc lhs|uqakmce

Fqelqhcbs`m‘s cdksshfhck|h`m `f

jxyeqdhyhleghk

‡ \xye';' edevk|h`m hm CG & \O

‡\xye'1K' Edevk|h`m hm DLD‡ \xye'1A' Edevk|h`m hm a`|j DLD & \O

‡ \xye'3 ' lefec| hm VDLD qegmkm|cdekqkmce-



‡ \xye'< ' \O deved *159'599gold(

‡ \xye'5 ' edevk|el deved `f CG & VDLD

Kqyh|`q Kqyh|`q hs K|`qvks|k|hm- K|`qvks|k|hm hs k y`|em|sxm|je|hc JGO C`K'qeluc|kse hmjhah|`q- H|d`weqs ydksgk cj`des|eq`d deveds ax hmjhah|hmoemlòemùs cj`des|eq`d sxm|jeshs-K|`qvks|k|hm kds` jks kllh|h`mkd aemefhchkdeffec|s `m kq|eqhkd s|quc|uqe kml fumc|h`m h-e-$

h j d h l h j a h ff



km|h'k|jeq`scdeq`|hc kml km|h|jq`ga`|hc effec|s-

G@KJGO C`K Qeluc|kse

Gevkd`mhc Kchl

JGO C`K Qeluc|kseHmjhah|`q

Kqyh|`q



Cj`des|eq`d

\je f`qgk|h`m `f gevkd`mk|e hs |je qk|e'dhgh|hmo s|ey hmemlòemùs cj`des|eq`d sxm|jeshs- \jhs hs ck|kdx~el ax |je

em~xge JGO C`K qeluc|kse- K|`qvks|k|hm sedec|hvedx &c`gye|h|hvedx hmjhah|s JGO C`K qeluc|kse- Ax lecqekshmo |jeyq`luc|h`m `f gevkd`mk|e$ K|`qvks|k|hm qeluces jeyk|hccj`des|eq`d ah`sxm|jeshs

Yjkqgkc`bhme|hc

‡ Kas`qy|h`m > Qkyhldx kas`qael m`qkd klghmhs|qk|h`m2

‡ Yekb ydksgk deveds> wh|jhm ;'1 jùqs-‡ Yq`|ehm ahmlhmo> 8:%‡ H|s‘ d`mo'kc|hmo hmjhah|`qx effec| hs lue |` |je

yqesemce `f kc|hve ge|ka`dh|es *@q|j` kml

Y j l d | l l h |h ( ?9 % f



Ykqk jxlq`zxdk|el leqhvk|hves(- ?9 % `f hmjhah|`qx kc|h`m hs lue |` |je ge|ka`dh|es-\jhs hs qesy`mshade f`q |je jhoj y`|emcx `f |je lquo

‡ Jkdf'dhfe > ;< jùqs

Hmlhck|h`m‡ K|`qvks|k|hm hs hmlhck|el |` qeluce

‡ \`|kd'Cj`des|eq`d

‡ DLD cj`des|eq`d

‡ Ky`dhy`yq`|ehm A

‡ \qhodxceqhles

h |h | h|j J j d | d h l



‡ hm yk|hem|s wh|j Jxyeqcj`des|eq`deghk kmlc`gahmel jxyeqdhyhleghk-

L`skoe – Hmh|hkd l`se ;9golkx

– L`se qkmoe ;9 |`:9golkx-

– K|`qvks|k|hm ckm ae klghmhs|eqel ksshmode l`se k| kmx |hge `f |je lkx-

K| | |h a l h h | l h|j



– K|`qvks|k|hm ckm ae klghmhs|eqel wh|j`q wh|jù| f``l

Ydeh`|q`yhc effec|s `f

s|k|hms

‡ ↓Ydk|ede| kc|hvk|h`m

‡ ↓C`koudk|h`m‡ ↛Eml`|jedhkd fumc|h`m‡ ↓Qekc|hve `zxoem syeches‡ ↛M@ ah`kc|hvh|x

↓



‡ ↓K\; qecey|`q ‡ ↓Effec|s `m c`ddkoem‡ ↓GGYs

‡ ↓Eml`|jedhm

Shle effec|s

‡ K|`qvks|k|hm hs oemeqkddx wedd |`deqk|el$wh|j ghdl kml |qkmshem| qekc|h`ms-G`s|c`gg`mdx qey`q|el shle effec|s kqe – C`ms|hyk|h`m

L h



– Lxsyeyshk – Fdk|udemce

– Gxkdohk

– Kddeqox &

– Kal`ghmkd ykhm

J`w hs K|`qvks|k|hm suyeqh`q |`

D`vks|k|hm 0

‡ G`qe yq`d`mo hmjhah|h`m `f JGO'C`K qeluc|kse-

‡ Deklhmo |` oqek|eq qeluc|h`m hmDLD'C$ \O$ Ky`'A kml \C‡

K|`qvks|k|hm ezjhah|el g`qe y`|em|cj`des|eq`d d`weqhmo kc|hvh|x$ ks h|wks g`qe lhffhcud| |` lhsydkce |jelquo fq`g |je ghcq`s`gkd JGO

C`K qeluc|kseK q y h | ` q D ` v k s



C`K qeluc|kse-‡ Oqek|eq qeluc|h`m hm DLD'C$ \O$Ky`'A kml \C1

‡

‡ K|`qvks|k|hm ;9 go yq`lucelDLD'C qeluc|h`ms oqek|eq |jkm

D`vks|k|hm 19 kml <9 go

D L D ' C ' 3 ? % ' 1

\ q h o d x c e q h l e ' ; 6 % '

\ ` | k d C j ` d e s | e q ` d' 1 ? % ' 1

K y ` A ' 3 9 % ' 1

% Y k | h e m | k c j h e v e l? : % 6

'


D`vks|k|hm 0

‡ Effec| seem fq`g s|kq|hmo l`se

‡ \je gkzhgug okhm hm dhfe ezyec|kmcx wks

kcjhevel wh|j K|`qvks|k|hm‡ 36 % qeluc|h`m hm ckqlh`vkscudkq c`gydhck|h`m

hm CKL yk|hem| c`gykqel |` yk|hem|sumleqo`hmo kmoh`ydks|x-

Ems qes yk|hem|s c`gydhkmce



‡ Emsuqes yk|hem|s c`gydhkmce‡ C`s| effec|hve |jeqkyx


Shgvks|k|hm0

‡ G`qe yq`d`mo hmjhah|h`m `f JGO

'C`K qeluc|kse- Deklhmo |òqek|eq qeluc|h`m hm DLD'C$ \O$Ky`'A kml \C-

‡ K|`qvks|k|hm ezjhah|el g`qey`|em| cj`des|eq`d d`weqhmokc|hvh|x$ ks h| wks g`qelhffhcud| |` lhsydkce |je lquo

fq`g |je ghcq`s`gkd JGO C`Kl |

K q y h | ` q S h g v k

D L D C 3 8 % 3



fq`g |je ghcq`s`gkd JGO C`Kqeluc|kse-‡ K|`qvks|k|hm ;9 go yq`lucel

DLD'C qeluc|h`ms c`gykqkade`q oqek|eq |jkm

‡ Shgvks|k|hm ;9$ 19 kml <9 go‡ Effec| seem fq`g s|kq|hmo l`se

D L D ' C ' 3 8 % ' 3

\ q h o d x c e q h l e ' 1 ? % ' ;

\ ` | k d C j ` d e s | e q ` d' 3 9 % ' 1

% Y k | h e m | k c j h e v e l? 6 % 5

\ k q o e | D L D ' C d e v e d s

Effec|s `f S|k|hms `m Dhyhls

S|k | hm



Q ` s u v k s | k |

Effec| `f dhyhl'g`lhfxhmo |jeqkyhes `m

dhyhls

\jeqkyx



Ahde kchlse ues|qkm|s

Suggkqx `f Lquo Cj`hce

D h y h l



y

k a m ` q



_jk| we whdd dekqm0

‡ Ge|ka`dhsg & Emeqox sùqces-

‡ J`w a`lx u|hdh~es |jese sùqces-

‡ F`cus `m HMSUDHM kml h|s vkqhùs q`des

‡ \xye'1 Lhkae|es geddh|us & yk|jòemeshs



_jk| we whdd dekqm0

‡ Lhkom`shs `f \xye'1 Lhkae|es geddh|us

‡ C`gydhck|h`ms `f \xye'1 lhkae|es

‡ Gecjkmhsg `f c`gydhck|h`ms

‡ Gkmkoegem|

Yj d h d |j h hd ad



‡ Yjkqgkc`dòhckd |jeqkyhes kvkhdkade



Emeqox f`q jugkm dhfe

Yq`|ehms



Ckqa`jxlqk|e

Fk|s

Yq`|ehms

G`s| c`gg`m emeqox

sùqces‡ Ckqa`jxlqk|es

‡ Fk|s



‡ Fk|s

G`s| c`gg`m emeqox sùqces

‡ Yq`|ehms



Oks`dhme f`q jugkm aehmo

‡ \w` gkn`q fueds –

– Oduc`se *Ckqa`jxlqk|e(

Fk||x kchls *Fk|s(



– Fk||x kchls *Fk|s(

_jk| hs k Ckqa`jxlqk|e0

Cdksshfhel ks –G j hl

H*CJ1@(m `q J ' C ' @J

H

Ckqa`jxlqk|es kqe c`gyùmls wjhcjjkve |je f`dd`whmo akshc c`gy`sh|h`m>



Cdksshfhel ks G`m`skccjkqhles

Lhskccjkqhles

@dho`skccjkqhles

Y`dxskccjkqhles

Shgyde Suokqs>G`m` kml

Lhskccjkqhles

‡ G`m`skccjkqhles – shmode suokq umh|

– Oduc`se‡ Fùml hm fquh|s$ veoe|kades$

j`mex

‡ usel f`q emeqox

– Fquc|`se



– Fquc|`se

‡ —fquh| suokq‗

‡ Fùml hm fquh|s$ j`mex$ c`qmsxquy

– Okdkc|`se

‡ Fùml ks ykq| `f dkc|`se hm ghdb

Lhskccjkqhles – |w`

dhmbel suokq umh|s – Sucq`se> oduc`se " fquc|`se

‡ —|kade suokq‗‡ Gkle fq`g suokq ckme kml suokq

aee|s

– Dkc|`se> oduc`se " okdkc|`se

‡ —ghdb suokq‗

‡ Fùml hm ghdb kml lkhqx yq`luc|s



Fùml hm ghdb kml lkhqx yq`luc|s

– Gkd|`se> oduc`se " oduc`se

‡ Fùml hm oeqghmk|hmo ceqekdoqkhms

‡ Yq`luc| `f s|kqcj aqekbl`wm

C`gydez Ckqa`jxlqk|es

‡ @dho`skccjkqhles – lqhel aekms$ yeks$ dem|hds

‡ Qkfhm`se *okd'odu'fqu(

‡ S|kcjx`se *okd'okd'okd'fqu(

G | a dh l a h | |h d a | h



‡ Ge|ka`dh~el ax hm|es|hmkd akc|eqhk

‡ Okseùs effec|s

C`gydez Ckqa`jxlqk|es

‡ Y`dxskccjkqhles – c`m|khm ;99‘s `q ;999‘s `f g`m`skccjkqhle umh|s

– s|kqcj'lhoes|hade

– fhaeq'hmlhoes|hade



– fhaeq'hmlhoes|hade – Odxcòem

Odxcòem‡ Hgy`q|kmce

– S|`qel f`qg `f oduc`se-

– Gkn`q sh|es – Guscdes kml Dhveq2 ?5% hs s|`qel hm

guscdes- – Dhveq> gkn`q sh|e f`q odxcòem sxm|jeshs

‡ };9% `f we| wehoj| `f dhveq

– Guscdes

‡ Odxcòem 4 ;% wehoj|

‡ Usel ks emeqox wjem a`lx qe{uhqes emeqox-



ox x { ox‡ Hgy`q|km| f`q —hms|km|‗ emeqox

Odxcòem S|`qkoe

‡ Sbede|kd guscde

– Fumc|h`m> seqve ks fued qeseqve f`q sxm|jeshs `f K\Y luqhmo guscde c`m|qkc|h`m

‡ Dhveq

– Fumc|h`m> gkhm|khm ad``l oduc`sec`mcem|qk|h`m hm |hges `f fks|hmo



c`mcem|qk|h`m hm |hges `f fks|hmo

\`|kd kgùm| `f s|`qel ckqa`jxlqk|e hs

suffhchem| |` fudfhdd |je emeqox qe{uhqegem|s `f k yeqs`m f`q };/1 lkx+

Ckqa`jxlqk|e Lhoes|h`m

Kds` bm`wm ks

k'oduc`shlkse



k oduc`shlkse

em~xges

Ge|ka`dhsg `f Ckqa`jxlqk|es

‡ Oduc`se hs yqhgkqx emeqox sùqce f`q |je jugkm a`lx

‡ Aqkhm hs |je g`s| hgy`q|km| oduc`sec`msugeq *59%(

‡ Ge|ka`dhsg qesud|s hm>;- Emeqox *K\Y( yq`luc|h`m *c`mveqsh`m |` C@

1

"J @(



J1@(

1- S|`qkoe ks odxcòem hm dhveq q |qhodxceqhle hmklhy`se |hssue

3- C`mveqsh`m |` be|` kchls$ kghm` kchls$ `q yq`|ehm

Qeoudk|h`m `f Ad``l Oduc`se

C`mcem|qk|h`m

Yk|jwkxs `f Oduc`se Ge|ka`dhsg

Odxc`dxshs Odxcòemeshs



Oduc`meòemeshs Odxcòem`dxshs

Odxc`dxshs *oduc`se yxquvk|e(

‡ Leqhvel fq`g |je Oqeeb s|eg odxb'$!swee|$! kml |je w`ql dxshs$!lhss`du|h`m-!

‡ Odxc`dxshs> se{uemce `f qekc|h`ms |jk|ge|ka`dh~es `me g`decude `f oduc`se |`1 g`decudes `f yxquvk|e *|qh`se suokq(

‡ Kds` yq`luce 1 g`decudes `f K\Y

‡ Kmkeqàhc



Kmkeqàhc – Yxquvk|e |` dkc|k|e

‡ Keqàhc – Yxquvk|e |` kce|xd'C`K

Oduc`meòemeshs

‡ Sxm|jeshs `f oduc`se fq`g m`mckqa`jxlqk|esùqces *yxquvk|e$ kghm` kchls$ dkc|hc kchl(

‡ C`mveq|s dkc|k|e `q kghm` kchls |` oduc`sehm s|kqvk|h`m `q s|qess

‡ @yy`sh|e `f odxc`dxshs



@yy`sh|e `f odxc`dxshs

Odxcòemeshs *oduc`se odxcòem(

h-e- oemeshs 7 cqek|h`m

‡ Hm |hges `f oduc`se ezcess *kf|eq ek|hmo($ kmxoduc`se |jk| hs m`| usel hggelhk|edx hs |kbemuy ax |je dhveq kml guscde wjeqe h| ckm aec`mveq|el hm|` odxcòem

‡ Odxcòem hs sxm|jesh~el leyemlhmo `m |jelegkml f`q oduc`se kml K\Y *emeqox(

‡ Hf a`|j kqe yqesem| hm qedk|hvedx jhoj kgùm|s$

|jem |je ezcess `f hmsudhm yq`g`|es |jed h h | d f |



yoduc`se c`mveqsh`m hm|` odxcòem f`q s|`qkoehm dhveq kml guscde cedds

Odxcòem`dxshs *odxcòem oduc`se(h-e- dxshs 7 aqekb l`wm

‡ _jem ad``l oduc`se c`mcem|qk|h`mlq`ys$ |jeqe hs k aqekbl`wm `f odxcòem |` gkbe oduc`se

‡ Gàhdh~es s|`qel odxcòem hm dhveq &sbede|kd guscde



sbede|kd guscde


‡ Oduc`se ge|ka`dhsg hs umleq |jec`m|q`d `f vkqhùs j`qg`mes-

G`s| c`gg`m kqe '

– HmsudhmOd



Hmsudhm – Oducko`m

– Eyhmeyjqhme

– S`gk|`s|k|hm


‡ Ykmcqeks> Hsde| `f Dkmoeqjkms *λ $ α $ μ (

– C`m|q`ds ad``l

oduc`se deveds axsecqe|hmo j`qg`meshm|` |je ad``l

;- λ 'cedds *19'39% `f hsde| cedds(

' Oducko`m;- α 'cedds *69'?9% `f

hsde| cedds(H dh



' Hmsudhm;- μ 'cedds *1':% `f hsde|

cedds(' S`gk|`s|k|hm

Hmsudhm

‡ Fhqs| j`qg`mehlem|hfhel

*;819‘s( axAkm|hmo kmlAes|

‡ Qedeksel wjem

oduc`se hskaumlkm|



okaumlkm|*edevk|el ydksgkoduc`se( kmls|hgudk|es>

J`w hmsudhm hs sxm|jesh~el0

S

S

S

S

J@@C

MJ1

Yqeyq`hmsudhm



J@@C

SS


S

S

S

S

J@@C

MJ1

Yq`hmsudhm



J@@C

SS


S

S

S

S

J@@C

MJ1

Hmsudhm

J@@C

MJ

α 'cjkhm

'



ESQ;;'9:

J@@C

SSMJ1

λ

cjkhm

C ' yey|hle

Q`de `f C'Yey|hle‡ Hmsudhm hs lhffhcud| |` geksuqe

‡ Jkdf'dhfe hs `mdx 5 ghms

‡ Qkyhldx hmkc|hvk|el ax vkqhùsem~xges-

‡ C'Yey|hle jks 39 ghms jkdf dhfe

‡ Sxm|jesh~el hm e{uhg`dkq c`mc |`



Sxm|jesh~el hm e{uhg`dkq c`mc |`|jk| `f hmsudhm

‡ Le|eqghmes kgùm| `f hmsudhm

secqe|el fq`g a'cedd

J`w hmsudhm hs secqe|el0‡ Hmsudhm hs secqe|el hm 1 yjkses –;- Fhqs| yjkse

– Sjkqy yekb

– _h|jhm 3'5 ghms `f oduc`se hm|kbe – C`gyde|el wh|jhm ;9 ghms

– Qedekse `f gk|uqe oqkmudes-



‡ Yq`g`|es yeqhyjeqkd u|hdh~k|h`m `f |jeyqkmlhkd mu|qhem|

d`kl-

‡ Suyyqesses jeyk|hc oduc`se ù|yu|-‡ Dhgh|s y`s| yqkmlhkd oduc`se edevk|h`m

J`w hmsudhm hs secqe|el0

1- Sec`ml yjkse

– Qedekse `f secqe|`qxoqkmudes |jk| kqe gàhdh~elwh|jhm |je ae|k cedd f`q qedekse-

– Oqkmudes c`m|khm mewdxsxm|jesh~el hmsudhm-



sxm|jesh~el hmsudhm-

– Sec`ml Yjkse jedys |`k||khm m`qgòdxceghk-

Hmsudhm – |je —j`qg`me `f

ydem|x‗

‡ Hmcqekses oduc`se uy|kbe ax guscde kml klhy`secedds

‡ Jedys hm hmcqekshmo cedds |` aqekbl`wm oduc`se$qedekshmo h|s emeqox hm |je f`qg `f K\Y

‡ \je dhveq kml guscde |` s|`qe oduc`se ks odxcòem*sj`q|'|eqg emeqox qeseqve(

‡ Klhy`se |hssue |` s|`qe oduc`se ks fk| *d`mo'|eqgemeqox qeseqve(



ox (

‡ Odxcòem sxm|jeshs kml yq`|ehm sxm|jeshs

Hmsudhm hs |je @MDX j`qg`me |jk| d`weqschqcudk|hmo oduc`se deved+

Hmsudhm> SuggkqxHmsudhm> Suggkqx



_jeqe hmsudhm kffec|s0

Hmsudhm

Guscdes Dhveq

Klh dd

Oduc`se

Uy|kbe

Odxcòem`dxshs

Oduc`meòemeshs



Klhy`se ceddsOdxc`dxshs

Odxcòemeshs

Oduc`meòemeshs

Dhyòemeshs

Aqhmos ydksgk oduc`se deved akcb |` m`qgkd

Oducko`m Kc|h`m `m Cedds>L`ghmk|es hm Fks|hmo S|k|e Ge|ka`dhsg

‡ Secqe|el fq`g k'cedds `f ykmcqekse

‡ Gkn`q |kqoe| `qokm> dhveq

‡ S|hgudk|es yq`luc|h`m `f oduc`se ax odxcòem`dxshskml oduc`meòemeshs

‡ Oducko`m yqevem|s jxyòdxceghk ax ↛cedd yq`luc|h`m

`f oduc`se



‡ Yqhmchykd j`qg`me f`q yq`luchmo k qkyhl hmcqekse hmydksgk oduc`se c`mcem|qk|h`m

‡ Secqe|h`m hs suyyqessel hm jxyeqodxceghk

Oducko`m Kc|h`m `m CeddsOducko`m Kc|h`m `m Cedds



Eml`cqhme qesy`mse |` jxyòdxceghk

Eyhmeyjqhme – —fhoj| `q fdhoj|‗

‡ Ck|ecj`dkghme secqe|el ax |je klqemkdgeluddk

‡ Seqves ks k akcbuy f`q oducko`m

‡ S|hgudk|es oducko`m secqe|h`m kml hmjhah|shmsudhm secqe|h`m ax ykmcqeks

‡ S|hgudk|es odxcòem aqekbl`wm*odxcòem`dxshs( kml lecqekses oduc`se use



*odxcòem`dxshs( kml lecqekses oduc`se use

‡ Yjxshckdeg`|h`mkd s|qess eyhmeyjqhmeyq`luc|h`m$ qedekshmo oduc`se f`q emeqox

S`gk|`s|k|hm

‡ Secqe|el ax o'cedds `f ykmcqeks

‡ Yqhgkqx kc| hs |` hmjhah| secqe|h`m `f hmsudhm kml oducko`m

‡ Secqe|el ax qkmoe `f |hssues



x o*ykmcqeks$ hm|es|hmes$ CMS(

Gkhm Jugkm Oduc`se

\qkmsy`q|eqs\qkmsy`q|eq \hssue Hmsudhm

leyemlem|0

ODU\; QACs$ aqkhm$ bhlmex M`

ODU\1 α 'cedds `f ykmcqeks$sgkdd hm|es|hme$ bhlmex

M`

ODU\3 Meuq`ms$ ydkcem|k M`

ODU\< Sbede|kd & ckqlhkc XES



guscde$ klhy`se |hssue

ODU\5 Sgkdd hm|es|hme$ bhlmex$aqkhm$ klhy`se |hssue

M`

ODU\? S`ge dhveq cedds M`

Hmsudhm Secqe|h`mCk""

K\Ysemsh|hve B " cjkmmeds

B "

Oduc`se K\Y

V`d|koeleyemlem| Ck"

" cjkmmeds`yem

Ck""

Ley`dkqh~k|h`m

Ahmls kml

cd`ses



Hmsudhm

ODU\'1

JhojOduc`se

Secqe|kqx

oqkmudes

S e q h e s ` f e m ~ q e k c | h m

Hmsudhm

Hmsudhm

Qecey|`q



ODU\ <

G`le `f kc|h`m `f Hmsudhm

HmsudhmQecey|`q

Hmsudhm

ODU\'<

Seqhes `f qekc|h`m

\qkmsd`ck|h`m`f ODU\'<

Oduc`seem|eqs

Oduc`se



Odxcòem Odxc`dxshs

G`le `f kc|h`m `f hmsudhm



oduc`se fq`g

oduc`meòemeshs

*g`s|dx dkc|k|e(

Ezòemùs

*oduc`sefq`g lhe|(

<9

39

19

Oduc`se

Usel

o/jq

fel y`s|kas`qy|hve oduc`meòemhc yq`d`moel

oduc`se fq`g

dhveq odxcòem

oduc`se fq`g

oduc`meòemeshs

*dkc|k|e " kghm` kchls(

Sùqces `f ad``l oduc`se hm |je vkqhùs mu|qh|h`mkd s|k|es



< : ;1 ;6 1 ? <1

;9

9

J@UQS LKXS

Jxyeqodxceghk – |``dh||de hmsudhm

Jxyòdxceghk – |`` dh||de

Jxyeqodxceghk & Jxyòdxceghk



Jxyòdxceghk |`` dh||dehm|kbe `q |`` gucj hmsudhm

_jk|‘s —m`qgkd‗0



Kc|h`m `f Hmsudhm `m DHYHL ge|ka`dhsg

\qhodxceqhles

M`m es|eqhfhel Fk||x kchl *MEFK `q FFK(

Kce|xd C`K

Hmsudhm

Be|`me a`lhes



Kce|xd C`K Be|`me a`lhes

Jemce hmsudhm '

‡Lecqekses dhy`dxshs

‡Hmcqekses dhyòemeshs

‡Lecqekses be|`kchl`shs

Hmsudhm `m Yq`|ehm ge|ka`dhsgKghm` kchl

Yq`|ehm

Hmsudhm



Hmsudhm –

‡Hmcqekses yq`|ehm sxm|jeshs‡Lecqekses yq`|e`dxshs

Suggkqx `f hmsudhm kc|h`m

Hmcqekses – – Oduc`se uy|kbe

– Odxc`dxshs

– Odxcòemeshs – Dhyòemeshs

– Yq`|ehm sxm|jeshs

Lecqekses –‡Oduc`meòemeshs



o

‡Odxcòem`dxshs

‡Dhy`dxshs

‡Be|òemeshs

‡Yq`|e`dxshs

Lhkae|es Geddh|us

Lhsekse$ Yk|jòemeshs &G |



$ oGkmkoegem|

Lefhmh|h`mK oqùy `f ge|ka`dhc lhs`qleqs c`gyqhshmo

`f kam`qgkd ckqa`jxlqk|e$ fk| kml yq`|ehm

ge|ka`dhsg kml cjkqkc|eqh~el ax cjq`mhc

`q yeqshs|emce jxyeqodxceghk

Lue |` dkcb `f hmsudhm j`qg`me

@Q Hgyq`yeq hmsudhm secqe|h`m



Qhsb Fkc|`qs f`q Lhkae|es‡ Fkghdx jhs|`qx `f lhkae|es

‡ @aesh|x *= 19% `veq leshqel a`lx wehoj| `q AGH = 1? bog1

‡Koe = <5 xekqs

‡ Selem|kqx dhfe s|xde

‡ S`ge e|jmhc oqùys * Hmlhkms$ Kfqhckm'Kgeqhckms kml mk|hveKgeqhckms$ kshkm kgeqhckms(

‡ Oes|k|h`mkd lhkae|es `q ledhveqhmo k akax wehojhmo g`qe |jkm 8

yùmls *<bo `q g`qe(

‡ Jhoj ad``l yqessuqe * = ;<989ggJo(



‡ Jhoj ad``l yqessuqe * = ;<989ggJo(

‡ Jhoj ad``l deveds `f |qhodxceqhles *= 159gold(

‡ d`w JLD cj`des|eq`d deved *435gold(

Sxgy|`gs `f lhkae|es‡ Fqe{uem| uqhmk|h`m ' Y`dxuqhk

‡ Ezcesshve |jhqs| ' Y`dxlxyshk

‡ Ezcesshve jumoeq ' Y`dxyjkohk

‡ Fk|houe

‡ _ehoj| d`ss

‡ Aduqqel vhsh`m-



Sxgy|`gs g`qe yq`ghmem| hmSxgy|`gs g`qe yq`ghmem| hm\xye'; LG\xye'; LG

\xyes `f Lhkae|es Geddh|us

‡ G`s| c`gg`m |xyes kqe –

– \xye'; Lhkae|es geddh|us

– \xye'1 Lhkae|es geddh|us

– Oes|k|h`mkd lhkae|es-



\xye'; Lhkae|es geddh|us‡ Lue |` |`|kd les|quc|h`m `f a'cedds `f |je ykmcqeks-

‡ Ku|`hggume les|quc|h`m `f hsde|s

‡ G`s| yq`ghmem| luqhmo cjhdlj``l

‡ \jeqkyx hmv`dves Hmsudhm hmnec|h`m



\xye'1 Lhkae|es geddh|us‡ G`s| c`gg`m |xye `f lhkae|es *=89%(

‡ Qedk|el |` oeme|hc lefec| kml dhfe s|xde kmlf``l jkah|s-

‡ C`mshs|s `f 1 c`gg`m lefec|s –

;- Hmsudhm qeshs|kmce

1- A'cedd hgykhqgem| `q Hgykhqel hmsudhm

secqe|h`m-



Hmsudhmqeshs|kmce

Kam`qgkdα 'cedd

fumc|h`m

Oemes & / `q Dhfe s|xde kmllhe|



\xye 1 lhkae|es

Hmsudhm qeshs|kmce

‡ Lecqeksel kahdh|x `f m`qgkd hmsudhm |` kc|

effec|hvedx `m yeqhyjeqkd |hssues *guscde

& klhy`se |hssues( kml dhveq-

‡ a'cedd jks |` secqe|e g`qe hmsudhm |`

gkhm|khm m`qgkd oduc`se deved-



Ckuse `f Hmsudhm qeshs|kmce

‡ Cem|qkd `q vhsceqkd àesh|x hs |je gkn`q ckuse

‡ Klhy`cx|es secqe|es jhoj c`mc `f FFK-

‡ FFK em|eqs guscde cedds kml hm|eqfeqes wh|jhmsudhm shomkdhmo sxs|eg

FFK jks aeem fùml |` ae `me`f |je gkn`q cudyqh|



hmsudhm shomkdhmo sxs|eg

‡ \jeqeax dess ODU\ < |qkmsd`ck|h`m

‡ Dess oduc`se uy|kbe

Ckuse `f Hmsudhm qeshs|kmce

‡ Klhy`cx|es kds` secqe|es vkqhùsah`cjeghckds dhbe qeshs|hm$ dey|hm$ \JF'λ & klhy`mec|hm

‡ D`w klhy`mec|hm deved `q jhoj c`mc `f qeshs|hm$ dey|hm$ \JF'λ jks aeem



kss`chk|el wh|j hmsudhm qeshs|kmce

Jxyeqhmsudhmeghk‡ Yeqs`ms wh|j HQ$ qe{uhqes jhojeq hmsudhm deved |`

aqhmo oduc`se akcb |` m`qgkd-

‡ A'cedds secqe|es kllh|h`mkd hmsudhm |` c`gyemsk|e-

‡ Yu|s kllh|h`mkd s|qess `m a'cedds

‡ Yeqs`m gkx ae m`qgkd `q lhkae|hc

‡ Qhsb fkc|`q f`q vkqhùs ckqlh`vkscudkq lhsekse



Jxyeqhmsudhmeghk

Jekd|jx

Hmsudhm qeshs|kmce

dhmsec

qe| h `

m* yg

`d /g

hm(

199

399

<99

599

699

?99

:99



Hmsud

;99

\hge6 k-g- ;9 k-g- 1 y-g- 6 y-g- 6 k-g-;9 y-g- 1 k-g-

A'cedd hgykhqgem|

‡ C`mlh|h`m wjeqe |je ae|k cedds kqe umkade |` yq`luce

suffhchem| hmsudhm ks yeq qhse hm ad``l oduc`se deved lue

|` a`|j qelucel α'cedd gkss kml fumc|h`mkd

kam`qgkdh|hes `f |je α'cedd-‡ Qelucel α'cedds w`qbs jkql |` c`gyemsk|e f`q |je

sxm|jeshs `f kle{uk|e hmsudhm-

‡ Dekls |` α'cedd fk|houe-

‡ Leved`ygem| `f yqòqesshve qhse hm oduc`se deved



‡ Deklhmo |` leved`ygem| `f fqkmb lhkae|es |xye'1



Mk|uqkd Jhs|`qx `f \xye 1 Lhkae|es

Qedk|hve α 'cedd

fumc|h`m

;99 *%(

Ydksgk

oduc`se

Hmsudhm qeshs|kmce

Hmsudhm deved

;19 *go/lD(Fks|hmo oduc`se

Y`s|gekd

oduc`se

@aesh|x HO\. Lhkae|es Umc`m|q`ddel

Jxyeqodxceghk

Yqòqesshve qeluc|h`m hm ae|k cedd gkss



Xekqs `f lhkae|es

'19 ';9 9 ;9 19 39

Hmsudhm deved

Klky|el fq`g Hm|eqmk|h`mkd Lhkae|es Cem|eq$ Ghmmeky`dhs$ Ghmmes`|k-

Qesud| `f HQ & a'cedd

hgykhqgem|

;-;- Lecqekse oduc`se uy|kbe hm s|`qkoe ceddsLecqekse oduc`se uy|kbe hm s|`qkoe cedds

1-1- Hmcqeksel oduc`se yq`luc|h`m fq`g dhveqHmcqeksel oduc`se yq`luc|h`m fq`g dhveq



Jxyeqodxceghk

\xyes `f Lhkae|es \xye'1

‡ @aese

– Veqx jhoj leoqee `f hmsudhm qeshs|kmcec`gykqel |` a'cedd hgykhqgem|

‡ M`m'àese – Veqx jhoj leoqee `f a'cedd hgykhqgem|

c`gykqel |` hmsudhm qeshs|kmce



Lhkom`shs `f \xye'1 Lhkae|es

FYO *Fks|hmo ydksgk oduc`se |es|(

Ck|eo`qxCk|eo`qx FAS *go/ldFAS *go/ld((

M`qgkdM`qgkd 4 ;994 ;99

Hgykhqel *HFO(Hgykhqel *HFO( ;99 ' ;15;99 ' ;15

Lh a |Lhkae|es ;16;16



Lhkae|esLhkae|es ≥ ;16;16

HFO 7 Hgykhqel fks|hmo oduc`se |`deqkmce

Lhkom`shs `f \xye'1

Lhkae|es@O\\ *@qkd oduc`se |`deqkmce |es|(

Ck|eo`qxCk|eo`qx YYO *go/ldYYO *go/ld((

M`qgkdM`qgkd 4 ;<94 ;<9

*HO\( @Q Yqelhkae|hc*HO\( @Q Yqelhkae|hc ;<9 ' ;88;<9 ' ;88

Lhkae|esLhkae|es 199199



Lhkae|esLhkae|es ≥ 199199

HO\ 7 Hgykhqel oduc`se |`deqkmce

Odxc`sxdk|el Jegòdàhm |es|

*JaK;c(

‡ Oduc`se f`qgs hqqeveqshadec`gydez wh|j yq`|ehms

‡ M`qgkd vkdue < ' 6%

‡ Usel |` g`mh|`q luqhmo|qek|gem|

‡ Ohves k o``l hmlhck|h`m `f ad``l oduc`se luqhmo |jeyqevhùs 3 ' < g`m|js-



‡ \kqoe| deved `f dess |jkm ?-9% hmlhck|es o``l c`m|q`d

C`gydhck|h`ms `f \xye'1 Lhkae|esgeddh|us



C`gydhck|h`ms‡ Kcu|e c`gydhck|h`ms

‡ Lhkae|es Be|`kchl`shs *LBK(

‡ M`m'be|`|hc jxyeq`sg`dkq s|k|e *MBJS(

‡ Cjq`mhc c`gydhck|h`ms

‡ Vkscudkq ‡ M`m'vkscudkq



Lhkae|hc Be|`kchl`shs *LBK(

Hmkle{uk|e hmsudhm

Ezcess dhy`dxshs deklhmo |` hmcqeksel FFK

Hmcqekses be|`me a`lhes deklhmo |` be|`kchl`shs

Dhfe |jqek|emhmo c`gydhck|h`m hm \xye'; LGyk|hem|s wh|j dkcb `f hmsudhm



Hmcqekses be|`me a`lhes deklhmo |` be|`kchl`shs

C`gk `q lek|j

Lhkae|hc Be|`kchl`shs *LBK(

Sxgy|`gs kqe –‡ Mkusek kml v`gh|hmo-

‡ \jhqs| y`dxuqhk-

‡ Kal`ghmkd ykhm-

‡ Kd|eqel gem|kd fumc|h`m-

‡ Sj`q|mess `f aqek|j-



\qek|gem| – Hmsudhm

hmnec|h`m

M`m'Be|`|hc Jxyeq`sg`dkq

S|k|e *MBJS(

‡ qey`q|el hm kdd koe oqùys$ au| h| g`s| fqe{uem|dx kffec|s`dleq yk|hem|s wh|j |xye 1 lhkae|es

‡ hmh|hk|hmo evem| hm jxyeq`sg`dkq jxyeqodxceghc s|k|e hsoduc`suqhc lhuqeshs

‡ Lecqeksel hm|qkvkscudkq v`duge `q umleqdxhmo qemkdlhsekse lecqekses |je od`gequdkq fhd|qk|h`m qk|e$ ckushmo|je oduc`se deved |` hmcqekse-

‡ \je d`ss `f g`qe wk|eq |jkm s`lhug dekls |`jxyeq`sg`dkqh|x



xy x

M`m'Be|`|hc Jxyeq`sg`dkq

S|k|e *MBJS(

\qek|gem|

Sxgy|`gs kqe –

‡ Y`dxuqhk-‡ @q|j`s|k|hc jxy`|emsh`m-‡ Meuq`dòhckd sxgy|`gs dhbe ' kd|eqelgem|kd s|k|us$

de|jkqox$ seh~uqe kml y`sshadx c`gk-



\qek|gem|;- Vho`qùs hm|qkvemùs qejxlqk|h`m$1- Edec|q`dx|e qeydkcegem|

3- Klghmhs|qk|h`m `f hm|qkvemùs hmsudhm$

Cjq`mhc C`gydhck|h`ms

‡ Vkscudkq

– Ghcq`vkscudkq – Qe|hm`yk|jx

– Meuq`yk|jx

– Meyjq`yk|jx

– Gkqc`vkscudkq – Ckqlh`vkscudkq lhsekse



– Ceqeaq`vkscudkq lhsekse

– Yeqhyjeqkd vkscudkq lhsekse

Dkxeqs `f ad``l vesseds



Jxyeqodxceghk lkgkoes `mdx k ykq|hcudkq

suase| `f cedd |xyes>ckyhddkqx eml`|jedhkd cedds hm |je qe|hmk$

geskmohkd cedds hm |je qemkd od`gequdus$

kml meuq`ms kml Scjwkmm cedds hm yeqhyjeqkd

meqves-

_jk| hs lhs|hmc| kaù| |jese cedds |jk| gkbes|jeg s` vudmeqkade |` jxyeqodxceghk0

S` wjx lès lkgkoe `ccuq `mdx hm |je few cedd|xyes hmv`dvel hm lhkae|hc c`gydhck|h`ms0 \jekmsweq hs |jk|



kmsweq hs |jk|

‡ G`s| cedds kqe kade |` qeluce |je|qkmsy`q| `f oduc`se hmshle |je ceddwjem |jex kqe ezy`sel |`jxyeqodxceghk$ s` |jk| |jehq hm|eqmkd

oduc`se c`mcem|qk|h`m s|kxsc`ms|km|-

‡ Hm c`m|qks|$ |je cedds lkgkoel axjxyeqodxceghk kqe |j`se |jk| ckmm`|



jxyeqodxceghk kqe |j`se |jk| ckmm`|l` |jhs effhchem|dx-

‡ \jus$ lhkae|es sedec|hvedx lkgkoes cedds$

dhbe eml`|jedhkd cedds kml geskmohkd cedds$wj`se oduc`se |qkmsy`q| qk|e lès m`|lecdhme qkyhldx ks k qesud| `f jxyeqodxceghk$ deklhmo |` jhoj oduc`sehmshle |je cedd-

‡ \jhs hs hgy`q|km|$ aeckuse h| |edds us |jk|

|je ezydkmk|h`m f`q wjk| ckusesc`gydhck|h`ms gus| hmv`dve gecjkmhsgs



o`hmo `m hmshle |jese cedds$ qk|jeq |jkmù|shle-

Hgy`q|km| < yk|jwkxs wjhcj ckuse

c`gydhck|h`ms kqe>

‡ Hmcqeksel Fduz \jqùoj |je Y`dx`d Yk|jwkx

‡ KOE yk|jwkx

‡ YBC yk|jwkx

‡ Jez`skghme yk|jwkx









YKH';





Ghcq`vkscudkq C`gydhck|h`ms

Qe|hm`yk|jx‡ Deklhmo ckuse `f adhmlmess

‡ S|kq|s wh|j k sgkdd kqeks `f akdd``m'dhbe sweddhmo hm |jeqe|hmk/s |hmx ad``l vesseds-

‡ Ks |je lhsekse yqòqesses$ad``l vesseds |jk| mùqhsj

|je qe|hmk kqe ad`cbel-

Jeg`qqjkoes hm m`m'yq`dhfeqk|hve lhkae|hcqe|hm`yk|jx

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Mew ad``l vessed oq`w|j kqùml `y|hc meqve hmyq`dhfeqk|hve lhkae|hc qe|hm`yk|jx


‡ K| |jhs klvkmcel s|koe$

|je shomkds sem| ax |jeqe|hmk f`q mùqhsjgem||qhooeq |je oq`w|j `f mew ad``l vesseds-

‡ \jese mew ad``l

vesseds kqe kam`qgkdkml fqkohde-‡ Hf |jex dekb ad``l$

Qe|hm`yk|jx





xseveqe vhsh`m d`ss kmlevem adhmlmess ckmqesud|-

Jeg`qqjkoe fq`g mew ad``l vessed oq`w|j hm yq`dhfeqk|hvelhkae|hc qe|hm`yk|jx


Meuq`yk|jx

‡ Lkgkoe |` |je meqves |jk| jedys |` feed semsk|h`ms sucj ksykhm

‡ \w` |xyes

;- Yeqhyjeqkd Meuq`yk|jx ‡ Meqve lkgkoe hm |je fee| ckm qesud| hm k d`ss `f

f``| semsk|h`m$ hmcqekshmo qhsb `f f``| yqàdegs-Sxgy|`gs hmcdule –‡ \hmodhmo‡ Mugamess *seveqe `q d`mo'|eqg mugamess




Mugamess *seveqe `q d`mo |eqg mugamessckm aec`ge yeqgkmem|(

‡ Auqmhmo


Meuq`yk|jx

1- Ku|`m`ghc Meuq`yk|jx

‡ Ku| m`ghc meuq`yk|jx g`s| f|em kffec|s |je lhoes|hvesxs|eg$ esyechkddx |je s|`gkcj$ ad``l vesseds$ uqhmkqxsxs|eg$ kml sez `qokms- Sxgy|`gs ckm ae –

– Ad`k|hmo$ Lhkqqjek$ C`ms|hyk|h`m$ Jekq|auqm$ Mkusek$V`gh|hmo$ Feedhmo fudd kf|eq sgkdd gekds

– Adkcbhmo ù| wjem xù s|kml uy {uhcbdx $ Hmcqeksel jekq| qk|e$Lh~~hmess$ D`w ad``l yqessuqe

– Sezukd lxsfumc|h`m *gkdes & fegkdes(



x * (

– Umkade |` c`gyde|edx egy|x adklleq$ Ad`k|hmo$ Hmc`m|hmemce*dekbhmo uqhme($ Hmcqeksel uqhmk|h`m k| mhoj|


Lhkae|hc Meyjq`yk|jx

‡ G`s| c`gg`m ckuse `f bhlmex fkhduqe-

‡ Fhve s|koes hm |je yqòqessh`m |`bhlmex fkhduqe hm ye`yde wh|jlhkae|es

‡ S|koe ; *veqx ekqdx lhkae|es( Hmcqeksel legkml uy`m|je bhlmexs hs hmlhck|el ax km ka`ve'm`qgkd od`gequdkq



x x ofhd|qk|h`m

‡ S|koe 1 *leved`yhmo lhkae|es( \je OFQ qegkhms

edevk|el `q jks qe|uqmel |` m`qgkd2 leved`ygem| `f ghcq`kdaughmuqhk


Lhkae|hc Meyjq`yk|jx

‡ S|koe 3 *`veq|$ `q lhys|hcb'y`sh|hve lhkae|es `qgkcq`kdaughmuqhk(2

Jxyeq|emsh`m gkx leved`y

‡ S|koe < *dk|e's|koelhkae|es(- !klvkmcel cdhmhckdmeyjq`yk|jx-! OFQ 4 ?5ghddhdh|eqs yeq ghmu|e- Kdg`s| kdd

yk|hem|s jkve jxyeq|emsh`m k|s|koe <-

‡ S|koe 5 *eml s|koe qemkd lhsekse ESQL(



‡ S|koe 5 *eml's|koe qemkd lhsekse$ ESQL( 'OFQ 4;9 gD/ghm( kml qemkd

qeydkcegem| |jeqkyx *h-e-$ jeg`lhkdxshs$ yeqh|`mekd

lhkdxshs$ bhlmex |qkmsydkm|k|h`m(hs meelel

Gkcq`vkscudkq C`gydhck|h`ms

Ckqlh`vkscudkqc`gydhck|h`ms

‡ G`qe |jkm 69% `f LG yk|hem|s lheslue |` CKL

‡ G`s| c`gg`m CVL hmcdules –

‡ Jxyeq|emsh`m

‡ CKL



CKL

‡ Jekq| Fkhduqe



Jxyeq|emsh`mCk|eo`qx SAY LAY M`qgkd 4 ;19

kml 4 :9

Yqe jxyeq|emsh`m ;19' ;38 kml / q :9':8

Jxyeq|emsh`m



xyS|koe ; ;<9 ' ;58 kml / q

89'88

S|koe 1 =;69 kml / `q=;99

Sus|khmel hmcqekse hm —Sxs|`dhc — Ad``l

Yqessuqe = ;<9 ggJo kml / `q

—Lhks|`dhc‗ Ad``l Yqessuqe = 89



Jxyeq|emsh`m{ Cd`sedx kss`chk|el wh|j Jxyeqhmsudhmeghk

{ Jhoj hmsudhm gkx ckuse Mk" & J1@

qe|em|h`m

{ Lhkae|es yk|hem|s jks jhojeq qhsb `f



{ Lhkae|es yk|hem|s jks jhojeq qhsb `f

leved`yhmo jxyeq|emsh`m |jkm m`qgkd

yeqs`ms-



Gkmkoegem|{ \jeqkyeu|hc dhfes|xde gkmkoegem|

{ Yjkqgkc`dòhckd |jeqkyx

{ G`s| yqefeqqel cj`hces kqe KCEH kml KQAs



{ @|jeqs – Lhuqe|hcs$ Ckdchug cjkmmed

ad`cbeqs$ a'ad`cbeqs e|c



CKL *C`q`mkqx Kq|eqxLhsekse

_jem |jeqe hs km Hgakdkmce ae|weem

_jem |jeqe hs km Hgakdkmce ae|weem

Legkml `f Ad``l*@ (

Suyydx `f Ad``l*@ (



*@zxoem( *@zxoem(


‡ Ckuses `f @as|quc|h`m

K|jeq`gk *K|jeq`scdeq`shs(

\jq`ga`shs

Ega`dhsg

Syksg







Sxgy|`gs

Kmohmk Yec|`qhs

– S|kade

– Ums|kade

– Vkqhkm| `q Yqhm~ge|kd‘s

Kcu|e Gx`ckqlhkd Hmfkqc|h`m







Jekq| k||kcb‡ Lek|j `f guscde |hssue

lue |` dkcb `f `zxoem




Dhfe S|xde G`lhfhck|h`ms

Lquo \jeqkyx


Gkmkoegem|




Suqoeqx 'Axykss kml Kmoh`dks|x



‡ \jeqkyx

‡ @1 suyydx @1 legkml

‡ Lquos

‡ Mh|qk|es‡ Ae|k ad`cbeqs

‡ Ckdchug cjkmmed ad`cbeqs



‡ Y`|ksshug cjkmmed `yemeqs

‡ Ge|ka`dhc g`lhfheq



Suqohckd Yq`celuqes

‡ Axykss suqoeqx

‡ Akdd``m kmoh`ydks|x





Jekq| FkhduqeHmkahdh|x `f |je jekq| |` yugy suffhchem| ad``l |`gee| |je a`lx‘s ge|ka`dhc qe{uhqegem|

Gkn`q ckuse ' CKL

‡ Cdkss H > Jekq| lhsekse wh|j m` dhgh|k|h`ms hm yjxshckd kc|hvh|x

‡ Cdkss HH > Jekq| lhsekse wh|j sdhoj| dhgh|k|h`ms hm yjxshckd kc|hvh|x-C`gf`q|kade k| qes|



‡ Cdkss HHH > Jekq| lhsekse wh|j gkqbel dhgh|k|h`ms hm yjxshckd kc|hvh|x-Gkx yqesem| k| qes|

‡ Cdkss HV > Jekq| lhsekse wh|j lhsc`gf`q| k| kmx kc|hvh|x


Ceqeaq`vkscudkqc`gydhck|h`ms

S|q`beAd``l suyydx hs hm|eqquy|el$qesud|hmo hm |hssue lek|j kml d`ss `f aqkhm fumc|h`m

\qkmshem| HscjeghcK||kcb *\HK(



* (K aqkhm lhs`qleq ckusel ax|egy`qkqx

lhs|uqakmce `f ad``l suyydx |` kmkqek `f |je aqkhm$ qesud|hmo hm ksullem$ aqhef lecqekse hm aqkhm


Yeqhyjeqkd vkscudkq lhsekse

‡ Ad`cbhmo `f km kq|eqxhm |je yeqhyjeqkdqeoh`m `f |je a`lx

‡ Gkn`q ckuse 'k|jeq`scdeq`shs



M`m Vkscudkq C`gydhck|h`ms

‡Okduc`gk$ Ck|kqkc|

‡Lhkae|hc f``| udceq

‡Oks|q`ykqeshs

‡Sezukd lxsfumc|h`m

‡Sbhm cjkmoes



Ah`cjeghckd gecjkmhsg `f |je leved`ygem| `f lhkae|hc

c`gydhck|h`ms



Jxy`|jeshs ;

Kc|hvk|h`m `f yq`|ehm bhmkse Cα

Hmcqekse oduc`se deved

Hmcqekse f`qgk|h`m `f lhkcxdodxceq`d

Kc|hvk|es em~xge Yq`|ehm Bhmkse Cα

Hmcqekses cedd yq`dhfeqk|h`m kml yeqgekahd|x

Lkgkoe |` cedds

http://www.essex.ac.uk/bs/staff/thornalley/homepage/research_interests/diabetic_complications/protein_kinase_c

http://www.essex.ac.uk/bs/staff/thornalley/homepage/research_interests/diabetic_complications/protein_kinase_c



Lkgkoe |` cedds

Jxy`|jeshs 1

Odxck|h`m

Hmcqeksel oduc`se deved

F`qgs c`gydezes wh|j ceddudkq yq`|ehms ckddeKOE *Klvkmcel odxck|el eml yq`luc|s(

Ckuses ceddudkq lxsfumc|h`m



x

Jxy`|jeshs 3

@zhlk|hve s|qess

Jhoj oduc`se

Hmcqekses f`qgk|h`m `f qekc|hve hm|eqgelhk|es `f `zxoem qeluc|h`m ' @

1

'$ J1@

1kml @J'

Gkx ckuse `zhlk|hve lkgkoe |` yq`|ehms$ dhyhlskml mucde`|hles deklhmo |` cedd lkgkoe-



Jxy`|jeshs <

Y`dx`d Yk|jwkx

Jxyeqodxceghk

C`mveqsh`m `f Oduc`se |` S`qah|`d ax —kdl`dkseqeluc|kse‗

Ckuses `sg`|hc cjkmoes hm cedds



Ceddudkq lkgkoe

Gkmkoegem| `f Lhkae|es \xye'1



O`kds

Hggelhk|e O`kds> |` s|kahdh~e |je ad``lsuokq

D`mo'|eqg o`kds>\` yq`d`mo dhfe$

Qedheve sxgy|`gs$ kml

Yqevem| d`mo'|eqg c`gydhck|h`ms



\qek|gem| G`lkdh|hes

‡ Dhfe s|xde g`lhfhck|h`ms

– Lhe| kml Ezeqchse

‡ Yjkqgkc`dòhckd |jeqkyx-



Hgy`q|kmce `f kcjhevhmo |hoj|

odxceghc c`m|q`d‡ Vkqhùs dkmlgkqb s|ulhes jkve c`mfhqgel |jk|

ax lecqekshmo oduc`se deved |jeqe hs kshomhfhckm| qeluc|h`m hm qhsb `f ghcq`vkscudkq kml gkcq`vkscudkq c`gydhck|h`ms-

– UBYLS *Umh|el Bhmol`g Yq`syec|hve Lhkae|esS|ulx(

– LCC\ *Lhkae|es C`m|q`d kml C`gydhck|h`m \qhkd(

– \je Bugkg`|` S|ulx



– LYY

UBYLS

‡ @anec|hve> hgyq`vel oduc`se c`m|q`d `f

\xye 1 lhkae|es whdd yqevem| cdhmhckd

c`gydhck|h`ms

‡ Leshom> Yq`syec|hve àseqvk|h`mkd s|ulx hm

13 j`syh|kd aksel cdhmhcs hm Emodkml$ Sc`|dkml$kml M`q|jeqm Hqedkml- 36<1 yk|hem|s weqehmcdulel hm kmkdxses `f qedk|hve qhsb- \`|kdluqk|h`m wks kyyq`zhgk|edx ;9 xekqs



luqk|h`m wks kyyq`zhgk|edx ;9 xekqs-

UBYLS

Qesud|s> Ekcj ;% qeluc|h`m hm gekm JaK;c wkskss`chk|el wh|j qeluc|h`ms hm qhsb `f '

– 1;% f`q kmx eml y`hm| qedk|el |` lhkae|es$ – 1;% f`q lek|js qedk|el |` lhkae|es$

– ;<% f`q gx`ckqlhkd hmfkqc|h`m$ kml

– 3?% f`q ghcq`vkscudkq c`gydhck|h`ms

C`mcdush`ms> Kmx qeluc|h`m hm JaK;c hs dhbedx |` qeluce|je qhsb `f c`gydhck|h`ms$ wh|j |je d`wes| qhsb aehmo hm|j`se wh|j JaK;c vkdues hm |je m`qgkd qkmoe * 4 6-9%(-



LCC\

‡ Cdhmhckd s|ulx c`mluc|el fq`g ;8:3 |` ;883 ax|je Mk|h`mkd Hms|h|u|e `f Lhkae|es kml Lhoes|hvekml Bhlmex Lhsekses *MHLLB(

‡ Hmv`dvel ;$<<; v`dum|eeqs wh|j |xye ; lhkae|eskml 18 gelhckd cem|eqs hm |je Umh|el S|k|eskml Ckmklk- V`dum|eeqs jkl lhkae|es f`q k|

deks| ; xekq au| m` d`moeq |jkm ;5 xekqs-

‡ \jex kds` weqe qe{uhqel |` jkve m`$ `q `mdxd h f lh a |h lh



ekqdx shoms `f$ lhkae|hc exe lhsekse-

LCC\

‡ \je s|ulx c`gykqel |je effec|s `f |w`|qek|gem| qeohgems“s|kmlkql |jeqkyx kmlhm|emshve c`m|q`d“`m |je c`gydhck|h`ms `f lhkae|es-

Qesud| > D`weqhmo ad``l oduc`se qeluces qhsb

– Exe lhsekse *Qe|hm`yk|jx( ' ?6% qelucel qhsb

– Bhlmex lhsekse *Meyjq`yk|jx( ' 59% qelucel qhsb

– Meqve lhsekse *Meuq`yk|jx( ' 69% qelucel qhsb



– Ckqlh`vkscudkq lhsekse ' 35%

Bugkg`|` S|ulx

‡ @ANEC\HVE “ \` ezkghme wje|jeq hm|emshve odxceghcc`m|q`d cùdl lecqekse |je fqe{uemcx `q seveqh|x `f

lhkae|hc ghcq`vkscudkq c`gydhck|h`ms-‡ LESHOM ' ;;9 yk|hem|s wh|j |xye 1 lhkae|es *55 wh|j m`

qe|hm`yk|jx kml 55 wh|j shgyde qe|hm`yk|jx weqeqkml`gdx ksshomel |` gud|hyde hmsudhm hmnec|h`m |jeqkyx*GH\( oqùys kml klghmhs|eqel |jqee `q g`qe lkhdx

hmsudhm hmnec|h`ms `q ksshomel |` c`mvem|h`mkd hmsudhmhmnec|h`m |jeqkyx *CH\( oqùys kml klghmhs|eqel `me `q |w` lkhdx hm|eqgelhk|e'kc|hmo hmsudhm hmnec|h`ms- Hmchlemce`f meyjq`yk|jx *m`qg`kdaughmuqhk$ ghcq`kdaughmuqhk$

l da h h ( d h l



kml kdaughmuqhk( weqe kds` g`mh|`qel-

Bugkg`|` S|ulx

‡ QESUD\S “ |je cugudk|hve yeqcem|koes `f w`qsemhmohm qe|hm`yk|jx kml meyjq`yk|jx weqe shomhfhckm|dx d`weq hm|je GH\ oqùy |jkm hm |je CH\ oqùy-

‡ C@MCDUSH@MS “ Hm|emshve odxceghc c`m|q`d ckmledkx |je `mse| kml yqòqessh`m `f |je ekqdx s|koes `f

lhkae|hc ghcq`vkscudkq c`gydhck|h`ms hm Nkykmeseyk|hem|s wh|j |xye 1 lhkae|es-



Hm|emshve Dhfes|xde

Ydkcea` Hm|eqvem|h`m Ge|f`qghm*m 7 ;9:1( *m 7 ;9?8( *m 7 ;9?3(

_| d`ss> 9-; bo _| d`ss> 5-6 bo _| d`ss> 1-; bo

Lhkae|es> 18% Lhkae|es> ;<% Lhkae|es> 11%

Umh|el S|k|es Lhkae|es Yqevem|h`m

Yqòqkg> Qesud|s



Hm|emshve Dhfes|xde

Ydkcea` Hm|eqvem|h`m Ge|f`qghm*m 7 ;9:1( *m 7 ;9?8( *m 7 ;9?3(

_| d`ss> 9-; bo _| d`ss> 5-6 bo _| d`ss> 1-; bo

Lhkae|es> 18% Lhkae|es> ;<% Lhkae|es> 11%Qhsb qeluc|h`m> Qhsb qeluc|h`m>5:% 3;%

Umh|el S|k|es Lhkae|es Yqevem|h`m

Yqòqkg> Qesud|s



Km|h ' Lhkae|hc Lquos

\xye'1 Lhkae|es Geddh|us‡ @qkd Jxyòdxceghc koem|s-

– Sudf`mxduqeks – e-o-$ Odhaemcdkghle$ Odhcdk~hle$Odhyh~hle kml Odhgeyhqhle-

– M`m'sudf`mxduqeks *Gkode|hmhles( – e-o-$Qeykodhmhle kml Mk|eodhmhle-

‡ Km|h'jxyeqodxceghc koem|s-

– Hmsudhm semsh|h~eqs –

Ahoukmhles – e-o-$ Ge|f`qghm-\jhk~`dhlhmelh`mes – e-o-$ Q`shodh|k~`me kmlYhòdh|k~`me-

– λ 'Oduc`shlkse hmjhah|`qs – e-o-$ Kckqa`se$



O uc`s lkse a |` s e o $ ck a`se$Ghodh|`d-

Km|h ' Lhkae|hc Lquos

‡ Hmsudhm kmkdòùes – e-o-$ A`vhme$ y`qchmekml jugkm-

‡ Meweq koem|s – – Kdl`dkse qeluc|kse hmjhah|`qs – e-o-$ Kghmòukmhlhme-

– Hmsudhm ghge|hc koem|s – e-o-$ Vkmklhug skd|s-

– Oducko`m km|ko`mhs|s – e-o-$ α 3'klqemeqohc ko`mhs|s-

– Y`|em|hk|`qs `f hmsudhm secqe|h`m – e-o-$ Oducko`m dhbeyey|hle kghle-



C`gahmk|h`m |jeqkyx

C`gg`mdx usel c`gahmk|h`ms kqe>

– Sudf`mxduqek kml ge|f`qghm – K odh|k~`me kml k Sudf`mxduqek `q hmsudhm

– M`m' SU kml ge|f`qghm

– Sudf`mxduqek kml hmsudhm

– Kmx `|jeq lquo gem|h`mel ka`ve kml hmsudhm



\qhyde \jeqkyx

\je use `f k odh|k~`me hm c`gahmk|h`m wh|jge|f`qghm kml k sudf`mxduqek hm yk|hem|swj` jkve m`| qesy`mlel |` g`m`|jeqkyx`q wh|j c`gahmk|h`m `f |w` `qkd koem|s jkve

kds` aeem kyyq`vel ax FLK-



\qek|gem| Fkhduqe

‡ Yqhgkqx fkhduqe

‡ M` qesy`mse wh|j k lquo ohvem f`q |je fhqs| |hge

‡ Sec`mlkqx fkhduqe‡ Oqklukd d`se `f kc|h`m `f k lquo

wjem usel f`q k yq`d`moel yeqh`l-E-o-$ Sudf`mxduqeks-



AEMCDKGE\*Ge|f`qghm(



AEMCDKGE\ *Ge|f`qghm(

‡ Aed`mos |` |je cdkss `f lquos

ckddel Ahoukmhles

‡ @qkd km|hjxyeqodxceghc koem|



Gecjkmhsg `f kc|h`m

Lecqekses oduc`meòemeshs

Dess Oduc`se ù|yu| fq`g dhveq

Lecqekses oduc`se hm ad``l

Oduckq |` s`ge ez|em| ckm kds` '

{ Hgyq`ves hmsudhm semsh|hvh|x hm yeqhyjeqkd



Hgyq`ves hmsudhm semsh|hvh|x hm yeqhyjeqkd

|hssues-

{ Lecqekse hm|es|hmkd kas`qy|h`m `f oduc`se-

Yjkqgkc`bhme|hcs

– F``l lecqekses kml ledkxs kas`qy|h`m

– Ah`kvkhdkahd|x hs 59 ' :9% umleq fks|hmoc`mlh|h`ms-

– Ezcqe|el umcjkmoel hm uqhme-

– Ydksgk jkdf'dhfe hs 6-1 jùqs-



Yjkqgkc`lxmkghcs

Effec| @m Ad``l Oduc`se

‡ Shomhfhckm|dx lecqekses jeyk|hc oduc`seyq`luc|h`m-

‡ Lecqekses fks|hmo kml y`s|yqkmlhkd ydksgk

oduc`se$ au| gkhmdx FYO-



Yjkqgkc`lxmkghcs

Ckqlh`yq`|ec|hve effec|s

Vkqhkades Effec|sA`lxwehoj| Lecqekse

AYM` effec|\qhodxceqhles Lecqekse |` meu|qkd

\`|kd Cj`des|eq`d Lecqekse |` meu|qkd

DLD Lecqekse | vkqhkade

JLD Hmcqekse | vkqhkade

Dhy`yq`|ehm*k( LecqekseJxyeqc`koudkahdh|x Lecqekse

C'Qekc|hve Yq`|ehm Lecqekse | vkqhkade

Eml`|jedhkd fumc|h`m Hgyq`ve



Eml`|jedhkd fumc|h`m Hgyq`ve

Ckqlh`vkscudkq Evem|s Lecqekse

Hmlhck|h`m‡ Lquo `f fhqs| cj`hce hm àese wh|j |xye'1

lhkae|es geddh|us-

‡ USFLK kyyq`vel hm cjhdlqem = ;9 xekqs `f koe wh|j |xye'1 LG-

‡ Ge|ka`dhc Sxmlq`ge-

‡ HO\ kml |` yqevem| lhkae|es hm yk|hem|s wh|jHO\-



L`skoe‡ L`se `f AEMCDKGE\ jks |` ae hmlhvhlukdh~el

‡ \je qec`ggemlel s|kq|hmo l`se `f

AEMCDKGE\ hs 599 go a-h-l `q :59 go `mce k

lkx wh|j gekds-

‡ \je gkzhgug l`se hs 1559 go yeq lkx-

‡ AEMCDKGE\ ckm ae c`gahmel wh|j hmsudhm$

sudf`mxduqeks `q odh|k~`mes hf |jeqe hs m`

qesy`mse wh|j g`m`|jeqkyx-



Klveqse Effec|s

‡ Lhkqqjek$ mkusek$ v`gh|hmo$ kal`ghmkd

ad`k|hmo$ fdk|udemce$ km`qezhk$ wjhcj

lecqekses wh|j c`m|hmuùs use-

‡ Umydekskm| ge|kddhc |ks|e$ wjhcj qes`dves

sy`m|kmeùsdx



Lquo Hm|eqkc|h`ms

\jeqe hs m` shomhfhckm| lquohm|eqkc|h`ms wh|j AEMCDKGE\



C`m|qkhmlhck|h`ms

‡ Jxyeqsemsh|hvh|x-

‡ Kcu|e `q cjq`mhc kchl`shs-

‡ Qemkd lhsekse-

‡ C`moes|hve jekq| fkhduqe-



Yqecku|h`ms & _kqmhmos

‡ Hmchlemce `f dkc|hc kchl`shs hs veqx d`w wh|j

\jhs hs ykq|hcudkqdx hm yk|hem|s wh|j qemkd

lhsekse-

‡ Kdc`j`d gkx y`|em|hk|e effec|s `f ge|f`qghm

`m dkc|k|e ge|ka`dhsg-

‡ Jxyòdxceghk gkx `ccuq wjem usel ks k

c`gahmk|h`m |jeqkyx-



ODHGE\@YOdhgeyhqhle



ODHGE\@Y ODHGE\@Y hs km `qkd jxyòdxceghc kml

aed`mos |` cdkss `f lquos bm`wm ksSudf`mxduqek-

ODHGE\@Y hs k sec`ml oemeqk|h`m

sudf`mxduqek-



G`le `f Kc|h`m

‡ Ahmls wh|j sudf`mxduqek qecey|`qs *SUQ( kmlckuses cd`suqe `f K\Y semsh|hve B" cjkmmeds-

‡ \jhs dekls |` ley`dkqh~k|h`m `f cedd gegaqkme-

‡ V`d|koe leyemlem| Ck"" cjkmmeds `yem uy-

‡ Hmfduz `f ez|qkceddudkq Ck"" |qhooeqs qedekse `f hmsudhm-

O @ h d j d



ODHGE\@Y ckm s|hgudk|e |je qedekse

`f hmsudhm fq`g fumc|h`mkd ae|k cedds

G`le `f kc|h`m

‡ S`ge ez|qkykmcqek|hc effec| kds`$ |jk|

hs ODHGE\@Y kds` hmcqekses yeqhyjeqkd

hmsudhm semsh|hvh|x |` s`ge ez|em|-

‡ Gkn`q effec| hs lue |` s|hgudk|h`m `f

ae|k cedds



Yjkqgkc`bhme|hcs‡ S`ge kc|hve ge|ka`dh|es kqe yqesem|-

‡ Ezcqe|el hm feces-

‡ Edhghmk|h`m jkdf'dhfe hs 5 jùqs$ ckm hmcqekse |` 8jùqs kf|eq gud|hyde l`ses-

‡ M` shomhfhckm| lhffeqemces hm yjkqgkc`bhme|hcs`f edleqdx-



Yjkqgkc`lxmkghcs

‡ Shomhfhckm|dx hgyq`ves a`|j fhqs| kml sec`ml

yjkse `f hmsudhm secqe|h`m-

‡ S|hgudk|es hmsudhm yq`luc|h`m yqhgkqhdx kf|eq

gekds wjem oduc`se c`mcem|qk|h`ms kqe

jhojes|$ au| c`m|q`ds oduc`se |jqùojù| |je

lkx-

‡ Ckuses shomhfhckm| lecqekse hm sequg JaK;c deved-



Yjkqgkc`lxmkghcs

‡ Gkhm|khms gx`ckqlhkd yqec`mlh|h`mhmo-

‡ Ckuses shomhfhckm|dx dess jxyòdxceghk

c`gykqel |` odhaemcdkghle-

‡ Skfe hm qemkd fkhduqe yk|hem|s2 m` l`skoe

klnus|gem| hs qe{uhqel-



Hmlhck|h`ms‡ \qek|gem| `f |xye'1 lhkae|es geddh|us ks km

klnumc| |` lhe| kml ezeqchse

‡ Fhqs| lquo `f cj`hce hm dekm |xye'1 lhkae|hc

yk|hem|s

‡ C`gahmk|h`m |jeqkyx wh|j ge|f`qghm$

|jhk~`dhlhmelh`mes kml hmsudhm-



L`skoe‡ \je qec`ggemlel s|kq|hmo l`se hs ;'1 go

`mce lkhdx wh|j aqekbfks| `q |je fhqs| gkhm gekd-

‡Gkzhgug l`se hs : go- hf yk|hem|s l` m`|qesy`ml |` gkzhgug l`se$ kll ge|f`qghm-

‡ K||egy|s sjùdl ae gkle |` hlem|hfx |je

effec|hve l`se `f ekcj lquo-



Klveqse effec|s‡ Jxyòdxceghk

‡ V`gh|hmo$ oks|q`hm|es|hmkd ykhm & lhkqqjek

‡ Qkqe sbhm qekc|h`ms dhbe yquqh|us$ eqx|jegk$uq|hckqhk

‡ Koqkmud`cx|`shs$ |jq`ga`cx|`yemhk$ e|c



C`m|qkhmlhck|h`ms‡ Jxyeqsemsh|hvh|x-

_kqmhmos & Yqecku|h`ms

‡ Jxyòdxceghk gkx `ccuq-

‡ D`ss `f c`m|q`d `f ad``l oduc`se hs seemwjem yk|hem| hs ezy`sel |` s|qess$ hmfec|h`m`q suqoeqx-



‡ Sjùdl m`| ae usel hm yqeomkmcx$ muqshmo

g`|jeqs kml cjhdlqem-

Lquo Hm|eqkc|h`ms‡ Jxyòdxceghc kc|h`m hs y`|em|hk|el wh|j

MSKHL‘s$ skdhcxdk|es$ sudf`mkghles$

cjd`qkgyjemhc`d$ & ae|k ad`cbeqs-

‡ Lquos kqe |jhk~hles$ lhuqe|hcs$ c`q|hc`s|eq`hls$

yjem`|jhk~hmes$ |jxq`hl yq`luc|s$ es|qòems$

`qkd c`m|qkcey|hves$ mhc`|hmhc kchl gkx ckusejxyeqodxceghk



Klvkm|koe `veq Odhaemcdkghle

‡ D`weq qhsb `f jxyòdxceghk *lue |` {uhcbeq lhss`chk|h`m fq`g qecey|`qs(-

‡ Fks|eq `mse| `f kc|h`m *lue |` {uhcbeq ahmlhmo |` qecey|`qs(-

‡ Ae||eq yq`|ec|h`m luqhmo hscjeghk kml ae||eq gx`ckqlhkd yqec`mlh|h`mhmo$ jemce ae||eq

ckqlh`yq`|ec|hve effec|-‡ Dess ae|k cedd fk|houe *lue |` {uhcbeq

lhss`chk|h`m fq`g qecey|`qs$ jemce dess|h d |h (



s|hgudk|h`m(-

Klvkm|koe `veq

Odhyh~hle\je effhckcx `f Odhgeyhqhle hs shghdkq |`

|jk| `f odhyh~hle$ j`weveq$ odhgeyhqhleyq`lucel k g`qe qkyhl d`weqhmo `f fks|hmo ydksgk oduc`se deveds |jkmodhyh~hle-



Klvkm|koe `veq Odhcdk~hle

Hm cdhmhckd |qhkds effhckcx weqe shghdkq- J`weveq

Odhgeyhqhle jks k oemuhme `mce k lkx l`sec`gykqel |` odhcdk~hle wjhcj jks |` ae ohvemyqefeqkadx ahl-



@veqkdd Klvkm|koe `f

Odhgeyhqhle‡ Odhgeyhqhle hs qec`ggemlel ks `mce k lkx

|jeqkyx- _jeqeks kdd `|jeq sudf`mxduqeks kqeqec`ggemlel ks ahl k| jhojeq l`skoe-

‡ Odhgeyhqhle l` m`|$ k| deks| hm |je`qx$s|hgudk|e hmsudhm secqe|h`m hm |je yqesemce `f m`qgòdxceghk `q wjem |jeqe hs m` f``lhm|kbe-

‡ Odhgeyhqhle hs |je `mdx sudf`mxduqek wjhcj hsUSFLK kyyq`vel |` ae usel wh|j hmsudhm-

‡ Odhgeyhqhle kyyekqs |` y`ssess k oqek|eq



Odhgeyhqhle kyyekqs |` y`ssess k oqek|eq hmsudhm'sykqhmo yq`yeq|x |jkm `|jeq sudf`mxduqeks-

ODX\@Y'SQ



ODX\@Y'SQ

C@GY@SH\H@M

Ekcj |kade| c`m|khms >

Odhyh~hle 5 go;9 go hm k SQ f`qg

HMLHCK\H@MHMLHCK\H@M‡ \xye 1 Lhkae|es Geddh|us



ODX\@Y'SQ

QK\H@MKDE‡ D`moeq kc|hmo koem|s dhbe

odhaemcdkghle kqe effhckchùs au| jkve;( Jhojeq qk|es `f jxyòdxceghk

‡ Sj`q|eq kc|hmo koem|s dhbe hggelhk|eqedekse odhyh~hle kqe effhckchùs kmljkve d`w qhsb `f jxyòdxceghk au| jkve1 lhsklvkm|koes >

*h( L`shmo g`qe |jkm @L*hh( Oqek|eq ezcuqsh`ms hm ydksgk lquo

devedsQ f Sh L lh a | C ;88 19*<( 8



Qef > Shg`ms`m L$ lhkae|es Ckqe ;88?2 19*<(> 58?'

696-

_jk| hs |je gecjkmhsg `f

kc|h`m `f Odx|`y'SQ0‡ Dhbe `|jeq SUs$ s|hgudk|e hmsudhm

qedekse fq`g ykmcqek|hc ae|k ceddsax ad`cbhmo y`|ksshug cjkmmeds-

‡ Umdhbe `|jeq SUs$ ahmls kdg`s| |`

ykmcqek|hc B"

cjkmmeds *;<9bLK &65bLk yq`|ehm(



ODX\@Y'SQ

YJKQGKC@BHME\HCS

‡ \gkz > 6';1 j

‡ S|eklx s|k|e > 5|j lkx

6'? lkxs hm edleqdx

‡ Effec| f f``l > M`me

‡ Ge|ka`dhsg > Dhveq *89%(

‡ Ezcqe|h`m > Uqhme kml feces



Ezcqe|h`m > Uqhme kml feces

ODX\@Y'SQ

L@SKOEHmh|hkd

M` fhzel l`skoe qeohgem

Qec`ggemlel s|kq|hmo l`se > 5go @L wh|j aqekbfks|

Gkzhgug > 19go @L

Swh|cj fq`g c`mvem|h`mkd Odhyh~hle

Mekqes| e{uhvkdem| l`se

Swh|cj fq`g `|jeq SUs

S|kq| wh|j 5go @L

\xye 1 LG Yk|hem|s `m Hmsudhm

419 umh|s ' lhsc`m|hmue hmsudhm$ s|kq| wh|j 5go @L Odx|`y'

SQ

19 h Q l h dh l a 9% l



=19 umh|s 'Qeluce hmsudhm l`skoe ax 59% kml s|kq|

5go@L Odx|`y'SQ-

C@GYE\H\H@Mvs- C`mvem|h`mkd Odhyh~hle

;- Suyeqh`q hm d`weqhmo FAO

1- Dess yekb |` |qùoj

fduc|uk|h`ms

3- Hmchlemce `f jxyòdxceghk

c`gykqkade

ODX\@Y'SQ



ODX\@Y'SQ

C@GYE\H\H@M

vs- Odhaemcdkghle

;- Desseq qhsb `f jxyòdxceghk

1- E{uheffec|hve

3- D`weq C'yey|hle

c`mcem|qk|h`ms



USYs

‡ G`s| fqe{uem|dx usel sudf`mxduqek hm US

*Sbxdeq NS$ Gelhckd Cdhmhcs `f M- Kgeqhck

;88:(

‡ Y`|em| kml qkyhl kc|hmo ' YYAO c`m|q`d‡ 1< jùq effec| ' M`c|uqmkd kml FAO c`m|q`d

‡ Ae||eq |jkm HQ Odhyh~hle wh|j qesyec| |` >

' FAS c`m|q`d

' Ydksgk hmsudhm

‡ M` effec| `m dhyhl yq`fhde$ a`lx wehoj| kml

ezeqchse hmlucel jxyòdxceghk

ODX\@Y'SQ



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