Alvar aalto

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8 MASTER ARCHITECTS DEFINED AND APPLIED ARCHITECTURE

AALLVVAARR AAAALLTTOO

1. BIOGRAPHY :

Born : Hugo Alvar Henrik

Aalto February 1898 Kuortane,

Finland.

Death : 11 May 1976 (aged 78)

Helsinki, Finland.

Nationality :Finnish.

Awards : RIBA Gold

Medal,AIA Gold Medal.

Buildings : Paimio

Sanatorium Saynatsalo Town

Hall,Viipuri Library,Villa

Mairea,Baker House, Finlandia

Hal.

Projects :Helsinki City Centre.

Design : Savoy Vase, Paimio

Chair.

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8 MASTER ARCHITECTS DEFINED AND APPLIED ARCHITECTURE

2. PHILOSOPHY :

His design philosophy was

influenced by nature and organic

materials, unlike other furniture of

the same period with materials as

tubular steel, which were quite

modern at the time.

Designed vases with curvilinear

bases and straight sides for Savoy

Restaurant – Turku in 1937 which

produced in Iittala glass works.

With his innovative designs and

natural forms he changed the

course of design towards organic

Modernism.

His ideas had a strong influence on

designers of the period such as

Charles and Ray Eames.

The beauty of his work is hidden in

his design approach of

Functionalism but with a strong

connection to the organic

relationship between man, nature

and buildings. He coordinated

those three components and created

a synthesis of life in materialized

form

Architects quotes

“We should concentrate our

work not only to a separate

housing problem but housing

involved in our daily work and all

the other functions of the city.”

The very essence of

architecture consists of a

variety and development

reminiscent of natural organic

life. This is the only true style in

architecture.

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8 MASTER ARCHITECTS DEFINED AND APPLIED ARCHITECTURE

3. CAREER:

Although he is sometimes regarded as

among the first and most influential

architects of Nordic modernism, a closer

examination of the historical facts reveals

that Aalto (while a pioneer in Finland)

closely followed and had personal contacts

with other pioneers in Sweden, in

particular Gunnar Asplund and Sven

Markelius. What they and many others of

that generation in the Nordic countries had

in common was that they started off from a

classical education and were first

designing in the so-called Nordic

Classicism style – a style that had been a

reaction to the previous dominant style of

National Romanticism– before moving, in

the late 1920s, towards Modernism. On

returning to Jyvaskyla in 1923 to establish

his own architect's office, Aalto busied

himself with a number of single-family

homes, all designed in the classical style,

such as the manor-like house for his

mother's cousin Terho Manner in Toysa in

1923, a summer villa for the Jyvaskyla

chief constable in 1923 and the Alatalo

farmhouse in Tarvaala in 1924. During this

period he also completed his first public

buildings, the Jyvaskyla Workers' Club in

1925, the Jyvaskyla Defence Corps

building in 1926 and the Seinajoki

Defence Corp building in 1924-29. Aalto

also entered several architectural

competitions for prestigious state public

buildings, both in Finland and abroad,

including the two competitions for the

Finnish Parliamentary building in 1923

and 1924, the extension to the University

of Helsinki in 1931, and the building to

house the League of Nations in Geneva,

Switzerland, in 1926-27. Furthermore, this

was the period when Aalto was most

prolific in his writings, with articles for

professional journals and newspapers.

Among his most well-known essays from

this period are "Urban culture" 1924),

"Temple baths on Jyvaskyla ridge" (1925),

"Abbe Coignard's sermon" (1925), and "

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8 MASTER ARCHITECTS DEFINED AND APPLIED ARCHITECTURE

EXAMPLE:

CAMPUS ARCHITECTURE IN

OTANIEMI:

After the World War II, the Aalto

University School of Science and

Technology facilities in Hietalahti,

Helsinki had become far too crowded, and

in 1949, following the School of Science

and Technology initiative, the State

decided to buy land in the Otaniemi in

order to build a new campus, for which the

renowned Finnish architect Alvar Aalto

made a general plan.

In Otaniemi, areas were designated for the

buildings of VTT Technical Research

Centre of Finland and the School of

Science and Technology, for student and

personnel housing as well as for leisure

activities for students. The first thing to be

built was Teekkarikyla, (the housing

‘village’ of the student union of the School

of Science and Technology), which also

served as accommodation for athletes

during the 1952 Helsinki Olympics.

The main building of the School of

Science and Technology was completed in

1965 (Alvar Aalto) and the main library in

1969 (Alvar Aalto). Dipoli, the building of

the Student union (TKY) was finished in

1966 (Reima Pietila and Raili Paatelainen,

later Pietila). In addition, a chapel was

built in the village in 1957 (Heikki and

Kaija Siren).

Campus architecture in Otaniemi

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8 MASTER ARCHITECTS DEFINED AND APPLIED ARCHITECTURE

Charles correa

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8 MASTER ARCHITECTS DEFINED AND APPLIED ARCHITECTURE

CCHHAARRLLEESS CCOORRRREEAA

1. BIOGRAPHY :

Born: September 1, 1930 (age 83)

Secunderabad, India.

Nationality: Indian.

Alma mate: University of

Michigan.

Education: Jawahar Kala

Kendra, National Crafts Museum,

Bharat Bhavan.

Awards: Padma Vibhushan,

Royal Gold Medal.

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8 MASTER ARCHITECTS DEFINED AND APPLIED ARCHITECTURE

2.PHILOSOPHY :

The relationship between Correa's

architecture and its local context, in

terms of climate, culture and

materiality, is emphasised in the

show.

It conveys the fact that this is what

Correa is celebrated for; and it is

central to him being hailed as

India's Greatest Architect.

Yet despite Correa's critical

acclaim, these facets of his work

find few comparisons among

architects working in India now.

In Indian architecture today, we

mainly see enclosed, gated

communities and skyscrapers that

produce self-contained

environments.

We also see a movement towards a

globalised, far from locally

determined aesthetic.

These hallmarks of urban

architecture in contemporary India

are the antithesis of the work

displayed in Correa's retrospective.

They are entirely remote from his

philosophy for urban design and

architecture Correa propagated in

his collection of writings The New

Landscape (1985).

Architects quotes

For our habitat is not created in

vacuum – it is the compulsive

expression of beliefs and aspirations

(implicit & explicit) that are central to

our lives.

The complex and

ambiguous relationship between

man and nature is central to

Indian architecture

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8 MASTER ARCHITECTS DEFINED AND APPLIED ARCHITECTURE

2. CAREER :

Charles Correa is a major figure in

contemporary architecture around the

world. With his extraordinary and

inspiring designs, he has played a pivotal

role in the creation of an architecture for

post-Independence India. All of his work -

from the carefully detailed memorial

Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Museum at

the Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad to

Kanchanjunga Apartment tower in

Mumbai, the Jawahar Kala Kendra in

Jaipur, the planning of Navi Mumbai,

MIT'S Brain and Cognitive Sciences

Centre in Boston, and most recently, the

Champalimad Centre for the Unknown in

Lisbon, places special emphasis on

prevailing resources, energy and climate as

major determinants in the ordering of

space.

His first important project was "Mahatma

Gandhi Sangrahalaya" (Mahatma Gandhi

Memorial) at Sabarmati Ashram in

Ahmedabad (1958-1963),then in 1967 he

designed the Madhya Pradesh Legislative

Assembly in Bhopal. He also designed the

distinctive buildings of National Crafts

Museum, New Delhi (1975–1990), Bharat

Bhavan, Bhopal (1982), Jawahar Kala

Kendra (Jawahar Arts Centre), in Jaipur,

Rajasthan (1986-1992), British Council,

Delhi, (1987–92) the McGovern Institute

for Brain Research at MIT, Boston (2000-

2005), and the Champalimaud Centre for

The Unknown in Lisbon, Portugal (2007-

2010).From 1970-75, he was Chief

Architect for New Bombay (Navi

Mumbai), an urban growth center of 2

million people, across the harbor from the

existing city of Mumbai, here along with

Shirish Patel and Pravina Mehta he was

involved in extensive urban planning of

the new city.

1CHAMPLIMAUD CENTRE

2LIC BUILDING

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8 MASTER ARCHITECTS DEFINED AND APPLIED ARCHITECTURE

3. EXAMPLE :

KANCHANJUNGA APARTMENTS :

Correa’s penchant for sectional

displacement accompanied where

appropriate by changes in the floor

surface, is at its most elaborate in the 28-

story, Kanchanjunga apartments completed

in Bombay. Here Correa pushed his

capacity for ingenious cellular planning to

the limit, as is evident from the interlock

of the one and a half story, split-level, 3

and 4 bedroom units with the two and half

story 5 and 6 bedroom units. Smaller

displacements of level were critical in this

work in that they differentiated between

the external earth filled terraces and the

internal elevated living volumes. These

subtle shifts enabled Correa to effectively

shield these high rise units from the effect

of the both th

3SKETCH OF KANCHANJUNGA APARTMENT

e sun and monsoon rains. This was largely

achieved

by

providing

the tower

with

relatively

deep,

garden

verandahs,

suspended

in the air.

Clearly

such an arrangement had its precedent in

the cross-over units of Le Corbusier’s Unit

habitation built at Marseilles in 1952,

although here in Bombay the sectional

provision was achieved without resorting

to the extreme of differentiating between

up and down-going units. Whole structure

is made of reinforced concrete. The

building is a 32-storeyed reinforced

concrete structure with 6.3m cantilevered

open terraces. The central core houses lifts

and other services also provides the main

structural element for resisting lateral

loads. The central core was constructed

ahead of the main structure by slip method

of construction. This technique was used

for the first time in India for a multi-

4 MACRO CLIMATE ANALYSIS

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8 MASTER ARCHITECTS DEFINED AND APPLIED ARCHITECTURE

storeyed building. With its concrete

construction and large areas of white

panels, bears a strong resemblance to

modern apartment buildings in the West.

However, the garden terraces of

Kanchanjunga Apartments are actually a

modern interpretation of a feature of the

traditional Indian bungalow: the verandah.

In a bungalow, the verandah wraps the

main living area.

4.WORK DONE :

Mahatma Gandhi Memorial) at Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad (1958-1963).

Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly in Bhopal,1967.

Bharat Bhavan, Bhopal (1982).

LIC building, at Connaught Place, New Delhi, designed by Charles Correa, 1986.

National Crafts Museum, New Delhi (1975–1990).

Jawahar Arts Centre, in Jaipur, Rajasthan (1986-1992).

British Council, Delhi, (1987–92).

McGovern Institute for Brain Research at MIT, Boston (2000-2005).

Champalimaud Centre for The Unknown in Lisbon, Portugal (2007-2010).

5.AWARDS :

RIBA Royal Gold Medal - 1984.

Padma Vibhushan (2006) and Padma Shri (1972).

Praemium Imperiale (1994).

7th Aga Khan Award for Architecture for Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly

(1998).

Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (2005).

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8 MASTER ARCHITECTS DEFINED AND APPLIED ARCHITECTURE

5 ISMAILI CENTRE TORONTO 6 ISMAILI CENTRE TORONTO

7 LIC BUILDING DELHI

8 GANDHI ASHRAM GUJARAT 9.JAWAHAR KALA KENDRA

10. KANCHANJUNGA APARTMENTS

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8 MASTER ARCHITECTS DEFINED AND APPLIED ARCHITECTURE

F.L.WRIGHT

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8 MASTER ARCHITECTS DEFINED AND APPLIED ARCHITECTURE

FFRRAANNKK LLYYOODD WWRRIIGGHHTT

1. BIOGRAPHY :

Born: Frank Lincoln Wright

June 8, 1867 Richland

Center,Wisconsin.

Death :April 9, 1959 (aged 91)

Phoenix, Arizona.

Nationality: American.

Education:Polytechnic University

of Valencia,Swiss Federal Institute

of Technology.

Buildings : Falling water,

Solomon R. Guggenheim

Museum,Johnson Wax

Headquarters,Taliesin,Taliesin West,Robie

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8 MASTER ARCHITECTS DEFINED AND APPLIED ARCHITECTURE

2.PHILOSOPHY :

For Wright, design and form

acquired a symbolic meaning.

Architecture can embody

"picturesque" qualities that

harmonize with the environment.

Architectural beauty is seen as a

reflection of the harmony that

manifests from the integration of

design, plan, form and materials.

This is Wright's "organic" approach

to design.

Architectural beauty is a natural

outcome of the clear design plan of

simple and harmonious

relationships.

ARCHITECTURAL

QUOTES

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8 MASTER ARCHITECTS DEFINED AND APPLIED ARCHITECTURE

3.CAREER :

Frank Lloyd Wright (born Frank Lincoln

Wright, June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was

an American architect, interior designer,

writer and educator, who designed more

than 1000 structures and completed 532

works. Wright believed in designing

structures which were in harmony with

humanity and its environment, a

philosophy he called organic architecture.

This philosophy was best exemplified by

his design for Fallingwater (1935), which

has been called "the best all-time work of

American architecture". Wright was a

leader of the Prairie School movement of

architecture and developed the concept of

the Usonian home, his unique vision for

urban planning in the United States.

His work includes original and

innovative examples of many different

building types, including offices, churches,

schools, skyscrapers, hotels, and museums.

Wright also designed many of the interior

elements of his buildings, such as the

furniture and stained glass. Wright

authored 20 books and many articles and

was a popular lecturer in the United States

and in Europe. His colorful personal life

often made headlines, most notably for the

1914 fire and murders at his Taliesin

studio. Already well known during his

lifetime, Wright was recognized in 1991

by the American Institute of Architects as

"the greatest American architect of all

time."

.

ROBIE HOUSE GUGENHEIM MUSUEM

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8 MASTER ARCHITECTS DEFINED AND APPLIED ARCHITECTURE

4.EXAMPLE :

FALLING WATER :

Falling water or Kaufmann

Residence is a house designed by architect

Frank Lloyd Wright in 1935 in rural

southwestern Pennsylvania, 43 miles

(69 km) southeast of Pittsburgh. The home

was built partly over a waterfall on Bear

Run in the Mill Run section of Stewart

Township, Fayette County, Pennsylvania,

in the Laurel Highlands of the Allegheny

Mountains

.

Hailed by Time shortly after its

completion as Wright's "most beautiful

job", it is listed among Smithsonian's Life

List of 28 places "to visit before you die."

It was designated a National Historic

Landmark in 1966. In 1991, members of

the American Institute of Architects named

the housEthe "best all-time work of

American architecture" and in 2007, it was

ranked twenty-ninth on the list of

America's Favorite Architecture according

to the AIA.

Falling water was the family's weekend

home from 1937 to 1963. In 1963,

Kaufmann, Jr. donated the property to the

Western Pennsylvania Conservancy. In

1964, it was opened to the public as a

museum. Nearly six million people have

visited the house as of January 2008.

Despite its

location in a remote corner of

Pennsylvania, the house (according to the

informational pamphlet distributed on the

grounds) hosts more than 150,000 visitors

each year.

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8 MASTER ARCHITECTS DEFINED AND APPLIED ARCHITECTURE

5.WORK DONE :

Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church, Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, 1956–1961.

Beth Sholom Synagogue, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania, 1954.

Falling water (Edgar J. Kaufmann Sr. Residence), Bear Run, Pennsylvania, 1935–

1937.

First Unitarian Society of Madison, Shorewood Hills, Wisconsin, 1947.

Frank Lloyd Wright Home and Studio,

Oak Park, Illinois, 1889–1909.

Gammage Auditorium, Tempe, Arizona, 1959–1964.

Graycliff. Buffalo, New York, 1926.

First Jacobs House, 1936–1937.

Imperial Hotel, Tokyo, Japan, 1923.

Johnson Wax Headquarters, Racine, Wisconsin, 1936.

Larkin Administration Building, Buffalo, New York, 1903.

Marin County Civic Center, San Rafael, California, 1957–1966.

Midway Gardens, Chicago, Illinois, 1913.

Robei House Chicago Annie Pfeiffer Chapel (1941)

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8 MASTER ARCHITECTS DEFINED AND APPLIED ARCHITECTURE

FAMOUS BUILDINGS:

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8 MASTER ARCHITECTS DEFINED AND APPLIED ARCHITECTURE

LE CORBUSIER

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8 MASTER ARCHITECTS DEFINED AND APPLIED ARCHITECTURE

LLEE -- CCOORRBBUUSSIIEERR

1.BIOGRAPHY :

Born: Charles-Édouard

JeanneretOctober 6, 1887

La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland.

Dead: August 27, 1965

(aged 77)

Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, France.

Nationality : Swiss / French.

Awards: AIA Gold Medal

(1961).

Buildings: Villa Savoye,

Poissy,

Villa La Roche, Paris,

Unité d'Habitation, Marseille,

Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp,

Buildings in Chandigarh, India.

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8 MASTER ARCHITECTS DEFINED AND APPLIED ARCHITECTURE

2.PHILOSOPHY :

The pilotis elevating the mass off

the ground.

The free plan , achieved through

the separation of the load-bearing

column the walls subdividing the

space.

The free façade , the corollary of

the free plan in the vertical plane.

The long horizontal sliding

window.

The roof garden , restoring ,

supposedly , the area of ground

covered by the house.

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8 MASTER ARCHITECTS DEFINED AND APPLIED ARCHITECTURE

2. CAREER:

Le Corbusier taught at his old school in

La-Chaux-de-Fonds during World War I,

not returning to Paris until the war was

over. During these four years in

Switzerland, he worked on theoretical

architectural studies using modern

techniques. Among these was his project

for the Domino House (1914–15). This

model proposed an open floor plan

consisting of concrete slabs supported by a

minimal number of thin, reinforced

concrete columns around the edges, with a

stairway providing access to each level on

one side of the floor plan.

This design became the foundation for

most of his architecture over the next ten

years. Soon he began his own architectural

practice with his cousin, Pierre Jeanneret

(1896

-1967),a partnership that would last until

the 1950s, with an interruption in the

World War II years, due to Le Corbusier's

ambivalent position towards the Vichy

regime.

In 1918, Le Corbusier met the Cubist

painter Amedee Ozenfant, in whom he

recognised a kindred spirit. Ozenfant

encouraged him to paint, and the two

began a period of collaboration. Rejecting

Cubism as irrational and "romantic", the

pair jointly published their manifesto,

Apres le cubisme, and established a new

artistic movement, Purism. Ozenfant and

Le Corbusier established the Purist journal

L'Esprit nouveau. He was good friends

with the Cubist artist Fernand Leger.

Church of Saint-Pierre, Firminy, France. Secretariat building, Chandigarh,

India.

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8 MASTER ARCHITECTS DEFINED AND APPLIED ARCHITECTURE

4.EXAMPLE :

VILLA SAVOYE :

It was Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye (1929–31) that most succinctly summed up the five points

of architecture that he had elucidated in L'Esprit Nouveau and the book Vers une architecture,

which he had been developing throughout the 1920s. First, Le Corbusier lifted the bulk of the

structure off the ground, supporting it by pilotis, reinforced concrete stilts. These pilotis, in

providing the structural support for the house, allowed him to elucidate his next two points: a

free facade, meaning non-supporting walls that could be designed as the architect wished, and

an open floor plan, meaning that the floor space was free to be configured into rooms without

concern for supporting walls. The second floor of the Villa Savoye includes long strips of

ribbon windows that allow unencumbered views of the large surrounding yard, and which

constitute the fourth point of his system. The fifth point was the roof garden to compensate

for the green area consumed by the building and replacing it on the roof. A ramp rising from

ground level to the third-floor roof terrace allows for an architectural promenade through the

structure. The white tubular railing recalls the industrial "ocean-liner" aesthetic that Le

Corbusier much admired. As if to put an exclamation mark after Le Corbusier's homage to

modern industry, the driveway around the ground floor, with its semicircular path, measures

the exact turning radius of a 1927 Citroën automobile.

Villa Savoye

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8 MASTER ARCHITECTS DEFINED AND APPLIED ARCHITECTURE

4.WORK DONE :

1923: Villa La Roche, Paris.

1925: Villa Jeanneret, Paris.

1928: Villa Savoye, Poissy-sur-Seine, France.

1931: Palace of the Soviets, Moscow, USSR (project).

1949–1952: United Nations headquarters, New York City (Consultant)

1950–1954: Chapelle Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp, France.

1951: Sanskar Kendra Museum, Ahmedabad.

1951: ATMA House.

1951: Villa Sarabhai, Ahmedabad.

1951: Villa Shodhan, Ahmedabad.

1952: Unite d'Habitation of Nantes-Reze, Nantes, France.

1952: Palace of Justice.

1952: Museum and Gallery of Art.

1953: Secretariat Building.

1953: Governor's Palace.

1955: Palace of Assembly.

1959: Government College of Art (GCA) and the Chandigarh College of

Architecture(CCA).

1967: Heidi Weber Museum (Centre Le Corbusier), Zurich, Switzerland.