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Massachusetts State Energy Profile

Massachusetts Quick FactsMassachusetts hosts three liquefied natural gas import terminals. Only one has received imports since 2010, and ittypically supplies about 20% of New England’s demand for natural gas; all other natural gas comes by pipeline. One of the nation’s two Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserves storage sites, which are intended to cushion theeffects of disruptions in the supply of home heating oil, is located in Revere, Massachusetts.Massachusetts generated 63% of its electricity from natural gas and 12% from coal in 2013. In 2013, 9.3% of Massachusetts’ net electricity generation came from renewable energy resources, primarily frombiomass and hydroelectricity.Massachusetts is the site of the first federally approved proposed offshore wind project, Cape Wind, and is workingto open more offshore areas for wind. Compared to the U.S. average, a greater proportion of Massachusetts residents (31 percent) use fuel oil as theirmain space heating fuel and a much smaller proportion of residents (10 percent) use electricity, according to EIA'sResidential Energy Consumption Survey.

Last Updated: March 27, 2014

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Massachusetts Energy Consumption Estimates, 2012

Coal

Natural Gas

Motor Gasoline excl. Ethanol

Distillate Fuel Oil

Jet Fuel

LPG

Residual Fuel

Other Petroleum

Nuclear Electric Power

Hydroelectric Power

Biomass

Other Renewables

Net Interstate Flow of Electricity0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Trillion Btu

Source: Energy Information Administration, State Energy Data System

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DataLast Update: November 20, 2014 | Next Update: December 18, 2014

Energy Indicators

Demography Massachusetts Share of U.S. Period

Population 6.7 million 2.1% 2013

Civilian Labor Force 3.5 million 2.3% Sep-14

Economy Massachusetts U.S. Rank Period

Gross DomesticProduct

$ 431.9 billion 12 2012

Gross DomesticProduct for theManufacturing Sector

$ 44,390 million 17 2012

Per Capita PersonalIncome

$ 56,923 4 2013

Vehicle Miles Traveled 55,940 million miles 22 2012

Land in Farms 0.5 million acres 46 2012

Prices

Petroleum Massachusetts U.S. Average Period find more

Domestic Crude OilFirst Purchase

-- $ 90.66 /barrel Aug-14

Natural Gas Massachusetts U.S. Average Period find more

City Gate $ 9.22 /thousand cu ft $ 5.30 /thousand cu ft Aug-14 find more

Residential $ 16.23 /thousand cu ft $ 17.39 /thousand cu ft Aug-14 find more

Coal Massachusetts U.S. Average Period find more

Average Sales Price -- $ 39.95 /short ton 2012

Delivered to ElectricPower Sector

W $ 2.36 /million Btu Aug-14

Electricity Massachusetts U.S. Average Period find more

Residential 17.69 cents/kWh 13.01 cents/kWh Aug-14 find more

Commercial 14.76 cents/kWh 11.07 cents/kWh Aug-14 find more

Industrial 12.60 cents/kWh 7.38 cents/kWh Aug-14 find more

Reserves & Supply

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Reserves Massachusetts Share of U.S. Period find more

Crude Oil -- -- 2012 find more

Dry Natural Gas -- -- 2012 find more

Expected FutureProduction of NaturalGas Plant Liquids

-- -- 2012 find more

Recoverable Coal atProducing Mines

-- -- 2012 find more

Rotary Rigs & Wells Massachusetts Share of U.S. Period find more

Rotary Rigs inOperation

0 rigs 0.0% 2013

Natural Gas ProducingWells

-- -- 2013 find more

Production Massachusetts Share of U.S. Period find more

Total Energy 128 trillion Btu 0.2% 2012 find more

Crude Oil -- -- Aug-14 find more

Natural Gas - Marketed -- -- 2013 find more

Coal -- -- 2012 find more

Capacity Massachusetts Share of U.S. Period

Crude Oil RefineryCapacity (as of Jan. 1)

-- -- 2014

Electric Power IndustryNet Summer Capacity

13,180 MW 1.2% Aug-14

Net ElectricityGeneration

Massachusetts Share of U.S. Period find more

Total Net ElectricityGeneration

2,940 thousand MWh 0.8% Aug-14

Net ElectricityGeneration (share oftotal)

Massachusetts U.S. Average Period

Petroleum-Fired 0.5 % 0.3 % Aug-14 find more

Natural Gas-Fired 74.3 % 31.6 % Aug-14 find more

Coal-Fired 1.4 % 38.9 % Aug-14 find more

Nuclear 14.5 % 18.5 % Aug-14 find more

Hydroelectric 2.6 % 5.2 % Aug-14 find more

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Other Renewables 5.4 % 4.9 % Aug-14

Stocks Massachusetts Share of U.S. Period find more

Motor Gasoline(Excludes Pipelines)

9 thousand barrels * Aug-14

Distillate Fuel Oil(Excludes Pipelines)

1,489 thousand barrels 1.5% Aug-14 find more

Natural Gas inUnderground Storage

-- -- Aug-14 find more

Petroleum Stocks atElectric PowerProducers

1,155 thousand barrels 4.1% Aug-14 find more

Coal Stocks at ElectricPower Producers

W W Aug-14 find more

Production Facilities Massachusetts

Major Coal Mines None find more

Petroleum Refineries None find more

Major Non-NuclearElectricity GeneratingPlants

Mystic Generating Station (Boston Generating LLC) ; Canal (MirantCanal LLC) ; Brayton Point (Dominion Energy New England, LLC) ;Stony Brook (Massachusetts Mun Wholes Electric Co) ; NorthfieldMountain (FirstLight Power Resources Services LLC)

Nuclear Power Plants Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station (Entergy Nuclear Generation Co) find more

Distribution & Marketing

Distribution Centers Massachusetts

Petroleum Ports Boston. find more

Natural Gas MarketHubs

None

Major Pipelines Massachusetts find more

Crude Oil None

Petroleum Product Exxon Mobil, Buckeye Partners

Natural Gas Liquids None

Interstate Natural GasPipelines

Algonquin Gas Transmission Co., Maritimes/Northeast Pipeline Co.,Tennessee Gas Pipeline Co.

Fueling Stations Massachusetts Share of U.S. Period

Motor Gasoline 2,025 stations 1.8% 2011

Liquefied PetroleumGases

20 stations 0.7% 2013

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Compressed NaturalGas

20 stations 1.7% 2013

Ethanol 8 stations 0.3% 2013

Other Alternative Fuels 421 stations 2.6% 2013

Consumption & Expenditures

Summary Massachusetts U.S. Rank Period

Total Consumption 1,386 trillion Btu 28 2012 find more

Total Consumption perCapita

209 million Btu 45 2012 find more

Total Expenditures $ 26,317 million 17 2012 find more

Total Expenditures perCapita

$ 3,960 38 2012 find more

by End-Use Sector Massachusetts Share of U.S. Period

Consumption

» Residential 409 trillion Btu 2.1% 2012 find more

» Commercial 270 trillion Btu 1.6% 2012 find more

» Industrial 257 trillion Btu 0.8% 2012 find more

» Transportation 450 trillion Btu 1.7% 2012 find more

Expenditures

» Residential $ 6,828 million 2.9% 2012 find more

» Commercial $ 3,679 million 2.1% 2012 find more

» Industrial $ 3,112 million 1.4% 2012 find more

» Transportation $ 12,698 million 1.8% 2012 find more

by Source Massachusetts Share of U.S. Period

Consumption

» Petroleum 103.2 million barrels 1.5% 2012 find more

» Natural Gas 416.4 billion cu ft 1.6% 2012 find more

» Coal 1.0 million short tons 0.1% 2012 find more

Expenditures

» Petroleum $ 15,851 million 1.8% 2012 find more

» Natural Gas $ 3,408 million 2.6% 2012 find more

» Coal $ 90 million 0.2% 2012 find more

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Consumption forElectricity Generation

Massachusetts Share of U.S. Period find more

Petroleum 25 thousand barrels 1.4% Aug-14 find more

Natural Gas 16,775 million cu ft 1.8% Aug-14 find more

Coal 21 thousand short tons * Aug-14 find more

Energy Source Usedfor Home Heating(share of households)

Massachusetts U.S. Average Period

Natural Gas 49.9 % 48.3 % 2013

Fuel Oil 29.2 % 5.5 % 2013

Electricity 14.6 % 37.4 % 2013

Liquefied PetroleumGases

3.2 % 4.8 % 2013

Other/None 3.0 % 3.9 % 2013

Environment

Special Programs Massachusetts find more

Clean Cities Coalitions Massachusetts Clean Cities Coalition

Alternative Fuels Massachusetts Share of U.S. Period find more

Alternative FueledVehicles in Use

11,161 vehicles 0.9% 2011 find more

Ethanol PlantOperating Capacity

0 million gal/year 0.0% 2014 find more

Ethanol Consumption 6,625 thousand barrels 2.2% 2012 find more

Total Emissions Massachusetts Share of U.S. Period find more

Carbon Dioxide 66.0 million metric tons 1.2% 2011

Electric PowerIndustry Emissions

Massachusetts Share of U.S. Period find more

Carbon Dioxide 14,346,389 metric tons 0.7% 2012

Sulfur Dioxide 14,894 metric tons 0.4% 2012

Nitrogen Oxide 13,873 metric tons 0.6% 2012

AnalysisLast Updated: December 18, 2013

Overview

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Massachusetts is among the most densely populated states in the nation andhome to more than two of every five New England residents. However, thepopulation is concentrated in the east, near Boston, and half of the state's landremains forested. The state rises from the coastal marshes of Cape Cod on theeast to the fringes of the Taconic, Green and White Mountains to the north andwest. Precipitation is equally distributed over the four seasons, and even coastalareas can get heavy snows. The ocean-moderated climate to the east helps makeMassachusetts the nation's second largest grower of cranberries, while the westernhills thrive on wood products and tourism.

Per capita energy consumption is low, in part because of aggressive stateefficiency programs and the Massachusetts economy's reliance on less energy-intensive industries such as financial services, information technology, health care,and clean energy technologies. Industrial consumption of energy is typically in the lower one-third nationally. Thetransportation and residential sectors lead state energy consumption.

PetroleumThe Port of Boston, the oldest continuously active port in the nation, has petroleum product terminals that supply most ofMassachusetts's oil demand. Massachusetts does not produce or refine petroleum. Refined products are transported toBoston Harbor by ship or barge, mainly from East and Gulf Coast refineries, Canada, and Europe for redistribution inland.In addition, two small-capacity product pipelines run from ports in Connecticut and Rhode Island to Springfield in centralMassachusetts.

Massachusetts is one of a handful of states that require the statewide use of reformulated motor gasoline blended withethanol to limit ozone formation. One in three Massachusetts homes is heated primarily with fuel oil, making the state, likemuch of New England, vulnerable to distillate fuel oil shortages and price spikes during the winter months.

In early 2000, heating oil prices rose sharply when extreme weather increased demand while frozen rivers hindereddelivery of new supply. That year, the Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve was created to cushion against a futureshortage. In 2011, the U.S. Department of Energy converted the reserve to ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD) to correspondwith decisions by several northeastern states to begin requiring ULSD for heating. Massachusetts will phase in ULSDbetween 2014 and 2018. One of the new reserves, with half a million barrels, is in Revere. The other, of equal size, is inGroton, Connecticut.

Natural gasMassachusetts produces no natural gas but consumes half of the natural gas used in New England. Electric powergenerators and the residential sector are the state's leading consumers of natural gas. Massachusetts receives itssupplies by pipeline from other states and Canada, and by ship as liquefied natural gas (LNG), mainly from the Caribbeanand the Middle East. Pipelines entering the state from New York and Rhode Island bring natural gas from the U.S. Gulfand Pennsylvania. A pipeline from Maine through New Hampshire brings in Canadian gas.

Massachusetts has the only LNG import terminals in New England, at Everett onBoston Harbor and offshore from Gloucester. Together with the Canaport LNGterminal in St. John, New Brunswick, which sends natural gas south by pipeline,the terminals typically deliver about one-fourth of New England's natural gassupply. With U.S. natural gas prices low in 2011 and 2012, LNG deliveries werelargely limited to contract deliveries at Everett and Canaport. Massachusetts

State efficiencyprograms helpmakeMassachusettsamong the leastenergy-intensivestates.

Massachusettshas NewEngland's onlyoperating LNG

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typically transmits natural gas by pipeline to other New England states during theyear, but it is a net exporter only to Connecticut.

About half of Massachusetts households rely on natural gas as their primaryenergy source for home heating. Because of the difference in cost between naturalgas and fuel oil, increasing numbers of homeowners have been switching to natural gas. Like other New England states,Massachusetts has no natural gas storage and depends on storage capacity in New York, Pennsylvania, West Virginia,and Ohio to meet peak winter demand. As increasing amounts of natural gas are used for electricity generation inMassachusetts and New England-wide, assurance of natural gas supply is becoming a critical strategic energy issue forthe region.

CoalLike other New England states, Massachusetts is gradually generating less electricity from coal, dropping from about one-fourth of net generation in years past to about one-tenth recently. With no active coal mining, Massachusetts obtains all ofits coal either from foreign suppliers by ocean vessel or from West Virginia and Kentucky by rail.

Massachusetts has three operational coal-fired generating plants. Owners of the Salem Harbor plant, north of Boston, planto repower it with natural gas after 2014, and owners of the Brayton Point plant, on the coast at Somerset, say it will beshut permanently in 2017. The remaining coal-fired plant is near Holyoke in the state's center. Small industrial coal-firedplants also generate power for two manufacturing complexes in Worcester and Springfield.

ElectricityNatural gas has become the dominant fuel for Massachusetts electricity, producingtwo-thirds of net generation. At the turn of the century, as much as half of thestate's net electric generation came from coal and petroleum. Now, almost nopetroleum is used, and coal has dropped to around one-tenth of net generation.Nearly one-third of the state's generating capacity is still either petroleum- or coal-fired, and, on peak summer days, the New England grid may use petroleum andcoal resources to meet nearly one-fourth of its needs, raising reliability concerns asthose resources are shut down.

As in other New England states, the switch to natural gas in Massachusetts hasbeen driven by its recent low cost compared to both coal and petroleum. Virtuallyall new non-renewable electricity generation being planned in Massachusettswould be fueled by natural gas. Massachusetts also typically gets more than one-eighth of its net electricity generation from the Pilgrim nuclear power plant inPlymouth on Cape Cod Bay.

Massachusetts has been part of the Independent System Operator-New England (ISO-NE) regional electricity marketsince 1999. Nearly all state net electricity generation comes from independent power producers. The state uses moreelectricity than it generates. Per capita residential electricity use is lower in Massachusetts than the national average. Fewhouseholds use electricity as their primary energy source for home heating. Although 9 in 10 Massachusetts homes haveair conditioning, only 3 in 4 use it during the mild summer months.

ISO-NE has promoted demand response programs as one strategy to maintain the reliability of the electricity grid.Massachusetts consumers have committed to make substantial power reductions during peaks and emergencies. In 2010,the state also created an Alternative Energy Portfolio Standard, requiring that 5% of electric load in 2020 be met with high-

importterminals.

Natural gas hasbecome thedominant fuelfor electricitygeneration inMassachusetts,displacing coaland petroleum.

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efficiency distributed energy such as industrial cogeneration.

Massachusetts is part of the northeastern Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) to limit carbon emissions frompower generation. With its declining use of coal and petroleum for electricity generation, the state is well within its RGGIgoals and has increased its carbon reduction requirements.

Renewable energyCompliance with Massachusetts' Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) began in 2003, making it the oldest in NewEngland. The RPS, as amended in 2008, requires companies selling retail electricity in Massachusetts to obtain 1% morefrom specified renewable sources each year. There is no ceiling to the obligation. Under that requirement, renewablegeneration must account for 15% of total electricity sold in 2020.

The state is limiting the amount of generation that counts toward the RPS from older biomass and waste-to-energyfacilities, requiring more electricity to come from new renewable generators. The state is also revamping its rules for use ofwoody biomass to ensure all generation counted in the RPS is environmentally sustainable. Massachusetts' in-staterenewable generation currently comes almost entirely from biomass and small hydroelectric facilities.

Most new renewable generating resources planned in New England are wind-powered, and Massachusetts has set a goal of 2,000 megawatts of wind capacityby 2020. About 5% of that capacity was in place by mid-2013. Federal studies rankMassachusetts' wind resources as excellent around Cape Cod and the islands ofMartha's Vineyard and Nantucket. Some ridge crests in the Berkshire Mountains inwestern Massachusetts also have good potential. Most wind development so farhas been in the Berkshires.

But offshore regions have the highest wind resource potential. Massachusettsissued the nation's first comprehensive Ocean Energy Management Plan for statewaters in 2010, identifying areas appropriate for offshore wind development.Massachusetts is the site of the first federally approved proposed offshore windproject, Cape Wind, and is working with the U.S. Bureau of Ocean EnergyManagement to open more offshore areas for wind development. With federalgrants, the state in 2011 opened the first U.S. facility able to test wind turbine blades up to 90 feet long.

Massachusetts's RPS includes a solar "carve-out" that will grow to 400 megawatts of solar capacity. As of mid-2013,Massachusetts had surpassed a separate goal, set by the governor, of 250 megawatts of solar photovoltaic (PV) capacity;the governor reset the goal to 1,600 megawatts by 2020. State solar facilities include an 8,200-panel facility on the site ofa former metal foundry in Springfield. At 2.3 megawatts, it was New England's largest solar PV facility when it opened in2011, but another Massachusetts solar facility reached 5 megawatts less than 2 years later.

Other Resources

Energy-Related Regions and OrganizationsRegional Transmission Organization (RTO): ISO New England (ISO-NE)Petroleum Administration for Defense District (PADD): 1ANorth American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) Region: Northeast Power Coordinating Council (NPCC)

Massachusettsaims to have2,000megawatts ofwind and 1,600megawatts ofsolar capacityby 2020.

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Other WebsitesMassachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs, Department of Public UtilitiesMassachusetts Executive Office of Housing and Economic Development, Housing Energy ProgramsMassachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs, Energy, Utilities & Clean TechnologiesMassachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs, Green CommunitiesMassachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs, Clean Cities Coalition and AlternativeTransportationAlternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Data Center - Federal and State Incentives and LawsMassachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs, Energy, Utilities & Clean Technologies,Energy EfficiencyBenefits.Gov Energy Assistance (105)DSIRE - Database of State Incentives for Renewables and EfficiencyNational Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC)National Association of State Energy Officials (NASEO)National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL)-Issues and Research - News Highlights: Issues and Research -EnergyNational Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)-Dynamic Maps, Geographic Information System (GIS) Data andAnalysis Tools - MapsU.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Maps, Imagery, and Publications - MapsBureau of Ocean Energy ManagementUnited States Department of Health and Human Services - Administration for Children and Families - Low IncomeHome Energy Assistance Program

Email suggestions for additional Massachusetts website resources to: states@eia.gov.

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