Mass Media - Research Paper

8/13/2019 Mass Media - Research Paper

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Running head: MEDIAS PORTRAYAL OF REALITY

Medias Portrayal of Reality and its Effects on the State

Group Members:

Zara Mohsin

Syeda Ramsha Ali

Sarfraz Ahmed Malik

Muneeb r Rehman

Ra!a M "aleed #an!ua

$%S& School of Social Sciences and 'umanity


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MEDIAS PORTRAYAL OF REALITY

Abstract

(e)innin) *ith an introduction to ho* media can construct or limit our reality+ this paper

e,plores the reliability of our media+ the creators main ob!ecti-e and its influence upon us+ by

focusin) on four specific incidents that occurred relati-e to Pakistan. &he first incident that

e,ploded on our media recently+ *as the riot in Ra*alpindi on the /0th of Muharram this year.

Secondly+ *e chose to look into the 'azara killin)s that terrorize the 'azara community. &hirdly+

*e discuss the conflictin) public opinion about Zamurad 1han+ after the (lue Area incident and

the role media took in shapin) his ima)e. 2ur last study *as of the unrest in (urma and *hether

the Pakistani Muslim community e,tended any media co-era)e. 3urthermore+ *e test our

findin)s on theories such as the 4ulti-ation &heory by Geor)e Gerbner and 5arry Gross+

Marshall Mc5uhans Media &heory and e-en the no* obsolete 'ypodermic Syrin)e Model. 6n

the end+ it is ob-ious that our media focuses on tra)edy and uses dramatization and e,a))eration

to e,ploit the emotions of the audience. People often succumb easily to *hat is sho*n on

tele-ision and ne*s channels specifically+ *ithout critically analyzin) the information. Media

feeds the audiences desperation by portrayin) a ne)ati-e ima)e rather than a positi-e one.

Medias Portrayal of Reality and its Effects on the State


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Media+ sometimes kno*n as the fourth pillar of state+ is the main means of mass

communication reachin) to a lar)e audience. &hrou)h these mediums+ information is con-eyed

from one place to another.

Brief History of Mass Media:

&he *ord 7media7 came into use in the /890s. Print media is kno*n to be the earliest forms

of media to ha-e come about. 6t started in Europe in the Middle A)es+ but took rise in the /th

century after the printin) press )ot in-ented. %e*spapers turned into more of a one$*ay medium

after their circulation )ot more *idespread in the early /;00s in 5ondon throu)h rail*ays+ as the

readers *ere unable to pro-ide feedback as easily as they could *hen the circulation *as limited.

5ater+ after the Second "orld "ar+ be)an a ne* era *here tele-ision+ radio+ and -ideo came into

e,istence. &his )a-e mass media a *hole ne* meanin) as all types of audience could no* ha-e

access to information. &he most recent forms of mass media include the internet+ mobile phones+

blo)s+ podcasts and RSS feeds.

Types of Mass Media

Broadcast media:&his kind of media includes radio+ recorded music+ film+ and tele-ision. &his

information is transmitted electronically. "here tele-ision appeals to people of all sorts of a)e+

se,+ income+ or educational le-el+ radio has a fe* shortcomin)s *hen it comes to audience.

Print media:%e*spapers+ pamphlets+ books and comics are used to con-ey information *hen it

comes to print media. All of these are physical ob!ects and ha-e been one of the earliest forms of

communication out of all types of mass media. &his form of media usually has certain tar)et

markets+ as their readership depends on the educational le-el+ a)e+ and )ender of the audience.


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Outdoor media:2utdoor media includes billboards+ si)ns or placards placed inside and outside

of commercial buildin)s+ sports stadiums+ shops and buses. &hese are the most common form of

mass media a-ailable+ one *hich e-eryone can easily access.

Digital media:6nternet and mobile mass communication are the types of di)ital media. &hou)h

a pretty recent addition+ this type of media is the one mainly responsible for the distortion of

reality.

Mobile communication: Mobile phones are used to send te,t+ multimedia+ -oice

messa)es or to make calls. 6nstant ne*s is con-eyed throu)h mobile phones+ *hich tends to be

inaccurate.

Internet media: &his pro-ides media ser-ices such as email+ *ebsites+ blo)s+ and

internet based radio and tele-ision.

Discussion

&hou)h the !ob of media is to pro-ide the recei-ers *ith the correct information so that

they can be a*are of their surroundin)s and the on)oin) e-ents+ it ne-er really does so. &he

media neither produces nor creates a messa)e< rather it almost al*ays constructs it. All sorts of

information are slo*ly built up in the minds of the audience. =ifferent an)les are *orked upon to

make a specific messa)e be reached across to the intended audience. 'o*e-er+ the interpretation

of the messa)e usually depends upon the recei-er+ since he is lookin) at it based upon the -alues

embedded in him by the society he resides in. &he media reflects reality+ *hich in turn brin)s

about a chan)e in the society. 2ne should keep in mind that the reality can ne-er be chan)ed+ but


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a distorted ima)e of it can be presented. &his paper discusses ho* that is the case *ith our media

in present times.

Theories of Mass Media

Se-eral theories ha-e been presented related to media and it7s shapin) of the reality.

&hese theories or models help us understand media and its role in the society in a better *ay.

Hypodermic needle theory:2ne of the most popular ones+ thou)h no* obsolete+ is the

'ypodermic %eedle Model+ a similar one to the more depicti-e Ma)ic (ullet &heory. As can be

inferred from the name+ this model su))ests that the media 7in!ects7 its7 messa)es directly into the

brains of the audience+ *ho )et influenced by it strai)hta*ay+ !ust like the more )raphic model

su))ests that it7s like a bullet fired from the 7media )un7 directly into the audiences 7head7. So

basically+ accordin) to this theory+ all the messa)es presented by the media are recei-ed and

percei-ed by the -ie*ers as it is+ and are completely absorbed by them. &he fact that this theory

*as ne-er seriously considered by media scholars should+ ho*e-er+ be kept in mind. &here is a

reason behind this theory bein) out dated+ as Paul 3. 5azarsfeld conducted a study in /8>0 *hich

pro-ed that media does not necessarily affect the minds of people+ but it is person to person

communication *hich is al*ays the more effecti-e one. &he conclusion from his research also

su))ested that the audience *ill not al*ays let all the e-ents influence them+ but can choose *hat

messa)e affects them and *hich does not. &his model *as more effecti-e for the time *hen one

*ay communication *as more common but e-er since the be)innin) of di)ital media+ that has

chan)ed+ and the audience ha-e become more interacti-e than e-er before+ lea-in) e-en lesser

space for this theory to hold any meanin). 'o*e-er+ this theory still crops up time and time

a)ain.


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Cultiation theory:Another theory is the 4ulti-ation &heory de-eloped by Professor

Geor)e Gerbner and 5arry Gross. &his theory proposes that !ust like certain areas of land are

prepared for crops by repeated plo*in)+ similarly+ the minds of people are trained to accept a

certain messa)e by constantly repeatin) it to them o-er an e,tended period of time+ *hich leads

to chan)es in the society throu)h that specific train of thou)ht. 6t distorts the -ie*er7s perception

of reality. &his theory is mostly linked to tele-ision -ie*in)+ and as Gerbner says+ this

-ie*ership be)ins from infancy+ due to *hich the -ie*ers )et e-en more hi)hly influenced by it.

&he most common perception to be cropped into people7s minds throu)h this is that of -iolence.

&hey start belie-in) that the *orld is an unsafe place+ not fit to reside in *ithout a *orry in one7s

mind. As tele-ision )ets more and more popular *ith increasin) times+ and is no* easily

accessible at all times throu)h internet+ too+ this theory holds all the more importance.

The elitist and populist model of mass media: &his model discusses the t*o different

kinds of audiences present. &he elitists are the ones *ho belie-e that media should educate

people and inform them+ *hile the populists belie-e that the media should sho* them *hat they

*ant to be sho*n. &he difference bet*een these t*o )roups is as -ast as that of bet*een the

hippies and the mainstreams. "hile the elitists *ant to their society to be educated the truth in a

*ay it prospers+ the populists *ant entertainment such that their mind is kept a*ay from the

hardships of life. 'ere is *here the media faces difficulties+ as to please the t*o simultaneously

is not a piece of cake. &he media therefore remains in a constant confusion bet*een *hat to

deli-er and *hom to please.

!lobal "illage:

Marshall Mc5uhan+ a famous media and communication theorist+ introduced us to the


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*ord 7)lobal -illa)e7. (efore the in-ention of internet and other forms of mass media+

communication *as difficult and slo*. %o*+ ho*e-er+ it is not a problem at all due to the

*idespread use of tele-ision+ internet+ mobile phones+ etc. &hese modes of communication ha-e

turned this hu)e *orld into a )lobal -illa)e+ *here people can stay in touch *ith each other as

*ell as the on)oin) e-ents *ithout any issue at all. 'e also belie-ed that print media chan)es the

*ay people think in and that the *ritten *ord could make the lan)ua)e 7official7+ such is its

po*er.

Media#s Portrayal of $eality in Pa%istan

Tenth Moharram !enocide in $a&alpindi

Bac%ground:&he first e,ample *e *ill discuss is the incidents that took place on

Ashura durin) the Rally of 90/? in Ra*alpindi. &here *as an outbreak of -iolence bet*een t*o

of the opposin) reli)ious parties $ Ahl$e$Sunnah *al #amaat and Ahl$e$&ashih $ and as result+ a

portion of a mos@ue *as set on fire due to *hich the mos@ue and nearby public property faced

se-ere dama)es. &he incident and subse@uent clashes resulted in the deaths of at least ei)ht

people and in!ured o-er ;0 people. 'o*e-er+ the eye *itness reports -ary from the official death

toll that *as announced on media.

Media#s role: As compared to pre-ious incidents+ media played an immensely important

role in stoppin) this small clash from turnin) into an e-en bi))er )enocide. &his *as mostly due


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the fact that our mainstream media sho*ed e,traordinary restraints o-er the matter+ and the same

& channels that *ould ha-e pre-iously )i-en breakin) ne*s o-er the sli)htest of matters *as

only playin) tickers form time to time about the clash. Accordin) to Mubashir Ghani 1ha*a!a+ a

social acti-ist+ B6f Media had not done this+ it *ould ha-e led to further killin)s because as the

*ord *ould ha-e had )otten out representati-es of both the )roups *ould ha-e had !oined the

epicenter of the clash fueled *ith ra)e and an)er.C

So in truth+ media here portrayed the reality in such a *ay that it helped in dissipatin)

the -itality of the issue by playin) a mature role of muted broadcastin). As a result it helped in

controllin) the uprisin) *ithin a fe* hours.

Ha'ara (illings

6n the heart of (aluchistan+ a minority of the 'azara community is situated in the city of

Duetta and in the recent years has been -ictimized and persecution -ictims. More than t*o


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thousand men and *omen ha-e+ to day+ lost their li-es to this persecution and -iolence and more

than one thousand are reported to ha-e been in!ured. #a-ed+ 90/9F

5ashkar$e$#han)-i+ a Pakistani Sunni Muslim e,tremist )roup+ has claimed responsibility for the

ma!ority of these attacks on the 'azara community. 'azaras ha-e been said to be situated in

Pakistan since the /8thcentury *hen they mi)rated to (ritish 6ndia from 'azara!at+ located in

Af)hanistan+ due to bein) the tar)et for persecution there.

&his paper e,amines the Pakistani and 6nternational Medias depiction of reality *hich is the

killin) of 'azara community.

The negatie perspectie: =atin) back a fe* years+ the time *hen Raymond =a-is *as

all o-er the ne*s+ &here *as an attack on the 'azara people in Duetta in *hich many people lost

their li-es includin) a si, year old )irl. &o this day+ people refer to that incident and blame the

media for not co-erin) the killin) of those people and instead sho*in) =a-id 4ameron all o-er

the ne*s.

"hile researchin) on this topic 6 *as able to inter-ie* a student of 6nternational 6slamic

ni-ersity 6slamabad 666F+ Mah*ish roo!+ *ho belon)s to the 'azara community in Duetta

and has li-ed there her *hole life. BMy parents mo-ed to Duetta before 6 *as born and 6 *as

brou)ht up bein) told that 6 can ne-er )o out alone. 3ear is *hat 6 remember most of my

childhood+ *here scary stories *ere told of *hat happens to kids *ho are not careful. &hey *ere

only stories then but no* 6 kno* that they *ere the reality described eliminatin) the )ruesome

details.C Mah*ish had tears in her eyes as she told us the sad reality of ho* her // year old sister

and mother *ere killed in a bomb blast on a bus returnin) from 6ran in #une 90/9. BAll the media

sho*ed *as the protest that follo*ed. &he *orld *ill ne-er kno* that my mother and sister *ere


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the -ictims of that horrible attack. &he media has failed not only the people of 'azara but

Pakistan as a *hole. 5ook at ho* the Media in other countries react to a similar situation. 2ur

media is be)haiyrat shamelessF.C

&he abo-e refers to !ust one *itness and perspecti-e of ho* the media ne)lects to report certain

e-ents in Pakistan. &here are many other instances in *hich the media preferred not to portray an

e-ent or depict the true e-ent.

2n 90thSeptember 90//+ there *as an armed attack on a bus in the Mastun) =istrict+ near

Duetta+ to *hich 5ashkar$e$#han)-i claimed responsibility. &he 9 reported dead belon)ed to the

Shia sect of the 'azara community. Re)ardin) this e-ent+ Aslam Raisani+ chief minister of

(aluchistan+ said+ B&he population of (aluchistan is in millions+ >0 dead in Mastun)+ is no bi)

deal.C =aiyar+ 90//F

6n response to the @uestion of *hat he could do for the )rie-in) families+ the 4hief Minister is

reported to ha-e said+ B6 can send truckload of tissue paper for them to *ipe their tears.C

5eadin) %e*s Resource of Pakistan+ 90//F

&he abo-e mentioned refers to ho* the media concentrated on sho*in) the chief ministers

remarks as the breakin) ne*s and the most important ne*s and people *atched the de-elopin)

story and the remarks of the chief minister like sharks to blood and failed to notice that the media

had failed yet a)ain to report the numerous other politicians and people condemnin) the attacks.

6nstead they chose to concentrate on the one ne)ati-e remark.

&his is only the tip of the ocean *hen it comes to the faults of Pakistani media and ho* they

ha-e made mistakes re)ardin) many different situations and e-ents. &here are countless other

instances that+ if mentioned+ *ould span o-er the space of a couple of books.


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The positie perspectie: BPakistan has al*ays been portrayed in the media as a failed

or dan)erous country. 6n reality+ this is totally absurd and false. &he recent elections in Pakistan

pro-e my point. &hey are pro)ressi-e+ they *ant peace and most of all they mean business.C

B6t is @uite unfortunate that Pakistan has no* become a synonym *ith suicide bombin)s and

militancy+ ho*e-er+ it is more than that. A thri-in) economy+ boomin) telecom+ construction+

financial and 6& market+ Pakistan offers a lot more than *hat is on the ne*sC Mac=onald+ 900;F

Abo-e are the comments of a fe* people re)ardin) the true Pakistan. &hese comments about

ho* the media has depicted Pakistan date back a couple of years. &he Pakistani media+ if not the

international media+ has come a lon) *ay since and has taken a turn for the )ood re)ardin) its

role in the society.

&he 'azara community+ after bein) tar)eted @uite a fe* times+ *as )i-en -ital importance and

media played an important role in it. 2f course+ the perpetrators responsible for the attacks on the

'azara community may like to be on primetime ne*s too so recent e-ents ha-e pro-en to be

much more intense and disastrous than back *hen the media ne)lected these killin)s on a fe*

occasions.

&he t*o attacks on the 'azara community this year *ere deadlier than most pre-ious ones

combined. &he first takin) place on the /0 th#anuary 90/? and the second takin) place only a fe*

*eeks later on /th3ebruary 90/?.

&he first attack consisted of four separate bombin)s+ the first in a snooker club+ and )ained

immediate attention by the ne*s channels *hich is pro-en by the fact that minutes later+ as

!ournalists reached the scene+ another bomb *ent off in a car killin) media personnel and

members of the local police force as *ell.


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&he second attack took place after Go-ernor Rule *as imposed+ thanks to the pressure by the

media that the )o-ernment *as not respondin) to these attacks in the manner that it re@uired. &he

attack took place in 'azara &o*n+ and left numerous members of the said community dead and

se-eral other in!ured. &he ne*s channels immediately broke the ne*s across Pakistan.

&he media also reported the peaceful protest of the family members of the deceased and in!ured+

*ho took to the streets *ith dead bodies in to* and demanded ans*ers and help from the

)o-ernment. &he constant ur)e by the Pakistani media to the )o-ernment ac@uired the response

needed from the )o-ernment that *as much needed by the family members *ho spent ni)hts on

the streets in the blisterin) cold seekin) !ustice.

)indings and *imitations

6t is difficult to say *hether the Pakistani media is portrayin) actual e-ents as they should be or

is responsible for ne)lectin) situations that need dire attention. 6t is difficult to understand the

reportin) standard of the Pakistani media+ i.e. *hat to report and *hat not to. &he findin)s of this

research also faced limitations due to the balanced attitude of the media to*ards the 'azara

massacres and it pro-es to be difficult to conclude *hether the media played a )ood role or not

due to the differin) situations *ith each occurrence. &his research could be more conclusi-e

)i-en a-ailability of ne*s channels internal statistics.

+nrest in Burma

Bac%ground:(urma+ officially the Republic of the Reunion of Myanmar+ is a so-erei)n

state in Southeast Asia. &he population of (urma has been sub!ect to ci-il *ar since its


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independence in /8>;. &he disputes *ere mostly political and sectarian. E-en the renamin) of

the country from (urma to Myanmar remains a contested issue. &he internal issues stem from

the ethnically di-erse population that differs on reli)ion+ lan)ua)e and culture. &he most

a))ressi-e disputes+ ho*e-er+ arise on reli)ion. ;0H of the population is (uddhist+ H 3olk+ H

Protestant+ >H Muslim+ 9H 'indu and 9H 4atholic *hile there are many more reli)ions

practiced on a smaller scale.

&he tension had al*ays been present bet*een the different ethnicities but -iolent clashes erupted

on March 90th 90/?. &he story that *as on the rounds on social media *as that of a Muslim )old

shop o*ner harassin) his (uddhist customers. At the same time+ ne*s reports claimed that the

-iolence *as i)nited after the )o-ernment raised fuel prices on a country already on the brink of

po-erty.

&his )oes to sho* ho* media has the po*er to chan)e the -iolence from a political unrest+ to an

issue of reli)ious intolerance.

6nternet sites such as "ikipedia portrayed the -iolence as based on MuslimI(uddhist clashes.

At the same time+ international ne*s media+ such as ((4 %e*s+ &he Guardian and Asian

4orrespondent all @uote different stories. &he only similarity bet*een these portrayals is one

characteristic. 6t is that of dramatization and the emphasis on blood+ death and destruction.

Social net*orkin) sites+ such as t*itter+ 3acebook and 6nsta)ram are easy mediums for pictures

or posts to )o -iral internationally and people of all a)es around the *orld recklessly share

)raphic ima)es+ -ideos and short posts related to (urma killin)+ mostly under the impression that

the -iolence is a)ainst Muslim minorities+ althou)h -iolence a)ainst (uddhist population is also

a re)ular occurrence.


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=espite international media bein) in an uproar o-er the situation+ Pakistani media and ne*s

channels remain indifferent at most+ to -iolence. Althou)h on social media+ the youth )a-e their

sympathies and support to the Muslims of (urma+ ne*s channels remained occupied *ith Malala

Jousafzai and her /th birthday+ her meetin) *ith (arack 2bama and other internal conflicts

*ithin the country.

Conclusion:"hate-er the real story may be+ it is hard to kno*. 6t is possible that the

people causin) the -iolence as *ell as fallin) sub!ect to it are themsel-es una*are of the core

reasons. &he chaos and heat created by the media itself is enou)h reason to encoura)e the rebels

to -ent out their frustration at a time *hen control is difficult. &he conflictin) theories produced

by the media make it clearer that the real story is *hat *e choose to belief+ or as is commonly

the case+ pick a ne*spaper+ and remain adamant upon *hate-er -ersion of reality it portrays.

Islamabad Mohammad ,i%ander Incident

&he standoff bet*een Mohammad Sikander+ an armed man dri-in) around the streets of

6slamabad *ith his family+ and the police started on Au)ust /th90/? at :?0 pm.

6t all started *hen Sikander stopped his black 9. 2= 4orolla and opened fire into the air in the

central #innah A-enue nei)hborhood K *ithin a kilometer from the presidency. Armed *ith an

MP and an A1 L>$u assault rifles+ Sikander issued demands for the imposition of 6slamic


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Shariah 5a* in the country. 'e also demanded the release of one of his sons *hom he said *as

!ailed in =ubai.

&he standoff came to an end as Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians Zamurad 1han entered

the scene. 1han pretended to be a ne)otiator and !umped on Sikander to disarm him *hen he )ot

the chance.

Zamurad 1han+ ho*e-er+ slipped and Sikander opened fire at him *ith Sikanders family

standin) ri)ht there too. &his *as enou)h for the military to take action and disarm Sikander.

Shots *ere fired at Sikander+ t*o of *hich hit him K one in the upper body and one in his left

le). &he *oman *as also hit in her ri)ht le) but no ma!or in!uries *ere seen.

&he standoff continued for about hours and ended at // pm.

The Media#s $ole

&hrou)hout this e-ent media pro-ided li-e co-era)e to e-ery sin)le occurrence. Media also *ent

on to discuss ho* Mohammad Sikander had been married to a *ife 'oney in =ubai.

=ue to medias li-e co-era)e to the e-ent+ people started to sho* up at the si)ht. &here *as a

hu)e cro*d *itnessin) the standoff bet*een Sikander and the police and it ultimately

endan)ered all these peoples li-es and made thin)s difficult for the military.

'ad the people not sho*n up at the si)ht+ military *ould ha-e much easily controlled the

situation and a lot of li-es *ould ha-e been safer+ includin) Mr. Zamurad 1han+ Sikanders *ife

and kids and Sikander himself.

Conclusion:


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6t is difficult to say *hy the media )a-e so much importance to the e-ent. 6s that *hat the people

*ant to seeN 2r is there a political a)enda in-ol-edN "ell ne-er be sure but *hat *e do

understand is that issues like these should be left alone for the la* enforcers to handle. &he

media has a hu)e responsibility and it should act that it understands that.

Conclusion

%e*s channels are the most influential form of media to shape public opinions about reality+ and

to construct upon an incident or to limit a picture and only sho* us a partial -ie*. &he hands that

o*n this platform+ be it the )o-ernment or pri-ate or)anizations+ ha-e the po*er to portray our

reality the *ay they *ant. &here is al*ays a difference bet*een *hat is sho*n to us on tele-ision

and *hat actually happened. &he media is at times cle-erly used as a tool to di-ert the attention

of the masses from a specific e-ent+ to focus on somethin) different instead. As a pro)ressi-e

nation+ *e need to be a*are of that and be e,tremely critical of *hat *e see on tele-ision and


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especially the internet instead of blindly belie-in) the sin)le perspecti-e sho*n to us.

Methodology

&he methodolo)y used by the )roup *as *atchin) different -ideo clips from actual ne*s

channels+ readin) throu)h online content from reliable sources such as &E= &alks+ and

inter-ie*s of people belon)in) to completely different demo)raphics for public opinion. "e

used media theories tau)ht to us in pre-ious courses+ such as electronic media and searched

further about them online< in order to apply those theories to our analysis of the incidences *e

chose to focus upon.

References

http:IIasiancorrespondent.comI;>/>Iburma$riots$*hat$the$media$isnt$tellin)$youI

http:IIen.*ikipedia.or)I*ikiI90/?O(urmaOanti$MuslimOriots

http:II***.bbc.co.ukIne*sI*orld$asia$99/9>?>

http:II***.the)uardian.comI*orldI900LIsepI9LIburma.@anda

http:IItribune.com.pkIstoryI?9?//Imuharram$/0$li-e$updates$9I
http://asiancorrespondent.com/84146/burma-riots-what-the-media-isnt-telling-you/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Burma_anti-Muslim_riotshttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-22124346http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/sep/27/burma.qandahttp://tribune.com.pk/story/632311/muharram-10-live-updates-2/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Burma_anti-Muslim_riotshttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-22124346http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/sep/27/burma.qandahttp://tribune.com.pk/story/632311/muharram-10-live-updates-2/http://asiancorrespondent.com/84146/burma-riots-what-the-media-isnt-telling-you/


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=aiyar+ A. 90//+ 2ctober 8thF. In Pakistan, 40 dead Shiites is no big deal. Retrie-ed from

(eacon %e*s: http:IIbeaconne*s.caIblo)I90//I/0Iin$pakistan$>0$dead$shi

HE9H;0H88ites$is$no$bi)$dealI

#a-ed+ =. S. 90/9+ March 9ndF. Insight: A brief history of Hazara persection. Retrie-ed from

&he 3riday &imes: http:II***.thefridaytimes.comIbeta9ItftIarticle.phpN

issue90/90?09Qpa)e./

!eading "e#s $esorce of Pakistan. 90//+ 2ctober 90F. Retrie-ed from =aily &imes:

http:II***.dailytimes.com.pkIdefault.aspNpa)e90//H4/0H490H4storyO90$/0$

90//Op)?O

Mac=onald+ M. 900;+ April 9thF. Pakistan: "o# or "e%er& Retrie-ed from Reuters:

http:IIblo)s.reuters.comIpakistanI900;I0>I9Ishould$the$media$be$more$positi-e$about$

pakistanI

!eading "e#s $esorce of Pakistan. 90//+ 2ctober 90F. Retrie-ed from =aily &imes:

http:II***.dailytimes.com.pkIdefault.aspNpa)e90//H4/0H490H4storyO90$/0$90//Op)?O9
http://beaconnews.ca/blog/2011/10/in-pakistan-40-dead-shi%E2%80%99ites-is-no-big-deal/http://beaconnews.ca/blog/2011/10/in-pakistan-40-dead-shi%E2%80%99ites-is-no-big-deal/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta2/tft/article.php?issue=20120302&page=5.1http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta2/tft/article.php?issue=20120302&page=5.1http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2011%5C10%5C20%5Cstory_20-10-2011_pg3_http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2011%5C10%5C20%5Cstory_20-10-2011_pg3_http://blogs.reuters.com/pakistan/2008/04/26/should-the-media-be-more-positive-about-pakistan/http://blogs.reuters.com/pakistan/2008/04/26/should-the-media-be-more-positive-about-pakistan/http://beaconnews.ca/blog/2011/10/in-pakistan-40-dead-shi%E2%80%99ites-is-no-big-deal/http://beaconnews.ca/blog/2011/10/in-pakistan-40-dead-shi%E2%80%99ites-is-no-big-deal/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta2/tft/article.php?issue=20120302&page=5.1http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta2/tft/article.php?issue=20120302&page=5.1http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2011%5C10%5C20%5Cstory_20-10-2011_pg3_http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2011%5C10%5C20%5Cstory_20-10-2011_pg3_http://blogs.reuters.com/pakistan/2008/04/26/should-the-media-be-more-positive-about-pakistan/http://blogs.reuters.com/pakistan/2008/04/26/should-the-media-be-more-positive-about-pakistan/

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Mass Media - Research Paper