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1634-1763

MARYLAND’S FORMATIVE YEARS

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KENT ISLAND DISPUTES William Claiborne has been trading with Susquehanna Indians

on Kent island for beaver etc. NOTE that the MD Charter excluded areas settled and civilized. Claverts rejected the claim of Claiborne because he has not CULTIVATED the land. There is a short battle to drive Claiborne off of Kent Island. Claiborne goes straight to England to contest his claim in court. Lord Baltimore though is in court to contest the claim. Claiborne's settlement was the northernmost settlement,

1632 -Charter written 1634- Kent Island “battle” 1635- Claim decided in MD's favor.

http://teachingamericanhistorymd.net/000001/000000/000006/images/jaillot.pdf

http://epfl.mdch.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/mcmc&CISOPTR=5&REC=1

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IMPORTANT EARLY COLONISTS Of the originial colonists, there are some of note: Mathias De Sousa was one of the original colonists of African descent. He was Fr. Andrew

White, SJ's servant. He was a free man, so he voted in the assembly and he participated in missions and trips. He ended up in court once for failure to pay a debt, but he can confirm his freeman's status.

Fr. Andrew White, SJ Came to be a missionary to the Indians and he composed a dictionary and

grammar of the local Indian languages. He also wrote the Relatio, or a Brief Relation of the Voyage to Maryland. (Name?). Bias? This is both an account and a piece of propaganda. Example: see the account of the first landing at St. Clements' island and the “laundry disaster.” He gives a great description of the bay and St. Clements.

He described the fish and the rich resources of the bay and gives vivid accounts of the NAI.

VIDEO: http://mdroots.thinkport.org/interactives/colonistsdiary/intro.asp

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ENGLISH CIVIL WAR Charles the First is the king who grants this power. Why?

Because this king took his divine rights very seriously. He tried to rule the country by himself from 1628-1639. He is an autocratic leader and rules as such until he arrests 5 peers and he is deposed and executed in 1649 by the Roundheads.

1640 Charles Ist at war with Parliament – Civil War breaks out and Cromwell comes to power with his Roundheads. Cecil Calvert attempted to keep MD colony out of turmoil in England. Cecil stayed in England and sent Leonard to MD. However, during the Civil War he called Leonard back and during this time MD plagued by Richard Ingle, leading to the Time of Troubles or the Plundering Time. Ingle had previous hostility/tension with the colony from previous times.

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ENGLISH CIVIL WAR Ingle used a ruse of white flag to lure MD men to his ship and then

attacked and took control of the colony and led protestant settlers on raids of estates in and around St. Mary's City. They captured Giles Brent and Luger. They captured all the SJ in MD and sent Brent, Luger and SJ s back to England.

Claiborne took advantage of this time to attack MD colony again to regain control Kent Island. Leonard raises forces in 1646 in VA. During this time, Cecil Calvert drew up An Act Concerning Religion (1649). Note that Charles I was executed in same year, and troubles in MD continue until 1657, following Battle of the Severn.

Monarchy not restored until 1688, when William and Mary take the throne. Calvert's lose their charter and MD ceases to be a Catholic experiment and becomes a Royal Colony. That is also the end of the capital in St. Mary's City. MD colonial govt surrenders to protestant invaders from MD. Captiol moved up the bay and away from VA to Arundell Town – Annapolis.

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MARGARET BRENT Women in MD had few property rights and few political

rights. What was Brent doing there? There is a suspicion that she was a novice nun and was

very well educated. She was personally connected to the proprietor and she was, in effect, given what we would recognize as holding a “power of attorney” to act on his behalf when the proprietor could not be there. She was NOT an attorney, though she is often cited as such.

Her VERY IMPORTANT contribution is paying and controlling the mercenaries in the colony following the “plundering time” of the Ingle rebellion.

VIDEO (use Windows media)http://www.thinkport.org/Tools/ContentViewer/ContentPreview.aspx?ContentID=21baa1ec-1fe1-4657-b8ce-db784aa38bca

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MARGARET BRENT She is also often cited as the first suffragist because

she asked for voting for women. False, she asked for votes for herself – not for women. Her claim was based on her being a landowner and as the Lord Proprietor's executor. The governor and the house rejected her claim, because she was not a freeman and not a delegate. As she left she objected that nothing the assembly did would be legal because she would not be represented. Thus, some claim that she was the first to express, no taxation without representation, though this is not documented.

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1649 – AN IMPORTANT YEAR During the sacking of Ireland by Cromwell's

armies, Charles Carroll, the settler, comes to MD from Ireland. Lord Baltimore goes to Cromwell to pledge his loyalty and asks Cromwell to acknowledge his proprietorship, and a gift of a loan, and acknowledge his new governor, Gov. Stone, a Protestant.

1649- An Act Concerning religion is passed. WHY?

1649 capital is moved from St. Mary's to Annapolis.

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1649- AN ACT CONCERNING RELIGIONhttp://teachingamericanhistorymd.net/000001/000000/000005/html/t5.html

http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/html/exhibit.html

Look at the various versions of the Act concerning religion. See the original and the 20th century documents. Ironically, the modern acid papers, are falling apart faster than the original documents.

Look at the original writing, likely copied by a Jesuit or Jesuit trained scribe (see the way Christian is written.) Not also the term commonwealth.

Look at the “three strikes” character. This document is almost identical with the blasphemy laws back in England, almost word for word. See the political genius of Lord Baltimore. Note how the law does not mention tolerance nor Catholics. Instead, the actions to protect Catholics specifically are buried, on page 2, and remember court script was not easy to read, even in its own day. Note eventually one who violates the act may be exiled if they continue to violate the act.

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AN ACT CONCERNING RELIGION:Confirmed by

Lord Proprietary by an Instrument under his hand & Seal dated 26 August 1650 Phil Calvert

Acts and Orders of Assembly assented unto enacted and made at a General Session of the said Assembly held at Saint Mary's on the one and twentieth day of April Anno Domini 1649 as followeth viz:

  Forasmuch as in a well Governed and Christain Commonwealth matters Concerning Religion & the honour of God ought in the first place to be taken into serious Consideration and endeavoured to be settled.

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...whatsoever person or persons shall from henceforth upon any occasion of offence otherwise in a reproachfull manner or way declare call or denominate any person or persons whatsoever inhabiting, residing, traficking, trading or comercing within this province or within any ports, harbours, creeks or havens to the same belonging, an Heretick, Schismatick, Idolator, Puritan, Independent Presbyterian, Antenomian, Barrowist, Roundhead, Seperatist, Popish Priest, Jesuit, Jesuited Papist, Lutheran, Calvenist, Anabaptist, Brownist or any other name or term in a reproachful manner relating to matters of Religion shall for every such offence foreit and lose the sum of ten shillings Sterling or the value thereof to be levied on the goods and chattels of every such offender and offenders...

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1649- AN ACT CONCERNING RELIGION Note that the act protects all Christians, and prohibits

reproachful speech and forcing one to act against his conscience, so long as they do not threaten the proprietor's government they can practice any Christian faith.

It is an exchange of freedom of speech for freedom of religion. But, no one in England had freedom of speech. Archbishop Laud was boring people's tongues for preaching against the Church.

Look at other places in the same time – the Shoguns crushing of Jesuit missions in Japan, execution of Charles I, Chinese execution of Christians, the Huguenot wars (St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre).

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AN ACT CONCERNING RELIGION:ONLY USED ONCE!!!

http://www.msa.md.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc2200/sc2221/000003/000004/pdf/p39164.pdf Jacob Lumbrozo – a Jewish tobacco and sugar trader in the Colonies and the

West Indies. He lived in MD and had some unpopular habits. He frequently was reported to the sheriff for beating his wife. For the 17th century he must have been beating his wife severely. He got to charge interest, usury, because he was not a Christian. This was frowned upon at the time of the 17th C. Very unpopular man. He was in the tavern at St. Mary's and someone asked him if Jesus was the Son of God. He said no. He was arrested under the act concerning religion and the only one ever to be arrested (year)? Only one arrested, thus it seems most people were ignoring. it.

When Cromwell died, this meant that the Writ that Lombrusco was under was no longer valid.

  The law does not survive very long. The law is repealed 1692, but remains

on the books until the 18th C.

The Act establishing Anglicanism in 1704 explicitly repealed it.

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1649-1654: POLITICAL CONTEXT Two governments in MD in 1654, following renewed religious conflict

in MD.

Lord Baltimore, worse, invited troublesome Puritans from VA to settle in MD. Alas, they side with the Cromwellian supporters attack Stone and set up their own government, despite the fact that Cromwell approved the governor and the proprietor's claim. This is the Battle of the Severn. There ensues a propaganda war. See Babylon’s Fall and the Refutation, and Answer.

http://books.google.com/books?id=jBYOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=babylon's%20fall&f=false p. 235 ff

VS.http://

books.google.com/books?id=jBYOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=snippet&q=john%20langford&f=false p. 254ff.

NOTE ALSO THAT CROMWELL's PARLIAMENT ALSO PASSED THE NAVIGATION ACTS 1651-1654 http://www.constitution.org/eng/conpur_ap.htm

Cromwell is losing popularity in the colonies and in England. Cromwell dies. And Charles II is restored to power.

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THE ROYAL PERIOD 1689-1715 Cromwell had lost his popularity for closing the theaters, the

taverns, and the military dictatorship he had established.

Lord Baltimore offered assistance to Charles Stuart, son of Charles Stuart the I, and was among many powerful men and managed to put him pack on the throne in 1660 and this is known as the Restoration.

Cromwell is dead in 1661. This is good news for MD because Lord Baltimore has reestablished his hold and claim to the colony.

By 1681, there are new problems with a new governor. Governor Fendall leads the assembly in an attempt to wrest control from the proprietor. Philip Calvert, a minor son of Lord Baltimore, helps to organize a countermovement. The Third Lord Baltimore, Charles Calvert, comes to MD to act as governor himself.

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COODE IS A BAD DUDE A former Fendall supporter, John Coode,http://mdroots.thinkport.org/library/johncoode.asp

continues the fight through legal channels and in the Assembly, attacking in particular the fact that Catholics held high office in MD. Claims that MD has not been actively supporting the Anglican church. (There are very few priests, Catholic or Protestant, are in MD.)

The few Protestant Preachers that are in MD are not talented - thus there are many converts to Catholicism due to efforts of SJs.

There are attempts to suppress Catholics, and thus double taxes are levied against them.

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MEANWHILE… BACK IN LONDON Charles II dies, and he does not leave and heir and thus

James II becomes King. He is Catholic. He has children, and a son. Now there is a male heir. Parliamentary leaders are NERVOUS because James II, like Charles I, was very absolutist. http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon50.html

This leads to the Glorious Revolution in 1688. They pass a law, retrospectively, that a Catholic cannot be

king. James refuses to sign and acknowledge it. They find Mary, a protestant, who very conveniently is married to William of Orange.

Thus begins the reign of William and Mary. James went to Ireland, this ends in the Battle of the Boyne.

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COODE IS A BAD DUDE 1689- Protestant Rebellion? Takeover? Coode writes immediately to William and Coode organizes the

Protestant Associators and another attempt at a coup. Coode calls for MD to be a made a royal colony. The only person killed was shot by an Associator, and the man killed was a supporter of the proprietor, but he also was having an affair with the wife of the man who shot him! So, like at England, it is a bloodless revolution.

William does send a royal governor to straighten out affairs in the colony. There is a problem with the Royalization of MD. Would it be wise for William to revoke Lord Baltimore's property rights. This would look like King John. William revokes the proprietor's political rights under the charter, but affirms the proprietor's land rights.

The first Royal Governor, Copley, finds that Mders want a royal governor as little as they wanted the proprietor. Copley is opposed by the Assembly. He dies of exhaustion.

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WAS COODE A GOVERNOR OF MARYLAND???

ONGOING HISTORICAL DEBATE:

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FRANCES NICHOLSON -1693 Next comes Frances Nicholson. He moves the capitol to

Annapolis. Note how he has named it after the next monarch, Queen Anne. He starts a new state house and a new school, King William's School, which is now St. Johns. Reinforces the Anglican Church. If you did not go, you pay fines, on top of taxes, taxes which support the church.

He ALSO is opposed by Coode and others, who slander him and get him removed from office from England. He is sent to VA, which Nicholson sees as a promotion, as his income now exceeds the proprietor of MD.

Issue is whether English statues apply in MD. Lord Baltimore

had always insisted that the laws of England only applied to MD on if they specifically stated so. Look at how things change. They insist anti-Catholic laws in England apply in MD, but they also don't want the Stamp Act etc. to apply.

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FRANCES NICHOLSON Nicholson is well educated and civilized. He lays out a town based on

the idea of church and state. Thus in Annapolis, Nicholson lays out two circles on two hills, the church and the state house. He lays out a grid pattern and he wanted a radial network from the state house, but this did not really happen in practice. CLAIMS TO BE FIRST PLANNED CITY IN COLONIES!!!CHECK THE ANGLES OF THE STREETS ON A MODERN MAP.

http://www.pillowsandpancakes.com/3pane.htm?bnb_id=104758

Capital moved in 1694. The Stadt house is burned by a pirate to distract the authorities from pursuing him. Annapolis was closer to where the new population center is. Annapolis is convenient to the middle of the colony IF you travelled quickest by water and people lived on the margins of the bay. Also, he gets the capitol away from the Catholic influence of St. Mary's and the Calverts.

He also has the documents copied and protected – which archivists thank him for today.

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RETURNING OF THE CHARTER -1715 Benedict Leonard Calvert, 4th Lord Baltimore,

approaches Anne and asks for the return of his colony.

http://www.msa.md.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc3500/sc3520/000100/000190/html/calvertben.html

NOTE- he converts to Anglicanism. He petitions for and receives the original charter back, in 1715.

It is as if 1688 never happened.

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BUT, THINGS CAN’T GO BACK TO THE WAY THEY WERE…

What made the Glorious Revolution, Glorious?

Parliament selects the king. After Anne dies without heir, Parliament invites Georg of Hannover.

BUT IN MD, the 17th C charter and the rights of the proprietor still holds. Many Mders, increasingly, resent that the Lords Baltimore now are in many ways more powerful than the kings in England.

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TOBACCO CRISIS OF THE 17

TASK – investigate the causes and the effects of the collapse of the tobacco market.

http://www.mdoe.org/southernmdtobacco.html(thanks Zach for link!)FACTORS:King William’s War(1689-1697)

and Queen Anne’s War(1702-1713)

Maryland Tobacco Inspection Acts of 1730 (Virginia)

And 1747 (Maryland)

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NEW TOWNS AND COUNTIES:

LONDON TOWN, founded 1683http://

www.thinkport.org/Tools/ContentViewer/ContentPreview.aspx?ContentID=30a6fef3-b4dd-4ed0-9d15-672c9d22aa87

Maryland General Assembly begins to establish towns and counties in order to assert some control over the quantity and quality of tobacco produced by the colonies.

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COURT VS. COUNTRY PARTY

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GRAIN INDUSTRY GROWS-EXPANSION TO THE WEST

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BALTIMORE

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IRON INDUSTRY

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SOCIAL HIERARCHY BEFORE THE REVOLUTION