Martyrology - McGrath Institute for Church Life › assets › 84232 › wct04_todd_johnson.pdf · All martyrs killed since AD 33: 69,420,000 Martyrs as % all Christians ever: 0.8%

People will do to you exactly what they did to me.—Jesus to his disciples (John 15:21, Contemporary English Version)

We share in the terrible sufferings of Christ.—Apostle Paul (2 Corinthians 1:5, Contemporary English Version)

I saw under the altar the souls of those who had been slain for the word of God and forthe witness they had borne. . . And I heard the number of the sealed: 144,000.

—Revelation 6:9, 7:4, RSV; Sealing of the Martyrs

Martyrdom is a charism of the Spirit.—C. H. Pinnock, Flame of love: a theology of the Holy Spirit, 1996

Part 4

MARTYROLOGYThe demographics of Christian martyrdom, AD 33–AD 2001

Demographics is both a science and an art. Part 4 applies thisknowledge to a startling phenomenon: the killings of 70 mil-lion Christians across the centuries and in every country. Thedata are sufficiently dense, detailed, and incontrovertible thatthis Part arrives at firm totals and trends. Even ongoing ratesof martyrdom are calculated, which bishops, evangelists, for-eign missionaries, clergy, church leaders, as well as layper-sons should be prepared to face.

The demographics of Christian martyrdom, AD 33-AD 2001

Key to 56 worst martyrdom situations

= over 100,000 martyrs each= over 500,000 martyrs each= over 1,000,000 martyrs each

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TOTAL PERSONS, AD 33-2000All persons born since AD 33: 36,673 millionAll persons evangelized since AD 33: 12,105 million (33% of human race)All Christians since AD 33: 8,344 million (23% of human race)All martyrs killed since AD 33: 69,420,000Martyrs as % all Christians ever: 0.8%Martyrs among all Christians leaders ever: 2.0%

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW, AD 33-2000600 major martyrdom situations over 20 centuries

76 with over 100,000 martyrs each27 with over 500,000 martyrs each15 with over 1 million martyrs each

Average martyrs per martyrdom situation: 115,000Martyrdom loci: in 220 countriesEcclesiastical traditions involved: all 300Denominations with own martyrs: 4,000

Graphic 4-1. Location of the 76 worst situations of mass martyrdom in Christian history(all with over 100,000 martyrs each).

Key to 76 worst martyrdom situations

AN OVERVIEW OF MARTYRDOM

This section of the survey presents the evidence forthe startling conclusion that, over the 20 centuries ofthe Christian faith, some 70 million Christians havebeen murdered for that faith and hence are calledmartyrs. And this number continues to grow in thenew Millennium as over 400 new martyrs are beingkilled every day. The whole situation is summarizedon a single sheet in Global Diagram 16 (in Part 1). Partof that diagram is shown here in Graphic 4-1 to theright.

Christian vs. non-Christian martyrsAll religions have their own lists of martyrs. In theircases the term means ‘members of our religion whohave been killed for it’. A survey of human historyreveals a large number of such martyrdom situationswhere hundreds, thousands, or on numerous occa-sions, millions of individuals have been killed be-cause of their religion. Examples from the 20th cen-tury include the Jewish holocaust in Germany, theMuslim-Hindu wars since India’s Partition in 1947,current Hindu-Sikh fighting in northern India, andthe torture and murder of Confucianists under Com-munist Chinese rule. Throughout history, ethnic re-ligionists have also suffered ‘martyrdom’ under theinvasion of foreign peoples.

Martyrdom is even desired under certain circum-stances. The role of Japanese kamikazes in World WarII served this purpose, and certain fundamentalistMuslims deliberately fought to their deaths in theIran/Iraq Persian Gulf War in the early 1980s.

A brief summary table of all such martyrdoms isgiven below in Table 4–1. The rest of this survey willthen focus on Christian martyrdom.

Origin of the word ‘martyr’The English word ‘martyr’ is derived from the Greekmartys, which carries the meaning ‘witness’ in Eng-lish. In New Testament usage, it meant ‘a witness tothe resurrection of Christ’. This witness resulted sofrequently in death that by the end of the first cen-tury martys had come to mean a Christian who wit-nessed to Christ by his or her death. This enlargedmeaning has become the accepted norm throughoutchurch history.

Definition of termsFor the purposes of this volume’s primarily quanti-tative analysis of martyrdom, Christian martyrs aredefined as ‘believers in Christ who have lost theirlives prematurely, in situations of witness, as a resultof human hostility.’ This definition has 5 essential andindeed indispensable elements which can be statedas follows:1. ‘Believers in Christ’. These individuals include theentire Christian community including professingChristians, crypto-Christians, affiliated Christians,and unaffiliated Christians. In AD 2000, some 2.0 bil-lion individuals match this description, and since thetime of Christ over 8.3 billion have believed in Christ.2. ‘Lost their lives’. Our definition is restricted to Chris-tians actually put to death, for whatever reason.

Islam Muslim martyrs 80 millionChristianity Christian martyrs 70 millionHinduism Hindu martyrs 20 millionBuddhism Buddhist martyrs 10 millionJudaism Jewish martyrs 9 millionEthnoreligions Ethnic martyrs 6 millionSikhism Sikh martyrs 2 millionBaha’i Baha’i martyrs 1 millionOther religions Other religious martyrs 5 million

All religions Total religious martyrs 203 million

Table 4–1. Martyrdom in world religionssince each’s origin.

228 Part 4—MARTYROLOGY

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CHRIST HISTORICIZED

CHRIST THREE-DIMENSIONALIZED

CHRIST UPLIFTED

Jesus the Faithful and True Martys(Martys is the Greek word for witness or martyr: see Revelation 3:14)

(see captions on facing page, bottom left)

CHRIST AUTHENTICATED CHRIST MULTIPLIED

CHRIST REGNANT

CHRIST ACCURSED CHRIST MOCKED

CHRIST POPULARIZED

CHRIST DESTROYED

CHRIST REVILED

CHRIST AUCTIONED

CHRIST FOR SALE

CHRIST EXHIBITED

CHRIST SACRIFICED

CHRIST ROMANTICIZED

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MARTYROLOGY 229

Ref. Name in Mark’s Gospel Other names Martyred How died Place Country1 2 3 4 5 6 7

a. The Twelve Apostles1 Simon Peter Cephas (Rock) AD 64 Crucified Rome Italy2 James son of Zebedee Boanerges (Son of Thunder) 44 Beheaded Jerusalem Palestine3 John Boanerges The Beloved Disciple 96 Boiled in oil Ephesus Turkey4 Andrew Andrea 69 Crucified Patras Greece5 Philip – 60 Hanged Hierapolis Turkey6 Bartholomew Nathanael, son of Ptolemy 68 Crucified Albana Armenia7 Matthew Levi 70 Stabbed Nubia Ethiopia8 Thomas Didymus (Twin) 82 Speared Mylapore India9 James the Less The Younger; son of Alphaeus 54 Stoned Jerusalem Palestine

10 Judas Thaddeus Lebbaeus; son of James; Addai 66 Clubbed Ardaze Turkey11 Simon Zelotes The Zealot; the Canaanean 61 Crucified Suanir Iran12 Judas Iscariot Man of Kerioth; Assassin 33 (Suicide) Jerusalem Palestine

b. Other NT apostles Matthias Mattaniah 64 Burned Axum EthiopiaPaul Saul of Tarsus 64 Beheaded Rome ItalyBarnabas Joseph; Son of Consolation 61 Stoned Salamis CyprusMark the Evangelist John Mark 68 Trampled Alexandria EgyptJames the Just The Brother of the Lord 62 Stoned Jerusalem PalestineLuke the Evangelist The Good Physician 91 Hanged Rome ItalyTimothy Bishop of Ephesus 90 Beheaded Ephesus Turkey

c. Others of unknown fateThese 5 are: Andronicus, Apollos, Epaphroditus, Junia, Silas (Silvanus).

The New Testament records the selection and subsequentministries of the Twelve Apostles. Strong traditions exist thatall were subsequently martyred for Christ, though the NT onlyrecords this for James son of Zebedee (Acts 12:2). The tablebelow records what is known of the most likely fate of (a) each

of the Twelve; (b) the 7 others named apostolos in the NTwhose fate is partly known; and (c) the 5 others named apos-tolos in the NT about whose subsequent fate nothing what-ever is known.

Table 4–2. Martyrdoms of The Twelve Apostles and of 12 other New Testament apostles.

TOTAL PERSONS, AD 33-2000All persons born since AD 33: 36,673 millionAll persons evangelized since AD 33: 12,105 million (33%

of human race)All Christians since AD 33: 8,344 million (23% of human

race)All martyrs killed since AD 33: 69,420,000 Martyrs as % all Christians ever: 0.8%Martyrs among all Christian leaders ever: 2.0%

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW, AD 33-2000600 major martyrdom situations over 20 centuries

76 with over 100,000 martyrs each27 with over 500,000 martyrs each15 with over 1 million martyrs each

Average martyrs per martyrdom situation: 115,000Martyrdom loci: in 220 countriesEcclesiastical traditions involved: all 300Denominations with own martyrs: 4,000

CONFESSION OF VICTIMS, AD 33-2000(total martyrs of each tradition)

Orthodox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,798,000Russian Orthodox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,626,400East Syrians (Nestorians) . . . . . . . . . 12,379,000Ukrainian Orthodox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,500,000Gregorians (Armenian Apostolic) . . . . 1,215,100

Roman Catholic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,210,000Catholics (before AD 1000) . . . . . . . . 855,000

Independents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,512,000Protestants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,172,000Anglicans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,046,000Marginal Christians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,700other and background martyrs . . . . . . . . 6,675,700

Total all martyrs 69,420,000

PERSECUTORS AND THEIR VICTIMS,AD 33-2000

Persecutors responsible MartyrsState ruling power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,871,000Atheists (overlap with above) . . . . . . . . . 31,689,000Muslims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,121,000Ethnoreligionists (animists) . . . . . . . . . . . 7,469,000Roman Catholics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,171,000Quasi-religionists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,712,000Buddhists (Mahayana) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,651,000Hindus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676,000Zoroastrians (Parsis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384,000Eastern Orthodox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222,000Other non-Christians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,000Other Christians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146,000SUBTOTALS:Non-Christian persecutors . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,882,000Christian persecutors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,538,000

Total all martyrs 69,420,000

Table 4–3. Global overview of Christianmartyrdom, AD 2000.

3. ‘Prematurely’. This word is important. Martyrdomis a disruption—sudden, abrupt, unexpected, un-wanted.4. ‘In situations of witness’. This phrase incorporatesthe original heart of the etymology. However, “wit-ness” in this definition does not mean only public tes-timony or proclamation concerning the Risen Christ.It refers to the entire lifestyle and way of life of theChristian believer, whether or not he or she is activelyproclaiming at the time of being killed. In this senseall Great Commission Christians, committed toChrist’s mission as by definition they are, are ‘wit-nesses’ to the Lordship of the Risen Christ daily andcontinuously, whether consciously or unknowingly.5. ‘As a result of human hostility’. This last element isthe crucial one. It excludes deaths through accidents,crashes, earthquakes and other ‘acts of God’, illnesses,or other causes of death however tragic.

An important point to note is what this definitionomits. The most important item omitted is a criterionconsidered essential by churches in their martyrolo-gies—’heroic sanctity’, by which is meant saintly lifeand fearless stance. Those are certainly essential fora martyrology if it is to have compelling educationaland inspirational value for church members underpersecution and in particular for new converts. Heroicsanctity is however not essential to our definition be-cause many Christians have been killed shortly aftertheir conversion and before they had any chance todevelop Christian character, holiness, or courage.

SITUATION BY AD 2000 (P.A.= PER YEAR)Martyrs in 20th century (1900-2000): . . . 45,400,000 Martyrs since 1950: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,300,000Average annual martyrs since 1950: . . . 278,000 p.a.Recent annual martyrs: . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171,000 p.a.Current annual martyrs: . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160,000 p.a.Countries heavily involved in AD 2000: . 50

CONFESSION OF VICTIMS, AD 2000(average annual martyrdom rates)

Roman Catholics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93,000Protestants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,000Orthodox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,000Non-White indigenous Christians . . . . . . 10,000Anglicans and Old Catholics . . . . . . . . . . 8,000Marginal Protestants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,000

Total martyrs p.a 160,000

LIKELIHOOD (L%) OF BEING MARTYRED(at current rates)

Full-time workers L% Per yearBishops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 . . . . . . . . 15Evangelists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 . . . . . . . . 133Catechists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 . . . . . . . . 175Foreign missionaries . . . . . . . . 3.0 . . . . . . . . 131Clergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 . . . . . . . . 303All Christian workers . . . . . . . . 2.0 . . . . . . . . 1,700Monks, brothers . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 . . . . . . . . 63Sisters, nuns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 . . . . . . . . 300Other Christians:Great Commission Christians . . 1.6 . . . . . . . . 80,000Christians (all kinds) . . . . . . . . . 1.0 . . . . . . . .160,000

Jesus the Faithful and True Martys(captions for photo collage opposite)

1. Christ popularized. Public yearly enactment of Jesus carrying hisCross to Calvary (Mexico, and throughout Latin America).

2. Christ historicized. 3-dimensional tableau of Crucifixion, EinsiedelnAbbey (Switzerland).

3. Christ three-dimensionalized. Argentina’s Roman Catholic bish-ops use life-size crucified Christ.

4. Christ regnant. ‘Christ Triumphant’ reigning from the Cross(Dogura, Papua).

5. Christ sacrificed. ‘Crucifixion’, Church of St Aidan, East Acton, UK(G. Sutherland).

6. Christ accursed. Christ bearing sins of the world (John Biggs).7. Christ mocked. ‘Christ Crowned with Thorns’ (Hieronymus Bosch,

c1510).8. Christ exhibited. ‘Christ Exhibited’ (young woman artist Helina

Kom).9. Christ romanticized. Altarpiece by Raphael, Italian master.

10. Christ destroyed. A horrific crucifixion (Graham Sutherland),Church of St. Matthew, Northampton, UK.

11. Christ reviled. ‘Crucifixion’ (Herbert Seidel), in earlier East Ger-man atheist setting.

12. Christ uplifted. ‘Christ of Saint John of the Cross’ (Salvador Dali,1951).

13. Christ for sale. Sought after by buyers: ‘Crucifixion’ by Duccio diBuonisegna, c1300.

14. Christ auctioned. Christies of London auction that Duccio (shownhung on right) for highest price ever in 1976, £1,000,000.

15. Christ authenticated. Holy Shroud of Turin (Christ’s burial cloth)exhibited in Turin Cathedral, 1978.

16. Christ multiplied. Hill of Crosses in Lithuania, expanded dailythroughout 46-year occupation by atheist USSR.

THE CHRISTIAN UNDERSTANDING OF MARTYRS

The fate of the Twelve ApostlesThe New Testament records how the Risen Christgave his disciples the Great Commission, and de-scribes a few early cases of their obedience. But noth-ing is said about their ultimate fate as global mis-sionaries. The murder of only one of the Twelve isrecorded, that of James in AD 44 (Acts 12:2). But his-torical traditions, some strong, some weak, recordthat they all died as martyrs. Table 4–2 sets out thissituation.

Since recording these martyrdoms was relativelyunimportant in the early church, this should alert usto the proper significance to be attached to martyr-dom. God evidently calls a number of his disciplesto experience death as martyrs, but no additional sal-vation or pre-eminence in the Kingdom of God nec-essarily results. Their obedience however advancedthe spread of the gospel across the world.

Martyrdom not exclusively an early Christian phe-nomenon

When most Christians hear the word ‘martyr’ theytend to think of the Roman persecution of early Chris-tians. The Ecclesia Martyrum or Church of the Mar-tyrs is often thought to refer only to the earliest pe-riod of church history, the 10 imperial Romanpersecutions. This is not the case. Martyrdom insteadis considered to be the ‘common fate which theChurch shares with its Lord’. Our survey of individ-ual martyrs and of martyrdom situations reveals astartling fact: martyrdom is a consistent feature ofchurch history and occurs in every Christian tradi-tion and confession. This is evident in Tables 4-3 and4-4, and is documented in detail later in Table 4–10.The rate of martyrdom across the world throughoutthe ages has been a remarkably constant 0.8%. Oneout of every 120 Christians in the past has been mar-tyred, or in the future is likely to so be.

Martyrdom in Bible and churchThe Christian view of martyr developed in the con-text of actual martyrdoms in the first and second cen-turies after Christ. Martyrdom came about becauseof persecution and resulted in a death that was in it-self a witness for Christ. In the early church the ideadeveloped that it was not enough to be called a Chris-tian, one had to show some proof. That proof wasnormally some kind of verbal acknowledgement ofidentification with Christ, starting with the confes-sion ‘Jesus is Lord.’ Baumeister writes: ‘Dying be-cause one is a Christian is the action par excellencein which the disciple who is called to this confirmshis or her faith by following the example of Jesus’ suf-fering and through action is able once again to be-come a word with power to speak to others’. Even-tually confessors were distinguished from martyrs.

The first Christian document to have martyrdomas its exclusive subject was the letter written by theChristians of Smyrna describing the martyrdom oftheir bishop Polycarp. One key concept in this letter,important to our understanding of martyrdom, is thefact that Polycarp’s death validated his discipleship—he followed his master unto death.

Justin Martyr took the subject of martyrdom fur-ther, portraying the martyr as the holder of truth, will-ing to die because of its value.


Non-Christian persecutors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Atheists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a 31,689,000 –Buddhists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 1,651,000 –Confucianists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G 3,000 –Ethnoreligionists (pagans) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 7,469,000 –Hindus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 676,000 –Jews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 60,100 –Manicheans (Gnostics) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g 10,000 –Muslims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 9,121,000 –Quasireligionists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Y 2,712,000 –Shintoists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 17,000 –Spiritists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U 25,000 –state ruling power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x 55,871,000 –Zoroastrians (Parsis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z 384,000 –other and background killers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,675,700 –

Christian persecutors and/or victims . . . . . . . . .African Independent pentecostals . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 I-3pA 6,700Anabaptists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 P-Ana 34,000Anglicans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 53,400 A- 1,046,000Apostolic era (AD 30-75) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 I-Aps 15,400Arians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . n 14,500 – 1,000Armenian Apostolic (Gregorian) . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 O-Arm 1,215,000Baptists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 P-Bap 704,000Belorussian Orthodox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 O-Bye 670,000Bulgarian Orthodox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 O-Bul 112,000Byzantines (before 1000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O 222,000 O-Byz 1,527,000Cathari/Albigensians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 I-Alg 20,000Catholics (before AD 1000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R 57,000 R-Lat 855,000Celts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 A-Cel 53,500Chaldean Catholics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 R-Cha 450Chinese house churches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 I-3hC 700,000Congregationalists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 P-Con 2,200Coptic Orthodox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 O-Cop 1,068,000Czech Orthodox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 O-Cze 15,000Disciples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 P-Dis 4,000Donatists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 I-Don 24,000East Syrians (Nestorians) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 O-Nes 12,379,000Eastern Orthodox (after 1000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 O- 42,773,000Ethiopian Orthodox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 O-Eth 651,000Georgian Orthodox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 O-Geo 210,000Independent Charismatics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 I-3 1,889,000Independent Churches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 5,000 I- 3,512,000Jehovah’s Witnesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 m-Jeh 6,700Latter-day Saints (Mormons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m 10 m-LdS 30Lollards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 I-Lol 100Lutherans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 P-Lut 987,000Maronites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 R-Mar 152,700Marranos, Moriscos, Messianic, Jewish-Christian – 0 I-Jew 21,500Melkites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 R-Mel 30Messianic Jewish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 I-3mJ 1,000,000Montanists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 I-Mon 2,000Moravians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 P-Mor 6,000Old Believers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 I-OBe 3,200Paulicians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 I-Pau 100,000Pentecostals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 P-Pen 1,021,000Presbyterians/Reformed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 P-Ref 210,000Protestants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 16,200 P- 3,172,000Quakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 I-Qua 500Quasi-Christians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 I-qCh 1,000,000Roman Catholics (after 1000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R 5,171,000 R- 11,355,000Russian Orthodox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 O-Rus 21,626,000Romanian Orthodox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 O-Rum 16,000Serbian Orthodox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 O-Ser 350,000Ukrainian Orthodox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 O-Ukr 3,500,000Waldensians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 I-Wal 6,100West Syrians (Jacobites) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0 O-Syr 351,000other and background martyrs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – – – 6,675,700

Religionists As persecutors As victims

Code Martyrs Code Martyrs1 2 3 4 5

Table 4–5. Persecutors and martyrs: 60 religious traditions and their related Christianmartyrs, AD 33-2000.

assassinated . . . . . . . 3annihilated . . . . . . . . . 7attacked during sleep 5bayoneted . . . . . . . . . 7beaten to death . . . . . 7beheaded . . . . . . . . . 4bled to death . . . . . . . 6boiled in oil . . . . . . . . 2blown up . . . . . . . . . . 5brainwashed to death 5broken on wheel . . . . 2buried alive . . . . . . . . 5burned at stake . . . . . 4buried in sand . . . . . . 4butchered . . . . . . . . . 9cannibalized . . . . . . . 3chemically killed . . . . . 8clubbed to death . . . . 6crucified . . . . . . . . . . . 4crushed to death . . . . 3cut to pieces . . . . . . . 7decapitated . . . . . . . . 4deprived of medication 7died after beating . . . . 8died after prison release 7died in custody . . . . . 5died in interrogation . . 4died in prison . . . . . . . 10died in slavery . . . . . . 6died of injuries . . . . . . 9died on release . . . . . 7died under torture . . . 6disemboweled . . . . . . 3dismembered . . . . . . . 5driven mad . . . . . . . . 6driven to suicide . . . . 3drowned . . . . . . . . . . . 7drugged to death . . . . 4eaten alive . . . . . . . . . 3eaten by piranhas . . . 3electrocuted . . . . . . . . 4electronically killed . . 2executed . . . . . . . . . . 4exposed to elements . 6frightened to death . . 4frozen to death . . . . . 8garroted . . . . . . . . . . . 4gassed . . . . . . . . . . . . 7gibbeted . . . . . . . . . . . 4guillotined . . . . . . . . . 4hacked to death . . . . . 8hanged . . . . . . . . . . . 6hanged upside down . 3hunted to death . . . . . 4immolated . . . . . . . . . 4immured . . . . . . . . . . 2impaled . . . . . . . . . . . 4

injected . . . . . . . . . . . 5killed by contract . . . . 3killed by mob . . . . . . . 8killed extrajudicially . . 5killed during genocide 9killed with sword . . . . 9knifed . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7lashed to death . . . . . 4left to die . . . . . . . . . . 6liquidated . . . . . . . . . . 7lowered into sewage . 9lynched . . . . . . . . . . . 4machine-gunned . . . . 6massacred . . . . . . . . . 8murdered . . . . . . . . . . 5mutilated to death . . . 4poisoned . . . . . . . . . . 4pushed under traffic . . 3pushed under train . . 3put to death . . . . . . . . 5quartered . . . . . . . . . . 3racked to death . . . . . 4roasted alive . . . . . . . 4run over by tank . . . . . 2run over by vehicle . . 4savaged by dogs . . . . 3savaged by wild animals 5sawed in two . . . . . . . 3shedding blood . . . . . 6shot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10shot by sniper . . . . . . 6slashed to death . . . . 7slaughtered . . . . . . . . 7speared to death . . . . 4stabbed to death . . . . 5starved to death . . . . . 10stoned . . . . . . . . . . . . 3strangled . . . . . . . . . . 4suffocated . . . . . . . . . 4targeted in war . . . . . . 5terrorized to death . . . 6throat slit . . . . . . . . . . 9thrown from aircraft . . 4thrown off building . . . 5thrown over cliff . . . . . 7thrown overboard . . . 8thrown to crocodiles . 3thrown to lions . . . . . . 4thrown to sharks . . . . 5tied behind vehicle . . . 4torched . . . . . . . . . . . 5torn apart by horses . 3tortured to death . . . . 5trampled to death . . . 4wiped out . . . . . . . . . . 6

Total . . . . . . . . . 70 million

Method Magnitude Method Magnitude

This table lists the whole variety of means and methods usedto kill Christian martyrs over the last 20 centuries. It thenestimates the totals so killed by each means, using the fol-lowing estimates of cases:

10 Over 10 million9 From 4-10 million8 From 2-4 million7 From 1-2 million6 500,000 to 1 million5 100,000 to 500,0004 10,000 to 100,0003 1,000 to 10,0002 100 to 1,0001 Under 100

Table 4–4. 112 methods used to kill 70million martyrs, AD 33-2000.

Why are there martyrs?According to Latin American radical theologianLeonardo Boff they exist for two reasons: (1) Chris-tians prefer to sacrifice their lives rather than to beunfaithful to their convictions and, (2) those that re-ject proclamation persecute, torture and kill. This gen-eral presence of evil in the world, combined withChristian devotion is at the root of martyrdom.

When we examine a list of martyrs down the ages,as comprehensive as is known today, some startlingfindings emerge. Table 4–3 provides a global sum-mary and overview. Table 4–5 analyses the grand to-tal of 70 million martyrs separated out by which non-Christian authorities are responsible, and also by theChristian traditions or confessions of the victims. Sur-prisingly, Christians themselves have been the per-secutors responsible for martyring 5,539,000 otherChristians.

Another startling fact is the viciousness of killershostile to Christians, Christianity, and Christian wit-ness. Table 4–4 has already presented a horrifying list-ing of 112 ways in which killers have murdered Chris-tians over the centuries.

The martyrdom of JesusJesus was the Christian martyr par excellence. It washe who provided the example for all Christian mar-tyrs since. It is important to understand the varyingreasons for his martyrdom. From the point of viewof the Pharisees he was being punished for blasphemyand contempt for the law. The Romans saw him as asubversive. His followers later understood his deathas a necessary price for the salvation of the world.Thus, the reasons Christians give to explain martyr-dom, even in the case of Jesus, are very complex.

The global presence of martyrsOur survey reveals that martyrs have died in the 138largest countries of the world. In many, the estab-lishment of the church was the result of mass mar-tyrdom. This was true in the early Roman empire, inArmenia, in Egypt, and in Palestine, and then subse-quently in India, China, France, Japan, Britain, VietNam, Korea, the Americas, and Russia and theUkraine.

The many different kinds of martyrsKarl Rahner expounds Thomas Aquinas’ dictum that‘Someone is a martyr through a death that is clearly

related to Christ if he is defending society against theattacks of its enemies who are trying to damage theChristian faith and if in this defense he suffers death’.

Edna McDonagh writes: ‘Christian martyrs do notdie solely even primarily for the sake of the Churchcommunity but for the kingdom which may be seek-ing expression and demanding recognition within thebounds of the historical Church, in causes not ex-plicitly religious’.

Following in the footsteps of Jesus, Christians havebeen martyred for all kinds of reasons. Though thehistory of martyrdom illustrates the vast variety ofreasons why Christians are martyred, Boff makes itclear that ‘All those who have died, and those yet todie, for these causes, regardless of their ideologicalallegiance, are truly martyrs through the spilling oftheir blood because they perform virtuous actions inthe spirit of Christ’.

Analyzing martyrdom situationsThe first way in which we can begin to understandthe phenomenon of multiple or mass martyrdom isto analyze their features and their overall significance.This can be done by describing each individual situ-ation by means of coded variables; this is done in

MARTYROLOGY 231

0 = no martyrs past or present1 = alien martyrs only (of an outside culture)2 = past martyrs of this people (over 3 generations ago)3 = one known recent protomartyr of this culture4 = several known recent martyrs of this culture5 = numerous martyrs but sporadic, local and under 0.1%

of Christians6 = moderate martyrdom (0.1%-0.9% of all Christians at

the time)7 = high martyrdom (1-9%)8 = severe martyrdom (10-49%)9 = intense martyrdom (50% or over)

10 = total martyrdom (100%; virtually every Christian wipedout)

Table 4–7. Incidence of martyrdom in acountry, city, or ethnolinguisticpeople.

0 = non-witnessing Christians (nominals, etc)Non-martyr witnesses (confessors)

1 = Christians witnessing, but not suffering or persecuted2 = witnesses suffering, persecuted, or tortured but not killed3 = witnesses wanting or seeking martyrdom but not succeeding

Martyrs (Involuntary or inadvertent)4 = died during or after imprisonment or torture for being a Christian5 = killed for outwardly non-religious reasons6 = killed for being part of a Christian body being persecuted7 = killed because known individually or collectively as a Christian

Martyrs (voluntary or deliberate)8 = killed after deliberately provoking hostility or seeking martyrdom9 = killed after making a formal public witness in a hostile situation

10 = publicly ordered to apostatize, refuses, confesses Christ, killed

0 = non-witnessing Christians. (This refers to latent, unaffiliated, nominal, non-practicing, non-suffering Christians).Non-martyr witnesses (confessors)

1 = Christians witnessing but not suffering or persecuted. (By far the largest grouping, 83% of all active Great CommissionChristians today, of whom 20% are harassed by state or society but not severely persecuted).

2 = witnesses persecuted but not killed. (The underground church, which in 1988 numbered 16% of all Christians, includ-ing those tortured or imprisoned). A. Solzhenitsyn, R. Wurmbrandt, G. Vins.

3 = witnesses seeking martyrdom but not succeeding. Pachomius, Anskar.Martyrs (involuntary or inadvertent)

4 = died during or after imprisonment. AD 254 Origen, 1920 abp Justin of Omsk, 1929 abp Peter of Voronezh, 1938metropolitan Anatole of Odessa.

5 = killed for outwardly nonreligious reasons. 1966 fr C. Torres, 1968 M. L. King Jr, 1977 abp J. Luwum.6 = killed for being part of a persecuted body. 1915, 600,000 Armenian Apostolics.7 = killed because known as a Christian. 1945 D. Bonhoeffer, M. Skobtsova, 1980 abp O. Romero.

Martyrs (voluntary or deliberate)8 = killed after deliberately seeking martyrdom. 628 Anastasius the Persian, 1531 Thomas Bilney, c1700 brother Markel &

Old Believer monks, 1795 Greek neomartyrs.9 = killed after formal public witness. 1941 fr M. Kolbe.

10 = killed after being offered reprieve but refusing. 33 Jesus, 36 Stephen, 64 Paul, 156 Polycarp, 1555 abp T. Cranmer.

In this table a variety of Christians together with a number ofwell-known martyrs are classified by type. To illustrate this ty-pology, first come 11 categories then these categories withprecise definitions. Then these categories are given again be-

low together with a small selection of some of the best-knownmartyrs or martyr situations (names and dates) who fit in andillustrate each category.

Table 4–6. Analysis of martyrs by 11 types of Christians.

Table 4–6. This provides a scale of varieties of mar-tyrs, coded 0-10, is designed primarily to help clas-sify individual martyrs. The scale provides a meansof classifying and comparing the various types or de-grees of martyrdom. It is descriptive, not evaluative.It describes circumstances, hence one cannot say thatindividuals killed in category 9 or 10 were better ormore faithful witnesses than persons in category 1,or 4, etc. Neither does our definition of ‘martyr’ nec-essarily imply holiness of life or character, nor the‘heroic sanctity’ that many Christian confessions re-quire before persons can be formally recognized assaints. Category 1 gives in fact the original meaningof the New Testament Greek word martys (see Acts1.8), but categories 0-3 are not properly called mar-tyrs in today’s English usage.

Another scale by which a country’s experience ofmartyrdom can be measured is shown in Table 4–7;this can also measure a city’s experience, or an eth-nic people’s experience.

Two more scales, this time describing each actualmartyrdom situation, are given in Table 4–8. Thewhole range of situations is given values for these lat-ter 2 variables in our major overall data compilation,Table 4–10, columns 9 and 10.

Background murders and martyrsAt this point before examining our major datatableon martyrdom, it is important to note that we ob-servers actually see only the tip of the iceberg, whilea vast number of other martyrdoms take place everyday, every week, every year, without anyone elsehearing about them. Part of this phenomenon istermed here background martyrdom. It is definedand described in Table 4–9, and will then be utilizedthroughout Table 4–10.

The impact of martyrdom on evangelizationIs there a correlation between martyrdom and evan-gelization? In some countries we find that martyr-dom was followed by church growth. A contempo-rary example is the church in China. In 1949 therewere only one million Christians. Forty years of anti-religious Communist rule produced some 1.2 millionmartyrs (see Table 4–10). The result: explosive churchgrowth to today’s 90 million believers.

The future of martyrdomWe might be tempted to believe that mankind willgradually grow out of its violent nature and that, per-haps one hundred years in the future, will no longerbe killing others, for whatever reason. However, thisis not likely to be the case. The future almost certainlyholds more martyrdom situations and the names ofindividual martyrs are likely to continue mounting

year after year at the same shocking rate of 160,000 ayear or even higher.

THE DEMOGRAPHICS OF MARTYRDOM

Our major compilation of data on Christian martyrsin all countries over the 20 centuries of Christian his-tory is contained in the World Evangelization Data-base. This can be directly accessed via the CD relatedto this survey, the World Christian database. In print,most of these data are contained here in several largetables: (a) Table 4–10 describing 600 major martyr-dom situations in 150 countries, AD 33-2000; (b) Table4–11 ‘Alphabetical listing of 2,500 known Christianmartyrs, AD 33-2000’; (c) Table 4–12 ‘Chronologicallisting of 2,500 known Christian martyrs, AD 33-2000’;and (d) Table 4–13 ‘Geographical listing of 2,500known Christian martyrs, AD 33-2000’.

The most significant and informative of these ta-bles in this Part 4 is Table 4–10, which will now be an-alyzed.

The 500 major martyrdom situations in historyTable 4–10 describes the whole extent of Christianmartyrdom and its martyrs—believers who have losttheir lives prematurely because of their faith in Christ,in situations of witness, as a result of human hostil-ity. The table lists a selection of the major or best-known martyr situations in the narrative of Chris-tianity, arranged by the 10 major epochs in Christianhistory (in capital letters), with overall totals andanalyses given at the end of each epoch. Names of arepresentative selection of 400 individual martyrs orgroups are given throughout the table in bold type.Note these abbreviations: bp = bishop, abp = arch-bishop, msgr = monsignor, fr = father/priest, br =brother/monk, sr = sister/nun.

Definitions, sources, and meanings of the 11columns and of the rows are appended in the fol-lowing paragraphs. These explanations, qualifica-tions and caveats must be carefully studied before thereader rushes into conclusions about the validity ofthe concept of martyrdom as presented here.

Briefly, note that column 5 = primary persecutingbody, column 6 = Christian tradition of those mar-tyred, column 7 = total martyrs as a result of that sit-uation, 7a (on CD only) = total related Christians then,8 = martyrdom ratio 7:7a as a percentage, 9 = mag-nitude of martyrs (code given in Index 1, Table 4–8),10 = intensity of martyrdom (code given in Index 2,Table 4–8), 11 = total all Christians worldwide aliveat that time, 11a = line number, for quick reference(on CD only).

For many dates, there are often many other well-

known martyrs too numerous to list in the table. Suchadditional names, numbering 2,500 individual mar-tyrs, are given in Tables 4-11, 4-12, and 4-13.

It must be remembered again that although thistable deals only with specifically Christian martyr-dom, similar tables could be drawn up for martyrs inJudaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, and the othergreat religions. All share in this greatest of depriva-tions of human rights.

ANALYSIS OF ALL MARTYR SITUATIONS, AD 33-2000

Each of the 11 Epochs has its martyrdom situationstotaled and analyzed in the last 5 lines of each Epoch.Totals of all martyrs since AD 33 are then visible onthat 5th line.

Background martyrdomThis very significant aspect is enumerated for eachEpoch in its last line but two. As mentioned brieflyabove, the term ‘background martyrs’ refers to thecontinuous stream of Christians killed as isolated vic-tims or for individual reasons, usually without anyparticular ecclesiastical situation, often clouded byother kinds of violence (wars, killings, murders, etc).In such cases their ecclesiastical affiliation is eitherunknown or irrelevant. The term ‘background killers’refers to those responsible for these killings. For fullerdefinition, see Table 4–9; for numbers, see Table 4–10.

Some possible future scenariosThe rest of Table 4–10 after AD 2000 speculates onpossible futures. It draws on material in Part 2 “Cos-moChronology”. It is based (purely for purposes ofillustrating our method) on one of the possible sug-gested scenarios, namely with the 10-year End-timearbitrarily placed just after AD 2050, with a worldpopulation then of 8 billion and a church of 3 billion.Note that each of the lines anticipates not only thechurch having numerous martyrs but also, especiallyin the End-time, the church losing vast numbersthrough defections, apostasies, and non-martyrdeaths.

ESTABLISHING THEBOUNDARIES OF MARTYRDOM

Detailed final definitionsIn the light of the detailed data in Table 4–10, a reca-pitulation of the whole concept of martyrdom is inorder at this point.

This analysis sees the term ‘martyr’ primarily as areligious one and in particular as a Christian one. Weare looking at the phenomenon from the Christianpoint of view, as the Christian experiences it. The pri-mary thing is—a Christian has lost his or her life dueto human hostility. Who caused it, or in what hostilecircumstances, or for what motivation, are all sec-ondary.

The analysis therefore defines a ‘martyr’ as fol-lows.(i) Brief definition. A martyr is a Christian who loseshis or her life prematurely due to hostility because ofhis or her faith in Christ.(ii) Expanded definition. A martyr is a Christian wholoses his or her life prematurely in circumstances re-lated either directly or indirectly to witness to Christ,and as a result of human hostility or violence directedat him or her (but not simply as a result of naturalcauses, disease, famine, accident, warfare, or so-called


Martyrs of the First Millennium1. Apostle Simon the Zealot, AD 61.2. Apostle Jude (Thaddaeus), AD 66.3. Apostle Thomas, in India, AD 82.4. John on Patmos sees the 144,000 martyrs (Revelation 7,14).5. India postage stamp on Thomas’ 19th death centenary.6. ‘Diana or Christ?’ (by A. Long): sacrifice to gods or die.7. The 10,000 martyrs (AD 287, also AD 337), by Albrecht Dürer.8. ‘The Last Prayer’ (Gerome): by martyrs on crosses in Colosseum,Rome.9. Apostle John is boiled in oil as Emperor (left) watches, AD 95 (A. Durer,1496).

1 2 3

4

56

7

8

9

Martyrs of the First Millennium

MARTYROLOGY 233

Martyrs of the Second Millennium1. Murder in Canterbury Cathedral of archbishop Thomas Becket, 1170.2. 20 OFM missionaries are crucified in Nagasaki, Japan, 1597.3. Killing of bishop J.C. Patteson, Solomon Islands 1871.4. Baptist missionary cardiologist C.H. Yi and wife K.W. Yi murdered in

Khabarovsk, Russia, 1995.5. Bible translator William Tyndale burned at stake in Belgium, 1536.6. Murder of John Williams, New Hebrides, 1839.7. Charles de Foucauld, killed in Tamanrassset, Algeria, 1916.

8. Bible translator Romulo Saune, (center) executed in Peru by Maoists,1992.

9. Annual reenactment, martyrdom of prophet Simon Kimbangu by Bel-gian colonial authorities, 1951.

10. Assyrian Catholicos Mar Shimun XIX, killed by Turks, 1917.11. Jesuit pioneers Rudolf Acquaviva, companions killed in India, 1583.12. Catholic priest thrown into icy river by atheist mob, Croatia, 1970.13. Oscar Romero, archbishop in El Salvador, murdered in San Salvador

cathedral, 1980.

Martyrs of the Second Millennium

1 2

3

4 5

6

7

8

9

11 12 13

10


BELOW AVERAGE0 Under 0.1% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sporadic . . . . . . . . . . 156 599,2211 From 0.1 to under 0.2% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 543,6902 From 0.2 to under 0.5% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Moderate . . . . . . . . . . 51 608,2643 From 0.5 to under 1% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average . . . . . . . . . . . 35 1,482,670

ABOVE AVERAGE4 From 1 to under 2% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heavy . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 1,438,2955 From 2 to under 5% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Severe . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4,066,5476 From 5 to under 10% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appalling . . . . . . . . . . 51 10,603,7117 From 10 to under 20% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Catastrophic . . . . . . . 48 23,647,202

GENOCIDAL8 From 20 to under 50% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Horrifying . . . . . . . . . . 57 13,451,1639 From 50 to under 90% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Terrifying . . . . . . . . . . 33 6,304,367

10 From 90 to under 100% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Annihilating . . . . . . . . 1 400Background and other martyrs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 6,675,700TOTAL 584 69,420,000

Index 2. Intensity of each martyrdom situation.

Intensity Martyrs as % local Persecution Situations Total Martyrs

10 Over 10 million martyrs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 15,000,0009 From 4 million to 10 million . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 13,000,0008 From 2 million to 4 million . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4,900,0007 From 1 million to 2 million . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 9,300,0006 From 500,000 to 1 million . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 7,070,0005 From 100,000 to 500,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 9,330,0004 From 10,000 to 100,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 3,513,0003 From 1,000 to 10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 589,9002 From 100 to 1,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 40,3931 Under 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 2,237

Background and other martyrs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 6,675,700TOTAL 584 69,420,000

Variety Description

Accidental martyrdom (Violence got out of control)Anonymous martyrdom (Nobody identifies the victims)Bounty martyrdom (Reward is offered and deliberate hunt

ensues)Contract martyrdom (A price is put on a Christian’s head)Criminal martyrdom (A killing breaks the law)Domestic martyrdom (Occurring during a family dispute)Family-related martyrdom (Such as new convert poisoned

by relatives)Indirect martyrdom (Death comes as indirect product of

hostility)Individual martyrdom (Killed without church involvement)Invisible martyrdom (Killers operate cautiously and out of

sight)Isolated martyrdom (No apparent cause or connection)Laundered martyrdom (A killing has been covered up)Marginal martyrdom (At the edges of our definition)Mistaken martyrdom (Wrong target is killed)Money-related martyrdom (To cover embezzlement or

theft)Petty martyrdom (Due to petty crime)Political martyrdom (Regime claims political justification)Quasi-martyrdom (Credentials as Christians appear un-

certain)Revenge martyrdom (Settling of old scores)Subsequent martyrdom (Victim survives immediate attack

but dies shortly after)Trivial martyrdom (Such as a killing during a robbery)Unconscious martyrdom (Nobody realizes what has hap-

pened except the victim)Unheralded martyrdom (Killers remain silent)Unintended martyrdom (Killing originally not planned)Unknown martyrdom (No reports ever surface)Unorganized martyrdom (No planning evident)

Table 4–9. Multiple varieties of back-ground martyrdom.

Index 1. Magnitude of each martyrdom situation.

Size Martyrs per situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Situations Total Martyrs

Table 4–8. Two persecution/martyrdom indexes, each of 10 levels of demographic martyr-dom as experienced by the local Christian community in each of the 500 majorhistorical martyrdom situations.

‘acts of God’ such as earthquakes, floods, etc; also ex-cluding suicide, self-immolation, and the like).(iii). Standard short definition. Our standardized sum-mary definition should now be given again, as fol-lows: A martyr is a believer in Christ, who loses his or herlife prematurely, in a situation of witness, as a result of hu-man hostility.The key words to remember and insist on, when ex-amining instances of possible martyrdom, are there-fore these 5 words, which can be posed as questions:

—believer—loses—prematurely—witness—hostility

If any of these 5 key words do not apply to particu-lar individuals or situations, then they should not becalled martyrs in this precise sense.(iv) An even more detailed definition. Our most complexdefinition sees a martyr as a Christian whose loyaltyand witness to Christ (as a witness to the fact ofChrist’s resurrection, and also as a legal witness to,and advocate for, the claims of Christ in God’s cos-mic lawsuit against the world) lead directly or indi-rectly to a confrontation or clash with hostile oppo-nents (either non-Christians, or Christians of anotherpersuasion) as a result of him or her either (1) beinga Christian, or (2) being part of a Christian body orcommunity, or (3) being a Christian worker, or (4)averring the truth of Christianity, or (5) holding tosome Christian tenet or principle or practice, or (6)holding to different Christian tenets to his or her op-ponents, or (7) speaking for Christ, or (8) refusing todeny Christ or his or her Christian convictions; whichthen results in violence and in him or her voluntar-ily or involuntarily losing his or her life prematurely(shedding his or her blood, being put to death, exe-cuted, assassinated, killed, stoned, clubbed to death,beheaded, guillotined, garroted, strangled, stabbed,eaten alive, gassed, injected, electrocuted, suffocated,boiled in oil, roasted alive, drowned, torched, burnedmassacred, crucified, lynched, hanged, shot, mur-dered, pushed under oncoming traffic, immured,buried alive, crushed to death, poisoned, drugged todeath, starved, deprived of medication, chemicallyor electronically killed, killed extrajudicially, died un-der torture, died after beatings, died in custody, diedin prison, died soon after release from prison, or al-lowed or left to die). Any of these may take place withor without prior demand or opportunity to recant.(See alphabetical listing in Table 4–4).

Note that (6) above means that most Christianskilled as alleged ‘heretics’ down the ages should cor-rectly be included in enumerations of martyrs. Item(3) above also includes Christian workers killed in

the line of duty, or on active duty, or who lose theirlives because they happen to be in the path of vio-lence (this includes workers killed by robbers, sol-diers, police, etc). Note also that our definition of de-mographic martyrdom includes and covers thosechildren and infants who lose their lives along withadult martyrs.

SourcesData for many of the situations listed in Table 4–10come from detailed entries in Part 2 “Cos-moChronology”, which should be consulted for ad-ditional details on any particular year and its context.

PercentagesTo give the reader an idea of the numerical signifi-cance of statistics of any particular martyrs or periodhe or she is interested, in, we produce in this tablevarious differently-defined sets of percentages: (a) fora particular occasion, number of martyrs divided bytotal Christians of that time and place and/or de-nomination; (b) martyrs divided by nation’s Christ-ian population; (c) martyrs over a long period dividedby total Christians alive at some median time duringthis period, as percent; and (d) martyrs per year di-vided by total Christian deaths (from all causes) peryear, as percent. Readers will find some of theseclearer or more helpful than others.

DESCRIPTION OF COLUMNS IN TABLE 4-10

The meaning of columns and rows in the major tablehere, Table 4–10, are as follows:

1. Year. Date of first martyrdoms in a collective mar-tyrdom situation, or of first or beginning of aprolonged series extending over either a few ormany subsequent years. Note: ‘c’ = approxi-mately.

2. Main locus. Place, country, or main area where sit-uation of persecution or martyrdoms occurred.The name here is always either a country (usingterminology of the time), or a continent or re-gion, or occasionally one of the historical patri-archal metropolises (Jerusalem, Alexandria,Rome, Byzantium/Constantinople).

3. Description of major martyrdom situation. Detailsof group of martyrs concerned, or persecution,or context, or circumstances, i.e. the situation inits main particulars.

4. Related individual martyrs. Listed here in the table

in bold type are a small selection of those per-sons whose names are known and whom thechurches officially, or popularly, regard as ‘mar-tyrs’ properly so-called. This includes manyknown exceptional individuals who died vol-untarily or publicly for their faith or for refus-ing to deny Christ. Many of these persons thusnamed died as bishops. They are placed at thenearest appropriate date, in most cases on linesdescribing situations of which their martyrdomsformed part. Their dates are given if differentfrom the line’s date. Names of additional knownor well-known martyrs are then given below inthe 3 full listings of all individuals in Tables 4-11, 4-12, and 4-13.

Abbreviations in this column: bp = bishop (not usedhere for the original Apostles, but only after AD100), abp = archbishop, msgr = monsignor(bishop), fr = father (a priest, noted and usedhere only from 1693 onwards), br =brother/monk, sr = sister/nun. Note: bps, abps,frs are the plural forms including all followingnames to next title or colon. Other similar titlesare left unabbreviated: pope, patriarch, abba,mar, rabban. The symbol & (ampersand) hereand throughout denotes persons martyred to-gether. The phrase ‘et alii’ (and others) denotesseveral or numerous additional similar martyrsat the same time and place.

SUMMARY OF TRADITIONS INVOLVED

The next 2 variables in Table 4–10 report quite dif-ferent characteristics: firstly, persecutors; and sec-ondly, the martyrs they persecute. These are set outin summary form in Table 4–5.

After these 2, there follow 4 variables reporting onthe size and intensity of martyrdom in each situation.

5. Persecutors. Primary persecuting body, either sec-ular or religious, or both (if 2 letters are given);i.e. the main persecutors of the martyrs described(in columns 3 and 4. There codes represent ei-ther (a) in the first half of the column, the stateor ruling regime (shown by ‘x’, or a dot ‘.’ mean-ing no state involvement); and (b) in the secondhalf of the column, any religious body respon-sible or involved in killing the martyrs, whichcan be either non-Christian religious bodies, orChristian bodies themselves, or a dot ‘.’ mean-ing no religious body is involved. In this column5 there are always 2 code characters, side by side.As just noted, the code ‘x’ stands for the state

MARTYROLOGY 235

secular, or other ruling power, civil or military(i.e. state involvement, excluding any temporaryor invading power); this category is widely usedhere in combination with another code; thus, ‘xa’means that the persecutors are the civil power(x) who are also expressly atheists (a)). The rangeis shown in Table 4–5.

6. Tradition of martyrs. Christian tradition, confes-sion, or communion primarily involved as vic-tims. The listing in Table 4–5 shows the variousChristian bodies, traditions, and confessions in-volved, and also the various non-Christian bod-ies involved. The codes used are identical tocodes for the 6 megablocs and 300 traditions asshown in Part 16 “GeoCodebook”.

7. Martyrs (numerical total). Estimated number ofChristian martyrs resulting from situation de-scribed in columns 1-3 of Table 4–10, defining‘martyrs’ as all persons in categories 4-10 on ourscale ‘Analysis of martyrs by 11 types’ in Table4–6. Note that in any situation of mass deaths orkilling of Christians, we do not automatically ornecessarily define the entire total who have beenkilled as martyrs, but only that fraction whosedeaths resulted from some form of Christianwitness, individual or collective. Thus under‘1095, Crusades’, our table does not equate ‘cru-saders’ with ‘martyrs’, but simply states thatduring the Crusades a number of zealous andoverzealous Christians were in fact martyred asdefined under ‘Definitions’ above. Likewise‘1980, Latin America’ does not count as martyrsall Christians who became victims of politicalkillings, but only those whose situations in-volved Christian witness. Typical illustrationsof the latter include the vast number of cases ofan entire congregation singing hymns as soldierslock their church’s doors and proceed to burn itto the ground with no survivors.

The database here includes a further variable, 7a,available in the related CD but not in this print book.

7a. Christians. Local Christian population in that yearand region, i.e. size of the related local Christianpopulation to which columns 1-7 refer. Some-times this means the total Christians in the coun-try, of all denominations; sometimes it refers toa denominational or local grouping only. (Note:The only 3 exceptions are: AD 378 and 1648,where the figures of 120 million and 3,371 mil-lion refer to all Christians who ever lived up tothat date; and AD 1697, where the figure refersto all Christians who have ever lived in Japanup to that date. They are shown in italics to in-dicate that they should not be included again inother totals or sub-totals).

8. MR%. In order to be able to assess and comparesituations and their severity, we can speak ofpercentages. There are 5 or 6 different types wecould use. Here, MR = martyrdom ratio for thisincident or period, i.e. the number of those mar-tyred as a percentage of the immediate Christ-ian community (= columns 7 divided by 7a,times 100%)

9. Magnitude. The scale used here to measure mag-nitude of a martyrdom situation is as shown inTable 4–8, Index 1.

10. Intensity. The scale used here to measure inten-sity of a martyrdom situation is as shown inTable 4–8, Index 2.

11. Global Christians. This end column gives the totalnumber of Christians of all types across theworld alive at that time (expressed in millions).

11a. Line. In the related CD, this column gives anidentification number to each line in the table,for quick reference.

ARRIVING AT GLOBAL TOTALS

World totals at the end of each EpochAt the end of each Epoch in Table 4–10, there are 5standardized lines referring to the world situationwith world totals at that time. These are as follows:

1. Total of martyrs listed above that line, during thatEpoch.

2. All other martyrdom situations, known or unknown,during that Epoch.

3. Background martyrdom during that Epoch (individ-ual, domestic, family, isolated; see Table 4–9).

4. Global total of all martyrs during that Epoch (sum of1, 2, 3).

5. Global cumulative total of all martyrs since AD 33.

Additional notes on these 5 lines are as follows.

1. Total of martyrs above. Column 7 here simply totalsall the martyrs enumerated in this column abovefor that Epoch.

2. All other martyrdom situations, known or unknown.This second line is self-explanatory, bearing inmind that all the most widely-known names ofmartyrs involved in the previous lines of situa-tions just documented are merely the tip of theiceberg. We estimate the overall numerical size

of the iceberg, however, by adding this line tocover all unknown or undocumented situations.

3. Background martyrdom. The term is used here tocover a whole range of very small or isolated orindividual situations, which can be termed non-ecclesiastical. They cover cases where a Christ-ian is killed as a result of human hostility butwhere the circumstances are nothing directly orimmediately to do with organized Christianity.These are set out in Table 4–9. Our general find-ing is that at every Epoch background martyr-doms of these kinds take place continually. Sincethey are largely isolated individual cases, usu-ally there is no ecclesiastical situation nor eccle-siastical significance—they are just victims ofbackground violence provoked further by Chris-tian witness.

4. Global total of all martyrs during Epoch. Column 7for this row gives total martyrs during the epoch,based on (a) total of all the specifically-namedand detailed martyrdom situations describedabove (which themselves represent only a se-lection of the major situations) plus (b) the lineimmediately above, just described, which as-sesses the background martyrdom situation.

5. Global cumulative total of all martyrs since AD 33.Column 7 for this fifth row gives the total of allmartyrs since the Crucifixion in AD 33, up to theyear shown.

NAMES OF INDIVIDUAL MARTYRS

The last 3 tables in this Part 4, Tables 4-11, 4-12, and4-13, now give names of some 2,500 individual mar-tyrs known to or recognized by one or more of thevarious Christian confessions and churches, or un-covered during the book’s independent research over35 years. They are here grouped firstly alphabetically,secondly chronologically, and thirdly by country.Many of those are individual or isolated martyrswhose deaths occurred outside major persecutionsor similar martyrdom situations reported in Table4–10. They are however summarized there at the endof each Epoch under the rubrics ‘All other martyr-dom situations, known or unknown’ and ‘Back-ground martyrdom’.

SummaryThis analysis has shown Christian martyrdom to bea phenomenon of enormous size and significance. Itsstatistics can be summarized in a single short table,and this has been done in Table 4–3 above.

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MARTYROLOGY 237

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Slovak bishops: martyrs of Christ. T. J. Zubek. Toronto: Cana-dian Slovak League, 1963. 16p.

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The fulfilled promise: a documentary account of religious per-secution in Albania. G. Sinishta. Santa Clara, CA: Sinishta,1976.

The good spirit of the martyrs revived. E. Hookes. London: J.Marshall, 1718.

The hero of Auschwitz. Franciscan Friars of Marytown (eds). :Prow Books-Franciscan, 1979.

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The history of the martyrs epitomised. T. Mall. Boston: Rogersand Fowis, 1747.

The lives and sufferings of the English martyrs. G. Burnet. Lon-don: H. Owen, 1755.

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The priest who had to die: the tragedy of Father Jerzy

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s..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xJ

O-Gre

30,0

0015

.04

71.

415

0A

sia

Min

orM

inor

per

secu

tion

(Ant

onin

us P

ius)

; 15

6 bp

Po

lyca

rp,

Fel

icit

us

Ale

xan

der

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.

x.

R-Cat

300

0.1

20

1.9

165

Rom

an E

mpi

re4t

h Im

peri

al P

erse

cutio

n (M

arcu

s A

urel

ius)

: Ju

stin

Mar

tyr

& 5

oth

ers,

Fel

icit

y, 1

78 M

arce

llus.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

x.

R-Cat

4,00

00.

13

12.

517

7F

ranc

eV

iole

nt p

erse

cutio

n in

Lyo

ns a

nd V

ienn

e; b

p P

oth

inu

s, B

lan

din

a, P

on

ticu

s; 4

9 of

ficia

l mar

tyrs

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

x.

R-Cat

300

1.0

24

3.1

180

Car

thag

eA

fric

an m

arty

rs,

in N

umid

ia:

12 S

cilli

tan

s, 4

Mad

aura

ns

(Lu

cita

s, M

igg

in,

Nam

ph

ano

, S

anam

)..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. x.

R-Cat

100

0.0

20

3.3

190

Phr

ygia

Pro

trac

ted

pers

ecut

ion

of M

onta

nist

zea

lots

, al

so o

f Arm

enia

n A

post

olic

Chr

istia

ns in

clud

ing

in 1

93 p

atri

arch

Gh

evo

nd

ius.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. x.

I-Mon

2,00

02.

03

53.

9c2

00E

gypt

Vic

ious

per

secu

tion

with

tho

usan

ds o

f C

opts

mar

tyre

d: 2

02 P

ota

mia

ena,

Bas

ilid

es..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

x.

O-Cop

10,0

001.

74

44.

720

2N

orth

Afr

ica

5th

Impe

rial

Per

secu

tion

(Sep

timiu

s S

ever

us);

Per

pet

ua,

Fel

icit

as,S

atu

rus;

Leo

nid

as,

fath

er o

f O

rige

n, in

Ale

xand

ria;

Iren

aeu

sbp

of

Lyon

s..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. x.

R-Cat

30,0

003.

04

54.

823

5Ita

ly6t

h Im

peri

al P

erse

cutio

n (M

axim

inus

Thr

ax);

cle

rgy

sing

led

out;

antip

ope

Hip

po

lytu

s,D

emet

riu

s; p

ope

Po

nti

anin

min

es o

f S

ardi

nia.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. x.

R-Cat

3,00

00.

63

36.

924

0A

rmen

iaA

rmen

ian

Chr

istia

ns a

lmos

t bl

otte

d ou

t in

Sha

pur

I’s p

erse

cutio

n..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xg

O-Arm

10,0

005.

64

67.

224

5A

lexa

ndri

aV

iole

nt lo

cal p

erse

cutio

n w

ith t

hous

ands

of

Cop

ts k

illed

, in

clud

ing

aged

dea

cone

ss A

pp

olo

nia

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.

x.

O-Cop

2,00

02.

03

57.

724

9R

oman

Em

pire

7th

Impe

rial

Per

secu

tion

(Dec

ius)

; 25

0 po

pe F

abia

n,

patr

iarc

h B

abyl

as;

253

pope

Co

rnel

ius,

255

pop

e S

tep

hen

I; m

ob r

iots

in A

lexa

ndri

a..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. x.

R-Cat

120,

000

1.0

54

8.0

257

Rom

an E

mpi

re8t

h Im

peri

al P

erse

cutio

n (V

aler

ian)

; 25

8 bp

Cyp

rian

, po

pe S

ixtu

s II,

riv

al p

ope

Nov

atia

n;

bp D

enys

behe

aded

; m

any

cler

gy (

Mo

nta

nu

s,L

uci

us)

exe

cute

d..

. .

. .

. x.

R-Cat

150,

000

1.2

54

8.7

275

Eur

ope

9th

Impe

rial

Per

secu

tion

(Aur

elia

n);

mar

tyrs

in P

hryg

ia,

Italy

; 27

8 M

arin

a..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

x.

R-Cat

5,00

00.

03

010

.627

6P

ersi

aF

irst

Per

sian

Per

secu

tion,

und

er s

hah

Var

ahra

n II:

275

her

esia

rch

Man

i cru

cifie

d, 2

86 C

hris

tian

quee

n C

and

ida

exec

uted

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xZ

O-Nes

4,00

00.

03

010

.828

4E

gypt

AD

284

-311

: C

optic

’Era

of

the

Mar

tyrs

’: in

firs

t ph

ase,

50,

000

mar

tyrs

by

AD

300

, th

en in

sec

ond

phas

e (s

ee o

n A

D 3

05 b

elow

), v

ast

incr

ease

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

x.

O-Cop

50,0

005.

64

611

.828

7G

aul

Mar

tyrs

of A

gaun

um:

Th

eban

Leg

ion

(Cop

ts)

all e

xecu

ted

by e

mpe

ror

Max

imia

n H

ercu

lius:

Mau

rice

,Urs

,Vic

tor,

Exu

per

ius,

Can

did

us.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

x.

O-Cop

5,00

083

.33

912

.128

7A

rmen

iaM

ajor

per

secu

tion

unde

r pa

gan

king

Tir

idat

es I

II; a

bbes

s G

ayan

e, H

rip

sim

e, 3

7 vi

rgin

s, T

heo

do

re S

alah

ou

ni.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

x.

O-Arm

20,0

008.

04

612

.130

3R

oman

Em

pire

10th

Im

peri

al P

erse

cutio

n (D

iocl

etia

n);

3,50

0 fo

rmal

or

offic

ial e

xecu

tions

of

bish

ops,

cle

rgy,

lead

ers:

bp

An

thim

us

of

Nic

om

edia

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

x.

R-Cat

300,

000

1.6

54

14.3

304

Car

thag

eA

cts

of t

he A

bitin

ian

Mar

tyrs

as p

roto

-Don

atis

t ac

coun

t pr

ovok

es la

ter

Don

atis

t ch

urch

’s s

chis

m;

Max

ima,

Do

nat

illa,

Sec

un

da

kille

d..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xR

I-Don

3,00

05.

03

614

.430

5E

gypt

Ove

r 70

0,00

0 C

optic

Chr

istia

ns k

illed

(50

% o

f al

l mar

tyrs

eve

r):

Men

asgo

vern

or o

f M

areo

tis b

ehea

ded;

311

pat

riar

ch P

eter

I Ie

rom

arty

ros

(Sea

l of

Mar

tyrs

)..

. .

. x.

O-Cop

400,

000

26.7

58

14.4

316

Arm

enia

Lici

nius

’per

secu

tion:

bp

Bla

ize,

320

Th

e F

ort

y M

arty

rs o

f S

ebas

tia;

4 p

atri

arch

s: 3

33 A

rist

akes

I, 3

47 H

ou

ssik

I&

Dan

iel,

373

cath

olic

os N

erse

s I.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

x.

O-Arm

2,00

00.

73

315

.431

7N

orth

Afr

ica

Con

stan

tine

initi

ates

4-y

ear

stat

e pe

rsec

utio

n of

Don

atis

ts;

who

le c

ongr

egat

ion

in C

arth

age’

s B

asili

ca M

aior

um s

laug

hter

ed..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xR

I-Don

10,0

0020

.04

815

.532

7P

ersi

aS

assa

nid

pers

ecut

ions

kill

3 c

atho

licos

es:

341

Sim

eon

Bar

sab

aew

ith 1

00 c

lerg

y, 3

42 S

hah

do

st,

346

Bar

bas

hm

in;

also

pre

fect

Pu

sak

& 1

00 c

lerg

y..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. x.

O-Nes

20,0

001.

74

416

.433

7P

ersi

aG

reat

Per

sian

Per

secu

tion

unde

r S

hapu

r II,

last

s 40

yea

rs,

mos

t fe

roci

ous

ever

; 16

,000

nam

es o

f m

arty

rs r

ecor

ded

in o

ne t

own

alon

e (L

edan

)..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. x.

O-Nes

100,

000

10.0

57

17.4

338

Egy

ptA

fter

patr

iarc

h A

than

asiu

s’re

turn

, Ari

ans

mas

sacr

e C

opts

and

cle

rgy

in A

lexa

ndri

a..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.n

O-Cop

500

0.0

20

17.5

346

Nor

th A

fric

aV

icio

us p

erse

cutio

n of

Don

atis

t ch

urch

(B

erbe

rs,

with

270

bis

hops

); 3

47 b

ps M

arcu

lus,

Do

nat

us

of

Bag

ai;

who

le s

hipl

oad

of D

onat

ists

dro

wne

d..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xR

I-Don

8,00

00.

73

318

.437

0N

umid

iaC

ircum

celli

ons,

arm

ed B

erbe

r fa

rmer

s, c

ourt

mar

tyrd

om a

s D

onat

ists

; ci

vil u

nres

t: 39

8, b

p O

pta

tus

of T

ham

ugod

i exe

cute

d; c

ivil

unre

st,

new

wav

e in

404

-5.

. .

. .

. xR

I-Don

3,00

010

.03

721

.237

2E

gypt

Afte

r pa

tria

rch

Pet

er I

I su

ccee

ds A

than

asiu

s, v

iole

nt A

rian

per

secu

tion

of C

opts

aid

ed b

y em

pero

r V

alen

s..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xn

O-Cop

4,00

00.

23

121

.537

8W

orld

Jero

me’

s es

timat

e of

all

mar

tyrs

sin

ce A

D 3

3 (o

ver

50%

bei

ng C

opts

); A

D 4

26,

sim

ilar

estim

ate

by A

ugus

tine

of H

ippo

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.

––

1,90

0,00

01.

27

422

.239

0R

ome

Unr

est

up t

o 41

0 V

isig

oth

sack

of

Rom

e; 3

91 T

elem

ach

us,

410

Mar

cella

, c4

20 t

ribu

ne M

.Fla

viu

s..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xT

R-Cat

10,0

005.

04

623

.942

0P

ersi

a3r

d P

ersi

an P

erse

cutio

n, u

nder

Bah

ram

V;

422

Ho

rmis

das

; C

ho

uch

anik

, S

uen

as,

Ben

jam

in,

Jam

es,

Per

oz.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xZ

O-Nes

90,0

006.

94

627

.443

4W

este

rn E

mpi

reA

ttila

the

Hun

des

troy

s W

este

rn e

mpi

re;

bp A

ura

eus,

Urs

ula

& v

irgin

s, G

ereo

n,

451

Liv

ariu

s..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.T

R-Cat

200,

000

1.0

54

29.0

439

Nor

th A

fric

aP

erse

cutio

n of

Cat

holic

s an

d D

onat

ists

und

er A

rian

Van

dal k

ings

Gae

seri

c an

d H

uner

ic..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.

xn

R-Cat

10,0

000.

24

229

.6c4

40Ir

elan

dP

atri

ck e

vang

eliz

es I

rela

nd;

sold

iers

exe

cute

num

erou

s co

nver

ts;

Gw

inea

r..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

x.

A-Cel

500

2.5

25

29.7

442

Eng

land

Ove

r ne

xt 3

0 ye

ars,

inva

ding

Ang

lo-S

axon

s w

ipe

out

Cel

ts a

nd t

he o

rigi

nal B

ritis

h/C

eltic

chu

rch

in E

ngla

nd..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.T

A-Cel

20,0

0010

.04

730

.044

8Ir

aq4t

h P

ersi

an P

erse

cutio

n: Y

azde

gerd

II

mas

sacr

es 1

53,0

00 E

ast

Syr

ian

Chr

istia

ns w

ith 1

0 bi

shop

s at

Kirk

uk:

bp J

oh

n,S

irin

,Tam

asg

erd

, bp

Din

du

i..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xZ

O-Nes

153,

000

12.8

57

30.7

c450

Eth

iopi

aP

erse

cutio

n ki

lls K

har

itas

and

10,0

00 c

ompa

nion

s..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

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r J.

de

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on

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vidu

al m

arty

rs (

thes

e ar

e th

e na

mes

sho

wn

in b

oldf

ace

type

)P

ers

Trad

Mar

tyrs

MR

%M

agIn

tG

loba

lC

hris

tians

12

3 4

56

78

910

11


Con

tinue

d be

low

Tabl

e 4–

10 c

ontin

ued

1624

Tibe

tF

irst

mis

sion

ary

fr A

. de

And

rade

poi

sone

d, s

urvi

ves;

163

0, a

ll 40

0 Ti

beta

n C

hris

tians

wip

ed o

ut.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xT

R-Lat

400

100.

02

1010

6.2

1628

Par

agua

yR

educ

tion

foun

der

Ro

qu

e G

on

zale

z d

e S

anta

Cru

zS

J an

d 25

Jes

uits

kill

ed b

y G

uara

ni s

ham

ans.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xT

R-Lat

250

0.3

22

107.

216

30Ja

pan

Str

uctu

re o

f C

atho

licis

m d

estr

oyed

, 13

% m

arty

red,

1,9

00 J

apan

ese

Cat

holic

s cr

ucifi

ed;

1632

fr

R.B

.Gu

tier

rez,

163

3 fr

J.K

.G.T

om

on

aga

OP,

M.K

uro

bio

ye..

. .

.

xB

R-Lat

100,

000

20.0

58

107.

716

31K

enya

On

Ken

ya c

oast

, ap

osta

te s

ulta

n C

hing

ulia

kill

s 28

3 M

arty

rs o

f M

om

bas

ain

For

t Je

sus,

Mom

basa

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.

xM

R-Lat

283

31.4

28

108.

016

32E

thio

pia

Em

pero

r S

usen

yos

kills

7 J

esui

t pr

iest

s: 1

635

G.P

aes,

J.P

erei

ra,

1638

bp

Ap

olli

nar

is d

e A

lmei

da,

164

0 B

.Bru

ni,

L.C

ard

eira

; 16

52 L

uthe

ran

Pet

er H

eylin

g.

. .

xO

R-Lat

500.

51

310

8.2

1637

Japa

n35

,000

Jap

anes

e C

atho

lics

exec

uted

at

Shi

mab

ara

on K

yush

u; e

nd o

f ov

ert

Chr

istia

nity

in J

apan

; W

.Co

urt

et O

P..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.

xB

R-Lat

35,0

0070

.04

910

9.5

1638

Turk

eyO

ttom

an s

ulta

n M

urad

IV

mur

ders

2 e

cum

enic

al p

atri

arch

s: C

yril

I,C

yril

II, f

or in

itiat

ing

reco

ncili

atio

n w

ith A

nglic

anis

m,

Pro

test

antis

m,

and

Rom

an C

atho

licis

m.

. .

. xM

O-Gre

300

0.0

20

109.

7c1

640

Indi

aF

ierc

e pe

rsec

utio

ns o

f C

hris

tians

and

Hin

dus

unde

r M

ugha

l em

pero

rs S

hah

Jaha

n an

d A

uran

gzeb

(16

59).

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xM

R-Lat

5,00

033

.33

811

0.2

1641

Uls

ter

7,00

0 S

cots

Pro

test

ants

incl

udin

g m

inis

ters

and

bis

hops

mas

sacr

ed b

y Ir

ish

Cat

holic

s; 1

649

Iris

h ea

rl a

nd p

arlia

men

tari

an C

.Plu

nke

tt.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .R

P-Ref

7,00

07.

03

611

0.5

1642

Can

ada

Num

erou

s Je

suit

mis

sion

arie

s ki

lled

by I

roqu

ois

and

Hur

on I

ndia

ns:

1646

I.Jo

gu

es,

1649

G.L

alem

ant

& J

.de

Bre

beu

f..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .T

R-Lat

100

0.1

21

110.

816

42E

ngla

ndC

ivil

War

(P

urita

n R

evol

utio

n):

man

y A

nglic

an c

lerg

y, la

y le

ader

s, d

isse

nter

s ex

ecut

ed f

or t

reas

on:

1645

Will

iam

Lau

dab

p of

Can

terb

ury,

164

8 ki

ng C

har

les

I.. .

. .

xA

A-Ang

400

0.0

20

110.

816

44C

hina

Man

chus

kill

10,

000

Chi

nese

Chr

istia

ns a

nd b

ehea

d D

omin

ican

pro

tom

arty

r F.

de

Cap

illas

..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xB

R-Lat

10,0

006.

74

611

1.3

1645

Indo

chin

a1s

t Ann

am P

erse

cutio

n; A

. de

Rho

des

expe

lled,

40

Chr

istia

ns p

ut t

o de

ath:

Ann

ames

e ca

tech

ists

An

dré

,Ig

nac

e,V

ince

nt.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xB

R-Lat

400.

01

011

1.5

1648

Mad

agas

car

Firs

t La

zari

st m

issi

on a

t F

ort-

Dau

phin

; 4

Rom

an C

atho

lic m

arty

rs.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xT

R-Lat

101.

01

411

2.3

1648

Lith

uani

aC

ossa

cks

and

Tart

ars

mas

sacr

e P

olis

h C

atho

lics

and

Jew

s: 1

648

fr A

dri

an C

hal

insk

y; 1

657

fr A

nd

rew

Bo

bo

laS

J..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .O

R-Lat

3,00

00.

13

111

2.3

1648

Wor

ldS

pani

sh J

esui

t Ild

efon

so d

e F

lore

s ca

lcul

ates

all

Chr

istia

n m

arty

rs t

o da

te a

t 11

mill

ion.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

––

11,0

00,0

000.

310

211

2.3

1649

Mex

ico

Inqu

isiti

on f

erre

ts o

ut a

nd e

xecu

tes

Mar

rano

s (c

hris

tiani

zed

Jew

s),

incl

udin

g To

mas

Tre

vin

o d

e S

ob

rem

on

te.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xR

I-Jew

500

16.7

27

112.

616

49Ja

pan

Mas

s m

arty

rdom

s of

und

ergr

ound

Cat

holic

s st

ill o

ccur

inte

rmitt

ently

, w

hen

disc

over

ed:

1649

, 16

58,

1667

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. x.

R-Lat

1,00

05.

03

611

2.6

1650

Slo

vaki

aO

ver

next

50

year

s, s

ever

al h

undr

ed P

rote

stan

ts e

xecu

ted

in P

reso

v an

d ar

ound

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.

xR

P-Lut

800

10.0

27

112.

816

53In

dia

Mal

abar

chu

rch

brea

ks w

ith R

ome;

Nes

tori

an m

etro

polit

an A

hat

alla

burn

ed a

t st

ake

in G

oa b

y P

ortu

gues

e..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.R

O-Nes

500

0.6

23

113.

816

55Ita

lyO

f P

iedm

ont’s

15,

000

Wal

dens

ians

, 2,

000

mas

sacr

ed,

part

of

300-

year

per

secu

tion

unde

r C

atho

lic H

ouse

of

Sav

oy.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.R

I-Wal

2,00

02.

03

511

4.5

1657

Eng

land

Fift

h M

onar

chy

Men

, ex

trem

e P

urita

n se

ct,

laun

ch 2

arm

ed u

pris

ings

aga

inst

Oliv

er C

rom

wel

l; 16

61 le

ader

T.V

enn

eran

d ot

hers

exe

cute

d..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

x.

A-Low

300

1.0

24

115.

116

58C

eylo

nD

utch

con

quer

isla

nd;

viol

ent

pers

ecut

ion

of R

oman

Cat

holic

s en

sues

, es

peci

ally

168

9 Ja

ffna,

170

6 N

egum

bo,

1720

Man

ar,

1729

Col

ombo

..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xP

R-Lat

300

0.1

21

115.

416

60S

cotla

ndS

cotti

sh C

oven

ante

rs b

ruta

lly p

erse

cute

d fo

r 25

yea

rs;

1661

Jam

es G

uth

rie

& A

.Cam

pb

ell,

Mar

gar

et W

ilso

n,

1680

D.C

arg

ill,

1688

J.R

enw

ick.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xA

P-Ref

3,00

01.

03

411

6.1

1661

For

mos

aC

hine

se p

irate

Kox

inga

kill

s 6,

000

abor

igin

e R

efor

med

con

vert

s, c

ruci

fies

Dut

ch m

issi

onar

ies:

A

.Ham

bro

ekan

d fa

mily

pub

licly

beh

eade

d..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .T

P-Ref

6,00

035

.33

811

6.4

1662

Eng

land

Und

er C

harl

es I

I, 15

,000

Qua

kers

impr

ison

ed,

500

deat

hs in

pri

son;

Mar

y D

yre.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xA

I-Qua

500

0.8

23

116.

816

65In

doch

ina

2nd

Ann

am P

erse

cutio

n; 4

5 V

ietn

ames

e m

arty

rs o

ffici

ally

rec

ogni

zed,

but

man

y ot

hers

too

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

x.

R-Lat

600

0.2

22

117.

816

71H

unga

ryO

ttom

an T

urk

rule

rs la

unch

vio

lent

atta

cks

on P

rote

stan

ts..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xM

P-Ref

1,00

02.

03

511

9.8

1672

Gua

mO

ppos

ition

fro

m C

ham

orro

sor

cere

rs:

1672

J.d

e S

an V

ito

res

SJ

kille

d ne

ar A

gaña

, G

uam

..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.T

R-Lat

100.

11

112

0.1

1672

Indi

aIn

Sin

dh,

pers

ecut

ion

of A

ugus

tinia

n an

d C

arm

elite

mis

sion

s by

Mug

hal e

mpe

ror.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xM

R-Lat

41.

01

412

0.1

1672

Am

eric

aF

rom

154

2-19

97,

117

Fra

ncis

can

mis

sion

arie

s m

arty

red,

in N

ew M

exic

o, A

rizo

na,

Illin

ois,

Tex

as:

P.A

vila

y A

yala

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.T

R-Lat

350

1.5

24

120.

116

73Ir

elan

dR

oman

Cat

holic

s pe

rsec

uted

; 16

81 p

rim

ate

of I

rela

nd O

.Plu

nke

tbe

com

es la

st m

arty

r of

Tyb

urn.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xA

R-Lat

500.

01

012

0.5

1676

Rus

sia

Cza

rist

tro

ops

slau

ghte

r 19

0 O

ld B

elie

ver

mon

ks a

nd o

ther

def

ende

rs o

f S

olov

ki m

onas

tery

in W

hite

Sea

..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. x.

I-OBe

190

10.0

27

121.

516

80A

mer

ica

22 F

ranc

isca

n m

issi

onar

ies.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .T

R-Lat

400.

01

012

2.9

1682

Rus

sia

Old

Bel

ieve

r ar

chpr

iest

Avv

aku

m P

etro

vich

burn

ed a

t st

ake,

mon

ks m

assa

cred

; th

ousa

nds

mor

e ex

ecut

ed;

Boy

arin

a M

oro

zova

dies

in p

riso

n..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xI

I-OBe

3,00

00.

33

212

3.6

1685

Fra

nce

Edi

ct o

f N

ante

s re

voke

d, H

ugue

nots

fle

e or

are

kill

ed;

Lo

uis

de

Mar

olle

s, I.

Le

Fev

re..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xR

P-Ref

5,00

01.

33

412

4.7

1686

Italy

With

Edi

ct o

f N

ante

s, 8

,000

of

the

16,0

00 W

alde

nsia

ns in

Ita

ly a

re m

assa

cred

and

the

res

t ex

pelle

d.

. .

. .

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P-Ref

8,00

050

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912

5.0

1687

Hun

gary

Blo

od T

rial

of

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ries

, pe

rsec

utio

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l 178

1; la

rge

num

bers

of

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test

ants

exe

cute

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P-Ref

5,00

05.

03

612

5.4

1691

Bol

ivia

Jesu

its w

ork

amon

g C

hiqu

ito I

ndia

ns;

Jose

de

Arc

eki

lled.

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. .

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R-Lat

20.

01

012

6.8

1693

Indi

aM

adra

s: p

erse

cutio

n un

der

Hin

du M

arav

a ra

jah

Ran

gana

gade

ven;

J.d

e B

rito

SJ

behe

aded

out

side

Ura

iyur

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R-Lat

100

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20

127.

516

93B

urm

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ing

of P

egu

drow

ns P

aris

mis

sion

arie

s; f

irst

Rom

an C

atho

lic c

hurc

h bu

ilt;

frs

Gen

ou

dan

d Jo

ret

mar

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d at

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ital c

ity A

va..

. .

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R-Lat

41.

01

412

7.5

1697

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nLa

st g

reat

mar

tyrd

om in

Jap

an,

35 v

ictim

s in

Min

o; t

otal

all

Japa

nese

mar

tyrs

fro

m 1

614-

1697

exc

eeds

200

,000

.. .

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R-Lat

60,0

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.24

812

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1698

Indo

chin

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ongo

ing

seve

re p

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ns in

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8 (2

00 c

hurc

hes

dest

roye

d un

der

king

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-Won

g),

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, 17

21,

1723

, 17

37,

1745

, 17

50,

1773

..

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R-Lat

2,00

00.

63

312

9.4

1699

Trin

idad

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ib I

ndia

ns o

f S

an F

ranc

isco

de

los

Ave

ssal

es m

urde

r C

apuc

hin

fria

rs;

man

y In

dian

s th

en h

ange

d by

Spa

niar

ds.

. .

. .

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. .

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. .

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R-Lat

100

2.0

25

129.

717

02F

ranc

eC

amis

ards

(C

alvi

nist

glo

ssol

alis

ts)

rebe

l, 12

,000

exe

cute

d in

Lan

gued

oc a

lone

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xR

I-Ref

15,0

0015

.04

713

1.0

1704

Chi

naP

erse

cutio

n th

roug

hout

em

pire

; m

any

RC

mis

sion

arie

s an

d co

nver

ts k

illed

.. .

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xB

R-Lat

10,0

003.

34

513

1.9

1704

Am

eric

aS

tron

g C

apuc

hin

mis

sion

s in

Flo

rida

des

troy

ed b

y E

nglis

h go

vern

or,

mis

sion

arie

s ex

ecut

ed:

300

Chr

istia

n A

pala

chee

Ind

ians

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ed,

1,00

0 en

slav

ed..

. .

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x.

R-Lat

400

30.8

28

131.

917

06C

ongo

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pres

sion

of A

nton

ian

risi

ng;

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ck p

roph

etes

s D

on

na

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tric

ebu

rned

at

stak

e..

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I-CCa

2,00

00.

23

213

2.8

1714

Rom

ania

Exe

cutio

ns b

y O

ttom

an T

urks

; O

rtho

dox

prin

ce C

on

stan

tin

e B

ran

kove

anu

, m

any

yout

hful

Neo

mar

tyrs

..

. .

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xM

O-Rum

1,00

00.

03

013

6.6

1719

Indo

chin

a11

th A

nnam

Per

secu

tion,

700

chu

rche

s de

stro

yed;

9 V

ietn

ames

e m

arty

rs o

ffici

ally

rec

ogni

zed.

. .

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R-Lat

5,00

01.

43

413

9.0

1729

Sia

mLo

cal p

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cutio

ns o

f R

oman

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holic

s..

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R-Lat

200

10.0

27

143.

917

31M

icro

nesi

aJe

suit

mis

sion

ary

Juan

An

ton

io C

anto

vaS

J ki

lled

at M

ogm

og in

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olin

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land

s..

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R-Lat

100.

31

214

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1736

Per

sia

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h; C

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1737

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tIn

furi

ated

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dhis

t m

onks

per

secu

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ts a

nd C

apuc

hins

, 17

42 d

estr

oy f

irst T

ibet

an c

hurc

h, a

nd k

ill m

ost

of t

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1746

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ever

e, in

term

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t 38

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r pe

rsec

utio

ns:

1749

bp

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anz

behe

aded

, 5

OP

and

2 S

J m

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, 17

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eric

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mer

indi

an C

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tians

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assa

cred

at

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denh

uette

n se

ttlem

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nant

s fle

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ario

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anad

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I-Ang

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1750

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EP

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D R

EV

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D 1

750-

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omar

tyrs

: N

ich

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s o

f C

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s, 1

813

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gel

is,

1838

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rgio

sto

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o de

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158.

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sia

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nt p

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rs a

nd o

ther

sec

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ans;

177

1 in

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gue

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t, m

ob m

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bp A

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orav

ian

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n ar

e ki

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7.4

1773

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th A

nnam

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tion,

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ever

al w

aves

: 17

98 V

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ames

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01

017

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1780

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ai,

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l per

secu

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ar N

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03

618

3.2

c178

0E

gypt

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y C

optic

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ernm

ent

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es, T

urks

: vi

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k A

gh

a, 1

822

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an R

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2,00

01.

03

418

3.2

1780

Arg

entin

aC

olon

izat

ion

of P

atag

onia

fro

m 1

780

on is

acc

ompa

nied

by

mar

tyrd

oms:

182

5 fr

B.P

og

io..

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R-Lat

100.

01

018

3.2

1782

US

AG

nade

nhut

ten

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sacr

e: U

S m

ilitia

sla

ught

ers

entir

e M

orav

ian

villa

ge o

f 96

Del

awar

e In

dian

s, w

omen

, ch

ildre

n; 1

781

fr F

.T.G

arce

s; 1

847

M.&

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hit

man

.. .

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.

x.

I-Con

904.

51

518

5.2

1784

Indi

aTi

ppu,

Mus

lim s

ulta

n of

Mys

ore,

des

troy

s 27

anc

ient

chu

rche

s, f

orci

bly

circ

umci

ses

50,0

00 C

hris

tians

; 17

98 k

ills

10,0

00.

. .

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. .

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. .

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O-Nes

10,0

005.

04

618

7.3

1785

Kor

eaC

hin-

san

Inci

dent

as

Con

fuci

anis

ts a

ttack

Chr

istia

ns:

first

10

conv

erts

exe

cute

d; 1

791

Pau

l Yu

n;

then

per

secu

tions

179

5, 1

801,

181

5, 1

827,

183

9, 1

846,

186

6..

. .

. xG

R-Lat

500

50.0

29

188.

417

88A

ustr

alia

Num

erou

s tr

ibal

cul

ture

s de

stro

yed

as n

ewly

-arr

ived

Whi

te s

ettle

rs s

laug

hter

Abo

rigi

nes

as s

ubhu

man

: th

ough

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tized

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any

are

kille

d..

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I-Ang

1,00

010

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719

1.6

1789

Fra

nce

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y cl

ergy

exe

cute

d du

ring

Ter

ror;

179

2 ab

p J.

M.D

u L

au,

1794

bp

L.A

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illy,

fr

C.C

arn

us,

Car

mel

ite M

arty

rs o

f C

ompi

ègne

(al

so L

aval

, O

rang

e).

. .

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. xa

R-Lat

5,00

00.

03

019

2.7

mill

ions

Year

Mai

n lo

cus

Des

crip

tion

of m

ajor

mar

tyrd

om s

ituat

ion

Rel

ated

indi

vidu

al m

arty

rs (

thes

e ar

e th

e na

mes

sho

wn

in b

oldf

ace

type

)P

ers

Trad

Mar

tyrs

MR

%M

agIn

tG

loba

lC

hris

tians

12

3 4

56

78

910

11

MARTYROLOGY 241

Con

tinue

d ov

erle

af

Tabl

e 4–

10 c

ontin

ued

1791

Hai

tiR

evol

utio

n by

Bla

ck s

lave

s be

gins

; S

pani

ards

sla

ught

ered

at

mas

s; a

fter

1800

, a

cent

ury

of r

evol

utio

ns,

assa

ssin

atio

ns,

killi

ngs.

. .

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. .

. x.

R-Lat

3,00

00.

73

319

4.9

1795

Kor

ea1s

t G

reat

Per

secu

tion:

400

Kor

ean

Chr

istia

ns p

ublic

ly e

xecu

ted:

180

1 C

hine

se p

ries

t Ja

mes

Ch

o W

en-M

o,S

.C.H

wan

g;

man

y m

ore

in 1

815,

182

7..

. .

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. .

. .

xG

R-Lat

2,50

025

.03

819

9.3

1799

Tong

aF

irst

3 m

issi

onar

ies

of L

ondo

n M

issi

onar

y S

ocie

ty a

re m

assa

cred

..

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P-Con

33.

01

520

3.8

1800

US

AF

irst

maj

or s

lave

reb

ellio

n w

ith B

lack

Chr

istia

n ar

my

of 1

0,00

0; le

ader

Gab

riel

Pro

sser

exec

uted

with

34

zeal

ous

follo

wer

s..

. .

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. .

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. .

. .

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x.

I-Bap

300

0.0

20

205.

018

01E

gypt

Turk

s ki

ll co

ntin

uous

str

eam

of

Cop

ts;

gove

rnm

ent

offic

ial M

ual

lim M

alat

i..

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O-Cop

3,00

01.

93

420

6.5

1809

Indi

aD

ewan

Vel

u Ta

mpi

mas

sacr

es 3

,000

Nes

tori

an C

hris

tians

and

9 c

lerg

y in

Tra

vanc

ore

and

Coc

hin.

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xH

O-Nes

3,00

010

.03

721

9.3

1811

Chi

naD

ecre

e of

Kia

-tsi

ng a

gain

st C

atho

lic p

reac

hing

; J.

C.T

apen

g,A

.Ch

ao,F

.Cle

t; 1

816

fr G

.Lan

tru

a..

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. xB

R-Lat

2,00

00.

93

322

2.6

1815

Wor

ldTo

tal o

f m

arty

rs li

sted

abo

ve d

urin

g E

poch

VI.

. .

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–

–72

,843

0.0

34

229.

418

15W

orld

All

othe

r m

arty

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situ

atio

ns,

know

n or

unk

now

n, d

urin

g E

poch

VI

. .

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. .

. –

–5,

800

0.0

34

229.

418

15W

orld

Bac

kgro

und

mar

tyrd

om d

urin

g E

poch

VI

(indi

vidu

al,

dom

estic

, fa

mily

, is

olat

ed)

. .

. .

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. .

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. .

. .

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. .

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–74

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0.0

00

229.

418

15W

orl

dG

lob

al t

ota

l of

all m

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rs d

uri

ng

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och

VI

. .

. .

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. .

. .

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. .

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––

153,

243

0.1

34

229.

418

15W

orl

dG

lob

al c

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ula

tive

to

tal o

f al

l mar

tyrs

sin

ce A

D 3

3.

. .

. .

. .

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. .

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. .

. .

. .

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. .

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–22

,064

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0.6

34

229.

4

EP

OC

H V

II:T

HE

GR

EA

T C

EN

TU

RY,

AD

181

5-19

1418

17V

enez

uela

Mur

der

of 3

0 C

apuc

hin

mis

sion

ary

prie

sts

and

4 br

othe

rs..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

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.T

R-Lat

340.

01

023

4.0

1817

Syr

iaV

iole

nt p

erse

cutio

n of

Cat

holic

s in

Ale

ppo

and

Dam

ascu

s..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

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. .

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. .

.M

R-Lat

1,00

05.

03

623

4.0

1817

US

AB

lack

Afr

ican

Met

hodi

st f

reed

sla

ve D

enm

ark

Ves

eyle

ads

US

A’s

larg

est

slav

e in

surr

ectio

n, w

ith a

rmy

of 9

,000

; ha

nged

, w

ith 3

6 ot

her

Chr

istia

n le

ader

s..

. .

. .

. .

. .

x.

I-Bap

350

0.0

20

234.

018

21C

ypru

sTu

rks

hang

Ort

hodo

x et

hnar

ch a

bp K

ypri

ano

s, a

ll 3

bish

ops,

abb

ots,

and

486

pri

ests

, an

d la

y pe

rson

s as

alle

ged

guer

rilla

rep

risa

ls..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.

xM

O-Gre

3,00

02.

53

524

3.4

1821

Indo

chin

a13

th A

nnam

Per

secu

tion,

in a

ser

ies

of v

irule

nt w

aves

: 18

33 F

.-I.

Gag

elin

, 18

37 f

r J.

C.C

orn

ay,

1838

bp

I.D

elg

ado

, 18

57 b

p D

iaz

behe

aded

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.

xB

R-Lat

10,0

002.

64

524

3.4

1821

Gre

ece

Otto

man

Tur

k of

ficia

ls h

ang,

lync

h, o

r ex

ecut

e G

reek

Ort

hodo

x bi

shop

s an

d pr

iest

s ac

ross

Gre

ece,

als

o in

Cre

te..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xM

O-Gre

5,00

00.

33

224

3.4

1822

Turk

eyG

reek

Ort

hodo

x an

d C

atho

lics

mas

sacr

ed in

Ist

anbu

l; ec

umen

ical

pat

riar

ch G

reg

ory

Van

d bi

shop

s ha

nged

afte

r E

aste

r D

ay li

turg

y..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xM

O-Gre

23,0

001.

14

424

5.8

1827

Chi

naIn

term

itten

t bu

t vi

olen

t pe

rsec

utio

ns:

chur

ches

in P

ekin

g de

mol

ishe

d, p

ries

ts h

unte

d do

wn

and

exec

uted

incl

udin

g bp

of

Che

ngtu

..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xB

R-Lat

400

0.0

20

258.

218

28Tu

rkey

20,0

00 C

atho

lic A

rmen

ians

exp

elle

d fr

om I

stan

bul,

man

y ex

ecut

ed..

. .

. .

. .

. .

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. .

. .

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. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

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. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.

xM

O-Arm

1,00

05.

03

626

0.8

1830

Lith

uani

aTs

aris

t de

port

atio

ns o

f R

oman

Cat

holic

s (5

,000

pri

ests

and

nun

s) t

o S

iber

ia,

and

sim

ilarl

y in

186

3..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xO

R-Lat

10,0

001.

04

426

5.9

1831

Iran

, Ir

aqN

esto

rian

s m

assa

cred

by

Kur

ds;

also

184

3, 1

846.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

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. .

. .

. .

. .

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. .

. .

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. .

. .

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. .

. .M

O-Nes

15,0

0018

.84

726

8.6

1831

US

AM

ajor

vio

lent

Bla

ck s

lave

insu

rrec

tion,

led

by N

at T

urn

er,

a B

lack

Bap

tist

char

ism

atic

pro

phet

; ha

nged

, w

ith a

hun

dred

fol

low

ers;

man

y ot

hers

mas

sacr

ed..

. .

. .

. .

.

x.

I-Bap

800

0.0

20

268.

618

34S

umat

raA

BC

FM

mis

sion

arie

s H

enry

Lym

an&

Sam

uel

Mu

nso

n,

inte

r al

ios,

kill

ed b

y B

atak

tri

besm

en..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

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. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.T

P-Con

100

20.0

28

276.

618

34M

adag

asca

rQ

ueen

Ran

aval

ona

I’s c

ruel

25-

year

per

secu

tion:

183

4, c

onve

rted

idol

-kee

per

Rai

nit

sian

dav

aka

& 2

00 f

ollo

wer

s ki

lled.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xT

I-Con

1,80

045

.03

827

6.6

1838

Aus

tral

iaC

ontin

uous

Whi

te a

troc

ities

and

pol

ice

brut

ality

kill

20%

of

all A

bori

gene

s (2

0,00

0; m

any

bapt

ized

) by

194

8, e

spec

ially

in 1

838,

190

8, 1

926,

194

4, 1

963.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xA

I-Ang

5,00

040

.03

828

7.8

1839

Oce

ania

Mis

sion

ary

mar

tyrs

: 18

39 J

.Will

iam

s(N

ew H

ebri

des)

, 18

41 f

r P.

M.C

han

el(o

n F

utun

a) &

7 o

ther

Mar

ists

, 18

71 b

p J.

C.P

atte

son

(Sol

omon

s),

J. A

tkin

..

. .

. .

. .

. .

.T

A-Ang

400

4.0

25

290.

618

39K

orea

2nd

Gre

at P

erse

cutio

n: M

arty

rs o

f K

ore

a(8

1 R

Cs,

183

9-46

); b

p L

.Im

ber

t, f

rs P

.Mau

ban

t,J.

H.C

has

tan

;J.

Ri;

1846

, 3r

d G

reat

Per

secu

tion:

fr

A.K

im..

. .

. .

. .

. .

xB

R-Lat

2,00

020

.03

829

0.6

1840

Phi

lippi

nes

Rev

olut

iona

ries

: A

.De

la C

ruz,

187

2 fr

s G

om

ez,Z

amo

ra,B

urg

os

garr

oted

, 18

96 J

ose

Riz

al..

. .

. .

. .

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. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

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. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

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. .

. .

. .

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xR

I-Cat

2,00

00.

13

029

3.5

1842

Rus

sia

Sav

age

tsar

ist

pers

ecut

ion

of C

atho

lics

over

pro

trac

ted

peri

od;

1861

abp

J.S

oko

lski

jim

mur

ed in

Kie

v..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xO

R-Lat

10,0

000.

24

229

9.3

1843

Turk

eyTu

rkis

h of

ficia

ls u

se K

urdi

sh le

ader

Bed

r K

han

to m

assa

cre

20,0

00 N

esto

rian

s en

slav

ing

50,0

00 o

ther

s in

Kur

dist

an m

ount

ains

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xM

O-Nes

20,0

0080

.04

930

2.3

1844

US

AM

orm

on f

ound

ers

Jose

ph

and

Hyr

um

Sm

ith

lync

hed

by m

obs.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.P

m-LdS

200.

41

230

5.3

1845

Leba

non

Dru

zes

kill

12,0

00 M

aron

ites

in 1

5 ye

ars

up t

o ‘M

assa

cres

of

the

Six

ties’

; 10

0,00

0 ho

mel

ess.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.M

R-Mar

12,0

004.

84

530

8.3

1846

Sol

omon

sM

aris

t m

issi

on a

band

oned

afte

r 10

yea

rs;

bish

op E

pal

leki

lled.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .T

R-Lat

12.

01

531

1.3

1847

New

Cal

edon

iaC

atho

lic m

issi

on a

band

oned

in m

assa

cre;

frè

re M

arm

oit

on

..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.T

R-Lat

1020

.01

831

4.4

1847

Indo

chin

a14

th A

nnam

Per

secu

tion;

115

pri

ests

kill

ed;

Mar

tyrs

of T

on

kin

; se

vera

l bis

hops

exe

cute

d; m

ore

pers

ecut

ions

185

1, 1

856,

188

4..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xB

R-Lat

18,0

004.

04

531

4.4

1849

Col

ombi

aS

tate

per

secu

tion:

Jes

uits

and

3 b

isho

ps d

epor

ted,

sev

eral

kill

ings

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

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. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

x.

R-Lat

100

0.0

20

320.

718

49T

haila

ndA

ll fo

reig

n m

issi

onar

ies

expe

lled

duri

ng lo

cal p

erse

cutio

n w

hich

leav

es li

ttle

Chr

istia

n pr

esen

ce le

ft..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xB

R-Lat

400.

01

032

0.7

1851

Arg

entin

aTi

erra

del

Fue

go:

Pat

agon

ian

Mis

sion

ary

Soc

iety

par

ty o

f 15

sta

rved

to

deat

h; A

llen

Gar

din

er;

1859

, Abo

rige

nes

kill

furt

her

part

y of

8.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.T

A-Ang

252.

51

532

7.4

1855

Eth

iopi

aE

mpe

ror

The

odor

e II

pers

ecut

es R

oman

Cat

holic

s; f

r G

abra

Mik

ael,

1860

bp

Just

in d

e Ja

cob

is.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xO

R-Lat

2,00

020

.03

834

2.0

1856

US

AJa

mes

J.S

tran

g,

foun

der

in 1

844

of C

JCLd

S (

Str

angi

tes)

, is

sho

t by

2 f

ollo

wer

s, s

ect

then

ext

ingu

ishe

d by

fis

herm

en n

ear

Gre

at L

akes

..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .m

m-LdS

100.

21

234

5.7

1859

Syr

iaM

arty

rs o

f D

amas

cus

(4 S

pani

sh C

atho

lic p

ries

ts):

N.A

scan

io,J

.J.F

ern

and

ez,N

.M.d

e A

lber

a,P.

So

ler.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .M

R-Lat

40.

11

035

7.2

1860

Egy

ptC

ontin

uous

Otto

man

pre

ssur

e on

Cop

ts;

1861

pat

riar

ch C

yril

IVpo

ison

ed b

y kh

ediv

e of

Egy

pt.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xM

O-Cop

300

0.1

21

361.

118

60Le

bano

n, S

yria

Ful

l-fle

dged

civ

il w

ar:

11,0

00 M

aron

ites

(man

y w

ealth

y) m

assa

cred

by

Dru

zes,

4,0

00 o

ther

Chr

istia

ns k

illed

: fr

E.B

illo

ttet

SJ

& 4

com

pani

ons.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.M

R-Mar

15,0

008.

04

636

1.1

1861

Indo

chin

a16

th A

nnam

Per

secu

tion

amid

st m

assi

ve c

hurc

h gr

owth

; fo

rmal

exe

cutio

ns o

f bp

s H

.Her

mo

silla

OP,

V.B

.Och

oa.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xB

R-Lat

3,00

00.

83

336

5.1

1862

Chi

naA

nnih

ilatio

n of

35

mill

ion

Taip

ing

quas

i-Chr

istia

ns (

Gre

at H

eave

nly

Kin

gdom

) un

der

Hun

g H

siu-

chua

n ba

sed

on N

anki

ng..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xB

I-qCh

1,00

0,00

02.

97

536

9.1

1865

Par

agua

yO

ver

60%

of

popu

latio

n ki

lled

in w

ar w

ith B

razi

l..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. x.

R-Lat

1,00

00.

13

138

1.3

1865

Japa

nW

aves

of

pers

ecut

ion

of K

akur

e K

iris

hita

n (H

idde

n C

hris

tians

) as

the

y ar

e di

scov

ered

by

ente

ring

Cat

holic

mis

sion

arie

s; p

erse

cutio

ns e

nd 1

873.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xB

I-3mQ

2,00

06.

73

638

1.3

1866

Kor

eaF

inal

Gre

at P

erse

cutio

n: b

ps S

.-F.

Ber

nea

ux

& M

.A.N

.Dav

elu

ybe

head

ed,

7 pr

iest

s, m

any

cate

chis

ts,

10,0

00 o

ther

bel

ieve

rs k

illed

; R

.J.T

ho

mas

,Pet

er C

ho

...

. .

xB

R-Lat

10,0

0040

.04

838

5.5

1868

Mal

iTw

o ca

rava

ns o

f W

hite

Fat

hers

mis

sion

arie

s m

assa

cred

187

6-81

, on

e by

Tua

reg

nom

ads.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.T

R-Lat

3050

.01

939

4.0

1869

Tha

iland

Nor

ther

n pr

ince

Kaw

iloro

t of

Chi

angm

ai m

urde

rs 2

key

con

vert

s: e

x-B

uddh

ist

abbo

t N

an C

hai

, an

d N

oi S

uny

a..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xB

P-Ref

100.

01

039

8.3

1870

Chi

naTi

ents

in B

lood

bath

: 2

Fre

nch

RC

pri

ests

, 10

Sis

ters

of

Cha

rity

, an

d C

hine

se b

elie

vers

mas

sacr

ed.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xB

R-Lat

500.

01

040

2.6

1871

Fra

nce

Par

is:

Com

mun

e ex

ecut

es G

.Dar

boy

arch

bish

op o

f P

aris

, 60

pri

ests

and

rel

igio

us;

20,0

00 k

illed

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.

xa

R-Lat

300

0.1

21

407.

018

72B

ulga

ria

Blo

ody

supp

ress

ion

of B

ulga

rs,

mas

sacr

es b

y Tu

rks

till 1

912.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xM

O-Bul

110,

000

3.1

55

411.

518

75P

apua

Mis

sion

ary

loss

es d

ue t

o ca

nnib

alis

m b

ecom

e co

mm

on in

ear

ly y

ears

of

mis

sion

wor

k; o

n N

ew I

rela

nd,

4 F

ijian

mis

sion

arie

s ki

lled

and

cann

ibal

ized

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.T

P-Con

600.

01

042

5.2

1877

Turk

eyU

pris

ing

by A

rmen

ians

, al

so b

y S

yria

n C

hris

tians

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.

xM

O-Arm

5,00

00.

43

243

4.5

1878

Italy

Old

Cat

holic

lead

er D

avid

shot

as

here

tic a

fter

foun

ding

Chi

esa

Uni

vers

ale

Giu

ris-

Dav

idic

a..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.R

I-OCa

100.

01

043

9.3

1880

Bri

tain

1880

-188

5: p

eak

of v

iole

nt p

erse

cutio

n of

Sal

vatio

nist

s: 6

60 b

ruta

lly a

ttack

ed,

thro

wn

into

pri

son,

whe

re 2

0 di

e..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .A

P-Sal

500.

11

144

8.9

1881

Uru

ndi

Mas

sacr

e of

Whi

te F

athe

rs:

frs

Au

gie

r, D

’Ho

op

, D

enia

ud

..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .T

R-Lat

33.

01

545

3.9

1883

Mad

agas

car

Fre

nch

war

s 18

83-9

6, w

aves

of

terr

or;

man

y ch

urch

es d

estr

oyed

; 18

96 f

r J.

Ber

thie

uS

J cl

ubbe

d by

pag

ans.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

x.

R-Lat

5,00

00.

83

346

3.8

1883

Ken

yaA

rabs

plu

nder

Ful

odoy

a se

ttlem

ent

for

runa

way

sla

ves,

beh

ead

teac

her

and

prot

omar

tyr

Dav

id K

oi.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .M

A-Ang

200

2.0

25

463.

818

85S

inga

pore

Dur

ing

big

Chi

nese

sur

ge in

to C

atho

lic C

hurc

h 18

85-1

900,

Tri

ad s

ecre

t so

ciet

ies

kill

300

Chi

nese

con

vert

s..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.a

R-Lat

300

10.0

27

474.

118

85U

gand

aU

gan

da

Mar

tyrs

(250

Ang

lican

s an

d R

Cs;

Ch

arle

s L

wan

ga)

; bi

shop

J.H

ann

ing

ton

; 18

97 G

.L.P

ilkin

gto

n.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

x.

A-Ang

1,00

010

.03

747

4.1

1886

Eth

iopi

a30

Fal

asha

Jew

ish

fam

ilies

, co

nver

ts t

o A

nglic

an C

MJ,

mar

tyre

d by

Mah

dist

s fr

om S

udan

..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .M

A-Ang

300

50.0

29

479.

218

86U

SA

In A

lask

a, s

pora

dic

killi

ngs

of m

issi

onar

ies

and

Indi

an w

orke

rs c

ontin

ue:

abp

C.J

.Seg

her

s..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.T

R-Lat

500.

01

047

9.2

1887

Togo

Cat

holic

mis

sion

fou

nded

by

fr J

.Mo

ran

, w

ho is

the

n po

ison

ed.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.T

R-Lat

15.

01

648

4.5

1887

Mic

rone

sia

On

Pon

ape

(Car

olin

es),

gov

erno

r an

d pa

rty

kille

d; 1

890,

Pon

ape

Mas

sacr

e of

1,5

00 S

pani

ards

.. .

. .

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ed:

arch

iman

drite

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hn

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eyF

r S

alva

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nea

r M

aras

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. .

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th C

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evol

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ests

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ang

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kin

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urde

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ibal

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1904

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ica

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man

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om 1

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858

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mill

ions

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n lo

cus

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crip

tion

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ajor

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ituat

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Rel

ated

indi

vidu

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mes

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oldf

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type

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illed

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xS

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1905

Cili

cia

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sacr

e of

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enia

n C

hris

tians

by

Turk

s in

sou

th.

. .

. .

. .

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24

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1905

Hon

g K

ong

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lenc

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utio

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lean

or

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1905

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R-Lat

100

0.0

20

588.

719

05A

zerb

aija

nB

aku

mas

sacr

es:

1905

, go

vern

or g

oads

loca

l Tat

ars

in 4

-day

sla

ught

er o

f Arm

enia

n C

hris

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; 19

18,

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00 A

rmen

ians

mas

sacr

ed..

. .

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xM

O-Arm

21,0

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04

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1906

US

AN

umer

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ck p

ente

cost

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ione

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mur

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ong

3,43

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egro

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te r

acis

ts,

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2 (1

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. .

. .

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. .P

I-3pB

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1909

Turk

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Ada

na,

larg

est

city

of

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cia,

fur

ther

mas

sacr

e of

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ns,

incl

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g A

rmen

ian

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ngel

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on a

t th

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. .

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45,0

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74

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1910

Mex

ico

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iona

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kills

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00 C

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any

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test

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27 f

r M

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..

. .

. .

. .

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. .

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R-Lat

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362

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1910

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ptLa

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tage

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ssur

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ish

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20

620.

919

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orea

35-y

ear

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nese

occ

upat

ion

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rces

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ntoi

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usan

ds.

. .

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xS

R-Lat

15,0

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54

662

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1914

Wor

ldTo

tal o

f m

arty

rs li

sted

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ve d

urin

g E

poch

VII

. .

. .

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––

1,80

9,43

30.

33

464

8.0

1914

Wor

ldA

ll ot

her

mar

tyrd

om s

ituat

ions

, kn

own

or u

nkno

wn,

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ing

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ch V

II.

. .

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––

145,

000

0.0

34

648.

019

14W

orld

Bac

kgro

und

mar

tyrd

om d

urin

g E

poch

VII

(indi

vidu

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dom

estic

, fa

mily

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olat

ed).

. .

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–

–32

1,00

00.

10

064

8.0

1914

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rld

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bal

to

tal o

f al

l mar

tyrs

du

rin

g E

po

ch V

II.

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. –

–2,

275,

433

0.4

34

648.

019

14W

orl

dG

lob

al c

um

ula

tive

to

tal o

f al

l mar

tyrs

sin

ce A

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3.

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–24

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0.5

34

648.

0

EP

OC

H V

III:V

IGO

UR

AM

IDS

T S

TOR

M,A

D 1

914-

1950

1914

Per

sia

Nes

tori

ans

conv

ert

to R

ussi

an O

rtho

doxy

und

er s

ecur

ity g

uara

ntee

s bu

t ar

e be

tray

ed,

then

ann

ihila

ted

by T

urks

at

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ia in

Per

sia.

. .

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.M

O-Nes

50,0

0050

.04

964

8.0

1914

Eur

ope

Out

of

8.4

mill

ion

kille

d in

Wor

ld W

ar I

, m

any

indi

vidu

al m

arty

rs f

or t

he f

aith

..

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x.

R-Lat

100,

000

0.0

50

648.

019

15Tu

rkey

Fin

al m

assa

cre

of 6

00,0

00 A

rmen

ian

Chr

istia

ns in

Ana

tolia

; 6

00,0

00 m

ore

depo

rted

fro

m T

urke

y, m

any

dyin

g by

roa

dsid

e or

in S

yria

n de

sert

..

. .

. .

. .

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O-Arm

600,

000

34.3

68

653.

019

16Le

bano

nO

ttom

ans

mur

der

100,

000

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onite

s (2

2% o

f M

aron

ite p

opul

atio

n)..

. .

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xM

R-Mar

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000

22.2

58

658.

119

17Ir

an, T

urke

yN

esto

rian

s m

assa

cred

by

Turk

s an

d K

urds

; ca

thol

icos

mar

Ben

jam

in S

him

un

XIX

assa

ssin

ated

.. .

. .

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xM

O-Nes

20,0

0040

.04

866

3.2

1917

US

SR

Bol

shev

iks

atta

ck R

ussi

an O

rtho

dox

Chu

rch:

191

7-26

, 78

Ort

hodo

x bi

shop

s, 1

2,00

0 pr

iest

s ki

lled

(8,1

00 in

192

2);

1917

-80,

tot

al c

lerg

y ki

lled

200,

000.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xa

O-Rus

1,00

0,00

00.

97

366

3.2

1918

Iran

Kill

ings

of

Cha

ldea

n C

atho

lic a

rchb

isho

p A

ud

o,

apos

tolic

del

egat

e S

on

tag

.. .

. .

. .

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R-Cha

500.

01

066

8.4

1918

Turk

eyTu

rks

mas

sacr

e 80

% o

f al

l Syr

ian

Ort

hodo

x: m

onks

of T

ur A

bdin

cha

ined

and

bur

ied

aliv

e..

. .

. .

. .

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. .

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. .

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. .

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. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xM

O-Syr

30,0

0075

.04

966

8.4

1918

Geo

rgia

Ort

hodo

x C

hurc

h cr

ushe

d by

Bol

shev

iks,

192

0-40

; 19

18 c

atho

licos

Kir

ion

, 19

23 a

bp N

asai

re..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

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. .

. .

. .

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. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xa

O-Geo

60,0

0012

.04

766

8.4

1919

Kor

eaJa

pane

se r

uler

s co

mm

ence

mas

sive

per

secu

tion;

man

y C

hris

tians

and

mis

sion

arie

s ki

lled;

at

Suw

on,

chur

ch f

illed

with

wom

en a

nd c

hild

ren

burn

ed d

own.

. .

. .

. .

. xB

R-Lat

10,0

003.

34

567

3.5

1920

Turk

eyA

rmen

ian

Chr

istia

ns m

assa

cred

by

Turk

s at

Mar

ash

and

Had

jin..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

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go40

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r B

elgi

an p

erse

cutio

n of

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SK

and

oth

er A

fric

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ndep

ende

nt C

hurc

hes

(AIC

s);

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on

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ban

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dies

afte

r 30

yea

rs in

pri

son.

. .

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x.

I-3pA

1,00

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13

168

4.0

1921

US

SR

1921

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illio

n C

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tians

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in p

riso

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tyrs

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clud

ing

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1921

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ar,

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rmen

ian

popu

latio

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mas

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city

tor

ched

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os

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oman

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aine

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isho

ps m

urde

red:

Fila

ret

of B

obru

isk,

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hai

lof

Slu

tsk,

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1943

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ants

evic

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120,

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55

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tor

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acro

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ussi

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s de

stro

yed.

. .

. .

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krai

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f al

l Ort

hodo

x pa

rish

es d

estr

oyed

, 16

UA

OC

bis

hops

kill

ed in

clud

ing

3 m

etro

polit

ans:

193

6 I.

Pav

livsk

y, 1

937

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ore

tsky

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38 V

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kivs

ky.

. .

. .

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xa

O-Ukr

300,

000

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55

722.

119

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enya

In f

emal

e ci

rcum

cisi

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ontr

over

sy, A

fric

an I

ndep

ende

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ente

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al C

hurc

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per

secu

ted

for

27 y

ears

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any

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uyu

Chr

istia

n m

arty

rs..

. .

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I-3pA

5,00

00.

53

373

3.3

1930

Rus

sia

Sov

iets

exp

and

elim

inat

ion

of R

ussi

an O

rtho

dox

Chu

rch

and

its le

ader

ship

: 19

30-5

0, 1

00 m

ore

bish

ops

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die

in p

riso

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. .

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O-Rus

100

10.0

27

733.

319

31S

pain

Sep

arat

ion

of c

hurc

h fr

om s

tate

; m

any

prie

sts

and

relig

ious

kill

ed;

1936

his

tori

an Z

.Gar

cia

Vill

ada

SJ.

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R-Lat

8,00

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1932

El S

alva

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assa

cre:

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iona

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augh

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31,

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ans

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R-Lat

5,00

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33

274

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1932

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aine

1929

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The

Ter

ror-

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ine:

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illio

n O

rtho

dox

peas

ants

kill

ed o

r st

arve

d to

dea

th o

n or

ders

of

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lin.

. .

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1933

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man

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azis

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secu

te C

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ssin

g C

hurc

h, R

C C

hurc

h; f

r B

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hte

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erg

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esso

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O-Nes

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SA

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1933

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enia

n ab

p L

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mas

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1934

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cist

per

secu

tion

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ente

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als

kills

man

y, e

spec

ially

in A

ssem

blee

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io in

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lia.

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. x.

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1934

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akhs

tan

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e nu

mbe

rs o

f R

ussi

an O

rtho

dox

cler

gy li

quid

ated

in p

riso

n ca

mps

: ab

p A

mb

rose

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lian

sky

of P

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03

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1934

Latv

iaE

xecu

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of

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gy t

hrou

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t La

tvia

: Jo

hn

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mm

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p of

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a..

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1935

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ever

e pe

rsec

utio

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illin

gs o

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embe

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pan

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ines

s C

hurc

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oyo

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00.

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1936

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inC

ivil

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bis

hops

, 4,

254

prie

sts,

2,4

89 m

onks

, 28

3 nu

ns,

and

100,

000

lay

Cat

holic

s ex

ecut

ed o

r as

sass

inat

ed:

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its L

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a,J.

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enti

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r..

. .

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ty o

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assa

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g th

ousa

nds

of S

inti

and

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ani G

ypsi

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. .

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R-Lat

50,0

0029

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1937

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iopi

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lian

conq

uest

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rtho

dox

bish

ops

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ros,

Mik

aelm

urde

red

(pus

hed

out

of a

ircra

ft),

scor

es o

f pr

iest

s an

d m

onks

mas

sacr

ed,

chur

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. .

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O-Eth

500,

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119

37E

urop

eH

oloc

aust

: N

azis

kill

5 m

illio

n re

ligio

us J

ews

and

1 m

illio

n Je

wis

h C

hris

tians

; 19

42 E

dit

h S

tein

, 19

44 M

ax J

aco

b.

. .

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977

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1937

His

pani

ola

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ps a

nd p

olic

e of

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inic

an R

epub

lic m

assa

cre

5,00

0 H

aitia

n m

igra

nt la

bore

rs.

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1937

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sia

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ttem

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uida

te O

rtho

dox

Chu

rch:

193

7, 8

5,30

0 cl

ergy

sho

t; 19

38,

21,5

00 c

lerg

y sh

ot;

1939

, 90

0 sh

ot;

1939

-45,

100

mor

e ea

ch y

ear.

. .

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120,

000

25.0

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774.

119

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rmen

iaS

yste

mat

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erse

cutio

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enia

n O

rtho

dox

and

Arm

enia

n C

atho

lics

by S

ovie

t se

cret

pol

ice;

cat

holic

os K

ho

ren

Iki

lled.

. .

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30,0

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1938

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kian

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arka

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ork

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of

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edis

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issi

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ocie

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oyed

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fana

tical

Mus

lims

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ted.

. .

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P-Lut

1,00

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1938

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ate

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sies

acr

oss

Eur

ope

in t

he P

oraj

mos

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st),

mos

tly C

hris

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ph

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and

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R-Lat

4,00

00.

03

078

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1939

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and

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is e

xecu

te 6

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bis

hops

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030

prie

sts,

173

bro

ther

s, 2

43 n

uns;

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olb

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and

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. .

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xY

R-Lat

1,00

0,00

03.

97

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1939

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ldO

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f 55

mill

ion

kille

d in

Wor

ld W

ar I

I, m

any

mar

tyrs

; 19

42 f

r T.

Bra

nd

sma

in D

acha

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p..

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000

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786.

219

40G

reec

eG

erm

an,

Italia

n, B

ulga

rian

tro

ops

mur

der

350

Gre

ek O

rtho

dox

prie

sts.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xY

O-Gre

21,0

000.

34

279

2.3

1940

Bal

tic s

tate

s20

0,00

0 de

port

ed;

10,0

00 b

ps,

cler

gy,

nuns

sho

t or

kill

ed in

pri

son

by S

ovie

ts;

man

y B

aptis

t, Lu

ther

an m

arty

rs (

41 b

eing

pas

tors

)..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xa

P-Lut

150,

000

3.0

55

792.

319

40G

erm

any

Jeho

vah’

s W

itnes

ses

sava

gely

per

secu

ted

by N

azis

; 10

,000

inca

rcer

ated

, 2,

000

kille

d by

194

5..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xa

m-Jeh

2,00

00.

03

079

2.3

1941

Yug

osla

via

In C

roat

ia,

350,

000

Ser

bian

Ort

hodo

x m

assa

cred

by

Cro

ats;

3 b

isho

ps,

220

prie

sts

mar

tyre

d..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.R

O-Ser

350,

000

17.5

57

798.

519

41Li

thua

nia

Naz

is k

ill 2

00,0

00;

1944

Sov

iets

kill

300

,000

; 19

41 f

r V.

Lit

aun

ieks

, 19

53 a

bp M

.Rei

nys,

195

9 bp

P.R

aman

ausk

as..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.

xY

R-Lat

100,

000

5.0

56

798.

519

41B

elor

ussi

aA

mill

ion

Chr

istia

ns,

cler

gy,

bish

ops,

kill

ed (

1) b

y S

talin

‘elim

inat

ing

all B

elor

ussi

an e

nem

ies

of t

he s

tate

’, (2

) by

occ

upyi

ng N

azis

, th

en (

3) b

y re

turn

ing

Sov

iets

..

. .

. xa

O-Bye

550,

000

8.0

66

798.

519

42Y

ugos

lavi

aN

azis

and

civ

il w

ar k

ill v

ast

num

bers

of

cler

gy a

nd la

ity;

1945

bis

hop

J.S

imra

k, 2

70 C

atho

lic p

ries

ts..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.

xY

R-Lat

100,

000

1.0

54

804.

719

42C

zech

oslo

vaki

aN

azis

sho

ot O

rtho

dox

bish

op P

avlik

Go

razd

, se

vera

l of

his

cler

gy,

man

y la

ity.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xY

O-Cze

15,0

000.

14

180

4.7

1942

Pap

uaIn

Bat

tle o

f C

oral

Sea

, 11

8 R

C p

ries

ts a

nd b

roth

ers,

78

nuns

, ki

lled

by J

apan

ese

troo

ps,

tota

lling

333

Pro

test

ant

& R

C m

issi

onar

ies

by 1

945.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

x.

R-Lat

400

0.1

20

804.

719

42Ta

iwan

Man

y A

bori

gina

l Chr

istia

ns k

illed

by

Japa

nese

arm

y of

occ

upat

ion.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

x.

P-Ref

10,0

003.

74

580

4.7

1942

Sol

omon

Is

Am

eric

an m

issi

onar

ies

mur

dere

d by

Jap

anes

e tr

oops

: A

.C.D

uh

amel

SM

, J.

G.H

enn

esse

y..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. x.

R-Lat

300

0.0

20

804.

719

42G

ilber

t Is

land

sJa

pane

se in

vasi

on r

esul

ts in

per

secu

tions

: A

.Sad

dki

lled.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. x.

I-Con

200

0.0

20

804.

719

42P

hilip

pine

sB

ataa

n D

eath

Mar

ch:

70,0

00 U

SA

pris

oner

s in

cru

eles

t fo

rced

mar

ch in

his

tory

; 10

,000

kill

ed b

y Ja

pane

se.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. x.

P-Bap

6,00

00.

03

080

4.7

mill

ions

Year

Mai

n lo

cus

Des

crip

tion

of m

ajor

mar

tyrd

om s

ituat

ion

Rel

ated

indi

vidu

al m

arty

rs (

thes

e ar

e th

e na

mes

sho

wn

in b

oldf

ace

type

)P

ers

Trad

Mar

tyrs

MR

%M

agIn

tG

loba

lC

hris

tians

12

3 4

56

78

910

11

MARTYROLOGY 243

Con

tinue

d ov

erle

af

Tabl

e 4–

10 c

ontin

ued

1943

Bol

ivia

Ayo

re I

ndia

ns m

assa

cre

NT

M m

issi

onar

ies:

D.B

aco

n,B

.Dye

,C.D

ye,G

.Ho

sbac

k,E

.Hu

nte

r..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .T

P-Bap

500

0.0

20

810.

919

43P

hilip

pine

sM

assa

cres

by

Japa

nese

tro

ops;

F.M

eyer

,F.H

.Ro

se,

10 o

ther

US

Am

issi

onar

ies,

man

y F

ilipi

nos.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. x.

R-Lat

3,00

00.

03

081

0.9

1944

Alb

ania

Com

mun

ist

regi

me

exec

utes

bis

hops

: 19

48 R

C b

ps V

ola

i,G

ign

i,G

ijni,

1952

abp

N.P

ren

nu

shi;

orga

nize

d C

hris

tiani

ty li

quid

ated

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xa

R-Lat

5,00

01.

33

481

7.2

1944

Mex

ico

In 3

4 ye

ars

of C

atho

lic p

erse

cutio

n of

Eva

ngel

ical

s an

d In

dian

s si

nce

1910

, 40

0 pa

stor

s m

urde

red.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.R

P-Eva

10,0

000.

14

081

7.2

1944

Col

ombi

a19

44-5

8, L

a V

iole

ncia

civ

il w

ar k

ills

300,

000

Chr

istia

ns;

126

reco

gniz

ed P

rote

stan

t m

arty

rs;

Juan

Coy

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.

xR

P-Eva

120,

000

1.0

54

817.

219

45U

krai

neS

ovie

ts a

ttem

pt t

o de

stro

y 3.

5 m

illio

n-st

rong

Ukr

aini

an C

atho

lic U

niat

es;

1946

bp

Ko

cylo

wsk

yj,

1947

bp

T.R

om

zapo

ison

ed,

1959

bp

A.K

her

ie,

man

y pr

iest

s..

. .

xa

R-Ukr

70,0

002.

04

582

3.5

1945

Gua

mJa

pane

se o

ccup

iers

kill

firs

t lo

cal C

atho

lic p

ries

t, Je

sus

Du

enas

, et

alii

..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. x.

R-Lat

200

0.4

22

823.

519

45B

urm

aB

aptis

t pa

stor

s an

d m

issi

onar

ies

tort

ured

by

Japa

nese

tro

ops;

pas

tor

Aky

a N

ai,H

.Dev

ine.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. x.

P-Bap

1,00

00.

23

182

3.5

1945

Mex

ico

Spo

radi

c P

rote

stan

t m

urde

rs:

in V

erac

ruz,

Cat

holic

mob

des

troy

s P

ente

cost

al c

hurc

h pr

oper

ty,

kills

9 P

ente

cost

als.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .R

P-Pen

100

0.0

20

823.

519

45C

ypru

sE

OK

Agu

erri

llas

atte

mpt

to

end

Bri

tish

rule

; 19

48,

leng

thy

cam

paig

n of

ter

rori

sm u

ntil

1960

Ind

epen

denc

e; m

any

killi

ngs.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. x.

O-Gre

500

0.1

21

823.

519

47In

dia

Par

titio

n re

sults

in 1

.1 m

illio

n M

uslim

, H

indu

, an

d S

ikh

deat

hs;

10,0

00 C

hris

tians

kill

ed o

r st

arve

to

deat

h..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.H

P-Eva

2,00

00.

03

083

6.4

1947

Mad

agas

car

Insu

rrec

tion

agai

nst

Fre

nch

rule

: 11

,000

exe

cute

d, t

hen

80,0

00 k

illed

incl

udin

g m

any

past

ors

and

mis

sion

arie

s..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. x.

P-Con

2,00

00.

13

083

6.4

1947

Taiw

an28

,000

Tai

wan

ese

civi

lians

, es

peci

ally

in P

resb

yter

ian

Chu

rch

in T

aiw

an,

mas

sacr

ed in

Tai

pei b

y N

atio

nalis

t tr

oops

(28

Feb

ruar

y).

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

x.

P-Ref

7,00

02.

33

583

6.4

1947

Indi

aIn

dia

gove

rnm

ent

begi

ns 5

3-ye

ar g

enoc

ide

to s

ubdu

e 2

mill

ion

Nag

as (

80%

Bap

tists

); 3

00,0

00 k

illed

by

1999

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xH

P-Bap

10,0

005.

04

683

6.4

1948

Chi

na50

Chi

nese

Bap

tist

lead

ers

mar

tyre

d, s

ome

buri

ed a

live;

als

o 5

mis

sion

arie

s in

Nor

th C

hina

..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xa

P-Bap

700.

11

084

2.9

1948

Rom

ania

Uni

ate

chur

ches

des

troy

ed:

man

y pr

iest

s ki

lled;

bps

Aft

emie

,Fre

nti

u,S

uci

u,

1970

bp

J.H

oss

u;

500

prie

sts

(Ori

enta

l and

Lat

in)

die

in p

riso

n..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xO

R-Byz

50,0

003.

14

584

2.9

1948

Rus

sia

MG

B (

ex N

KV

D)

begi

ns t

o de

stro

y Tr

ue O

rtho

dox

Chu

rch

(3 m

illio

n un

derg

roun

d R

ussi

ans)

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.

xa

O-Rus

500,

000

16.7

67

842.

919

48H

unga

ry40

-yea

r pe

rsec

utio

n un

der

Com

mun

ists

beg

ins:

hun

dred

s of

bis

hops

, pr

iest

s, la

ity d

ie in

pri

son:

Lut

hera

n bi

shop

L.O

rdac

z..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xa

P-Lut

2,50

00.

03

084

2.9

1949

Tibe

tC

hine

se C

omm

unis

ts m

assa

cre

1.2

mill

ion

Tibe

tans

incl

udin

g al

l Chr

istia

ns d

isco

vere

d..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xa

I-rad

500

0.0

20

849.

419

50W

orld

Tota

l of

mar

tyrs

list

ed a

bove

dur

ing

Epo

ch V

III.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. –

–29

,231

,520

3.4

44

856.

019

50W

orld

All

othe

r m

arty

rdom

situ

atio

ns,

know

n or

unk

now

n, d

urin

g E

poch

VIII

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

––

2,33

9,00

00.

34

485

6.0

1950

Wor

ldB

ackg

roun

d m

arty

rdom

dur

ing

Epo

ch V

III (

indi

vidu

al,

dom

estic

, fa

mily

, is

olat

ed)

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

––

154,

000

0.0

00

856.

019

50W

orl

dG

lob

al t

ota

l of

all m

arty

rs d

uri

ng

Ep

och

VIII

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. –

–31

,724

,520

3.7

44

856.

019

50W

orl

dG

lob

al c

um

ula

tive

to

tal o

f al

l mar

tyrs

sin

ce A

D 3

3.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. –

–56

,064

,950

0.9

34

856.

0

EP

OC

H IX

:S

UR

GE

IN T

HE

TH

IRD

WO

RL

D,A

D 1

950-

2000

1950

Chi

naLi

quid

atio

n of

chu

rche

s, 1

950-

80;

1950

-54,

800

Chi

nese

RC

pri

ests

kill

ed;

fr W

ang

Lin

g-T

so,

fr T

sian

g B

eda

SJ

dies

in p

riso

n..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xa

R-Lat

500,

000

9.3

66

856.

019

50N

orth

Kor

eaM

ass

slau

ghte

r of

Chr

istia

ns:

troo

ps m

assa

cre

150

RC

pri

ests

, an

d (1

950-

60)

500

past

ors:

To

ng

-Sin

,Su

ng

Du

, bp

s P.

T.B

ren

nan

,P.J

.Byr

ne.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

x.

R-Lat

800,

000

40.0

68

856.

019

50V

iet

Nam

Fro

m 1

950,

con

tinuo

us C

omm

unis

t pr

essu

re;

past

ors

Ng

uye

n,P

han

Lo

ng

,Th

ien

Th

i..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xa

P-Eva

20,0

001.

04

385

6.0

1950

Eas

tern

Eur

ope

‘Chu

rche

s of

Sile

nce’

liqui

date

d in

8 c

ount

ries

, 19

50-8

0, w

ith 1

7 bi

shop

s; 1

960

Pav

ol G

ojd

ic,

bp o

f P

reso

v (G

reek

Cat

holic

) di

es in

pri

son.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xa

R-Lat

900,

000

9.0

66

856.

019

50In

dia

Fro

m 1

950-

1999

, ov

er 1

0,00

0 C

hris

tians

, ev

ange

lists

, w

orke

rs k

illed

eac

h ye

ar d

ue t

o m

obs,

infu

riat

ed r

elat

ives

, R

SS

/VH

P, e

tc.;

1995

, nu

n sr

Ran

i Mar

ia.

. .

. .

. .

. .H

I-Bap

400,

000

5.6

56

856.

019

50U

SS

RF

rom

195

0-80

, 5

mill

ion

Chr

istia

ns d

ie in

pri

son

cam

ps;

1974

pas

tor

I.M.O

stap

enko

hang

ed;

N.R

oza

nov

..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xa

O-Rus

5,00

0,00

06.

49

685

6.0

1950

Nig

eria

Ove

r ne

xt 5

0 ye

ars,

wid

espr

ead

anti-

Chr

istia

n ri

ots

spor

adic

in c

ities

acr

oss

nort

h, le

d by

Mus

lim m

obs;

pas

tors

, la

y le

ader

s ki

lled,

chu

rche

s ta

rget

ed,

burn

ed.

. .

. .

.M

I-3cA

1,00

00.

03

085

6.0

1950

Sou

th A

fric

aS

tart

of

40 y

ears

’bru

tal r

epre

ssio

n of

Bla

cks

by A

frik

aner

sec

urity

for

ces;

tho

usan

ds in

AIC

s m

urde

red;

197

7 S

teve

Bik

o.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

x.

I-3zA

10,0

000.

14

185

6.0

1951

Rus

sia

All

7,00

0 Je

hova

h’s

Witn

esse

s fo

rcib

ly s

catte

red

acro

ss F

ar N

orth

in S

iber

ian

labo

r ca

mps

..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xa

m-Jeh

2,00

028

.63

887

1.9

1952

Ken

yaM

au M

au r

ebel

lion:

1,5

00 o

ffici

ally

rec

ogni

zed

mar

tyrs

in K

ikuy

u ch

urch

es:

G.&

R.G

acig

i, M

ary

Wan

ceg

i, W

.Mu

riu

ki,

J.M

un

gai

, 19

53 E

.Gik

ony

o,A

.Kag

uru

.. .

.T

A-Ang

1,80

00.

53

288

8.1

1952

Wes

t Ir

ian

CM

A, T

EA

M,

RB

MU

mis

sion

arie

s ki

lled,

als

o co

nver

ts;

first

Dan

i mar

tyr

Sel

anu

ok.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.T

P-Eva

500

0.2

21

888.

119

52C

hina

Chi

nese

inde

pend

ent

chur

ches

vic

ious

ly p

erse

cute

d: 1

952,

Litt

le F

lock

’s W

atch

man

Nee

arre

sted

, 19

72 d

ies

in p

riso

n; 1

955,

reg

ime

dest

roys

Jes

us F

amily

.. .

. .

. .

xa

I-3cC

74,0

0061

.74

988

8.1

1952

Bul

gari

aV

iole

nt p

erse

cutio

ns 1

952-

64 in

Sof

ia,

Plo

vdiv

; 19

52 b

p B

asili

kov,

exa

rch

Kir

toff

, 19

56 m

etro

polit

an B

ori

sof

Nev

roko

p; in

Nic

opol

i, La

tin-r

ite b

isho

p ex

ecut

ed..

. .

xa

O-Bul

2,00

00.

03

088

8.1

1953

Vie

t N

amIn

Nor

th V

iet

Nam

, C

omm

unis

ts e

xecu

te 1

5,00

0 C

atho

lic la

ndlo

rds

and

any

rich

pea

sant

s..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. x.

R-Lat

8,00

00.

03

090

4.5

1954

Alg

eria

8-ye

ar c

ivil

war

: F

renc

h ar

my

kills

a m

illio

n A

lger

ian

Mus

lims,

lose

s 17

,500

tro

ops;

3,0

00 F

renc

h C

atho

lic s

ettle

rs m

urde

red.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.M

R-Lat

2,50

00.

23

292

1.3

1956

Ecu

ador

Auc

as k

ill M

AF

/GM

U/C

MM

Lm

issi

onar

ies:

J.E

llio

t,P.

Fle

min

g,E

.McC

ully

,N.S

ain

t,R

.Yo

ud

aria

n..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.T

P-Eva

50.

01

095

5.8

1957

Hai

ti29

-yea

r V

oodo

o te

rror

und

er D

uval

iers

kill

s 50

,000

; 19

61 f

r Y

von

Em

man

uel

Mo

reau

..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xU

R-Lat

25,0

000.

74

397

3.6

1958

Nep

alN

umer

ous

earl

y co

nver

ts m

urde

red:

Tam

ang

ex-B

uddh

ist

lam

a D

avid

Dap

cha

Lam

apo

ison

ed;

1970

Bra

hmin

con

vert

Kri

shn

a L

amic

ham

ibea

ten

to d

eath

..

. .

. .

xB

I-3cZ

500.

01

099

1.6

1958

Indo

nesi

aF

or 7

yea

rs,

Dar

ul I

slam

(D

ITI)

fun

dam

enta

list

guer

rilla

fan

atic

s m

urde

r 50

0 M

akas

sare

se C

hris

tians

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.M

R-Lat

500

0.0

20

991.

619

59C

hina

Gre

at L

eap

For

war

d (1

959-

62)

kills

25

mill

ion

peas

ants

, w

orke

rs,

past

ors,

pri

ests

; 19

60 H

.H.L

in..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xa

I-3hC

300,

000

10.0

57

1,01

0.0

1959

Cub

aC

astr

o’s

Com

mun

ist

revo

lutio

n ex

pels

590

RC

pri

ests

, 97

0 br

othe

rs,

2,40

0 nu

ns,

exec

utes

man

y w

ho d

ie s

hout

ing

‘Lon

g liv

e C

hris

t th

e K

ing!

’. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.

xa

R-Lat

15,0

000.

34

21,

010.

019

60C

ongo

-Zai

reM

utin

ies,

reb

ellio

ns d

islo

cate

mis

sion

s; 2

00 R

C p

ries

ts/n

uns,

300

Pro

test

ant

wor

kers

, ki

lled:

E.H

od

gso

n,P

.Car

lso

n,P

.Rh

ine,

sr

M.C

.An

uar

ite.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .T

P-Eva

15,0

000.

14

11,

028.

819

60La

tin A

mer

ica

Chr

istia

n ra

dica

ls k

illed

by

troo

ps;

1966

frs

Cam

ilo T

orr

es,H

.Gal

lejo

, 19

77 A

.Nav

arro

..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

x.

R-Lat

300,

000

0.1

51

1,02

8.8

1960

Indi

aF

or n

ext

40 y

ears

, ev

ery

year

100

to

300

Chr

istia

n D

alits

(U

ntou

chab

les,

Out

cast

es)

are

mur

dere

d in

inte

r-ca

ste

viol

ence

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.H

R-Lat

7,00

00.

13

11,

028.

819

61C

ongo

In a

nd a

roun

d B

razz

avill

e, m

any

killi

ngs

of E

urop

eans

and

mis

sion

arie

s: p

asto

r R

.de

Vos.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

x.

P-Eva

400

0.0

20

1,04

7.8

1961

Ger

man

yC

omm

unis

t G

DR

ere

cts

75-m

ile c

oncr

ete

Ber

lin W

all t

o pr

even

t em

igra

tion;

5,0

00 e

scap

e, b

ut 1

50 C

hris

tians

try

ing

to c

ross

are

kill

ed b

y po

lice.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xa

P-Lut

100

0.0

20

1,04

7.8

1961

Ang

ola

Rev

olut

ion

and

civi

l war

: P

ortu

gues

e tr

oops

and

mili

tias

mas

sacr

e P

rote

stan

ts,

past

ors,

tea

cher

s: d

eaco

n P.

Ro

dri

gu

es.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. x.

P-Eva

5,00

02.

03

51,

047.

819

62A

lban

iaA

thei

st s

tate

kill

s 10

mor

e bi

shop

s, 1

00 p

ries

ts:

1972

fr

S.K

urt

i, 19

79 b

p E

.Co

ba;

an

d ov

er 7

,000

lay

belie

vers

kill

ed,

1962

-198

6..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xa

O-Alb

7,20

03.

83

51,

067.

319

62B

urm

a40

-yea

r ci

vil w

ar:

arm

y co

nduc

ts m

any

mas

sacr

es o

f H

ill T

ribe

s (K

aren

s, K

achi

ns,

et a

lii);

chu

rche

s bu

rned

, pa

stor

s to

rtur

ed t

o de

ath.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. x.

P-Bap

10,0

001.

04

41,

067.

319

62W

est

Iria

nG

enoc

ide:

150

,000

Wes

t P

apua

ns k

illed

by

Mus

lim t

roop

s, 1

962-

82;

by 1

995

tota

l kill

ed r

each

es 2

00,0

00.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

x.

P-Eva

70,0

007.

94

61,

067.

319

62R

wan

daG

enoc

ide:

150

,000

Tut

sis

slau

ghte

red

by H

utus

at

Inde

pend

ence

; pa

stor

Yo

na

Kan

amu

zeyi

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xR

A-Ang

10,0

000.

84

31,

067.

319

62R

ussi

aLe

ader

s of

unr

egis

tere

d R

efor

m B

aptis

ts s

yste

mat

ical

ly li

quid

ated

by

KG

B:

1964

N.K

hm

ara,

197

2 M

eln

ikov

pois

oned

, 19

75 I.

V.B

ible

nko

..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xa

I-3cW

8,00

06.

03

61,

067.

319

62E

ritr

ea30

-yea

r ci

vil w

ar le

d by

Chr

istia

n-do

min

ated

EP

LF d

estr

oys

chur

ches

, sc

hool

s, m

issi

ons,

and

kill

s sc

ores

of

cler

gy,

laity

..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xa

O-Eth

10,0

000.

64

31,

067.

319

63G

uine

a-B

issa

uP

ortu

gues

e ki

ll P

rote

stan

ts (

WE

C):

eva

ngel

ists

Vic

tor

Vaz

Mar

tin

s,F

orm

oso

Men

des

,Ped

ro d

a S

ilva.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xR

P-Eva

100

4.2

25

1,08

7.1

1963

Sud

anC

ivil

war

: Ara

bs k

ill 6

4 m

issi

onar

ies

and

(196

2-72

) 60

0,00

0 B

lack

Chr

istia

ns;

past

or G

.Ad

wo

k..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xM

A-Ang

200,

000

23.5

58

1,08

7.1

1964

Bra

zil

10,0

00 k

illin

gs o

ver

20 y

ears

by

guer

rilla

s, m

ilita

ry,

deat

h sq

uads

; m

any

prie

sts

mur

dere

d..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. x.

R-Lat

2,00

00.

03

01,

107.

319

64U

SA

In lo

ng a

nd v

iole

nt s

egre

gatio

n st

rugg

le,

civi

l rig

hts

wor

kers

mur

dere

d: J

ames

Ch

eney

(Bla

ck B

aptis

t) &

col

leag

ues;

196

8 M

arti

n L

uth

er K

ing

Jr

assa

ssin

ated

.. .

.

.Y

I-Bap

200.

01

01,

107.

319

65In

done

sia

Com

mun

ists

atte

mpt

to

oblit

erat

e C

hris

tian

lead

ersh

ip;

crus

hed

by a

rmy

with

500

,000

dea

ths.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .a

P-Ref

8,00

00.

13

01,

127.

819

65Z

ambi

aLu

mpa

Chu

rch

(indi

geno

us)

crus

hed

by m

ilita

ry;

700

kille

d in

hol

y vi

llage

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.

x.

I-3pA

700

0.5

22

1,12

7.8

1965

Lith

uani

aS

ovie

ts m

odify

con

tinuo

us p

erse

cutio

n of

RC

bis

hops

, ta

rget

min

or o

ffici

als,

har

ass

by b

urea

ucra

cy:

1975

M.T

amo

nis

..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xa

R-Lat

5,00

00.

03

01,

127.

819

65C

ambo

dia

Mno

ng C

hris

tians

fie

rcel

y pe

rsec

uted

, m

any

kille

d w

ith c

lerg

y (a

lso

90%

of

Bud

dhis

t pr

iest

s).

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xB

R-Lat

6,00

00.

03

01,

127.

819

66N

iger

ia30

,000

Ibo

Chr

istia

ns in

Nor

ther

n N

iger

ia m

assa

cred

by

Mus

lim m

obs.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .M

A-Eva

30,0

000.

14

11,

148.

719

66C

hina

Gre

at P

role

tari

an C

ultu

ral R

evol

utio

n: c

hurc

hes

raze

d, 2

,500

,000

bel

ieve

rs im

pris

oned

; af

ter

20 y

ears

jail

and

tort

ure,

in 1

989

bp L

i Xin

shen

gdi

es.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xa

I-3hC

400,

000

13.3

57

1,14

8.7

1967

Nig

eria

Am

illio

n ki

lled

in 1

967-

70 B

iafr

a ci

vil w

ar,

incl

udin

g m

assa

cre

of 1

50,0

00 I

bos

by M

uslim

s, a

lso

10,0

00 O

goni

Chr

istia

ns s

laug

hter

ed.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xM

R-Lat

200,

000

0.8

53

1,17

0.0

c196

8S

omal

iaIs

lam

ic h

ostil

ity t

owar

ds C

hris

tiani

ty r

esul

ts in

kill

ings

: M

usa

Sh

eiko

w,

1989

bp

P.S

.Co

lom

bo

OF

M,

1991

fr

P.Tu

rati

OF

M.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.M

I-3mM

400.

01

01,

191.

719

68W

est

Iria

nC

anni

balis

tic t

ribe

, th

e Y

ali,

kill

and

eat

2 N

TM

mis

sion

arie

s w

ho d

estr

oyed

vill

age

fetis

hes,

S.D

ale

& P

.Mas

ters

; 19

76,

trib

e co

nver

ts t

o C

hris

tiani

ty..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.T

P-Eva

100.

01

01,

191.

719

69E

quat

Gui

nea

10-y

ear

reig

n of

ter

ror

unde

r di

ctat

or M

acia

s; 8

0,00

0 de

aths

; cr

ucifi

xion

s; 1

975

Rap

hae

l Nze

bp o

f B

ata

exec

uted

afte

r to

rtur

e; 5

0,00

0 B

ubis

mur

dere

d in

197

8..

. .

xR

R-Lat

35,0

0014

.04

71,

213.

919

69M

alaw

iV

icio

us s

tate

per

secu

tion

of J

ehov

ah’s

Witn

esse

s..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

x.

m-Jeh

2,00

05.

63

61,

213.

919

69C

zech

oslo

vaki

aS

tate

kill

s R

oman

Cat

holic

lead

ers:

197

4 ca

rdin

al S

.Tro

chta

, 19

79 f

r M

.Go

no

, 19

81 f

r P.

Co

ufa

l, 19

82 f

r J.

Bar

ta.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xa

R-Lat

7,00

00.

13

01,

213.

919

70C

ambo

dia

Mas

sacr

es o

f 40

,000

Vie

tnam

ese

Cat

holic

s an

d 10

,000

Pro

test

ants

, 19

70-7

7..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xB

R-Lat

50,0

0076

.94

91,

236.

419

70P

arag

uay

Gen

ocid

e at

tem

pted

by

mili

tary

aga

inst

Ach

e In

dian

s; 9

00 k

illed

in r

epea

ted

mas

sacr

es,

forc

ed la

bor,

rese

ttlem

ents

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .R

R-Lat

100

33.3

28

1,23

6.4

1970

US

SR

Unr

egis

tere

d P

rote

stan

ts t

arge

ted

by K

GB

for

mas

s ki

lling

s; 1

980

V.A

.Sh

elko

v,S

.Bak

ho

ldin

, 19

82 N

.P.K

hra

pov

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.

xa

I-3cW

60,0

006.

74

61,

236.

4

mill

ions

Year

Mai

n lo

cus

Des

crip

tion

of m

ajor

mar

tyrd

om s

ituat

ion

Rel

ated

indi

vidu

al m

arty

rs (

thes

e ar

e th

e na

mes

sho

wn

in b

oldf

ace

type

)P

ers

Trad

Mar

tyrs

MR

%M

agIn

tG

loba

lC

hris

tians

12

3 4

56

78

910

11


Con

tinue

d be

low

Tabl

e 4–

10 c

ontin

ued

1970

Cam

eroo

nJe

hova

h’s

Witn

esse

s ba

nned

by

gove

rnm

ent,

with

con

tinuo

us s

pora

dic

pers

ecut

ion

sinc

e..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. x.

m-Jeh

600

0.0

20

1,23

6.4

1970

Gab

onB

anni

ng a

nd s

pora

dic

pers

ecut

ion

of J

ehov

ah’s

Witn

esse

s, d

elib

erat

ely

low

-key

and

unr

epor

ted.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. x.

m-Jeh

100

0.0

20

1,23

6.4

1971

Uga

nda

300,

000

Chr

istia

ns k

illed

in 7

-yea

r A

min

ter

ror;

197

3 J.

Ser

wan

ika,

197

7 ab

p Ja

nan

i Lu

wu

m,

man

y A

nglic

an a

nd C

atho

lic c

lerg

y..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xM

A-Ang

200,

000

2.8

55

1,25

9.9

1971

Ban

glad

esh

In c

ivil

war

, 1,

250,

000

Ben

galis

exe

cute

d. 5

,700

lead

ing

Chr

istia

ns t

arge

ted

and

mur

dere

d w

ith t

heir

child

ren

by P

akis

tani

arm

y, 1

,500

Chr

istia

n w

omen

rap

ed..

. .

.

xM

R-Lat

13,0

005.

24

61,

259.

919

72B

urun

diG

enoc

ide:

150

,000

Hut

us,

espe

cial

ly in

telle

ctua

ls,

mas

sacr

ed b

y Tu

tsis

; 10

0 A

nglic

an e

vang

elis

ts a

nd 1

5 cl

ergy

mur

dere

d; A

bel

Bin

yon

i..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xR

A-Ang

15,0

000.

74

31,

284.

019

72M

ozam

biqu

eP

rote

stan

t pe

rsec

utio

n: P

resb

yter

ian

lead

ers

Z.M

ang

anh

ela,

J.S

idu

mo

die

in M

acha

va p

riso

n..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xa

P-Ref

200

0.0

20

1,28

4.0

1972

Ben

inM

arxi

st m

ilita

ry s

eize

pow

er,

begi

n ta

rget

ing

cler

gy w

ith d

eath

sen

tenc

es;

arre

sts,

spo

radi

c pe

rsec

utio

n an

d m

urde

rs..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.

xa

R-Lat

500

0.1

21

1,28

4.0

1972

Uls

ter

Blo

ody

Sun

day:

Bri

tish

arm

y ki

lls 1

7 R

oman

Cat

holic

dem

onst

rato

rs;

wid

espr

ead

viol

ence

by

Pro

test

ant

para

mili

tary

for

ces.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

x.

R-Lat

2,00

00.

23

21,

284.

019

73C

had

Reg

ime

orde

rs 2

-yea

r pa

gan

initi

atio

n ri

tes;

man

y m

arty

rs,

incl

udin

g nu

mer

ous

past

ors

buri

ed a

live.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xT

P-Eva

400

0.0

20

1,30

8.4

1973

Chi

le2,

500

Chi

lean

s ex

ecut

ed b

y P

inoc

het

mili

tary

reg

ime,

incl

udin

g le

ftist

Chr

istia

n le

ader

s..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. x.

R-Lat

2,10

00.

03

01,

308.

419

74La

osC

omm

unis

ts im

pris

on a

nd m

urde

r m

any

of 2

0,00

0 tr

ibal

Mia

o (H

mon

g) a

nd K

hmu

Pro

test

ants

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.

xa

P-Eva

2,00

010

.03

71,

333.

419

74N

orth

Cyp

rus

Civ

il w

ar e

scal

ates

as

Turk

ish

arm

y in

vade

s; 1

983,

Tur

ks p

rocl

aim

sep

arat

e st

ate;

2,0

00 G

reek

Ort

hodo

x m

urde

red.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.M

O-Gre

2,00

01.

03

41,

333.

419

74B

oliv

iaG

over

nmen

t tr

oops

kill

200

dev

out

RC

pea

sant

s in

Coc

haba

mba

val

ley.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

x.

R-Lat

100

1.0

24

1,33

3.4

1975

Vie

t N

am10

-yea

r C

omm

unis

t pe

rsec

utio

n be

gins

: ch

urch

es c

lose

d, p

asto

rs e

xecu

ted;

198

4, 6

5,00

0 bu

tche

red.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xa

P-Eva

50,0

001.

54

41,

358.

819

75U

krai

neU

niat

e pr

iest

s m

urde

red:

M.L

uts

ky,

1979

Z.A

.Kal

ien

uk,

198

0 A

.Gu

rgu

laan

d w

ife,

1984

A.P

oto

chny

ak..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xa

R-Byz

500

0.0

20

1,35

8.8

1975

Leba

non

200,

000

kille

d in

20-

year

civ

il w

ar;

thou

sand

s of

Mar

onite

s, O

rtho

dox,

Eva

ngel

ical

s ki

dnap

ped

and

kille

d; 1

987

fr A

.Mas

seS

J..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .M

R-Mar

25,0

001.

44

41,

358.

819

75H

ondu

ras

Chr

istia

n ra

dica

ls,

Indi

ans,

mur

dere

d: 1

975

frs

M.C

.Cyp

her

OF

M,

I.B

etan

cur,

198

3 fr

J.G

.Car

ney

SJ.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. x.

R-Lat

8,00

00.

33

21,

358.

819

75C

ambo

dia

Khm

er R

ouge

sla

ught

er 2

mill

ion,

exe

cute

80%

of

all c

ity d

wel

lers

incl

udin

g kn

own

Chr

istia

ns b

y 19

79:

bps

P.Te

p Im

,J.C

.Sal

as,f

r B

.C.C

hu

nsa

r..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xa

P-Eva

42,0

0088

.84

91,

358.

819

75Ti

mor

200,

000

Tim

ores

e (7

0% b

eing

RC

s) k

illed

in c

ivil

war

ove

r ne

xt 2

5 ye

ars;

199

1, m

ilita

ry k

ill 2

70 C

atho

lic y

outh

s at

a f

uner

al in

San

ta C

ruz

mas

sacr

e..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xM

R-Lat

90,0

0037

.24

81,

358.

819

75P

arag

uay

Arm

y bu

rns

hous

es,

seiz

es p

easa

nt c

oope

rativ

e fu

nds,

kill

s sc

ores

of

peas

ants

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

x.

R-Lat

160

0.0

20

1,35

8.8

1975

Bou

gain

ville

23-y

ear

civi

l war

atte

mpt

ing

sece

ssio

n fr

om P

apua

New

Gui

nea,

led

by C

atho

lic a

nd P

rote

stan

t bi

shop

s an

d cl

ergy

; m

any

kille

d, s

tarv

ed,

depr

ived

of

med

icin

es..

. .

x.

P-Eva

3,00

04.

03

51,

358.

819

75Ir

elan

dIr

ish

Rep

ublic

an A

rmy

and

othe

r pa

ram

ilita

ry g

roup

s ta

rget

Chr

istia

n ac

tivis

ts;

assa

ssin

atio

ns,

bom

bing

s..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.R

P-Eva

1,20

00.

23

21,

358.

819

76A

rgen

tina

30,0

00 p

erso

ns d

isap

pear

197

6-79

, ki

lled

by m

ilita

ry ju

nta

(2,0

00 t

hrow

n al

ive

out

of N

avy

airc

raft)

; m

any

prie

sts,

bis

hops

, ac

tivis

ts,

idea

listic

you

th.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xR

R-Lat

12,0

000.

14

01,

381.

419

76Z

imba

bwe

Civ

il w

ar k

ills

50 m

issi

onar

ies:

bp

A.S

chm

itt,

6 n

uns,

197

8 P.

& S

.Eva

ns

& 1

2 E

lim w

orke

rs;

1987

, 16

mis

sion

arie

s..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. x.

P-Pen

3,00

00.

13

01,

381.

419

76G

uate

mal

aA

rmy

geno

cide

aga

inst

May

ans:

11

prie

sts

kille

d, 1

982-

3 15

,000

kill

ings

; fr

H.L

op

ez;

1980

-82,

100,

000

Qui

che

Indi

ans

mur

dere

d, 1

mill

ion

disp

lace

d..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

x.

R-Lat

20,0

000.

34

21,

381.

419

77E

thio

pia

Fro

m 1

977-

80,

90,0

00 k

illed

in R

ed T

erro

r; 1

980

patr

iarc

h T

heo

fila

s, a

bp S

amw

el,

man

y pr

iest

s; P

rote

stan

t le

ader

S.B

.Ale

ku,

1979

G.T

um

sa.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xa

O-Eth

30,0

000.

24

11,

404.

419

77E

l Sal

vado

rF

rom

197

7-89

, 70

,000

kill

ings

, m

assa

cres

, cr

ucifi

xion

s: 1

980

abp

O.R

om

ero

, 19

81 4

US

Anu

ns,

1988

4 L

uthe

ran

wor

kers

, 19

89 6

Jes

uit

prie

sts.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xR

R-Lat

15,0

000.

44

21,

404.

419

77C

AR

Bru

tal t

yran

t E

. A.

Bok

asso

sei

zes

pow

er a

s em

pero

r, m

assa

cres

tho

usan

ds in

chu

rche

s an

d sc

hool

s..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xa

P-Dis

3,00

00.

13

11,

404.

419

77M

ongo

liaM

any

youn

g C

atho

lic C

hari

smat

ics

from

Ind

ia t

rave

l to

witn

ess

and

live

as m

issi

onar

ies

in M

ongo

lia;

a nu

mbe

r ar

e m

urde

red.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xa

R-Lat

5020

.01

81,

404.

419

77Z

aire

Mob

utu

regi

me

exec

utes

, m

urde

rs,

assa

ssin

ates

, or

mas

sacr

es t

riba

l or

polit

ical

opp

onen

ts in

clud

ing

chur

ch le

ader

s..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. x.

R-Lat

4,00

00.

13

11,

404.

419

78G

uyan

aA

t Jo

nest

own

settl

emen

t, co

ngre

gatio

n of

900

are

mur

dere

d by

pas

tor

J. J

ones

in s

uici

de p

act.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.P

P-Dis

950

67.9

29

1,42

7.8

1978

Ang

ola

Sou

th A

fric

an m

ilita

ry b

omb

and

kill

582

Nam

ibia

n C

hris

tians

at

Kas

sing

a re

fuge

e ca

mp.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xP

P-Lut

300

0.0

20

1,42

7.8

1979

Iran

100,

000

Iran

is e

xecu

ted

unde

r ay

atol

lah

Kho

mei

ni-S

hias

, S

unni

s, B

aha’

is, A

rmen

ians

; Ang

lican

pri

est

Say

yad

..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xM

O-Arm

8,00

02.

53

51,

451.

519

79N

icar

agua

50,0

00 d

ie in

San

dini

sta

revo

lutio

n, 2

0,00

0 la

ter,

man

y pa

stor

s; 1

983,

Pen

teco

stal

pas

tor

No

el V

arg

asm

urde

red

by C

ontr

as;

Mis

kito

Chr

istia

ns m

assa

cred

..

. .

. .

. xa

P-Mor

5,00

00.

23

11,

451.

519

79M

alaw

iT

hous

ands

incl

udin

g di

ssid

ent

chur

chm

en t

ortu

red

and

mur

dere

d du

ring

Ban

da d

icta

tors

hip,

196

4-19

93;

1979

, J.

San

gay

a..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

x.

P-Ref

5,00

00.

33

21,

451.

519

80Li

thua

nia

RC

pri

ests

mur

dere

d: 1

980

L.S

apo

ka,V

.Jau

gel

is,

1981

L.M

azei

ka,B

.Lau

rin

avic

ius.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xa

R-Lat

5,00

00.

23

21,

475.

719

80B

oliv

iaA

ssas

sina

tions

and

kill

ings

; 19

80 f

r L

.Esp

inal

SJ,

edi

tor

expo

sing

coc

aine

tra

de,

assa

ssin

ated

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.Y

R-Lat

300

0.0

20

1,47

5.7

1980

Iraq

Mili

tary

reg

ime

mur

ders

20,

000

Chr

istia

ns o

ver

next

15

year

s: A

ssyr

ians

, C

hald

eans

, Ara

bs.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xa

O-Nes

20,0

004.

04

51,

475.

719

80A

fgha

nist

anA

s C

hris

tian

belie

vers

, a

num

ber

of U

SS

R R

ed A

rmy

sold

iers

ref

use

to k

ill A

fgha

nis,

so

are

exec

uted

..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xa

I-3pW

400

0.0

20

1,47

5.7

1980

Indi

aIn

Nag

alan

d, I

ndia

n A

rmy

cont

inue

s 50

-yea

r ge

noci

de a

gain

st 2

mill

ion

Nag

as;

man

y B

aptis

t ch

urch

es d

estr

oyed

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xH

P-Bap

240,

000

15.0

57

1,47

5.7

1980

Per

uM

aois

t S

hini

ng P

ath

guer

rilla

s ki

ll 30

,000

pea

sant

Chr

istia

ns b

efor

e 19

93 c

olla

pse;

198

3 sr

Jo

an S

awye

r, m

any

Pen

teco

stal

s an

d P

resb

yter

ians

mur

dere

d..

. .

. .

. .a

P-Pen

12,0

000.

14

01,

475.

719

81R

oman

iaP

olic

e m

urde

r m

any

Bap

tist

and

RC

lead

ers:

198

1 S

.Teo

do

siu

, bp

K.K

ern

wei

sz,I

.Clip

a..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xa

P-Bap

2,00

00.

13

11,

500.

819

81E

gypt

Mus

lim B

roth

erho

od k

illin

gs;

Cop

tic b

p S

amu

el (

Mak

ary

El-

So

uri

any)

, fr

Gh

abra

il A

bd

Mu

tag

alli.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.M

O-Cop

1,00

00.

03

01,

500.

819

82N

icar

agua

San

dini

sta

mili

tary

reg

ime

esca

late

s ‘re

educ

atio

n’m

assa

cres

of

Mis

kito

Ind

ian

Chr

istia

ns,

past

ors

shot

; 19

82 E

.Sm

ith

,Les

ter

Ath

ers.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xa

P-Mor

1,00

03.

33

51,

526.

219

82N

iger

iaO

ver

next

14

year

s in

Kad

una

Sta

te,

18 m

ajor

Mus

lim/C

hris

tian

viol

ent

conf

licts

; ov

er 6

00 C

hris

tians

kill

ed,

193

chur

ches

tor

ched

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.M

A-Ang

600

0.1

21

1,52

6.2

1983

Gua

tem

ala

Mas

s ki

lling

s of

pen

teco

stal

s by

arm

y, m

any

past

ors

mur

dere

d; F

ull G

ospe

l pas

tor

Nic

ola

s To

ma

shot

..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. x.

I-3pL

11,0

000.

24

21,

552.

219

83E

cuad

orE

scal

atin

g vi

olen

ce a

gain

st Q

uich

ua P

rote

stan

ts;

chur

ches

bur

ned,

mur

ders

; 19

87 Q

uich

ua p

asto

r A

nto

nia

Zu

ma

kille

d..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.R

P-Eva

3,00

01.

23

41,

552.

219

83G

hana

Afr

ican

indi

geno

us c

hurc

hes’

prop

hets

fro

m A

shan

ti S

piri

tual

Chu

rche

s m

urde

red

by m

ilita

ry r

egim

e; 1

995,

RC

nun

s P.

Mac

lese

,C.M

urp

hyha

cked

to

deat

h..

. .

. .

x.

I-3sA

200

0.0

20

1,55

2.2

1983

Sri

Lan

kaC

ivil

war

kill

s 8,

000

(450

RC

s, 6

0 P

rote

stan

ts):

fr

M.B

.Man

ielp

illai

, pa

stor

G.J

eyar

ajas

ing

ham

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.

xB

R-Lat

200

0.0

20

1,55

2.2

1983

Sud

anS

core

s of

Din

ka a

nd S

hillu

k pa

stor

s ki

lled

by S

udan

ese

arm

y, c

ount

less

chu

rche

s to

rche

d by

Ara

b tr

oops

..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xM

A-Ang

5,00

00.

23

21,

552.

219

84P

olan

dC

ontin

uous

Com

mun

ist

hara

ssm

ent;

prie

st J

.Po

pie

lusz

ko(R

C),

198

5 fr

P.P

op

law

ski(

Ort

hodo

x),

et a

lii.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xa

R-Lat

5,00

00.

03

01,

578.

519

84U

gand

aA

rmed

thu

gs m

urde

r G

od

frey

Baz

ira

prin

cipa

l of

Nam

ugon

go M

arty

rs M

emor

ial S

emin

ary,

and

90

othe

rs..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.

.a

A-Ang

950.

01

01,

578.

519

85P

hilip

pine

sC

lerg

y, la

ity m

urde

red:

frs

T.F

aval

i,A

.Ro

mer

o,N

.Val

erio

,R.R

om

ano

;M

.Bel

ing

(Epi

scop

al).

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.M

R-Lat

40,0

000.

14

01,

605.

319

85A

ngol

aG

uerr

illa

viol

ence

kill

s w

orke

rs:

frs

J.E

.Was

nak

,J.M

ore

tto

,L.S

iku

fin

de,

sr

L.K

autu

dja

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

x.

R-Lat

10,0

000.

14

11,

605.

319

85In

dia

3,00

0 N

orth

Ind

ian

Chr

istia

ns m

urde

red

in m

ob r

iots

inst

igat

ed b

y po

litic

o-re

ligio

us o

rgan

izat

ions

(R

SS

/VH

P, e

tc);

199

5, in

Bho

pal,

Joh

n K

erka

tta

kille

d by

mob

..

. .H

P-Bap

3,00

00.

13

11,

605.

3c1

985

Ken

yaA

ngar

ako

band

its f

rom

Uga

nda

dest

roy

RC

mis

sion

, ki

ll 85

Tur

kana

and

pri

est.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .T

R-Lat

500.

01

01,

605.

319

85G

uate

mal

aW

orst

rig

ht-w

ing

deat

h-sq

uad

viol

ence

on

cont

inen

t: In

dian

cat

echi

st M

anu

el d

e Je

sus

Tza

lam

Co

j, pr

ofes

sor

C.H

.Cab

rera

Riv

era.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xR

R-Lat

10,0

000.

14

11,

605.

319

86M

ozam

biqu

e50

0,00

0 no

ncom

bata

nts

(28,

000

RC

s, 7

,000

Ang

lican

s an

d P

rote

stan

ts)

syst

emat

ical

ly s

laug

hter

ed b

y R

enam

o re

bels

..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .a

R-Lat

35,0

001.

04

41,

632.

819

86A

fric

aM

arke

d co

ntin

ent-

wid

e in

crea

se in

kill

ings

of

past

ors,

pri

ests

, m

issi

onar

ies,

and

layp

erso

ns.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. x.

P-Eva

20,0

000.

04

01,

632.

819

86M

exic

oO

utsp

oken

new

spap

er s

taff

begi

n to

be

targ

eted

by

drug

car

tels

: pu

blis

hers

J.B

ren

nes

,Ern

esto

Flo

res,

rep

orte

r N

orm

a M

ore

no

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.

.a

R-Lat

100

0.0

20

1,63

2.8

1987

Ecu

ador

Auc

a ar

row

s in

jung

le k

ill b

p A

.Lab

aca

Ug

arte

OF

MC

ap,

sr In

es A

ran

go

; ot

her

killi

ngs

also

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.T

R-Lat

100

0.0

20

1,66

0.7

1987

Sud

an1,

000

Chr

istia

n D

inka

s bu

rned

to

deat

h by

Riz

eiga

t M

uslim

s in

Die

in.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.M

A-Ang

1,00

00.

53

21,

660.

719

87P

akis

tan

Chr

istia

ns t

arge

ted:

198

7 W

ahid

, 19

94 M

anzo

or

Mas

ih;

1995

, 12

-yea

r ol

d Iq

bal

Mas

ihne

ar L

ahor

e; 1

995

Jave

d M

asih

in H

yder

abad

..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.M

P-Ref

200

0.0

20

1,66

0.7

1987

Aze

rbai

jan

Rel

igio

us w

arfa

re in

Nag

orno

-Kar

abak

h ta

rget

s bo

th S

hia

Mus

lims

and

Arm

enia

n C

hris

tian

lead

ers;

10,

000

kille

d ov

er n

ext

9 ye

ars;

198

8 S

umga

it M

assa

cre.

. .

. .

. xM

O-Arm

1,00

00.

23

21,

660.

719

88B

razi

l14

Tic

una

Indi

ans

mas

sacr

ed b

y tr

ader

s; 3

0,00

0 go

ld p

rosp

ecto

rs a

ttack

oth

er A

mer

indi

an t

ribe

s; 1

995,

hun

dred

s of

land

less

pea

sant

s ki

lled

by p

olic

e..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .Y

I-3cL

800

0.6

23

1,68

9.2

1988

Col

ombi

aC

ivil

war

ver

sus

coca

ine

drug

lord

s w

ith 5

00,0

00 e

mpl

oyee

s; m

any

judg

es a

ssas

sina

ted;

198

9 bp

Jes

us

E.J

aram

illo

of A

rauc

a..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.a

R-Lat

1,00

00.

03

01,

689.

219

88A

lger

ia19

88 r

iots

, 19

92 a

rmy

oust

s vi

ctor

ious

Isl

amic

Fun

dam

enta

lists

who

the

n m

urde

r 10

,000

Chr

istia

ns;

1996

, 7

Trap

pist

mon

ks b

ehea

ded,

bp

P.C

lave

rie.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .M

R-Lat

9,00

013

.03

71,

689.

219

88M

yanm

arM

ass

upri

sing

in Y

ango

n cr

ushe

d by

mili

tary

, 10

,000

kill

ed;

thou

sand

s of

Chr

istia

ns p

eris

h in

vas

t sl

ave

cam

ps..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.

x.

P-Bap

30,0

001.

04

41,

689.

219

88B

urun

diG

enoc

ide:

Tut

si-d

omin

ated

gov

ernm

ent

kills

75,

000

civi

lian

Hut

us in

rep

eate

d m

assa

cres

..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. x.

R-Lat

25,0

001.

04

41,

689.

219

89C

hina

Arm

y m

assa

cre

of 3

,000

mai

nly

in T

iana

nmen

Squ

are,

Bei

jing,

kill

s 60

0 C

hris

tian

stud

ent

activ

ists

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xa

I-3cC

600

0.1

21

1,71

8.1

1989

Rom

ania

Sec

ret

polic

e un

der

dict

ator

N.

Cea

uses

cu m

assa

cre

20,0

00 C

hris

tians

, m

urde

r m

any

activ

ists

..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xa

O-Rum

15,0

000.

14

11,

718.

119

89W

orld

Per

secu

tion

duri

ng d

ecad

e 19

80-9

0 m

ushr

oom

s, r

evea

ling

Chr

ist’s

peo

ple

as t

he p

erm

anen

tly S

uffe

ring

Chu

rch,

reg

ular

ly e

ndur

ing

mar

tyrd

om..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xa

R-Lat

190,

000

12.7

57

1,71

8.1

1989

Afg

hani

stan

Und

ergr

ound

Afg

hani

Chr

istia

ns p

erse

cute

d: b

lind

lead

er Z

ia M

oh

amm

ed N

od

rat

tort

ured

to

deat

h; t

he S

ix M

ulla

hs o

f K

abul

con

fess

Chr

ist

but

are

mur

dere

d..

. .

. xM

I-3mM

300.

01

01,

718.

119

89P

eru

50 A

ssem

blie

s of

God

wor

ship

pers

mac

hine

-gun

ned

whi

le p

rayi

ng;

800

Chr

istia

n le

ader

s in

Que

chua

Hig

h A

ndes

mur

dere

d..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .a

P-Pen

3,00

00.

03

01,

718.

119

90Ir

anR

adic

al M

uslim

s ki

ll pr

omin

ent

Iran

ian

Pen

teco

stal

cle

rgy:

199

0 H

.So

od

man

d,

1994

bp

Hai

k H

ovse

pia

n-M

ehr,

Meh

di D

ibaj

; m

any

laity

exe

cute

d..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xM

P-Pen

720

0.0

20

1,74

7.5

1990

Phi

lippi

nes

Isla

mic

gue

rrill

as in

Jol

o, M

inda

nao,

kill

man

y ev

ange

lizin

g C

hris

tians

: 19

95,

J.S

ola

n;

1996

, pa

stor

Sev

erin

o B

agta

sos

IIIki

lled

duri

ng w

orsh

ip.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.M

I-3cF

10,0

000.

14

11,

747.

519

90La

os25

-yea

r C

omm

unis

t pe

rsec

utio

n of

Chr

istia

ns in

tens

ifies

, es

peci

ally

vic

ious

in n

orth

with

wid

espr

ead

cont

inuo

us k

illin

gs..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.

x.

R-Lat

10,0

0010

.04

71,

747.

519

90M

exic

oE

scal

atin

g vi

olen

ce a

gain

st O

axac

an P

rote

stan

ts,

ofte

n le

d by

Cat

holic

pri

ests

and

loca

l chi

efs.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.R

P-Eva

500

0.0

20

1,74

7.5

mill

ions

Year

Mai

n lo

cus

Des

crip

tion

of m

ajor

mar

tyrd

om s

ituat

ion

Rel

ated

indi

vidu

al m

arty

rs (

thes

e ar

e th

e na

mes

sho

wn

in b

oldf

ace

type

)P

ers

Trad

Mar

tyrs

MR

%M

agIn

tG

loba

lC

hris

tians

12

3 4

56

78

910

11

MARTYROLOGY 245

Con

tinue

d ov

erle

af

Tabl

e 4–

10 c

ontin

ued

1991

Bos

nia

In v

icio

us 4

-yea

r ci

vil w

ar,

200,

000

incl

udin

g m

any

cler

gy a

re k

illed

by

Mus

lim,

Cat

holic

Cro

at,

and

Ort

hodo

x S

erb

mili

tias;

Bos

nian

fr

N.B

agar

ic.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.O

R-Lat

20,0

000.

14

11,

772.

719

91C

olom

bia

Wor

ld’s

mos

t vi

olen

t co

untr

y (3

8,00

0 ki

lled

p.a.

), m

issi

onar

ies

mur

dere

d by

gue

rrill

as,

drug

lord

s: 1

995

T.V

an D

yke,

S.W

elsh

; m

any

Pen

teco

stal

pas

tors

.. .

. .

. .

. .

.a

P-Eva

5,00

01.

03

41,

772.

719

91P

eru

Vio

lent

gue

rrill

a w

arfa

re:

L.G

uti

erre

z,M

.Sar

mie

nto

,C.C

asav

erd

e,C

.Var

gas

,N.T

atte

rsal

l,J.

Ch

uq

uin

; 19

92 B

ible

tra

nsla

tor

R.S

aun

e..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.a

P-Eva

3,00

00.

03

01,

772.

719

91H

aiti

Ove

r 2,

000

shot

to

deat

h su

ppor

ting

RC

pri

est

elec

ted

pres

iden

t, J.

-B. A

rist

ide;

500

mor

e di

e un

der

tort

ure;

pas

tor

Syl

vio

Cla

ud

e..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.a

R-Lat

1,50

00.

03

01,

772.

7c1

992

Libe

ria

Civ

il w

ar e

ngul

fs c

ount

ry,

chur

ches

des

troy

ed,

Chr

istia

ns s

laug

hter

ed;

mis

sion

arie

s To

m &

Ju

ne

Jack

son

(WE

C),

pas

tors

J.F

alla

h,

D.S

aah

dise

mbo

wel

ed..

. .

. .

x.

P-Eva

15,0

002.

24

51,

798.

319

92A

ngol

aA

s ci

vil w

ar c

ontin

ues,

num

erou

s ki

lling

s: s

r M

.Pim

ente

l, sr

M.C

ule

mb

ee M

un

to,

fr A

.de

Fo

nse

ca G

uer

ra,

sr L

ou

rdes

Ag

uia

r..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xa

R-Lat

9,00

00.

13

11,

798.

319

92U

SA

Spo

radi

c bu

t co

ntin

uous

kill

ings

: ne

ws

edito

r M

anu

el d

e D

ios

shot

in N

ew Y

ork

bar

for

expo

sing

coc

aine

car

tels

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.

.a

P-Eva

200

0.0

20

1,79

8.3

1993

Bur

undi

5th

wav

e of

vio

lenc

e si

nce

1961

: 20

0,00

0 H

utus

kill

ed b

y Tu

tsi a

rmy;

cle

rgy

targ

eted

; 19

93 B

ible

Soc

iety

’s G

.Bim

azu

bute

, 19

96 a

bp J

.Ru

hu

na.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xA

R-Lat

40,0

001.

04

41,

824.

319

93S

udan

500,

000

Sou

ther

n B

lack

Chr

istia

ns d

rive

n in

to d

eser

ts a

nd s

tarv

e to

dea

th t

hrou

gh d

elib

erat

e di

vert

ing

of f

amin

e re

lief

food

by

Isla

mic

sta

te b

urea

ucra

ts.

. .

. .

. .

. .

xM

A-Ang

460,

000

11.9

57

1,82

4.3

1994

Rw

anda

Gen

ocid

e: r

ulin

g H

utus

mas

sacr

e 70

0,00

0 Tu

tsis

(R

Cs,

Ang

lican

s, R

eviv

alis

ts);

I.H

avu

gim

ana,

T.G

atw

a, f

r J.

Ru

tum

bu,

3 bi

shop

s, 1

01 p

ries

ts,

64 n

uns.

. .

. .

. .

. xR

R-Lat

520,

000

11.7

67

1,85

0.7

1994

Egy

ptC

ount

ryw

ide

viol

ence

by

mili

tant

Mus

lims

burn

ing

Cop

tic c

hurc

hes,

sho

ps,

busi

ness

es,

villa

ges,

sch

ools

; 1,

000

Cop

ts k

illed

; m

onk

Nu

r al

-Qu

ms

Bin

yam

in.

. .

. .

. .

.M

O-Cop

1,00

00.

03

01,

850.

719

94M

exic

oC

atho

lic a

ctiv

ists

mur

dere

d in

Zap

atis

ta g

uerr

illa

upri

sing

; m

ainl

y w

omen

and

chi

ldre

n..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

x.

R-Lat

300

0.0

20

1,85

0.7

1995

Pal

estin

eR

ando

m k

illin

gs o

f ch

urch

wor

kers

: br

othe

r B

.Gra

ssib

eate

n to

dea

th.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .M

R-LEr

200

0.0

20

1,87

7.4

1995

Sud

anS

udan

ese

air

forc

e dr

ops

napa

lm o

n 3

stro

ngly

-Chr

istia

n ci

ties

in N

uba

Mou

ntai

ns,

killi

ng t

hous

ands

; Ara

b tr

oops

mur

der

50,0

00 m

ore.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xM

A-Eva

12,0

007.

04

61,

877.

419

96U

gand

aK

idna

ppin

gs,

mur

ders

, m

assa

cres

of

scho

olch

ildre

n co

ntin

ue,

mai

nly

by L

ord’

s R

esis

tanc

e A

rmy

(LR

A)

rebe

ls n

orth

of

Gul

u..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .I

A-Eva

2,00

01.

03

41,

901.

219

96Z

aire

Mut

inie

s, r

ebel

lions

, m

ilita

ry r

ampa

ges,

ref

ugee

s, m

ass

loot

ings

, sw

eep

the

coun

try;

tho

usan

ds o

f la

yper

sons

, cl

ergy

, w

orke

rs m

urde

red,

mas

sacr

ed.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. x.

P-uni

5,00

00.

13

11,

901.

219

97In

done

sia

Larg

e or

gani

zed

mob

vio

lenc

e in

crea

ses

annu

ally

; 50

chu

rche

s a

year

atta

cked

, bu

rned

(20

0 in

Eas

t Ja

va).

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .M

P-Ref

500

0.0

20

1,92

5.4

1997

Pak

ista

nM

obs

of 3

0,00

0 M

uslim

rio

ters

go

on r

ampa

ge,

burn

ing

dow

n ch

urch

es,

Chr

istia

n ho

mes

, sh

ops,

bus

ines

ses;

loot

ings

, m

urde

rs,

inst

ant

exec

utio

ns.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.M

P-uni

1,00

020

.03

81,

925.

419

98A

fgha

nist

anTa

liban

mili

tary

reg

ime

(Sun

nis)

sla

ught

ers

thou

sand

s of

Haz

aras

(S

hias

) in

Maz

ar-e

-Sha

rif,

incl

udin

g 50

0 C

hris

tians

..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xM

I-3nZ

500

50.0

29

1,94

9.8

1999

Indi

aV

iole

nt R

SS

/VH

Pac

tivity

sup

port

ed b

y an

ti-C

hris

tian

Hin

du g

over

nmen

t ki

lls n

uns,

pri

ests

, pa

stor

s, m

issi

onar

ies.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xH

R-Lat

6,00

00.

03

01,

974.

519

99Ti

mor

Tim

or U

N-r

un p

lebi

scite

ove

rwhe

lmin

gly

vote

s fo

r In

depe

nden

ce:

befo

re a

nd a

fter,

mili

tias

targ

et C

atho

lics,

kill

7,0

00 c

lerg

y an

d la

ity..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.

x.

R-Lat

4,00

02.

03

51,

974.

520

00W

orld

Tota

l of

mar

tyrs

list

ed a

bove

dur

ing

Epo

ch I

X.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

––

11,9

04,2

800.

63

31,

999.

620

00W

orld

All

othe

r m

arty

rdom

situ

atio

ns,

know

n or

unk

now

n, d

urin

g E

poch

IX

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. –

–95

2,00

00.

13

31,

999.

620

00W

orld

Bac

kgro

und

mar

tyrd

om d

urin

g E

poch

IX

(in

divi

dual

, do

mes

tic,

fam

ily,

isol

ated

).

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

––

500,

000

0.0

00

1,99

9.6

2000

Wo

rld

Glo

bal

to

tal o

f al

l mar

tyrs

du

rin

g E

po

ch IX

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

––

13,3

56,2

800.

73

31,

999.

620

00W

orl

dG

lob

al c

um

ula

tive

to

tal o

f al

l mar

tyrs

sin

ce A

D 3

3.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. –

–69

,421

,230

0.8

34

1,99

9.6

mill

ions

Year

Mai

n lo

cus

Des

crip

tion

of m

ajor

mar

tyrd

om s

ituat

ion

Rel

ated

indi

vidu

al m

arty

rs (

thes

e ar

e th

e na

mes

sho

wn

in b

oldf

ace

type

)P

ers

Trad

Mar

tyrs

MR

%M

agIn

tG

loba

lC

hris

tians

12

3 4

56

78

910

11


EP

OC

H X

:F

UT

UR

E S

CE

NA

RIO

S O

F M

ISS

ION

AN

D M

AR

TY

DO

M,A

D 2

000-

2050

(fo

r de

tails

of

num

erou

s pu

blis

hed

scen

ario

s, s

ee P

art

2 “C

osm

oChr

onol

ogy”

)—

Wor

ldC

hurc

h in

man

y M

uslim

cou

ntri

es f

orce

d un

derg

roun

d in

to c

land

estin

e ac

tivity

..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.a

I-3cZ

–1.

04

41,

999.

6—

Wor

ldE

nd o

f 2n

d M

illen

nium

lead

s in

to b

reak

dow

n of

law

and

ord

er,

mas

s pa

nic,

cha

os,

killi

ngs,

mar

tyrd

oms.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

xQ

R-Lat

–1.

09

4—

Wor

ldO

rgan

ized

mas

s te

rror

ism

des

troy

s ca

thed

rals

, V

atic

an,

and

othe

r m

ajor

Chr

istia

n ce

nter

s..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .a

R-Lat

–1.

08

4—

Wor

ldS

uppr

essi

on o

f al

l mis

sion

; gl

obal

chu

rch

forc

ed in

to c

atac

omb

exis

tenc

e..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.a

I-Eva

–2.

08

520

13W

orld

Chu

rch

of t

he A

bsol

utel

y P

oor

goes

on

glob

al r

ampa

ge,

killi

ng m

illio

ns..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.a

I-3cZ

–4.

09

52,

299.

720

25W

orld

Fin

al d

emis

e of

org

aniz

ed d

enom

inat

iona

l Chr

istia

nity

; m

ass

apos

tasi

es..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.

.a

I-3cW

–1.

08

42,

616.

720

38W

orld

Chu

rch

of t

he P

urifi

catio

n at

tem

pts

to s

et u

p a

Rep

ublic

of

Chr

ist;

pitc

hed

battl

es,

thou

sand

s of

mar

tyrs

eac

h ye

ar..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.

x.

I-3pZ

–20

.04

82,

834.

520

40W

orld

Wor

st a

nti-C

hris

tian

pers

ecut

ion

in h

isto

ry,

inst

igat

ed b

y w

orld

gov

ernm

ent

orde

ring

vol

unta

ry m

arty

rdom

of

all f

ollo

wer

s of

Chr

ist.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. xa

I-3pW

–5.

010

62,

869.

620

50W

orld

Bac

kgro

und

mar

tyrd

om d

urin

g E

poch

X (

indi

vidu

al,

dom

estic

, fa

mily

, is

olat

ed).

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.

––

larg

e0.

00

03,

051.

620

50W

orl

dG

lob

al t

ota

l of

all m

arty

rs d

uri

ng

Ep

och

X.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

––

very

larg

e1.

78

53,

051.

6

EP

OC

H O

ME

GA

:TH

E B

IBL

ICA

L E

ND

-TIM

E (

vari

ous

bibl

ical

sce

nari

os w

ith s

ome

liter

al f

eatu

res)

Wor

ld1s

t P

erse

cutio

n: 4

Hor

sem

en o

f th

e A

poca

lyps

e, 2

5% o

f w

orld

kill

ed (

Rev

elat

ion

6:8)

.. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

–

––

25.0

108

Wor

ld2n

d P

erse

cutio

n: 7

th S

eal,

6th

Trum

pet,

33%

kill

ed (

Rev

elat

ion

9:18

)..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. –

––

33.0

108

Wor

ld3r

d P

erse

cutio

n: T

he 2

Witn

esse

s: c

hurc

h al

l but

obl

itera

ted

(Rev

elat

ion

11:4

-8).

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

––

–90

.010

10W

orld

The

Gre

at T

ribu

latio

n: T

rini

ty o

f E

vil,

4th

Per

secu

tion

(Rev

elat

ion

12:1

1-17

)..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

––

–10

.010

7W

orld

The

Gre

at (

5th

and

Fin

al)

Per

secu

tion,

with

mas

s ap

osta

sies

(R

evel

atio

n 13

:5-1

0)..

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.

––

–95

.08

10W

orld

Bac

kgro

und

mar

tyrd

om d

urin

g E

poch

Om

ega

(indi

vidu

al,

dom

estic

, fa

mily

, is

olat

ed)

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. –

–fo

rmid

able

0.0

00

Wo

rld

Glo

bal

to

tal o

f al

l mar

tyrs

du

rin

g E

po

ch O

meg

a.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. –

–m

any

mill

ions

2.0

109

Tabl

e 4–

10 c

oncl

uded

MARTYROLOGY 247

254 Aaron & Julius brit552 Aba, mar, patriarch catholicos iraq

1999 Abadiano, Ted philc300 Abadion, bp of Antinoopolis egypc291 Abadir egypc250 Abadyus egyp2000 Abakumate, sr M centc309 Abamun of Tarnut egypc309 Abamun of Tukh egyp1004 Abbo fran410 Abda, mar iraq375 Abdas, metropolitan iraq341 Abdechalas & Ananias iraq

1996 Abdel-Sayeda, H. L. egyp309 Abdon ital

1758 Aberin, fr J. S. usa786 Abo geor523 Abraham yeme

1998 Abrao ango1936 Abrikosov, mother C. russ249 Abu Sayfayn egyp

1400 Abu’l Farag egyp523 Abu-Afr, governor yeme

c125 Acacius arme1220 Accursio moro251 Achatius, bp turk

c100 Achilleus ital1583 Acquaviva, fr R. indi997 Adalbert, bp of Prague russ

1222 Adam, bp of Caithness britc550 Adeodatus (Astouadz-Mapod) arme1632 Adolphus, king Gustavus germ304 Adrian & Natalia turk875 Adrian of May, bp brit

1998 Adrienne, sr conz825 Adulfus & John spai

1963 Adwok, pastor G. sudac287 Aesculapius egypc305 Aesi egyp1932 Afanassy, bp of Stavobelsk russ1970 Afonin, I.A. russ303 Afra germ

1948 Aftemie, bp roma304 Agape gree

1932 Agapit, abp of Ekaterinoslav ukra259 Agapitus of Praeneste ital

c255 Agapius, bp tuni249 Agatha ital

c1640 Agathangelo of Vendome, fr franc300 Agathon and brothers egypc170 Agathonice turk1227 Agnello moroc350 Agnes ital1794 Agricola Viala fran1992 Aguiar, sr L. ango1653 Ahatalla, metropolitan indi575 Ahudemmeh, bp of Tagrit iraq

1779 Aitolos, K. alba1220 Aiuto moro2000 Akullu, G. ugan2000 Akweyo, sr D. ugan1945 Akya Nai, pastor myan1992 Al-Hari, A. phil1387 al-Jadid, Jirjis egyp959 al-Muzahim, Jirjis egyp

1998 Alam, pastor Noor paki209 Alban of Verulamium brit577 Aldate, bp of Gloucester brit

1282 Aldobrand of Florence iran1995 Alean, pastor M. colo1997 Alege, prof A. conz1985 Aleku, B. ethic117 Alexander ital397 Alexander ital

c260 Alexander pale284 Alexander & Asterius turk

1720 Alexander the Deacon russ1932 Alexander, abp russ249 Alexander, bp of Cappadocia egyp840 Alexander, bp of Fiesole ital251 Alexander, bp of Jerusalem egyp

1938 Alexey, bp of Petrograd russc800 Alkelda, princess britc360 Alladyus, bp egyp1871 Allard, fr fran1985 Allende, S. N. chil1861 Almato OP, fr P. viet1628 Alonso Rodriguez SJ para1633 Alonso, fr L. japa1999 Aloysius, sr M. sier1012 Alphege, abp of Canterbury brit1973 Alsina, fr J. chil1704 Alverez, fr R. mexi1996 Alzate Varela, pastor P. colo1993 Alzokim, N.F. egyp1995 Amador, pastor Manuel colo

1794 Ambroise, fr R. fran1771 Ambrose, abp of Krutitsy russ1934 Ambrose, bp of Podolsk russ1918 Ambrose, bp of Seroapulsk russ1918 Ambrose, fr russ1927 Amfiteatrov, P. belo1992 Amlak, fr A. ethic320 Ammonius, bp of Latopolis egypc285 Amsah of Qift egyp2000 Amzati, C.G. conz1905 An, evangelist chin448 Anahid iraq341 Ananias iraq303 Anastasia croa628 Anastasius the Persian turk610 Anastasius, patriarch geor

1938 Anatole, metrop of Odessa russc300 Anatolius, general egyp1997 Anchanickal SJ, fr T. indi1998 Andeni, fr L. keny1900 Andlauer SJ, fr M. chin1666 Andrade, vicar apostolic ethi1794 Andre, fr J. fran

69 Andrew, Apostle greec355 Andrew, monk egyp1918 Andronick, abp of Perm russ304 Andronicus ital

1645 André, catechist viet1998 Anetta, sr yeme1976 Angelelli, bp Enrique arge1813 Angelis gree1323 Angelus of Spoleto italc168 Anicetus, pope ital1704 Anixa, A. usa346 Anna iraq66 Anna of Ormisdat arme

1979 Annanias, fr O. uganc660 Annemond, bp of Lyons fran1634 Ansalone, fr G. japa295 Anthimus, bp of Nicomedia turk

1282 Anthony of Armenia iran91 Antipas turk

1347 Antoniy lith1460 Antony of Rivoli (Tunis) tuni1932 Antony, bp of Archangel russ1964 Anuarite, sr M.C. conzc290 Anub egypc295 Apaiule egypc300 Apoli egypc285 Apollo egypc290 Apollonius egypc185 Apollonius, senator ital1945 Apor, bp Vilmos hung245 Appolonia, deaconess egyp413 Apringius, proconsul tuni180 Aquilinus tuni

1833 Aquino, Anastasio elsa1987 Arango, sr Ines ecua1583 Aranha, F. indi1550 Arason, bp J. & 2 sons denm1936 Arbona, fr B. spai1921 Archangelsky, pastor T. russ1934 Arconada, fr J. B. spai1985 Arensen, J. suda523 Aretas yeme

1995 Argelio, pastor J. colo931 Argentea spai

1977 Argew, T. ethic310 Arianus, governor egyp333 Aristakes I, patriarch arme

1155 Arnold of Brescia fran1704 Arraiyo, fr J. P. usa1977 Arreola, sr Silvia Maribel elsa1628 Arrowsmith, fr E. britc298 Arsenius egyp1400 Arsenius egyp1935 Arseny, abp of Serpuhov russ1936 Arseny, metrop of Novgorod russ1936 Artigues, fr R. spai1830 Asad es Shidiak leba1859 Ascanio OFM, fr N. syric290 Ascla egyp2000 Asienzo, sr P. ugan284 Asterius turk

c296 Athanasius egyp258 Athanasius, bp egyp

c1982 Athers, Lester nicac288 Athom egypc97 Atirnerseh, patriarch arme451 Atom & his legion arme

c120 Atrasis, daughter of Hadrian ital1936 Audi, fr F. spai1918 Audo, abp iraq1881 Augier, fr buru259 Augurius tuni

1988 Augusto, fr Giraldo Cesar colo

1736 Aulneau, fr J. P. usa434 Auraeus, bp fran850 Aurea spai91 Aurelia Petronilla ital

852 Aurelius spai1977 Avdeyev, M.V. russ1672 Avila y Ayala, fr P. usa1682 Avvakum Petrovich, archpriest russ1989 Ayap, pastor A. phil1991 Aziza, Adel egyp467 Azquir saud112 Babai turk484 Babowi, catholicos iraq284 Babylas, bp egyp251 Babylas, patriarch of Antioch turk

1992 Bacabis, G. phil315 Bacchus syri

1943 Bacon, D. boli1410 Badby, J. brit1997 Badiali, rev D. peru1975 Badre OSB, prior J. camb1886 Badzekuketta, A. ugan1991 Bagaric, fr N. bosn1996 Bagtasos III, pastor S. phil1992 Bakheit, dr S. egyp1980 Bakholdin, S. russ285 Balana, priest egyp

1959 Balint, S. hung1792 Balmain SJ, fr F. fran1966 Bamba, Emmanuel conz1886 Banabakintu, Luke uganc300 Bandilaus, monk egyp1987 Bangirimana, Ernest buruc285 Banina egyp1279 Bar Kaliq, bp of Tus iran346 Barbashmin, catholicos iraq

1963 Barbosa, evangelist Dinis gunb1981 Barendsen, Eeva afgh1981 Barendsen, Erik afgh2000 Bargiggia, fr A. buru1601 Barkworth, fr M. brit304 Barlaam of Antioch turk

1641 Barlow, fr. A. brit61 Barnabas, Apostle cypr

1540 Barnes, Robert brit1781 Barreneche, fr J. A. usa1593 Barrow, Henry brit

112 Barsamya turkc297 Barsanuphius (Warshanufy) egypc850 Barsanuphius, monk egyp493 Barsumas, bp iraq

1982 Barta, fr J. czec68 Bartholomew, Apostle arme

1936 Bartholomew, bp russ1534 Barton, Elizabeth brit1918 Basil, abp of Chernigov ukra298 Basil, bp egyp

c297 Basilidas, general egyp207 Basilides egyp

1978 Bassera, fr Ernesto elsa1993 Bassiliouss, P. egyp1872 Bassost, fr F. usa1936 Baste, fr N. spai1997 Batista, sr T. braz250 Batra egyp

1984 Bazira, pastor G. ugan1546 Beaton, abp D. brit1706 Beatrice, Donna conz1950 Beda SJ, fr Tsiang chin1997 Bedoya, fr A. colo1988 Beebwa, sr M.T. ugan1998 Beheydt, pastor G. S. italc355 Behnam egyp1321 Belibasta, Guilhem fran1985 Beling, fr M. phil2000 Bello, fr C.O. nige1997 Beltran, A. saud1684 Beltran, fr M. mexi1003 Benedict of Benevento polac150 Benignus fran1998 Benimana, sr F. rwan1686 Benitez, fr E. mexi1989 Benitez, fr M.A. coloc291 Benjamin egyp422 Benjamin iraq

1917 Benjamin Simon, catholicos iran1918 Benjamin, fr russ1922 Benjamin, metrop of Petrograd russ1220 Berard moro685 Bercharius, abbot fran

1970 Bergemann, F. russ327 Berikjesu iraq

1680 Bernal, fr J. usa1999 Bernall, Cassie usa2000 Bernardo, fr J. alba1866 Berneux, bp S.-F. souk

1583 Berno, P. indi1612 Bertelete, fr E. hond884 Bertharius, abbot ital

1638 Berthelot, fr P. indo1896 Berthieu SJ, fr J. mada1198 Berthold, abbot estoc297 Besamon egyp1975 Betancur, fr I. hond1991 Bethea, Lynda keny1916 Bettex, Paul chin1999 Bhatti, Sabir John paki1977 Biayenda, cardinal abp E. congc360 Bibiana ital1975 Biblenko, I.V. russ1977 Biko, Steve soua1860 Billottet SJ, fr E. leba1531 Bilney, Thomas brit1993 Bimazubute, G. buru1972 Binyoni, Abel buru1945 Birch, J. chin1990 Biscaro, fr Egidio ugan

c1820 Bishay, Sidhom egyp1971 Biswas, U. bang1981 Bitterman III, C.A. colo316 Blaize, bp arme177 Blandina fran

1597 Blasquez, fr Pedro B. japa1900 Blind Chang Shen chin1968 Blood, H. viet1657 Bobola SJ, fr Andrew belo1936 Boguna, fr L. spai1989 Boisvert, fr A. japa1860 Bonacina, br F. leba1388 Bonaventure Peraga, cardinal ital1945 Bonhoeffer, Dietrich germ754 Boniface (Winfrith), bp neth

1792 Bonnaud SJ, fr J. J. fran1937 Boretsky, M., metropolitan ukra1936 Bori, fr P. spai1015 Boris & Gleb russ1956 Boris, metrop of Nevrokop bulg1946 Borisevicius, V., bp of Telsiai lith1989 Bortolotti, fr F. moza1145 Bosinlother, abbot Conrad ausz1997 Bosmans, Sr M. rwan1952 Bossilkoff CP, bp E. bulg1516 Botello OP, Diego trin1120 Botvid swed1998 Boumans SVD, fr G. para1838 Bovie, fr P. D. viet1555 Bradford, John brit1858 Braeuninger, M. usa1942 Brandsma, fr Tiko germ1714 Brankoveanu, prince Constant roma1950 Brennan, bp P. T. nork1986 Brennes, J. mexi1927 Bretzkiy, bp N. ukra1581 Briant, fr A. brit1560 Brooks, J., bp of Gloucester brit

c1970 Brown, bp D. libe1859 Brown, John usa1972 Brown, pastor bang1640 Bruni SJ, fr B. ethi1009 Bruno, bp of Querfurt lith1600 Bruno, br G. ital1997 Buchwolder, sr C. buru1923 Budkiewicz, C., vicar russ

c1250 Bulus al-Habis egyp1996 Bumendwa, fr J. C. conz1872 Burgos, fr Jose phil1942 Bushiri, Mulumozi conz1886 Buzabaliawo, James ugan1998 Bwabulakombe, sr S. conz1996 Bwambale, pastor P. conz1950 Byrne, bp P. J. nork1974 Cabo, fr M. usa1985 Cabrera Rivera, prof C.H. guat570 Cadoc, bp ital

c560 Cadog franc165 Caecelia ital1938 Cairns, fr R. chin1941 Cairns, fr R. J. chin1985 Calderon, Z.S. peru1541 Calero, br J. mexic286 Callinicus egypc300 Callinicus turkc222 Callistus I, pope ital1976 Calvan, pastor R. phil1996 Camacho, H. phil1989 Campanella, fr C. moza1661 Campbell, A. brit1581 Campion, fr E. brit287 Candidus swit

1086 Canute IV, king denm1131 Canute Lavard denm1991 Capasilan, A. phil

Definition. A Christian martyr is defined in this analysis as a personwith 5 essential features. A martyr is (1) a believer in Christ who (2)loses his or her life (3) prematurely (4) in a situation of witness (5) asa result of human hostility.Dates and names. The first column for each entry gives the year ofthe martyr’s death, A.D. The second column gives name and, occa-sionally, ecclesiastical occupation or rank.Country codes. The last of the 3 columns of information gives thecountry (using today’s name) where the individual died. The 4-lettercodes shown are this survey’s standard short code for everythingconcerning the country in question. Any countries not included heremay very well have martyrdom situations described in Table 4–10

but names of individuals involved may remain unknown.Description of this table. In the main, this is a listing of individuals,but with 3 exceptions to firm up the identities of some individuals.Firstly, spouses and other relatives may be added in a phrase (‘andbrothers’, ‘and 2 sons’, etc). Secondly, widely-known pairs may belisted together, including named husbands and wives, but the sec-ond person is always given an additional separate entry under thissecond name. And thirdly, in well known group cases a group namemay be briefly added (‘Atom & his legion’). However, absence of suchadditions here does not imply absence of such extras. In fact, mostpersons in this listing of individuals lost their lives with one or morerelatives, with companions, or in much larger incidents or events.

Note that in recent years in the interests of brevity and concise-ness names have been reduced to surnames followed by initials, al-though full Christian names have occasionally been added to assistidentification. Likewise, a person’s occupation may be given, espe-cially if ecclesiastical.Abbreviations. abp = archbishop, bp = bishop, br = brother or monk(only from AD 1330 onward), Canter = Canterbury, ecu = ecumeni-cal, fr = father (priest, only given here after AD 1516), Jerus =Jerusalem, met = metro = metrop = metropolitan, msgr = monsignor,patr = patriarch, sr = sister (nun; only given here since 1950). Initialsafter the first name/surname = Roman Catholic order or congrega-tion (e.g. SJ = Jesuit).

Table 4–11. Alphabetical listing of 2,550 known Christian martyrs, AD 30-2000.

continued overleaf

Continued opposite

Table 4–11 continued

1871 Captier, fr E. fran1936 Carbonell, fr C. spai1640 Cardeira SJ, fr L. ethi1661 Cargill, D. brit1900 Carleson, N. chin1950 Carlo, bp A. chin1964 Carlson, P. conz1999 Carmeline, sr sier1983 Carney SJ, fr J.G. hond1794 Carnus, fr C. franc170 Carpus, bp turk1734 Carranco, fr L. mexi1998 Carreno, fr M. O. mexi1936 Carrio, fr A. spai1996 Carro, C. Quiroz colo1624 Carvalho, fr J. japa1992 Carzedda, fr S. phil1597 Casas Martinez, Felipe japa1991 Casaverde, C. peru1925 Cassels, bp W. C. chin298 Cassian moro

1638 Cassian of Nantes, fr ethi1986 Castilblanco, N.A. nicac300 Castorius ital1605 Catesby, Robert brit307 Catherine of Alexandria egyp

1871 Caubert, fr J. fran1626 Caun, V. japa1915 Cavell, Edith belgc337 Caxo, prince iraq1985 Ceballos, M. G. chil178 Cecilia ital

1992 Celiz, Romeo phil1649 Chabenel, N. cana1980 Chacon, Juan elsa1901 Chalmers, pastor J. papuc299 Chamoul egypc286 Chanazhum egyp1988 Chandra, fr F. sril1841 Chanel, fr P. M. vanu1950 Chang MM, sr Agneta nork1996 Chanthom, Toun camb1900 Chao Hsi Mao chin1811 Chao, A. chin1985 Chappell, R. papu1648 Charles I, king brit1974 Charlier, fr E. conz1839 Chastan, fr J. H. souk1887 Checa y Barba, abp J. I. ecua1689 Chefdeville, fr A. usa1964 Cheney, J. usa1918 Chernikh, S. russ1996 Cherukarokunnel, L. J. indi1905 Chestnut, Eleanor hong1998 Chicangana, fr A. J. colo1915 Chilembwe, John mala304 Chione gree

2000 Chittinapilly, fr S.J. indi1983 Chiwanga mala1866 Cho, Peter souk1998 Chocho, Alber pana1944 Choo Kee Chul, pastor nork422 Chouchanik iraq

1996 Christian, pastor Ishak indo249 Christopher turk250 Christophorus egyp303 Chrysogonus ital

1923 Chrysostomos, met of Smyrna turk1662 Chu Tsu-hsuan, emperor myan1801 Chu, fr James souk1801 Chung, Augustine souk1993 Chunjee, bp P.S. chin1976 Chunsar OSB, fr B. C. camb1991 Chuquin, J. peru1991 Cisneros, fr Moises guat180 Cittinus tuni283 Cladius, Stratelates egyp

1980 Clarke, sr M. elsa1991 Claude, pastor Sylvio haitc300 Claudius ital1996 Claverie P., bp of Oran alge

99 Clement, bp of Rome ukra1871 Clerc, fr A. fran1811 Clet, F. chin1820 Clet, fr F. R. chin

c90 Cletus, bp of Rome ital1981 Clipa, I. roma1586 Clitherow, Margaret brit1979 Coba, bp E. alba1413 Cobham, Lord brit1678 Coleman, Edward brit1572 Coligny, admiral Gaspard de fran1997 Collazo, S. mexi1963 Collins, Addie Mae usa1012 Coloman ausz1989 Colombo OFM, bp P.S. soma1998 Colorado, Adan colo853 Columba of Cordoba spai

c299 Comas egyp1998 Commissari, fr L. braz1996 Concesse, Sr buru1998 Conedera, bp J. G. guatc260 Conon turk1288 Conrad of Saxony geor1975 Constable, pastor Eric indo576 Constantine, abbot brit

1622 Constanzo, fr C. japa1731 Contova SJ, fr Juan Antonio micrc340 Copres egyp1644 Corby, fr Ralph brit

1837 Cornay, fr J. C. viet1594 Cornelius, fr J. brit253 Cornelius, pope ital

1989 Corniall, sr Maurice nica1996 Coronel, J. D. colo1936 Corral, fr O. spai1696 Corvera, fr F. usac300 Cosmas & Damian turk1564 Cossin, fr B. mexi1582 Cottam, fr T. brit1981 Coufal, fr P. czec1637 Courtet OP, fr W. japa1990 Courtney, sr M. nica1929 Coveyou, fr W. chin1944 Coy, Juan colo1921 Coyle, J. E. usa1553 Cranmer, abp Thomas brit2000 Crasta, fr V. indic302 Crescentia ital

110 Crescentius turk1704 Criado, fr D. usa1549 Criminali SJ, fr A. indi1619 Crisinus, fr M. hungc285 Crispin fran304 Crispina of Tagora alge

c285 Crispinian fran1991 Cristovao, fr M.J. moza1992 Culembee Munto, sr M. ango1998 Curic, fr V. rwan1684 Custodio, fr F. mexi1985 Cuthbert, R. W. M. jama1975 Cypher OFM, fr M.C. hond258 Cyprian, bp of Carthage tuni

c291 Cyriacus egypc260 Cyril turk1638 Cyril I Lukaris, ecu patriarch turk1638 Cyril II Kontaris, ecu patriarch turk1860 Cyril IV, patriarch egypc260 Cyril, bp of Gortyna gree1936 Cyril, metropolitan of Kazan russ303 Cyrus & John egyp

1998 Czuba, fr J. cong1736 d’Artiquette, P. usa1736 d’Esgly, F. M. usa1997 d’Herouville, Sr C. chad1881 D’Hoop, fr F. buru1963 da Costa, Joaquin gunb1963 da Silva, pastor Pedro gunb1997 da Silva, rev J. J. C. braz1561 da Silveira SJ, fr G. zimbc337 Dado, governor iraqc360 Dafrosa & Demetria ital679 Dagobert II, king fran

c286 Dalasina egyp1968 Dale, pastor Stan indo1985 Dalle Pezze, sr T.P. moza1979 Dalmajo, fr S. ugan1771 Damascenus russ1935 Damaskin, bp of Gluhov ukrac299 Damian egypc300 Damian turk1973 Damian, abp of Tirane alba345 Daniel iraq

1227 Daniel of Belvedere span1648 Daniel SJ, A. cana347 Daniel, patriarch arme

1965 Daniels, J. usa1958 Dapcha, Lama David nepa1871 Darboy, G., abp of Paris fran1936 Darder, E. spaic286 Dasyah egyp1798 Dat, fr J. viet304 Dativus tuni

1866 Daveluy, bp M. A. N. soukc292 David egypc650 David of Douine arme1878 David, fr ital1567 de Acevedo, fr P. mexi1859 de Albera OFM, fr. N. M. syri1860 de Albera, fr M. M. syri1974 de Alencar, F.T. peru1536 de Almasia, J. para1638 de Almeida, bp Apollinaris ethi1606 de Altamirano, fr M. mexi1634 de Andrade, fr A. chin1623 De Angelis, fr J. japa1637 de Aozaraza, fr M. japa1612 de Aranda SJ, fr M. chil1696 de Arbizu, fr J. usa1691 de Arce, Jose boli1632 de Arvide, fr M. usa1597 de Auñon, fr M. usa1585 de Ayala, fr A. mexi1576 de Azevedo OP, fr Silvestre camb1570 de Azevedo SJ, fr I. spai1597 de Badajoz, fr A. usa1623 de Baena, br J. hond1549 de Barbastro, fr L. C. usa1871 de Bengy, fr A. fran1773 de Bernave, fr J.C.G. mexi1988 de Boisseson, fr J. mada1649 de Brebeuf SJ, fr J. cana1693 de Britto SJ, fr J. indi1567 de Burgos, fr P. mexi1644 de Capillas OP, fr F. chin1696 de Carbonel, fr A. usa1397 de Cetina, J. spai1996 de Chergé OCSO, dom C. alge1597 de Corpa, fr P. usa1736 de Coulonge, L. d’A. usa

1541 de Cuellar, fr A. mexi1992 de Dios, Manuel usa1397 de Duenas, P. spai1680 de Espeleta, fr J. usa1680 de Figuero, fr J. usa1992 de Fonseca Guerra, fr A. ango1916 de Foucauld, Charles alge1972 de Freitas, pastor F. ango1597 de Goto, fr J. S. japa1567 de Herrera, br J. mexi1860 de Jacobis, bp Justin ethi1696 de Jesus Maria Casañas, fr F. usa1997 de Jesus, bp B. phil1680 de Jesus, fr J. usa1840 de la Cruz, Apolinario phil

c1976 de la Cruz, fr C. guat1553 de la Cruz, fr D. usa1542 de la Cruz, fr J. usa1996 de la Fuente, br F. conz1680 de la Pedroso, fr J. usa1586 de la Puebla, fr A. mexi1680 de la Ribourde, fr G. usa1928 de la Vega, fr J. mexi1730 de Labrid, bp N. vene1834 de Leon, fr A. D. usa1680 de Lorenzana, fr F. usa1685 de Marolles, Louis fran1680 de Mdorales, fr L. usa1553 de Mena, fr J. usa1704 de Mendoza, fr M. usa1792 De Millou SJ, fr J. C. fran1314 de Molay, J., grand master fran1612 de Montalban SJ, br J. chil1621 de Montchretien, A. fran1612 de Monteagudo, fr J. hond1718 de Montesdoca, br L. usa1680 de Montesdoca, fr J. usa1680 de Mora, fr A. usa1726 de Oca, fr L. M. usa1631 de Ortega, fr P. usa1704 de Osorio, fr T. usa1648 de Oviedo, fr A. pana1542 de Padilla OFM, fr J. usa1704 de Parga, fr J. usa1549 de Pekalosa, fr D. usa1680 de Pro, fr A. S. usa1571 de Quiros, fr L. usa1709 de Rebullida, fr P. cost1989 de Rocha, fr A. moza1597 de Rodriguez, fr B. usa1998 de Rojas, M. R. colo1314 de Rosatis, A. of Milan arme1516 de Salcedo OP, fr F trin1642 de San Antonio, fr J. pana1672 de San Vitores SJ, fr J. guam1680 de Santa Maria, fr A. usa1581 de Santa Maria, fr J. usa1616 de Santarn, fr H. mexi1731 de Saraoz, fr D. usa1571 de Segura, fr J. B. usa1950 de Smedt, bp L. J. chin1571 de Solis, fr G. usa1736 de St Agne, L. G. usa1706 de St Cosme, fr J. F. B. usa1326 de Stapledon, Walter, bp brit1680 de Talban, fr J. usa1564 de Tapia, fr J. mexi1758 de Terreros, fr A. G. usa1736 de Tonty, P. A. usa1626 de Torres, fr B. japa1680 de Torres, fr T. usa1616 de Tovar, fr H. mexi1680 de Trujillo, fr J. usa1542 de Ubeda, fr L. D. usa1792 de Vafons, count fran1550 de Valdivieso, bp A. nica1612 de Vecchi SJ, fr H. chil1680 de Velasco, fr F. usa1936 de Velasco, fr I. spai1680 de Vera, fr D. usa1582 de Villalobos, fr L. mexi1736 de Vincennes, F. M. B. usa1961 de Vos, pastor R. cong1709 de Zamora, fr J.A. cost1963 Debior, P. sudac359 Decius egyp1871 Deguerry, fr fran1976 Deinega, N.Y. russ1586 del Rio, fr J. mexi1680 del Val, fr J. usa1792 Delfaut SJ, fr W. A. fran1838 Delgado, bp I. viet1624 Delgado, fr D. mexi1706 Delhalle, fr C. usa1945 Delp, fr A. germc360 Demetria ital1802 Demetrios of Chios gree235 Demetrius ital

1321 Demetrius, br indi308 Demetrius, megalomartyr gree

1529 Denck, H. neth1998 Deng, A. Y. suda1881 Deniaud, fr buru1900 Denn, fr P. chin259 Denys, bp of Paris fran411 Desiderius, bp of Langres fran607 Desiderius, bp of Vienne fran

1998 Desrumeaux, sr A. conz834 Deusdedit, abbot of M Cassino ital

1945 Devine, H. myan

2000 di Bari, fr R. ugan1988 Dias OFM, fr C. paki2000 Dias, J. da Rocha ango1834 Diaz OFM, fr usa1781 Diaz, fr J. M. usa1994 Diaz, Veronica J. mexi1994 Dibaj, pastor Mehdi iran1838 Diem, V. viet

c1993 Difen, bp Liu chin1918 Dimitri, pastor russ1936 Dimitry, abp of Gdovsk russ305 Dimyanah & her 40 Virgins egyp448 Dindui, metropolitan iraq

c300 Diomed turk484 Dionysia tuni

1261 Dionysius, antipatriarch iraq1976 Dios Murias, fr C. argec287 Dioscorus egyp1922 Dobrolubov, pastor russ1996 Dochier OCSO, br L. alge1227 Domno moro1997 Donado, elder W. colo180 Donata tuni304 Donatilla tuni347 Donatus, bp of Bagai tuni617 Donnan & 52 companions brit

1938 Donovan MM, fr G. chin1980 Donovan, sr J. elsa1567 Donzel, fr F. mexi313 Dorothy turk

1918 Dovganav, P. russ1970 Druck, V. russ1559 Du Bourg, Anne fran1792 Du Lau, abp J. M. fran1729 du Poisson, fr P. usa1736 du Tisne, L. C. usa1652 du Tremblay, fr J. L. ethi1871 Ducoudray, fr L. fran1944 Duenas, fr Jesus guam1942 Duhamel, fr A. C. solo1978 Dunaway, Jr., A.G. zimb2000 Duque, fr H. colo1954 Durkovici, bp A. roma1985 Durksen, Y. russ1964 Dwatuka, fr B. suda1943 Dye, B. boli1943 Dye, C. bolic650 Dympna of Ireland belg1662 Dyre, Mary usac850 Ebba, abbess brit869 Edmund the Martyr, king brit979 Edward the Martyr, king brit

1918 Efrem, bp of Selenginsk russ303 Efrem, bp of Tomis roma

1989 Ejeru, pastor Joseph ugan1989 Elba Ramos, Celina elsa1989 Elba Ramos, Julia & Celina elsa523 Elesbaan yeme259 Eleutherius fran523 Elias yeme209 Elias & companions pale

c307 Elias the eunuch egyp523 Elija yeme

1918 Elizabeth, grand duchess russ1989 Ellacuria SJ, fr I. elsa1956 Elliot, J. ecuac300 Elmo, bp of Formiae ital2000 Emmanuel, bp G. indic660 Emmeram, bp of Poitiers fran754 Eoban, bp neth

1846 Epalle SM, bp solo1682 Epifanii, monk russc286 Epima egypc292 Epimachus egyp303 Epimachus of Pelusium egyp

c800 Erc, bp of Slane irel1150 Eric of Sweden swed1075 Erlembald ital1121 Erminold, abbot of Prufening germ1148 Ernest, abbot of Zwiefalten saud1977 Eschtruth, G.J.R. conz

c1080 Eskil, bp swed1980 Espinal SJ, fr L. boli1985 Espino, pastor E. F. elsa1997 Estafanos, K. egyp1934 Esteban, fr T. chin1988 Estorba, fr M. phil794 Ethelbert, king brit

c291 Eudoxia egypc350 Eudoxius & companions pale304 Eulalia of Merida spai259 Eulogius tuni859 Eulogius of Cordoba spai

1954 Eunak, K. soukc355 Eunapius, monk egypc291 Euphemia egyp303 Euphemia turk379 Eusebius, bp of Samosata turk379 Eustace of Mtskheta geor

c111 Eustathius, Roman general ital419 Eustochium pale834 Euthymius, metrop of Sardes turk

c260 Eutropius, bp of Saintes fran1679 Evans, fr D brit1978 Evans, P. & S. zimb1978 Evans, S. zimb1347 Evastafiy lithc117 Eventius & Theodulus ital

64 Evodius, bp of Antioch turk1794 Expilly, bp L. A. fran


MARTYROLOGY 249


Continued overleaf

287 Exuperantius swit287 Exuperius swit250 Fabian, pope ital252 Fabius, bp of Antioch turk

c250 Faith (Foy) fran1992 Fallah, pastor J. libe852 Fandila of Cordoba spai

1932 Farabundo, Marti elsa1996 Farris, Dr. Ron como1757 Faulhaber, fr A. pola1985 Favali, fr T. phil1996 Favre-Miville OCOS, br P. alge303 Febronia iraq

c288 Febronia, nun egyp1935 Fedorov, exarch L. russc297 Felician ital1704 Feliciano, A. C. usa259 Felicissimus & Agapitus ital202 Felicitas tuni156 Felicitus Alexander turk165 Felicity turk287 Felix swit180 Felix tuni303 Felix of Thibiuca tuni

1679 Fenwick, fr J. brit1859 Fernandez, fr J. J. syri1990 Fernandez, fr T. colo1996 Fernando, SJ, R. M. camb1553 Ferrer, fr J. usa1936 Ferreres, fr J. B. spai1622 Fidelis of Sigmaringen swit1981 Fietje, K. thai1986 Figaroa, N.M. mexi1903 Figueroa, Juana arge

c1927 Filaret, bp of Bobruisk byel1601 Filcock, fr. R. brit

c1995 Finnemann, bp W. phil1979 Fiorantie, fr A. ugan1992 Fiorini, fr Alfredo mozac290 Firmin, bp of Amiens fran1535 Fisher, cardinal John brit1978 Fisher, M. zimb259 Flavian tuni449 Flavian, patriarch turk95 Flavius Clemens ital

1956 Fleming, P. ecua1631 Fleming, fr P. czec1996 Fleury OCSO, br M. alge851 Flora of Cordoba spai

1986 Flores, Ernesto mexi655 Foillan, abbot fran

1952 Ford, bp F.X. chin1980 Ford, sr I. elsa1702 Foucault, fr N. usa1948 Fowler, E. colo1638 Franceschi SJ, fr H. ethi1339 Francis of Alessandria chin1314 Francis of Borgo San Sepolcro iran1314 Francis of Fermo arme1597 Francis of Miako japa1583 Francisco, fr A. indi1579 Franz, David hung866 Fremund brit

1948 Frentiu, bp roma1922 Friazinov, pastor russ1533 Frith, J. brit1921 Frolov, pastor J. russ259 Fructuosus, bp of Tarragona spai

1549 Fuentes, br usa1622 Fugiscima, fr D. japa1995 Fumagalli, Graziella soma1855 Gabra Mikael, fr ethi1996 Gabriel, I. A. egyp1952 Gacigi, G. keny1952 Gacigi, R. keny1983 Gadama mala1997 Gadzhiyev, G. russ1997 Gadzhiyev, Tatiana russ1997 Gafney SJ, fr T. nepa1833 Gagelin, F.-I. viet1990 Gagnaux, dr R. moza1996 Gakobwa, Sr I. buru1996 Gakondo, sr J. A. conz2000 Gallardo, fr R. phil1745 Gallizia, bp myan760 Gangolf fran

1752 Ganzabal, fr J. F. usa1998 Gaona, br M. A. Q. colo1692 Garangouas, M. usa1781 Garces OFM, fr F. T. usa1936 Garcia Villada SJ, fr Z. spai1982 Garcia, Anastasio guat1996 Garcia, br S. M. conz1851 Gardiner, Allen arge1544 Gardiner, J. brit1608 Garnet, fr T. brit1649 Garnier, fr C. cana1998 Gasigwa, sr E. rwan1730 Gaston, fr usa1996 Gatuku, fr C. conz1996 Gatunga, sr J. conz1994 Gatwa, T. rwan1679 Gavan, fr J. brit290 Gayane, abbess arme

2000 Gaytan, rev J. mexi1936 Gelabert, P. spai180 Generosa tuni250 Genesius of Arles fran303 Genesius the Actor turk

1591 Genings, fr E. brit

1693 Genoud, fr myan1340 Gentle of Matelica iran1514 George Novi of Sophia bulg1807 George of Chios gree850 George of Cordoba spai

1652 George of Ghiel, fr conz615 George the Monk iran

1595 George, fr A. ethi1972 George, Margaret iraq303 George, megalomartyr pale

1838 Georgios gree1046 Gerard, bp of Csanad hung1962 Gerber, D. viet304 Gereon germ

1998 Germaine, sr conz156 Germanicus turk675 Germanus, abbot fran729 Germanus, ecu patriarch turk799 Gerold, duke of Bavaria germ

1540 Gerrard, Thomas brit750 Gerulf belg165 Gervase & Protase ital

1608 Gervase, fr. G. brit1997 Geyer-Iwand, V. germ1981 Ghabrail, fr Abd Mutagalli egyp996 Ghabrial egyp193 Ghevondius, patriarch arme

1954 Ghika, fr V. roma1983 Gideon, dr myan1948 Gigni, bp alba1948 Gijni, bp alba1953 Gikonyo, E. keny1585 Gil, fr F. mexi1339 Gilotti, William chin1988 Giraldo, fr C. Augusto colo1996 Girgis, M. B. egyp1989 Giuliatti OFMCap, fr A. ango

91 Glabrio, Manius Acilius, consul ital1015 Gleb russ1952 Gnidovec, dean serb1794 Gobel, J. B. J., bp of Paris franc337 Gobidlaha, princess iraq1070 Godelive fran1965 Goehring, H. bang

c1150 Goharin & companions arme1960 Gojdic, bp Pavol slok1991 Goldsworthy, K. phil1970 Golev, S.T. russ1995 Gomez Ramos, pastor A. mexi1872 Gomez, fr Mariano phil1571 Gomez, fr G. usa1989 Gomez, Maria Cristina elsa1707 Gomidas, fr K. turk1692 Gonannhatenha, F. usa1985 Goncalves Kamtedza SJ, fr J. moza1992 Goncalves, sr M.L. Granado moza1979 Gono, fr M. czec1886 Gonza, Gonzaga ugan1637 Gonzales, fr A. japa1996 Gonzales, J. L. colo1628 Gonzalez SJ, fr Roque para1936 Gonzalez, fr E. spai1995 Goobe, A. soma1964 Goodman usa1979 Goodman, Dave turk1942 Gorazd, bp Pavlik czecc292 Gordian egypc350 Gordius pale1885 Gordon, general C. G. suda1902 Goretti, Maria ital1066 Gottschalk germ1642 Goupil SJ, R. cana

c1976 Gran, fr J.M. guat1989 Gran, Lovello phil1989 Gran, pastor Vizminda phil1977 Grande, fr R. elsa2000 Grange, fr R. ivor1995 Grassi, br B. pale1708 Gravier, fr J. usa1942 Gray, R. F. phil1593 Greenwood, John brit1317 Gregorios, Mar, bp turk1822 Gregory V, ecu patriarch turkc550 Grigor-Rajik arme337 Grigoris, exarch arme

1936 Grimaltos, R. spai1619 Grodecz SJ, fr M. hung1944 Gross, N. germ1962 Grove, M. soma1679 Grove, J. brit1778 Guillen, fr F. mexi1900 Guillon, bp L. chin1992 Guirguis, A.S. egyp1992 Guirguis, M.Q. egyp1980 Gurgula, fr A. ukra315 Gurias & companions iraq

1661 Guthrie, James brit1616 Gutierrez, fr P. mexi1632 Gutierrez, fr R. B. japa1991 Gutierrez, L. peruc440 Gwinear irel1584 Gwyn, R. brit1886 Gyavira ugan1996 Haaji, professor soma1997 Habakurama, rev I. rwan309 Habib the Deacon turk523 Habsa yeme

1613 Hachikan, Joaquin japa1387 Hadid of Giza egyp1919 Hahn, G. H. & 32 pastors germ

731 Hainmar, bp of Auxerre fran1988 Hairapetian, V. azer1996 Hakizimana, fr S. buru1948 Halan, Y. ukra1043 Hallvard Vebjornssen norwc450 Hamai of Kahyor egyp1662 Hambroek, A. taiw1992 Hamill, J. phil1528 Hamilton, Patrick brit1571 Hamilton, primate J. brit1985 Hammes, W. usa345 Hanania iraq

1996 Hanas, dr Michel Ayad egyp1885 Hannington, bp James ugan1996 Hansda, S. indi1996 Hapalla, J. phil1992 Hapalla, pastor Gregorio phil1679 Harcourt, fr W. brit1991 Hass, sr Claire baha1997 Hatagekimang, rev A. conz1998 Haviaropoulos, V. turk1994 Havugimana, evangelist I rwan853 Haymo, bp of Halberstadt germ870 Hedda of Peterborough, abbot brit

1908 Heinrich, fr L. usac286 Helias, bp egyp555 Helier chan

1942 Hennessey, J. G. solo1624 Henriquez, br J. mexi1156 Henry, bp of Uppsala swed1996 Her, Ah laosc300 Heraclides egypc291 Herai egyp1919 Herman, bp of Kamychen russ585 Hermenegild of Spain spai304 Hermes turk

1918 Hermogen, abp of Tobolsk russ1861 Hermosilla OP, bp H. viet1995 Hernandez Perez, pastor G. mexi1997 Hernandez, M. mexi1974 Hernandez, M. Gomez mexi1974 Hernandez, pastor nica1704 Hevia, fr D. mexi695 Hewald the Dark germ695 Hewald the Fair germ

1652 Heyling, Peter ethi1994 Heyns, moderator Johan soua

c1970 Heywood, J. viet1811 Hidalgo y Costilla, fr M. mexi1999 Hindu, sr sier297 Hipparchus turk235 Hippolytus, antipope ital

c1970 Hmara of Kulunda ukra1975 Hoang, pastor Van Dat viet1960 Hodgson, E. conz1942 Hoeben, H. neth1929 Holbein, fr G. chin1983 Holdenried, F.X. guat1642 Holland, fr T. brit1861 Holmes, J. L. chin1998 Hood, Carl colo1553 Hooper, bp John brit1567 Hoorn, count neth1973 Hopewell, Gladys taiw422 Hormisdas iraq408 Hormizd of Sylvanus, rabban iraq420 Hormizdas iraq

1943 Hosback, G. boli1970 Hossu, bp J. roma1535 Houghton, John, prior brit347 Houssik I, patriarch arme454 Hovsep I, patriarch arme

1994 Hovsepian-Mehr, bp H. iran1998 Hoyo, br J. indi290 Hripsime arme

1217 Hroznata czec1528 Hubmaier, B. ausz1998 Hubscher, fr M. mada1998 Hudon, fr B. hait1998 Hughes, B. brit1227 Hugolino moro1601 Hunt, Fr T. brit1943 Hunter, E. boli1992 Husband, sr G. came1996 Huseen, professor H. M. soma1527 Hut, H. ausz1643 Hutchinson, Anne usa1536 Hutter, J. neth1606 Hwang Ming-sha SJ, br chin1801 Hwang, S. C. souk305 Hypatius of Gangra egyp

1633 Ibanez, fr D. japac1925 Ierofey, bp of Veliki-Ustinsk russ1645 Ignace, catechist viet1814 Ignanos gree

115 Ignatius, bp of Antioch ital1400 Ileya egyp1995 Iloputaife, bp H. A. nige1839 Imbert, bp Laurence soukc700 Indract brit854 Indrechtach, abbot of Iona brit

1954 Indus, Artur russ2000 Inocencio, fr B. philc240 Intercisus, James iraq1347 Ioann lith

c1930 Ioann, bp of Mozyr byel1689 Iosif, hermit, & monks russ1992 Iqbal, Tahir paki1679 Ireland, fr W. brit1544 Ireland, J. brit

202 Irenaeus, bp of Lyons fran284 Irene turk

c359 Irene egyp304 Irene gree

1996 Irenee, sr buru1918 Irinarkh, fr russ303 Irineu, bp of Sirmium croa

1973 Isa, Peter ethi347 Isaac tuni

c299 Isaac of Tiphre egyp851 Isaac, monk spai

c850 Isaac, prince arme1996 Ishak Christian, pastor indo1995 Isho, E.K. iraq1997 Isidi, rev N. nige

c1480 Isidor & followers estoc305 Isidore of Takinash egypc299 Isidorus egypc300 Isidorus, monk egyp1993 Iskandar, E.N. egyp1936 Isla, fr L. spai1900 Isore, fr R. chin1918 Israel, monk russ1918 Issidor, bp of Mikhailov russ1714 Ivanov, Thomas russ1977 Ivanova, R. russ1632 Ixida SJ, fr A. japa1993 Izmery, A. hait1940 Jackson, F. C. indo1992 Jackson, J. libe1992 Jackson, T. & J. libe337 Jacob, bp iraq

1944 Jacob, Max franc300 Jacob, The Soldier egyp1943 Jaegerstaetter, F. germ1945 Jaffray, R. A. indo346 James iraq44 James Boanerges, Apostle pale

259 James of Cirta tuni1321 James of Padua indi422 James of Persia iraq62 James the Just, bp of Jerus pale54 James the Less, Apostle pale

1362 James, abp of Zaitun chin730 James, bp of Catania ital

1997 James, Jessica usa2000 Jami, fr Y. indo1997 Janda, R. saud180 Januaria tuni305 Januarius, bp of Benevento ital

1989 Jaramillo, bp Jesus E. colo1983 Jarlan, A. chil1980 Jaugelis, fr V. lith1991 Jeanne SAM, fr A. ivor1947 Jensen, fr B. chinc258 Jerasimus egyp1569 Jerome de la Croix thai1416 Jerome of Prague czec1540 Jerome, William brit856 Jeron neth33 Jesus pale

1985 Jeyarajasingham, pastor G. sril1936 Jimenez Malla, Ceferino spai1919 Joachim, abp of Nizhni-Novgo russ1431 Joan of Arc fran1822 Joana Angelica, abbess braz1646 Jogues SJ, fr I. cana303 John egyp

1096 John (Said bar Sabhuni), bp turk1016 John Baptist Vladimir, prince alba407 John Chrysostom, patriarch turk

1415 John Hus germ526 John I, pope ital825 John of Cordoba spai

1339 John of India, br chin1536 John of Leiden germ1393 John of Nepomuk czec1209 John of Phanidjoit egyp1631 John of Prado moro1478 John of Sahagun spai1346 John the Blind luxec860 John VII Grammaticus, patr turk928 John X, pope ital95 John, Apostle turk

337 John, bp iraq448 John, bp of Karka iraq

1066 John, bp of Mecklenburg germ1960 John, evangelist Esther pakic357 John, The Soldier egyp327 Jonah iraq

1693 Joret, fr myan1996 Jorge, br J. R. conz1597 Joseph, mar, metropolitan indi1938 Joseph, metro of Petrograd russc850 Joseph, prince arme1628 Juan del Castillo SJ para1560 Juan, br mexi

66 Jude (Thaddaeus), Apostle arme1992 Juliet philc291 Julitta egyp254 Julius brit

c302 Julius of Durostorum bulgc120 Junia ital1996 Jurcevic, sr D bosn165 Justin Martyr & 5 companions ital

1920 Justin, abp of Omsk russc286 Justus, son of Numerianus egyp1938 Juvenal, abp of Riazan russ1796 Juvenal, hieromonk usa1997 Kabera, rev E. conz

Continued opposite


1383 Kador, John arme1998 Kagabo, fr B. rwan1886 Kaggwa, Andrew ugan1953 Kaguru, A. keny1973 Kagwa, M. ugan1996 Kahegezo, fr B. K. conz1527 Kaiser germ2000 Kaiser, fr A. keny1996 Kajibwami, br F. conz1886 Kalemba, Matthias ugan1979 Kalienuk, fr Z.A. ukra1962 Kanamuzeyi, pastor Yona rwan1996 Kanyamanza, fr P. conz1597 Karasumaru, Leo japa1992 Kariuki, pastor H. keny2000 Karketta, fr R. indi1994 Karuhije, dean A. rwan1996 Kasati, fr J. conz1998 Kathihe, sr L. ango

c1995 Katoolig, C. somac289 Kau of Bismay egyp1985 Kautudja, sr L. ango1980 Kazel, sr D. elsa1678 Kemble, John brit821 Kenelm, prince brit

1535 Kenraghty, chaplain Maurice irel1902 Kensit, John brit1995 Kerkatta, John indi1981 Kernweisz, bp K. roma1624 Ketevan, queen iran1992 Khalil, H.F. egypc450 Kharitas ethi1959 Kherie, bp A. ukra1964 Khmara, N. russ1938 Khoren I, catholicos arme1982 Khrapov, N.P. russ1983 Ki-Yoon, pastor I. souk1886 Kibuka, Ambrose ugan1973 Kiggundu, fr C. ugan686 Kilian, bp, & 11 companions germ

1846 Kim Tai Kun, fr Andrew souk1839 Kim, Agatha souk1943 Kim, evangelist chin1905 Kim, evangelist chin

c1990 Kim, pastor nork1951 Kimbangu, prophet Simon conz1622 Kimura SJ, fr S. japa1619 Kimura, fr L. japa1900 King, A. chin1968 King, Jr, pastor Martin Luther usa1886 Kiriggwajjo, Anatole ugan1918 Kirion III, catholicos-patriarch geor1886 Kiriwawanvu, Mukasa ugan1952 Kirtoff, apostolic exarch bulg1597 Kisai, fr J. japa1949 Kisi, abp K. alba1258 Kitbuga, general syri1886 Kiwanuka, Achilles ugan1972 Kiwanuka, justice Benedicto ugan1997 Kiyumukiza, rev A. N. conz1886 Kizito ugan1990 Klein, Valve esto1985 Kluiters, fr N. leba1960 Knauf, E. conz1988 Knoerl, br K. zimb1838 Koa, P. viet1917 Kochurov, fr I. russ1944 Kocylowskyj, bp ukra1944 Koenzgen, G. germ1633 Kohioye, fr M. japa1883 Koi, David keny1941 Kolbe OFM, fr Maximilian pola1860 Kolland OFM, fr E. syri1992 Kolmer, sr J. libe1992 Kolmer, sr S. libe1740 Koman, pastor D. slov1992 Kon, Paul suda1993 Korfeh, pastor T. libe1948 Kostelnyk, fr H. ukra1980 Kotyk, fr Y. ukra

c1942 Kowalski, J., primate pola1979 Krasnova, T.K. russ1962 Kruegler MM, fr W.C. boli1964 Kucherenko russ1999 Kulakov, pastor A. russ1919 Kulbusch, bp Platon of Revel esto1623 Kuncevicz, abp Josaphat belo1066 Kuno, bp of Trier germ1918 Kuntsevich, L. russ1633 Kurobioye, M. japa1972 Kurti, fr Shtjefen alba2000 Kuzhikandom, fr G. indi1627 Kwon, Vincent japa1821 Kyprianos, abp cypr1987 Labaca Ugarte OFMCap, bp A. ecua1645 Labado, fr F. mexi180 Laetantius tuni

1944 Lagerstadr, Farnz germ1974 Lain, fr Domingo colo1646 Lalande SJ, fr John de cana1649 Lalemant SJ, fr G. cana705 Lambert, bp of Maastricht belg

1970 Lamichami, Krishna nepa1567 Lamoral of Egmont neth1963 Landim gunb1792 Lanfant, fr A. & 8 companions fran1816 Lantrua, fr G. chin1544 Larke, J. brit1990 Lasar, fr Hegumen russ1996 Lasker, evangelist Hussain indi

1553 Latimer, bp Hugh brit1645 Laud, William, abp of Canter brit1981 Laurinavicius, fr B. lith

c1985 Lavina, J. phil1919 Lavrenty, bp of Balakhna russ1991 Lawi, Ezra suda259 Lawrence ital

1616 Lawrence japa1339 Lawrence of Alessandria chin1535 Lawrence, Robert, prior brit1802 Lazarus the Bulgar turk1637 Lazzaro di Kyoto japa1689 Le Clercq, fr M. usa1971 Le Febre, M. boli1685 Le Fevre, I. fran1405 Le Scrope, abp R. brit1683 Le Vacher, bp J. alge1992 Leal, sr Torres N. colo1940 Lebbe, fr F. V. chin1996 Lebreton, OCSO, fr C. alge1995 Leclerc, sr D. alge1866 Lee, John souk1942 Lee, pastor Kipoong souk1792 Lefranc, fr F. fran1588 Leigh, fr R. brit

c1940 Leisner, fr K. germ1996 Lemarchand OCSO, fr Bruno alge1227 Leo moro859 Leocritia spai679 Leodegar, bp of Autun fran

1654 Leonard of Chartres, fr cana1992 Leone, sr M. came202 Leonides egyp

c360 Leontius of Tripoli syric260 Leontius the Ascetic turc1918 Leonty, bp of Enotaev russ1632 Letrado, fr F. usa1944 Letterhaus, B. germ1616 Lewis japa1678 Lewis, David brit1679 Lewis, fr D brit1990 Lewis, pastor N. usa1799 Lewis, pastor T. frep1900 Li, fr J. chin1941 Lichtenberg, fr B. germc580 Licinianus, bp of Carthage turk1945 Liddell, Eric chin1964 Lifenya, director Pierre conz1994 Liibaan, Ibrahim soma1998 Lilia, sr yeme1896 Lilli OFM, fr Salvatore turk1994 Limar, br taji1960 Lin, H.H. chin1571 Linares, fr P. usa

c76 Linus, bp of Rome ital1941 Litaunieks, fr V. lith1995 Littlejohn, sr J. alge1938 Liu, H. chin1934 Liu, Y. C. chin1968 Liuzzo, Viola usa451 Livarius fran

1936 Llatje, fr J. spai1678 Lloyd, John brit1937 Lo Pa Hong chin1992 Locatelli, A. rwan1998 Loften, pastor A. usa1918 Longin, pastor russ1976 Longueville, fr G. arge1996 Loperena Soto OP, fr W. puer1989 Lopez Lopez SJ, fr J. elsa1989 Lopez SJ, fr A. elsa1623 Lopez, fr B. hond1582 Lopez, fr F. usa1976 Lopez, fr H. guat1560 Lorenzo, fr F. mexi1793 Louis XVI fran1998 Louis, fr J-P. hait1651 Love, pastor Christopher brit1837 Lovejoy, Elijah P. usa1847 Lowrie, Walter M. chin1996 Luc, Father alge1612 Lucas of Tokyo japa1564 Lucas, br mexi312 Lucian of Antioch turk

1996 Lucio, br M. A. I. conz1996 Lucio, sr M. A. I. conz180 Lucitas tuni

c171 Lucius ital259 Lucius tuni303 Lucy ital

c1985 Ludena, T. peru1886 Ludigo, Adolphus Mukasa ugan916 Ludmilla czec96 Luke the Evangelist gree

1802 Luke the New gree1992 Lukkappa, sadhu indi1315 Lull, Ramon alge1978 Lunkebein, fr R. braz1976 Lunkenbein, fr R. braz1936 Luque, fr E. spai1975 Lutsky, fr M. ukra1977 Luwum, abp Janani ugan1886 Lwanga, Charles ugan1834 Lyman, H. indo1978 Lynn, R. & J. & Pamela zimb1978 Lynn, J. zimb1978 Lynn, Pamela zimb1938 Lypkivsky, V., metropolitan ukra1860 Mabeiche, br A. H. leba1617 Macaido, fr J. B. japa

451 Macari of Edko, bp egypc305 Macarius egyp455 Macarius of Tkow, bp egyp

1906 Macdonald, dr R. J. chin511 Macedonius II, patriarch turk

1990 Mack, Myrna guat1995 Maclese, sr P. ghan1634 Maddalena of Nagasaki japa275 Magnus, bp of Fabrateria ital

1116 Magnus, earl of Orkney brit1997 Magomedov, H & T. russ1990 Magorrian, H.L. soua

c1995 Mahamed, S. soma1953 Maina, E. keny1989 Maire, fr G.F. braz484 Majoricus tuni

1996 Makaboge, moderator E. soua1918 Makarov, M. russ1944 Makary, abp russ1919 Makary, bp of Viazma russc295 Makrawi, bp of Nikiou egyp1860 Maksoud, br H. leba1992 Mal-Allah, S.A.K. saud1761 Malagrida, fr G. port1989 Malalay, fr D. phil1811 Malati, Muallim egypc260 Malchus pale1680 Maldonado, fr L. usa1998 Malenga, E. conz1998 Malesh, pastor J. suda1936 Malla, C. J. spai1985 Maluendo, J. M. P. chil274 Mamas turk

1990 Mamma, pr suda1998 Mandro, J-F. K. conz1972 Manganhela, Z. moza1900 Mangin, fr L. I. chin1992 Maniafo, S.J. keny1985 Manielpillai, fr M.B. sril1993 Manping, Lai chin1989 Mansalve, bp Jesus E.J. colo1527 Manz, F. neth1982 Manzinger, fr belo202 Marcella egyp410 Marcella ital

1997 Marcellina, sr A. T. S. paki413 Marcellinus Flavius, tribune tuni178 Marcellus ital298 Marcellus the Centurion moro309 Marcellus, pope ital

1835 Marchand, fr J. viet347 Marculus, bp of S. Numidia tuni305 Marcus egyp

1176 Marguerite of Roeskilde denm1995 Maria, sr Rani indi

66 Mariam of Houssik arme259 Marian tuni259 Marianus tuni

1601 Marin, fr Esteban phil278 Marina turk

1634 Marina di Omura japa262 Marinus pale68 Mark the Evangelist egyp

1801 Mark the New greec364 Mark, bp of Arethusa ital

c1700 Markel, br russ1847 Marmoiton, br newc1998 Marrero, mgr A. G. vene1993 Marsouk, H. egyp1339 Martel, Peter chin346 Martha iraq66 Martha of Makovtir arme

c650 Martin I, pope ukra1989 Martin-Baro SJ, fr I. elsa1566 Martinez SJ, fr P. usa1928 Martinez, br H. mexi1936 Martinez, fr B. spai1934 Martinez, fr E. spai

c1956 Martinuzzi, abp of Estergom hung397 Martyrius ital346 Mary iraq851 Mary of Cordoba spai

1860 Masi, Francis syri1860 Masi, Muti syri1860 Masi, Raphael syri1995 Masih, Iqbal paki1995 Masih, Javed paki1994 Masih, Manzoor paki2000 Masih, Mushtaq indi1999 Massoud, Magdi F. egyp1987 Massé SJ, fr André leba1968 Masters, P. indo1996 Mataboge, rev E. soua1983 Matenje mala1996 Mathias, mrs. C. usa1996 Mathias, pastor C. & wife usa249 Matra egypc70 Matthew (Levi), Apostle iraq

1400 Matthew of Escandel chin64 Matthias, Apostle turk

1534 Matthys, Jan germ1997 Matti, Haval iraq1991 Matti, Lazar iraq1962 Matulionis, bp of Kaisiadorys lith1839 Maubant, fr P. souk287 Maurice swit

1886 Mawaggali, Noe ugan304 Maxima tuni347 Maximian tuni295 Maximilian alge

178 Maximus ital662 Maximus the Confessor, abbot geor

1950 Maxville, Selma M. myan1577 Mayne, C. brit1936 Mayorga, fr M. spai1981 Mazeika, fr L. lith1940 Mazeika, L. lith1855 Mazzuconi, fr G. papu1992 Mbatha, S’Khumbuzo soua1996 McAleese, sr P. ghan

c1965 McBeth, fr bang1978 McCann, P. & S. & Joy zimb1978 McCann, Joy zimb1978 McCann, S. zimb1991 McCormack, sr Irene peru1956 McCully, E. ecua1992 McGuire, sr K. libe1650 McMahon, bp E. irel1964 McMillan, H. conz1963 McNair, Denise usa861 Meinrad of Einsiedeln, hermit swit

1972 Melnikov russ1689 Membre, fr Z. usa1661 Menard, fr R. usa631 Menas egyp

c717 Menas of Al-Ashmunayn egyp296 Menas the Miracle Maker egyp305 Menas, governor egyp

1962 Mendes, evangelist Formoso gunb1553 Mendez, fr H. usa1571 Mendez, fr J. B. usa1961 Mendez, Juana F. arge1990 Menn, fr Alexander russ1120 Merbot auszc356 Mercurius egyp254 Mercurius brit

1990 Meri, dean Harald esto311 Methodius, bp of Olympus turk

1921 Methody, bp of Petropavlovsk russ1944 Metzger, fr M. J. germ1943 Meyer, F. & 11 missionaries phil

c1180 Michael of Damietta syri1998 Michaela, sr yeme1994 Michaelian, pastor Tateos iran1601 Middleton, fr R. brit1989 Mien, fr Alexander russ180 Miggin tuni

1578 Miguel de Medina spai1997 Mihingo, rev N. conz1937 Mikael, bp ethi1400 Mikhail Abu Mokaitef egyp

c1930 Mikhail, bp of Slutsk byel1597 Miki SJ, fr Paul japa1993 Mikic OFM, fr L. bosn1993 Milicevic OFM, fr N. bosnc305 Milius egyp1999 Miller, Carla usa1981 Miller, fr J. guat1999 Miller, Jr., Shon usa1918 Miniatov, lawyer russ1631 Miranda, fr P. usa1869 Mirza Ibrahim iran1962 Mitchell, A. viet1918 Mitrophan, abp of Astrakhan russ1996 Miville OCSO, br P. F. alge1896 Mizeki, Bernard, catechist zimb1918 Modest, fr russc302 Modestus ital1991 Mohammed, br nige1974 Moiseyevich, pastor I. russ1918 Mokovsky, pastor G. & wife russ1450 Moleyns, A., bp of Chichester brit1314 Monold of Ancona arme1989 Monsalve, bp Jesus E. J. colo259 Montanus tuni

1647 Montero, fr F. mexi1989 Montes SJ, fr S. elsa1887 Moran, fr J. togo1535 More, Thomas brit1961 Moreau, fr Yvon Emmanuel hait1985 Moreira SJ, fr S. moza1815 Morelos y Pavon, fr J. M. mexi1696 Moreno, fr A. usa1781 Moreno, fr J. M. usa1986 Moreno, Norma mexi1934 Moreno, Ramonita arge1985 Moretto, fr J. ango

c1682 Morozova, Boyarina russ1645 Morse, fr H. britc197 Moses ital523 Moses of Yemen yeme

1921 Moslovsky, pastor J. russ1996 Mounabandi, sr C conz1400 Moussa, monk egyp1996 Mpengekeze, fr Y. buru1822 Muallim Ghali egyp1801 Muallim Malati egyp1992 Mueller, sr S. libe1886 Mugagga uganc310 Mui egyp1998 Mukagakwaya, sr X. rwan1997 Mukamihogo, sr F. conz1998 Mukamuhire, sr B. rwan1998 Mukanoheli, sr V. rwan1885 Mukasa, Joseph ugan1996 Mukeshimana, sr A. rwan1973 Mukhana, J. ugan1952 Mungai, J. keny1944 Munk, pastor Kaj denm1834 Munson, Samuel indo


MARTYROLOGY 251Table 4–11 continued

Continued overleaf

1998 Muntoni, fr G. ital1997 Munyakazy, rev E. conz1996 Munyankuyu, fr A. conz1525 Munzer, T. germ1996 Munzihirwa, abp C. conz1996 Munzombo, pasotr D. conz1983 Muothe, I.T. soua1952 Muriuki, W. keny1684 Muros, fr mexi1798 Murphy, fr J. irel1996 Murphy, sr C. ghan1976 Musaka, fr ugan1994 Musheng, Zheng chin1992 Muttra, sr B.A. libe1997 Muyoboke, rev F. conz1887 Muzeyi, Jean-Marie uganc300 Nabraha egyp1922 Nadezhdin, pastor russ1628 Nagascima SJ, br M. japac304 Naharuh egyp1998 Nakavoua, G. A. cong180 Namphano tuni285 Naou egyp

1680 Naranjo, B. usa180 Nartzalus tuni852 Natalia spai304 Natalia of Nicomedia turk

1977 Navarro, fr A. elsa1921 Nazary, metrop of Kutaisi geor1996 Ndacikiriwe, sr C. buru1996 Ndihokubwayo, sr L. buruc550 Nectan brit1997 Nedumattahil, fr J. indi1972 Nee, Watchman chin1862 Neel, J. P. chin1578 Nelson, fr J. brit1943 Nemantsevich, exarch A. byelc100 Nereus ital1756 Nerini, fr myan373 Nerses I, catholicos arme250 Nestor, bp of Perga turk451 Nestorius, patriarch jord

1679 Nevill, fr F. brit1996 Ngabo SJ, abp C. M. M. conz1886 Ngondwe, Pontian ugan1975 Nguyen, Huy Mai viet1975 Nguyen, Van Hoa viet1950 Nguyen, pastor viet1996 Ngwije, fr A. K. rwan1905 Ni, evangelist chin969 Nicephorus, emperor gree

c370 Nicetas roma1227 Nicholas moro1555 Nicholas Novi of Sophia bulg1754 Nicholas of Chios gree1990 Nicholson, sr A.C. angoc300 Nicostratus ital1998 Nielsen, B. M. buru1994 Nieto, F. A. E. peruc294 Nikander bulg

c1938 Nikandr, metrop of Odessa russ1919 Nikodim, bp of Belgorod russ1961 Nikolai, metrop of Krutitsy russ1938 Nikon (Lebedev), bp russ1938 Nikon, bp of Belgorod russ1996 Nikwigize, bp P. rwan304 Nilus, bp leba

1996 Nirere, fr B. conz1634 Nishi, fr T.H.R. japa1918 Nizza, L. russ1989 Nodrat, Zia Mohammed afgh1868 Noi Sunya thai1869 Non Chai, abbot thai1622 Novarra, fr P. P. japa258 Novatian, antipope ital

1994 Nsengiyumva, abp V. rwan1994 Nsengiyumva, bp T. rwan1996 Nsengiyunva, fr E. conz1994 Nur al-Qums Binyamin egyp1970 Nyabadza, fr B. zimb1997 Nyirabakungu, sr C. conz1997 Nyirarukundu, sr M. conz1926 Nyirenda, Tomo mala1975 Nze, bp Abuy Raphael equa2000 Nzikobanyanka, rev P. buru1651 O’Brien, bp T. A. irel1580 O’Cullenan, G., abbot irel1612 O’Devany, C., bp irel1575 O’Donnell SJ, E. irel1578 O’Hely, P., bp irel1584 O’Hurley, D., abp irel1995 O’Neill, fr E. soua1993 Ocampo, cardinal Juan J.J.P. mexi1861 Ochoa, bp V. B. viet1934 Odongo, Alfayo keny2000 Ogbu, fr J.M.O. nige1615 Ogilvie SJ, J. brit

66 Ogouhie, princess arme1988 Oido, fr C.O. ugan1988 Okagric, br A. ugan1030 Olav II Haraldsson, king norw1418 Oldcastle, Sir John brit1619 Oldenbarnevelt, J. van neth1871 Olivaint, fr P. fran1968 Olsen, Betty vietc301 Olympius egyp1795 Oprea, Miclaus, monk roma397 Optatus, bp of Thamugadi alge

1948 Ordacz, bp L. hung254 Origen leba

1922 Orlov, pastor russ1918 Ornatsky, fr F. russ1683 Ortiz de Zarate, fr P. arge1979 Ortiz, fr Octavia elsa

110 Oski arme1974 Ostapenko, pastor I.M. russ642 Oswald, king of Northumbria brit651 Oswin, king britc65 Osyth, queen brit

1622 Ota, fr A. japa1220 Otho moro1900 Otu, Samuel ghan1997 Ozdemir, Ali turk1954 Pacha, bp roma1583 Pacheco, fr A. indi1626 Pacheco, fr F. japa1993 Packianathan, fr V.S. indi1635 Paes SJ, fr G. ethic301 Paese egyp1988 Paisai, G. nepa1979 Palacios, fr Rafael elsa431 Palladius irel310 Pamphilus pale209 Pamphilus pale

1383 Panacea ital304 Pancras ital

1997 Pande, evangelist M. indic904 Pandonia britc290 Panesneu, deacon egypc313 Pantaleon, physician egyp130 Papius pale

c1898 Papizian, archimandrite J. turkc170 Papylus turk1985 Paredes, A.A. angoc260 Paregorius turc1987 Park, Jong Ch’ol souk

c98 Parmenas the deacon ital1339 Pascal of Victoria chinc298 Patape, bp of Coptos egyp1972 Pate, Mavis palec260 Patroclus fran426 Patroclus of Arles, primate fran

1871 Patteson, bp J. C. soloc290 Paul of Egypt egyp309 Paul of Jamnia pale64 Paul, Apostle ital

351 Paul, patriarch turk1936 Pavlivsky, I., metropolitan ukra1936 Payan, fr A. spaic300 Pelagia turk1999 Peleman, fr A. soua304 Peleus, bp leba

1997 Pena, fr S. C. colo2000 Pepe, fr R. conz1840 Perboyre, fr J. G. chin1840 Perboyre, fr Jean G. chin1928 Perez, fr P. mexi1627 Perez, fr R. cost1997 Perez, M. mexi850 Perfectus of Cordoba spai420 Peroz iraq202 Perpetua tuni

1995 Petcu, A. mold1220 Peter moro

311 Peter I Ieromartyros, patriarch egyp1133 Peter of Bruys fran1208 Peter of Castelnau, legate fran1365 Peter of Ruffia ital1321 Peter of Siena indi1252 Peter of Verona (Peter Martyr) ital1929 Peter, abp of Voronezh russ1936 Peter, metropolitan of Krutitsy russ448 Pethiun, evangelist iraq

1937 Petros, bp ethi1936 Peypoch, fr E. spai1992 Pfister, J. ivor1950 Phan Long, pastor viet345 Pherbutha iraq

1922 Philaret, bp of Kostroma russ304 Phileas, bp of Thmuis egyp

c290 Philemon egyp304 Philip bp of Heraclea turk

1934 Philip, abp russ60 Philip, Apostle turk

1567 Philip, metropolitan of Moscow russ297 Philotheus of Antioch turk518 Philoxenus, bp of Mabbogh iraq

1985 Philpot, J. mexi1555 Philpot, J., archdeacon britc292 Phiobammon of Preht egypc120 Phocas, bp of Bontos ital315 Phrebonia iraq

1978 Picken, C. zimb1679 Pickering, T. brit1569 Pietersz, Pieter neth1900 Pigott, J. chin1900 Pigott, T. W. & J. chin1897 Pilkington, G. L. ugan1752 Pillai, D. indi1919 Pimen, bp of Verny russ1992 Pimentel, sr M. ango1997 Pinard WF, fr Guy rwan1794 Pinot, fr N. fran1860 Pinzano OFM, Francis syri1680 Pio, fr J. B. usa250 Pionius turk

c288 Piroou egypc260 Piscus palec302 Pisura, bp of Masil egyp1938 Pitirim, abp russ

1900 Pitkin, H. T. chin1991 Plumey OMI, abp I. came1681 Plunket, primate O. brit1649 Plunkett, earl C. brit1697 Plunkett, fr C. usa1825 Pogio, fr Bartolome arge1934 Poliansky, abp Ambrose kaza304 Pollio hung

1918 Polotnikov, abp of Petrograd russ156 Polycarp, bp of Smyrna turk

1794 Polydorus the Cypriot greec250 Polyeuctus arme1934 Pommer, John, abp of Riga latv853 Pomposa spai

1704 Ponce de Leon, fr A. usa1619 Pongracz SJ, fr S. hung235 Pontian, pope ital177 Ponticus fran

c260 Pontius fran1984 Popieluszko, fr J. pola1985 Poplawski, fr P. pola1992 Poppa, sr R. rwan1310 Porete, Marguerite franc306 Porphry egyp309 Porphyrius pale

1633 Porras, fr F. usa1993 Posadas, cardinal J.J. mexi1918 Pospelov, abp G. russ207 Potamiana egyp305 Potamon of Heracla egyp177 Pothinus, bp fran

1984 Potochnyak, fr A. ukra1971 Potter, Nancy domr1971 Potter, Paul E. & Nancy domr1619 Poulain, fr G. cana1646 Powel, fr. P. brit1991 Prada Pires, fr J.M. braz586 Praetextatus, bp of Rouen fran

1952 Prennushi, abp N. alba1995 Prevost, sr O. alge1900 Price, Charles & Eva chin1900 Price, Eva chin1644 Price, fr Robert britc297 Primus ital386 Priscillian, bp spai

c260 Privatus fran1990 Priya SMA, sr indi1927 Pro Juarez, fr M. mexi304 Probus brit303 Procopius pale

c305 Procopius, governor egyp1800 Prosser, Gabriel usa165 Protase ital459 Proterius, patriarch egyp

c306 Psote of Psoi egypc171 Ptolemaus italc171 Publius, bp of Athens ital202 Pudens ital

1623 Puerta, fr C.M. hond1993 Puglisi, pastor G. ital339 Pusak, prefect, & 100 clergy iraq341 Pusicius iraq

1682 Pustosviat, Nikita russ1998 Puttaniyil, br L. indi286 Qndyr, queen iraq

c258 Quadratus, bp tuni259 Quartillosia tuni

1981 Quilini, H. N. egyp1998 Quinn, Jason brit1998 Quinn, Mark brit1998 Quinn, Richard brit1812 Quintana, fr A. usa1490 Rabata, A. ital1918 Radion, fr russ1981 Raflan, B. egypc870 Ragener brit1834 Rainitsiandavaka madac490 Rajden geor1998 Rajiv, John indi1724 Rale SJ, fr S. cana1996 Ramanauskas, fr V. lith1959 Ramanauskas, P., bp of Telsiai lith1988 Ramaralahy, br I. mada2000 Ramirez, fr A.G. colo1989 Ramon Moreno SJ, fr J. elsa1997 Ramos SJ, fr W. G. mexi1993 Ramos, bp Robert J. elsa1572 Ramus, Peter fran1995 Rangell, Hugo colo1837 Rasalama mada1945 Rauschenbach MM, fr O. A. chin1595 Rawlins, A. britc300 Rebecca of Sunbat egyp1652 Redemptus of the Cross, br indo1942 Redlich, V. papu1571 Redondo, fr C. usa287 Regula swit

1974 Reimer, G. pana1989 Reinkemeyer, sr A. keny1953 Reinys, M., abp of Vilnius lith1680 Rendon, fr M. usa259 Renus tuni

1661 Renwick, J. britc308 Repsima & 78 companions arme1989 Restrepo, fr S. colo202 Revocatus tuni

1847 Rey SJ, fr A. mexi1964 Rhine, Phyllis conz1839 Ri, J. souk1918 Riabuhin, pastor J. russ

1775 Ricci SJ, general L. ital1992 Ricci, fr F. ethi1339 Richard, bp of Almalik chin1553 Ridley, bp Nicholas brit1996 Ringeard OCSO, fr C. alge1626 Rinscei, P. japa1997 Rio, pastor W. phil1989 Rivera, Rufino phil1896 Rizal, Jose phil

c1780 Rizk Agha, vizier egyp1611 Roberts, fr. J. brit1963 Robertson, Carole usa1992 Robinson, W. leba

c1350 Roch, healer fran2000 Rochester, fr H. jama1987 Rodrigo OMI, fr Miguel sril1638 Rodrigues SJ, fr F. ethi1961 Rodrigues, deacon Pedro ango1582 Rodriguez, fr A. usa1970 Rodriguez, fr Nicolas elsa1642 Roe, Alban brit1985 Rojas, C.M. peru1999 Rojas, fr H. F. colo1985 Romano, fr R. phil

c1650 Romanul, Ioan Valahul roma884 Rombout of Malines belg

1980 Romero, abp Oscar elsa1985 Romero, fr A. phil1645 Romero, fr P. para1947 Romza, bp T. ukra1989 Rosales, sr Teresa nica1985 Rossiter, fr J. usa1985 Roth, F. usa1849 Roth, pastor S. L. roma1981 Rother, fr S. guat1936 Rovira, fr J. spai1984 Roxas, S. phil1984 Roy, fr mada1974 Rozanov, N. russ1642 Rubino, fr japa1080 Rudolf of Swabia ital1989 Ruelo, pastor Z. phil1339 Ruff, Raymond chin258 Rufina ital115 Rufus gree

1996 Ruhuna, J., abp of Gitega buru1995 Ruibal, pastor Julio C. colo1860 Ruiz OFM, fr Emmanuel syri1637 Ruiz, L. japa1997 Ruiz, pastor N. H. mexi259 Rusticus fran

1997 Ruterahagusha, pastor T. rwan1997 Ruterahagusha, T. rwan1994 Rutumbu, fr J. rwan1994 Ruzindana, bp J. rwan1998 Rwangeyo, sr D. rwan1922 Rybalkin, monk Fyodor russ1992 Saah, pastor D. libe372 Sabas the Goth roma

1996 Sabuni, pastor M. conz1626 Sadamatzu, G. japa1942 Sadd, A. kiri1998 Saenz, J. D. colo1992 Sahihembo, Alfredo ango1956 Saint, Nate ecua290 Salahouni, Theodore arme

1976 Salas, bp J. C. camb1400 Saleeb egyp1593 Sales, fr J. fran1936 Sales, V. spaic290 Salfana egypc800 Salib egyp1683 Salinas, fr arge1989 Saltori, fr O. moza1999 Saluhaku, fr A. ango1227 Samuel moro1981 Samuel, bp Makary El-Souria egyp

66 Samuel, satrap arme1980 Samwel, abp ethi180 Sanam tuni

1936 Sanchez, fr J. spai1696 Sanchez, fr L. usa851 Sanctius of Cordoba spai

1622 Sandaju, fr P. O. japa66 Sandoukhte, princess arme

1979 Sangaya, J. mala1963 Sangueso, P. P. arge1936 Santaella, fr M. spai1979 Santi, fr G. ugan1758 Santiesteban, fr J. usa1749 Sanz, bp P. chin1980 Sapoka, fr L. lith1995 Saquic Vasquez, pastor M. guatc355 Sarah egypc197 Sarah italc290 Sarah & children egyp1795 Sarai, Visarion, monk romac287 Sarapamon of Scetis, bp egyp1921 Sarichov, pastor S. russ1620 Sarkander, Jan czec1991 Sarmiento, M. peru1995 Saro-Wiwa, K. nige1998 Satchilombo, Francisco ango1527 Sattler, M. germ1967 Saturnino, fr suda202 Saturninus tuni259 Saturninus fran202 Saturus tuni

1593 Saultemouche, fr W. fran1992 Saune, R. peru

Table 4–11 concluded

1498 Savonarola, G. ital1401 Sawtrey, W. brit1983 Sawyer, sr Joan peru1979 Sayyad, fr iran1666 Schall SJ, fr A. von Bell chin1954 Scheffler, bp roma1996 Schiavo, fr G. tanz1534 Schiemer, L., bp germ1637 Schiwozuka, fr V. japa1944 Schmidlin, professor J. germ1976 Schmitt, bp A. zimb1988 Schmitz, CP, fr Carl phil1939 Schneider, pasotr germ1964 Scholten, W.H. conz1998 Schreck, sr M. soua1612 Scott, fr. M. brit1999 Scott, Rachel usa1996 Sebalija, sr L. conz1569 Sebastian Cantu thai288 Sebastian of Milan ital

1886 Sebuggwawo, Denis ugan180 Secunda tuni258 Secunda ital304 Secunda tuni

1978 Sedletsky, V. russ1886 Seghers, abp C. J. usa1952 Selanuok papu1977 Selassie, emperor Haile ethi309 Seleucus pale

1995 Sellekaerts IHM, sr C. conz1997 Selorio, pastor E. phil123 Semsoun, bp of Edessa iraq

1996 Semutwe, sr M. A. conz1736 Senat SJ, fr A. usa1953 Seng, Joseph chin309 Sennen ital

1986 Senter, L. & R. libe1986 Senter, R. libe2000 Sequeira, sr C. paki1938 Seraphim, bp russ1932 Seraphim, metro of Petrograd russc365 Serapion, bp of Thmuis egyp1994 Serech, P. guat1929 Serge, bp of Efremov russ523 Sergios yeme315 Sergius & Bacchus syri

1580 Serrato, fr J. mexi1886 Serunkuma, Bruno ugan484 Servus tuni

1973 Serwanika, J. ugan524 Severinus Boethius, consul ital304 Severus turk

1929 Seybold, fr C. chin1993 Shafiq, S. egyp1991 Shaga, Nana ethi342 Shahdost, catholicos iraq309 Shamona turk112 Sharbil turk

c1995 Sheekhdoon, M. somac1968 Sheikow, Musa soma1922 Shein, S. russ1980 Shelkov, V. A. russ1588 Shelley, F. britc299 Shenufe egypc299 Shenute egyp1830 Shidiak, Asaad leba1975 Shimun, catholicos-patriarch iraqc650 Shinudah, anba egyp1979 Shorrosh, A. pale1984 Shude SJ, fr F.Z. chinc473 Shushanik, queen geor1998 Siahae, J. indo1857 Sibour, abp of Paris fran1910 Sidhom Bishai, deacon egyp1714 Sidotti, abbot G. B. japa1400 Sidrak, priest, & 5 monks egyp1972 Sidumo, J. moza1997 Sifer, M. H. iraq1991 Sigridsson, S. phil1985 Sikufinde, fr L. ango1749 Silva, fr F. X. usa304 Silvanus syri537 Silverius, pope ital

1998 Simatupang, T. M. indoc800 Simeon egyp341 Simeon Barsabae, catholicos iraq

1975 Simescu, br roma2000 Simionato, sr G. buru

64 Simon Peter, Apostle ital61 Simon Zelotes, Apostle iraq

1921 Simon, bp of Ufa russ1936 Simon, fr A. spai1597 Simon, mar, metropolitan indic300 Simplicius italc300 Simpronian ital1932 Simpson, W. E. chin1945 Simrak, bp J. croa1995 Sinankwa, fr M. buru448 Sirin iraq397 Sisinnius ital

1936 Sitjar, fr T. spai1908 Sivila, Visitación argec117 Sixtus I, bp of Rome ital258 Sixtus II, pope ital

1979 Siyah, pastor Aristou iran1918 Skipetrov, fr A. russ1940 Skobtsova, mother M. pola1982 Smith, E. nica1844 Smith, Hyrum usa1844 Smith, Joseph usa1908 Sofiisky, exarch abp N. geor

1795 Sofronie of Cioara, monk roma1996 Sokan, Khoun camb1922 Sokolov, pastor russ1861 Sokolskij, abp J. russ1995 Solan, Joel phil1859 Soler, fr P. syri1950 Son Yang Won, pastor nork1918 Sontag, apostolic delegate iraq1990 Soodmand, pastor H. iranc140 Sophia egypc286 Sophronius egyp1985 Sorgon OCD, fr S. mada1996 Soto OP, fr W. L. puer1729 Souel, fr J. usa

110 Soukias & companions arme1595 Southwell, fr R. brit1654 Southworth, fr J. brit1991 Speers, J. phil180 Speratus tuni

1988 Spil MHM, fr C. ugan1622 Spinola SJ, fr C. japa1941 Sri-Phong, catechist P. thai1998 Sritharan, pastor Vasu sril1999 Staines, Graham indi1999 Staines, Philip indi1999 Staines, Timothy indi1934 Stam, Betty chin1934 Stam, John & Betty chin1079 Stanislas, bp of Cracow pola1990 Stanton, fr N. soua1918 Stavrovsky, fr A. russ1997 Stegar, Kayce usa1942 Stein, Edith pola1942 Stein, Rosa pola1293 Stepanos IV, patriarch arme257 Stephen I, pope ital

1334 Stephen of Gross-Wardein roma1288 Stephen of Hungary geor1242 Stephen of Narbonne fran347 Stephen of Ulnia arme36 Stephen the Deacon pale

764 Stephen the Younger, abbot turk284 Stephen, archdeacon egyp

1961 Stepinac, cardinal abp A. croa1988 Stockton, Ann phil1539 Stone, J. brit1856 Strang, James J. usa1991 Strzalkowski, fr Z. peru1990 Stumpf, H. kenyc810 Subaljesu, monk iraq1948 Suciu, bp roma422 Suenas iraq

1900 Sun Hwe Teh chin1929 Sundar Singh, sadhu chin1950 Sung Du, fr nork451 Suzanne arme

1981 Svanda, fr P. czec1999 Sweva, sr sier1990 Sylvia SMA, sr indi108 Symeon, bp of Jerusalem pale

c190 Symphorian fran1600 Tadaoki, Gracia japa1680 Talbot, P., abp of Dublin irel1734 Tamaral, fr N. mexi448 Tamasgerd iraq

1975 Tamonis, M. lith870 Tancred brit

1811 Tapeng, J. C. chin1942 Tapiedi, Lucian papu304 Tarachus brit

c300 Taragus & companions turk339 Tarbo, deaconess iraq

1936 Tarrats, J. spaic280 Tarsicius ital1988 Tarzwell, John pakic228 Tatiana, deaconess ital1991 Tattersall, N. peru1524 Tauber, Casper auszc301 Tecula egyp1690 Tegananokoa, S. usa1971 Tejerina, Silvita A. arge1922 Telegin, A. russ391 Telemachus ital138 Telesphorus, bp of Rome ital

1936 Tena, fr R. spai1981 Teodosiu, S. roma1975 Tep Im, bp Paolo camb1982 Terelya, B.M. ukra

66 Terentius arme1990 Tete, president Martin indi284 Thalelaeus turk

c125 Thalelaeus turkc50 Thecla turk220 Theodorus of Peshotep egyp

c306 Theodorus, bp of Pentapolis egypc725 Theodosia turk1918 Theodot russ258 Theodotus egyp

c117 Theodulus ital309 Theodulus pale

1980 Theofilas, patriarch ethi1918 Theophan, bp of Solikamsk russ1993 Theophiles, K.Y. egyp1635 Theophilus of Zakynthos greec111 Theopista ital1950 Thien Thi, pastor viet1616 Thomas japa

82 Thomas (Didymus), Apostle indi1170 Thomas Becket, abp of Canter brit1321 Thomas of Tolentino indi1997 Thomas SJ, fr A. T. indi

c900 Thomas, bp of Damascus syri1866 Thomas, R. J. soukc306 Tibarcius egyp178 Tiburtius ital

1919 Tikhon, abp of Voronezh russ1925 Tikhon, patriarch russc291 Til, soldier egyp1997 Timmons, br L. kenyc309 Timothy of Memphis egyp

97 Timothy, bp turk1680 Tinoco, fr M. usa2000 Tirelli, sr F. zamb1989 Tjibaou, Jean-Marie newc1982 Toj, Juan Garcia guatc295 Tolemaeus egyp1983 Toma, pastor Nicolas guat1991 Tomaszek OFM, fr M. peru1901 Tomkins, pastor O. papu1999 Tomlin, John usa1633 Tomonaga OP, fr J. K. G. japa1950 Tong-Sin, fr nork1984 Torboli, fr S. moza1949 Tornay, fr M. chin

c65 Torquatus spai1966 Torres, fr Camilo colo1977 Torres, L.A. elsa870 Torthred brit

1933 Tourian, abp Leontius usa1803 Toussaint-Louverture, F.D. fran870 Tova brit

1626 Tozo, M. japa1471 Tresham, T. brit1649 Trevino de Sobremonte, T. mexi1798 Trieu, fr E. viet1974 Trochta, cardinal S. czec1981 Troyer, J.D. guat643 Trudpert germ

1981 Tsachev, N.V. bulg1997 Tshisambu, fr F. conz1992 Tsotetsi, Saul soua1627 Tsuji, fr T. japa1964 Tucker, J. conz1979 Tumsa, Gudinsa ethi1616 Tunstall, fr. T. brit1991 Turati OFM, fr P. soma1959 Turcsanyi, msgr E. hung1679 Turner, fr A. brit1831 Turner, Nat usa1886 Tuzinde, Mbaga ugan1997 Twagirayezu, rev U. conz1536 Tyndale, William belgc310 Tyrannio, bp of Tyre turk1985 Tzalam Coj, Manuel de Jesus guat1852 U, fr Moses Nya myan345 Uarda (Rose) iraq

1592 Udall, J. britc1200 Uguzo (Lucio di Val Cavargna) ital1984 Ulcue Chocue, fr A. colo1028 Ulfrid swed1999 Umbarger, Deena M. soma1940 Urban SJ, fr J. pola230 Urban, pope ital

c295 Uri, priest of Shatanut egyp287 Urs swit538 Ursicinus, bp of Ravenna ital451 Ursula & virgins germ287 Ursus of Solothurn swit

c345 Usaghniyus egyp341 Usthazanes iraq

1997 Uwizeyimana, rev J. conz2000 Uzcudum, fr I. rwanc750 Vahan of Goghtn syri309 Valens pale

1936 Valenti, fr T. spai269 Valentine ital178 Valerian ital

c306 Valerianus egyp1985 Valerio, fr N. phil1541 Valverde OP, bp V. peru1995 Van Dyke, T. colo1989 Van Kleef CM, fr N. pana1619 Vanini, L. ital451 Vardan Mamikonian arme

1991 Vargas, C. peru1983 Vargas, pastor N. nica1919 Varsonoufy, bp of Kirillov russ

c1968 Vasilyevna, M. russ1950 Vasquez, Carmen arge1995 Vasquez, pastor M.S. guat1989 Vassallo, sr Emanuela liby1963 Vaz Martins, evangelist Victor gunb1861 Venard, fr J. T. viet1661 Venner, Thomas brit1597 Verascola, fr F. usa1918 Veraskin, abp A. russ1936 Verges, fr J. spai1817 Vesey, Denmark usa180 Vestia tuni177 Vettius Epagathus fran180 Veturius tuni

1974 Viaene, fr L. conzc305 Victor italc359 Victor egyp303 Victor Maurus ital

c301 Victor of Asyut egyp287 Victor of Marseilles swit

c287 Victor of Solothurn switc310 Victor of Stratelates ital484 Victorian tuni258 Victorinus fran304 Victorinus, bp of Pettau slov

1634 Vieira, fr S. japa1625 Viel, fr N. cana689 Vigilius, bp of Auxerre fran

1616 Vincent japa304 Vincent of Saragossa spai

1645 Vincent, catechist viet1994 Vincent, pastor Jean-Marie hait1922 Vishniakov, pastor russ1962 Vitti, A. vietc302 Vitus ital1918 Vladimir, metropolitan of Kiev ukra1948 Volai, bp alba1865 Volkner, Carl S. newz1860 Volta OFM, fr. C. syri476 Volusianus, bp of Tours fran

c1935 von Moltke, Helmut germc1976 Voordeckers, fr W. guat1943 Voronaev, I. E. russ1918 Vostorgov, fr J. russ931 Vulfura spai

1631 Wagner, fr Liborius germ1987 Wahid pakic289 Wakhus egyp1679 Wall, fr John brit1951 Wallace, W.L. chin

c1975 Wallenburg, Raoul pola1595 Walpole, H. brit1801 Wan-Suk, Columba souk1952 Wancegi, Mary keny1950 Wang Ling-Tso, fr chin1900 Wang Ten Ren chin1588 Ward, Margaret brit1979 Wasikye, John, bp of Mbale ugan1985 Wasnak, fr J.E. ango1535 Webster, Augustine, prior brit1989 Webster, David soua1920 Weinberg, Judith russ1716 Weiss, prefect L. ethi1995 Welsh, S. colo929 Wenceslas, prince-duke czec

1795 Wenmo, fr J. Z. souk726 Werenfrid neth

1963 Wesley, Cynthia usa1880 Westrup, J. O. mexi1679 Whitbread, fr T. brit1428 White, William brit1539 Whiting, R., abbot of Glastonb brit1847 Whitman, M. & N. usa1847 Whitman, N. usa

c1990 Wi-Foo myan926 Wiborada (Guiborat), recluse swit

c1000 Wigstan britc1600 Willems, D. neth1242 William of Arnaud fran1362 William of Campania ital1334 William of England iran1144 William of Norwich brit1201 William of Rochester brit1154 William, abp of York brit1839 Williams, John vanu1972 Williams, N. phil1986 Wilson, evangelist John E.H. ugan1660 Wilson, Margaret brit1968 Wilting, Ruth viet1998 Wimana, sr C. rwan1528 Winkler, pastor G. germ1546 Wishart, G. brit1988 Wojcickowski, sr S. paki1573 Woodhouse, fr T. brit1976 Woods MM, fr W. guat1651 Wright, Peter brit1989 Xinsheng, bp Li chin1996 Xiuju, Zhang chin

c1990 Xueyan, bp Fan chin1972 Yagozinsky, S. russ1989 Yeiwene Yeiwene newc

c1930 Yemelyanov, fr P. russ1623 Yempo, br Simon japa1995 Yi, C.H. russ1995 Yi, K. W. russ1997 Yirirwahandi, rev P. rwan

c1540 Yoannis al-Kalioobi, monk egyp1991 You WF, fr Alexander ugan1956 Youdarian, R. ecua1860 Younes, br E. leba1866 Yu, fr P. Chong-ryul nork1554 Yuhanna Sulaqa, catholicos turk1600 Yukinaga, general Konishi japa1791 Yun, Paul souk1996 Yusefi, pastor Mohammad B. iran

76 Zakaria, bp arme1971 Zakharov russ1872 Zamora, fr Jacinto phil1922 Zaozersky, pastor russ

66 Zarmandoukhte arme1571 Zeballos, fr S. usa1975 Zecianu, br roma303 Zeno of Rome ital304 Zenobius turk

1972 Zhiming, pastor Wang chin1645 Zigarran, fr T. mexi1795 Zlata of Magden bulg1626 Zola, fr J. B. japa

115 Zozimus gree1996 Zubiri, sr Carmen rwan1993 Zuma, Isaac soua1987 Zuma, pastor Antonio ecua1993 Zuma, Thandi soua1622 Zumarraga OP, fr japa


MARTYROLOGY 253

Continued overleaf

33 Jesus pale36 Stephen the Deacon pale44 James Boanerges, Apostle pale

c50 Thecla turk54 James the Less, Apostle pale60 Philip, Apostle turk61 Barnabas, Apostle cypr61 Simon Zelotes, Apostle iraq62 James the Just, bp of Jerus pale64 Evodius, bp of Antioch turk64 Matthias, Apostle turk64 Paul, Apostle ital64 Simon Peter, Apostle ital

c65 Osyth, queen britc65 Torquatus spai66 Anna of Ormisdat arme66 Jude (Thaddaeus), Apostle arme66 Mariam of Houssik arme66 Martha of Makovtir arme66 Ogouhie, princess arme66 Samuel, satrap arme66 Sandoukhte, princess arme66 Terentius arme66 Zarmandoukhte arme68 Bartholomew, Apostle arme68 Mark the Evangelist egyp69 Andrew, Apostle gree

c70 Matthew (Levi), Apostle iraqc76 Linus, bp of Rome ital76 Zakaria, bp arme82 Thomas (Didymus), Apostle indi

c90 Cletus, bp of Rome ital91 Antipas turk91 Aurelia Petronilla ital91 Glabrio, Manius Acilius, consul ital95 Flavius Clemens ital95 John, Apostle turk96 Luke the Evangelist gree

c97 Atirnerseh, patriarch arme97 Timothy, bp turk

c98 Parmenas the deacon ital99 Clement, bp of Rome ukra

c100 Achilleus italc100 Nereus ital108 Symeon, bp of Jerusalem pale110 Crescentius turk110 Oski arme110 Soukias & companions arme

c111 Eustathius, Roman general italc111 Theopista ital112 Babai turk112 Barsamya turk112 Sharbil turk115 Ignatius, bp of Antioch ital115 Rufus gree115 Zozimus gree

c117 Alexander italc117 Eventius & Theodulus italc117 Sixtus I, bp of Rome italc117 Theodulus italc120 Atrasis, daughter of Hadrian italc120 Junia italc120 Phocas, bp of Bontos ital123 Semsoun, bp of Edessa iraq

c125 Acacius armec125 Thalelaeus turk130 Papius pale138 Telesphorus, bp of Rome ital

c140 Sophia egypc150 Benignus fran156 Felicitus Alexander turk156 Germanicus turk156 Polycarp, bp of Smyrna turk

c165 Caecelia ital165 Felicity turk165 Gervase & Protase ital165 Justin Martyr & 5 companions ital165 Protase ital

c168 Anicetus, pope italc170 Agathonice turkc170 Carpus, bp turkc170 Papylus turkc171 Lucius italc171 Ptolemaus italc171 Publius, bp of Athens ital177 Blandina fran177 Ponticus fran177 Pothinus, bp fran177 Vettius Epagathus fran178 Cecilia ital178 Marcellus ital178 Maximus ital178 Tiburtius ital178 Valerian ital180 Aquilinus tuni180 Cittinus tuni180 Donata tuni180 Felix tuni180 Generosa tuni180 Januaria tuni180 Laetantius tuni180 Lucitas tuni180 Miggin tuni180 Namphano tuni180 Nartzalus tuni180 Sanam tuni

180 Secunda tuni180 Speratus tuni180 Vestia tuni180 Veturius tuni

c185 Apollonius, senator italc190 Symphorian fran193 Ghevondius, patriarch arme

c197 Moses italc197 Sarah ital202 Felicitas tuni202 Irenaeus, bp of Lyons fran202 Leonides egyp202 Marcella egyp202 Perpetua tuni202 Pudens ital202 Revocatus tuni202 Saturninus tuni202 Saturus tuni207 Basilides egyp207 Potamiana egyp209 Alban of Verulamium brit209 Elias & companions pale209 Pamphilus pale220 Theodorus of Peshotep egyp

c222 Callistus I, pope italc228 Tatiana, deaconess ital230 Urban, pope ital235 Demetrius ital235 Hippolytus, antipope ital235 Pontian, pope ital

c240 Intercisus, James iraq245 Appolonia, deaconess egyp249 Abu Sayfayn egyp249 Agatha ital249 Alexander, bp of Cappadocia egyp249 Christopher turk249 Matra egyp

c250 Abadyus egyp250 Batra egyp250 Christophorus egyp250 Fabian, pope ital

c250 Faith (Foy) fran250 Genesius of Arles fran250 Nestor, bp of Perga turk250 Pionius turk

c250 Polyeuctus arme251 Achatius, bp turk251 Alexander, bp of Jerusalem egyp251 Babylas, patriarch of Antioch turk252 Fabius, bp of Antioch turk253 Cornelius, pope ital254 Aaron & Julius brit254 Julius brit254 Mercurius brit254 Origen leba

c255 Agapius, bp tuni257 Stephen I, pope ital258 Athanasius, bp egyp258 Cyprian, bp of Carthage tuni

c258 Jerasimus egyp258 Novatian, antipope ital

c258 Quadratus, bp tuni258 Rufina ital258 Secunda ital258 Sixtus II, pope ital258 Theodotus egyp258 Victorinus fran259 Agapitus of Praeneste ital259 Augurius tuni259 Denys, bp of Paris fran259 Eleutherius fran259 Eulogius tuni259 Felicissimus & Agapitus ital259 Flavian tuni259 Fructuosus, bp of Tarragona spai259 James of Cirta tuni259 Lawrence ital259 Lucius tuni259 Marian tuni259 Marianus tuni259 Montanus tuni259 Quartillosia tuni259 Renus tuni259 Rusticus fran259 Saturninus fran

c260 Alexander palec260 Conon turkc260 Cyril turkc260 Cyril, bp of Gortyna greec260 Eutropius, bp of Saintes franc260 Leontius the Ascetic turcc260 Malchus palec260 Paregorius turcc260 Patroclus franc260 Piscus palec260 Pontius franc260 Privatus fran262 Marinus pale269 Valentine ital274 Mamas turk275 Magnus, bp of Fabrateria ital278 Marina turk

c280 Tarsicius ital283 Cladius, Stratelates egyp284 Alexander & Asterius turk284 Asterius turk

284 Babylas, bp egyp284 Irene turk284 Stephen, archdeacon egyp284 Thalelaeus turk

c285 Amsah of Qift egypc285 Apollo egyp285 Balana, priest egyp

c285 Banina egypc285 Crispin franc285 Crispinian fran285 Naou egyp

c286 Callinicus egypc286 Chanazhum egypc286 Dalasina egypc286 Dasyah egypc286 Epima egypc286 Helias, bp egypc286 Justus, son of Numerianus egyp286 Qndyr, queen iraq

c286 Sophronius egypc287 Aesculapius egyp287 Candidus swit

c287 Dioscorus egyp287 Exuperantius swit287 Exuperius swit287 Felix swit287 Maurice swit287 Regula swit

c287 Sarapamon of Scetis, bp egyp287 Urs swit287 Ursus of Solothurn swit287 Victor of Marseilles swit

c287 Victor of Solothurn switc288 Athom egypc288 Febronia, nun egypc288 Piroou egyp288 Sebastian of Milan ital

c289 Kau of Bismay egypc289 Wakhus egypc290 Anub egypc290 Apollonius egypc290 Ascla egypc290 Firmin, bp of Amiens fran290 Gayane, abbess arme290 Hripsime arme

c290 Panesneu, deacon egypc290 Paul of Egypt egypc290 Philemon egyp290 Salahouni, Theodore arme

c290 Salfana egypc290 Sarah & children egypc291 Abadir egypc291 Benjamin egypc291 Cyriacus egypc291 Eudoxia egypc291 Euphemia egypc291 Herai egypc291 Julitta egypc291 Til, soldier egypc292 David egypc292 Epimachus egypc292 Gordian egypc292 Phiobammon of Preht egypc294 Nikander bulg295 Anthimus, bp of Nicomedia turk

c295 Apaiule egypc295 Makrawi, bp of Nikiou egyp295 Maximilian alge

c295 Tolemaeus egypc295 Uri, priest of Shatanut egypc296 Athanasius egyp296 Menas the Miracle Maker egyp

c297 Barsanuphius (Warshanufy) egypc297 Basilidas, general egypc297 Besamon egypc297 Felician ital297 Hipparchus turk297 Philotheus of Antioch turk

c297 Primus italc298 Arsenius egyp298 Basil, bp egyp298 Cassian moro298 Marcellus the Centurion moro

c298 Patape, bp of Coptos egypc299 Chamoul egypc299 Comas egypc299 Damian egypc299 Isaac of Tiphre egypc299 Isidorus egypc299 Shenufe egypc299 Shenute egypc300 Abadion, bp of Antinoopolis egypc300 Agathon and brothers egypc300 Anatolius, general egypc300 Apoli egypc300 Bandilaus, monk egypc300 Callinicus turkc300 Castorius italc300 Claudius italc300 Cosmas & Damian turkc300 Damian turkc300 Diomed turkc300 Elmo, bp of Formiae italc300 Heraclides egypc300 Isidorus, monk egypc300 Jacob, The Soldier egyp

c300 Nabraha egypc300 Nicostratus italc300 Pelagia turkc300 Rebecca of Sunbat egypc300 Simplicius italc300 Simpronian italc300 Taragus & companions turkc301 Olympius egypc301 Paese egypc301 Tecula egypc301 Victor of Asyut egypc302 Crescentia italc302 Julius of Durostorum bulgc302 Modestus italc302 Pisura, bp of Masil egypc302 Vitus ital303 Afra germ303 Anastasia croa303 Chrysogonus ital303 Cyrus & John egyp303 Efrem, bp of Tomis roma303 Epimachus of Pelusium egyp303 Euphemia turk303 Febronia iraq303 Felix of Thibiuca tuni303 Genesius the Actor turk303 George, megalomartyr pale303 Irineu, bp of Sirmium croa303 John egyp303 Lucy ital303 Procopius pale303 Victor Maurus ital303 Zeno of Rome ital304 Adrian & Natalia turk304 Agape gree304 Andronicus ital304 Barlaam of Antioch turk304 Chione gree304 Crispina of Tagora alge304 Dativus tuni304 Donatilla tuni304 Eulalia of Merida spai304 Gereon germ304 Hermes turk304 Irene gree304 Maxima tuni

c304 Naharuh egyp304 Natalia of Nicomedia turk304 Nilus, bp leba304 Pancras ital304 Peleus, bp leba304 Phileas, bp of Thmuis egyp304 Philip bp of Heraclea turk304 Pollio hung304 Probus brit304 Secunda tuni304 Severus turk304 Silvanus syri304 Tarachus brit304 Victorinus, bp of Pettau slov304 Vincent of Saragossa spai304 Zenobius turk

c305 Aesi egyp305 Dimyanah & her 40 Virgins egyp305 Hypatius of Gangra egyp

c305 Isidore of Takinash egyp305 Januarius, bp of Benevento ital

c305 Macarius egyp305 Marcus egyp305 Menas, governor egyp

c305 Milius egyp305 Potamon of Heracla egyp

c305 Procopius, governor egypc305 Victor italc306 Porphry egypc306 Psote of Psoi egypc306 Theodorus, bp of Pentapolis egypc306 Tibarcius egypc306 Valerianus egyp307 Catherine of Alexandria egyp

c307 Elias the eunuch egyp308 Demetrius, megalomartyr gree

c308 Repsima & 78 companions armec309 Abamun of Tarnut egypc309 Abamun of Tukh egyp309 Abdon ital309 Habib the Deacon turk309 Marcellus, pope ital309 Paul of Jamnia pale309 Porphyrius pale309 Seleucus pale309 Sennen ital309 Shamona turk309 Theodulus pale

c309 Timothy of Memphis egyp309 Valens pale

c310 Arianus, governor egypc310 Mui egyp310 Pamphilus pale

c310 Tyrannio, bp of Tyre turkc310 Victor of Stratelates ital

311 Methodius, bp of Olympus turk311 Peter I Ieromartyros, patriarch egyp312 Lucian of Antioch turk313 Dorothy turk

c313 Pantaleon, physician egyp

Table 4–12. Chronological listing of 2,550 known Christian martyrs, AD 30-2000.

Continued opposite


315 Bacchus syri315 Gurias & companions iraq315 Phrebonia iraq315 Sergius & Bacchus syri316 Blaize, bp arme

c320 Ammonius, bp of Latopolis egyp327 Berikjesu iraq327 Jonah iraq333 Aristakes I, patriarch arme

c337 Caxo, prince iraqc337 Dado, governor iraqc337 Gobidlaha, princess iraq337 Grigoris, exarch arme337 Jacob, bp iraq337 John, bp iraq339 Pusak, prefect, & 100 clergy iraq339 Tarbo, deaconess iraq

c340 Copres egyp341 Abdechalas & Ananias iraq341 Ananias iraq341 Pusicius iraq341 Simeon Barsabae, catholicos iraq341 Usthazanes iraq342 Shahdost, catholicos iraq345 Daniel iraq345 Hanania iraq345 Pherbutha iraq345 Uarda (Rose) iraq

c345 Usaghniyus egyp346 Anna iraq346 Barbashmin, catholicos iraq346 James iraq346 Martha iraq346 Mary iraq347 Daniel, patriarch arme347 Donatus, bp of Bagai tuni347 Houssik I, patriarch arme347 Isaac tuni347 Marculus, bp of S. Numidia tuni347 Maximian tuni347 Stephen of Ulnia arme

c350 Agnes italc350 Eudoxius & companions palec350 Gordius pale351 Paul, patriarch turk

c355 Andrew, monk egypc355 Behnam egypc355 Eunapius, monk egypc355 Sarah egypc356 Mercurius egypc357 John, The Soldier egypc359 Decius egypc359 Irene egypc359 Victor egypc360 Alladyus, bp egypc360 Bibiana italc360 Dafrosa & Demetria italc360 Demetria italc360 Leontius of Tripoli syric364 Mark, bp of Arethusa italc365 Serapion, bp of Thmuis egypc370 Nicetas roma372 Sabas the Goth roma373 Nerses I, catholicos arme375 Abdas, metropolitan iraq379 Eusebius, bp of Samosata turk379 Eustace of Mtskheta geor386 Priscillian, bp spai391 Telemachus ital397 Alexander ital397 Martyrius ital397 Optatus, bp of Thamugadi alge397 Sisinnius ital407 John Chrysostom, patriarch turk408 Hormizd of Sylvanus, rabban iraq410 Abda, mar iraq410 Marcella ital411 Desiderius, bp of Langres fran413 Apringius, proconsul tuni413 Marcellinus Flavius, tribune tuni419 Eustochium pale420 Hormizdas iraq420 Peroz iraq422 Benjamin iraq422 Chouchanik iraq422 Hormisdas iraq422 James of Persia iraq422 Suenas iraq426 Patroclus of Arles, primate fran431 Palladius irel434 Auraeus, bp fran

c440 Gwinear irel448 Anahid iraq448 Dindui, metropolitan iraq448 John, bp of Karka iraq448 Pethiun, evangelist iraq448 Sirin iraq448 Tamasgerd iraq449 Flavian, patriarch turk

c450 Hamai of Kahyor egypc450 Kharitas ethi451 Atom & his legion arme451 Livarius fran451 Macari of Edko, bp egyp451 Nestorius, patriarch jord451 Suzanne arme451 Ursula & virgins germ451 Vardan Mamikonian arme454 Hovsep I, patriarch arme

455 Macarius of Tkow, bp egyp459 Proterius, patriarch egyp467 Azquir saud

c473 Shushanik, queen geor476 Volusianus, bp of Tours fran484 Babowi, catholicos iraq484 Dionysia tuni484 Majoricus tuni484 Servus tuni484 Victorian tuni

c490 Rajden geor493 Barsumas, bp iraq511 Macedonius II, patriarch turk518 Philoxenus, bp of Mabbogh iraq523 Abraham yeme523 Abu-Afr, governor yeme523 Aretas yeme523 Elesbaan yeme523 Elias yeme523 Elija yeme523 Habsa yeme523 Moses of Yemen yeme523 Sergios yeme524 Severinus Boethius, consul ital526 John I, pope ital537 Silverius, pope ital538 Ursicinus, bp of Ravenna ital

c550 Adeodatus (Astouadz-Mapod) armec550 Grigor-Rajik armec550 Nectan brit552 Aba, mar, patriarch catholicos iraq555 Helier chan

c560 Cadog fran570 Cadoc, bp ital575 Ahudemmeh, bp of Tagrit iraq576 Constantine, abbot brit577 Aldate, bp of Gloucester brit

c580 Licinianus, bp of Carthage turk585 Hermenegild of Spain spai586 Praetextatus, bp of Rouen fran607 Desiderius, bp of Vienne fran610 Anastasius, patriarch geor615 George the Monk iran617 Donnan & 52 companions brit628 Anastasius the Persian turk631 Menas egyp642 Oswald, king of Northumbria brit643 Trudpert germ

c650 David of Douine armec650 Dympna of Ireland belgc650 Martin I, pope ukrac650 Shinudah, anba egyp651 Oswin, king brit655 Foillan, abbot fran

c660 Annemond, bp of Lyons franc660 Emmeram, bp of Poitiers fran662 Maximus the Confessor, abbot geor675 Germanus, abbot fran679 Dagobert II, king fran679 Leodegar, bp of Autun fran685 Bercharius, abbot fran686 Kilian, bp, & 11 companions germ689 Vigilius, bp of Auxerre fran695 Hewald the Dark germ695 Hewald the Fair germ

c700 Indract brit705 Lambert, bp of Maastricht belg

c717 Menas of Al-Ashmunayn egypc725 Theodosia turk726 Werenfrid neth729 Germanus, ecu patriarch turk730 James, bp of Catania ital731 Hainmar, bp of Auxerre fran750 Gerulf belg

c750 Vahan of Goghtn syri754 Boniface (Winfrith), bp neth754 Eoban, bp neth760 Gangolf fran764 Stephen the Younger, abbot turk786 Abo geor794 Ethelbert, king brit799 Gerold, duke of Bavaria germ

c800 Alkelda, princess britc800 Erc, bp of Slane irelc800 Salib egypc800 Simeon egypc810 Subaljesu, monk iraq821 Kenelm, prince brit825 Adulfus & John spai825 John of Cordoba spai834 Deusdedit, abbot of M Cassino ital834 Euthymius, metrop of Sardes turk840 Alexander, bp of Fiesole ital850 Aurea spai

c850 Barsanuphius, monk egypc850 Ebba, abbess brit850 George of Cordoba spai

c850 Isaac, prince armec850 Joseph, prince arme850 Perfectus of Cordoba spai851 Flora of Cordoba spai851 Isaac, monk spai851 Mary of Cordoba spai851 Sanctius of Cordoba spai852 Aurelius spai852 Fandila of Cordoba spai852 Natalia spai853 Columba of Cordoba spai853 Haymo, bp of Halberstadt germ

853 Pomposa spai854 Indrechtach, abbot of Iona brit856 Jeron neth859 Eulogius of Cordoba spai859 Leocritia spai

c860 John VII Grammaticus, patr turk861 Meinrad of Einsiedeln, hermit swit866 Fremund brit869 Edmund the Martyr, king brit870 Hedda of Peterborough, abbot brit

c870 Ragener brit870 Tancred brit870 Torthred brit870 Tova brit875 Adrian of May, bp brit884 Bertharius, abbot ital884 Rombout of Malines belg

c900 Thomas, bp of Damascus syric904 Pandonia brit916 Ludmilla czec926 Wiborada (Guiborat), recluse swit928 John X, pope ital929 Wenceslas, prince-duke czec931 Argentea spai931 Vulfura spai959 al-Muzahim, Jirjis egyp969 Nicephorus, emperor gree979 Edward the Martyr, king brit996 Ghabrial egyp997 Adalbert, bp of Prague russ

c1000 Wigstan brit1003 Benedict of Benevento pola1004 Abbo fran1009 Bruno, bp of Querfurt lith1012 Alphege, abp of Canterbury brit1012 Coloman ausz1015 Boris & Gleb russ1015 Gleb russ1016 John Baptist Vladimir, prince alba1028 Ulfrid swed1030 Olav II Haraldsson, king norw1043 Hallvard Vebjornssen norw1046 Gerard, bp of Csanad hung1066 Gottschalk germ1066 John, bp of Mecklenburg germ1066 Kuno, bp of Trier germ1070 Godelive fran1075 Erlembald ital1079 Stanislas, bp of Cracow pola

c1080 Eskil, bp swed1080 Rudolf of Swabia ital1086 Canute IV, king denm1096 John (Said bar Sabhuni), bp turk1116 Magnus, earl of Orkney brit1120 Botvid swed1120 Merbot ausz1121 Erminold, abbot of Prufening germ1131 Canute Lavard denm1133 Peter of Bruys fran1144 William of Norwich brit1145 Bosinlother, abbot Conrad ausz1148 Ernest, abbot of Zwiefalten saud1150 Eric of Sweden swed

c1150 Goharin & companions arme1154 William, abp of York brit1155 Arnold of Brescia fran1156 Henry, bp of Uppsala swed1170 Thomas Becket, abp of Canter brit1176 Marguerite of Roeskilde denm

c1180 Michael of Damietta syri1198 Berthold, abbot esto

c1200 Uguzo (Lucio di Val Cavargna) ital1201 William of Rochester brit1208 Peter of Castelnau, legate fran1209 John of Phanidjoit egyp1217 Hroznata czec1220 Accursio moro1220 Aiuto moro1220 Berard moro1220 Otho moro1220 Peter moro1222 Adam, bp of Caithness brit1227 Agnello moro1227 Daniel of Belvedere span1227 Domno moro1227 Hugolino moro1227 Leo moro1227 Nicholas moro1227 Samuel moro1242 Stephen of Narbonne fran1242 William of Arnaud fran

c1250 Bulus al-Habis egyp1252 Peter of Verona (Peter Martyr) ital1258 Kitbuga, general syri1261 Dionysius, antipatriarch iraq1279 Bar Kaliq, bp of Tus iran1282 Aldobrand of Florence iran1282 Anthony of Armenia iran1288 Conrad of Saxony geor1288 Stephen of Hungary geor1293 Stepanos IV, patriarch arme1310 Porete, Marguerite fran1314 de Molay, J., grand master fran1314 de Rosatis, A. of Milan arme1314 Francis of Borgo San Sepolcro iran1314 Francis of Fermo arme1314 Monold of Ancona arme1315 Lull, Ramon alge1317 Gregorios, Mar, bp turk

1321 Belibasta, Guilhem fran1321 Demetrius, br indi1321 James of Padua indi1321 Peter of Siena indi1321 Thomas of Tolentino indi1323 Angelus of Spoleto ital1326 de Stapledon, Walter, bp brit1334 Stephen of Gross-Wardein roma1334 William of England iran1339 Francis of Alessandria chin1339 Gilotti, William chin1339 John of India, br chin1339 Lawrence of Alessandria chin1339 Martel, Peter chin1339 Pascal of Victoria chin1339 Richard, bp of Almalik chin1339 Ruff, Raymond chin1340 Gentle of Matelica iran1346 John the Blind luxe1347 Antoniy lith1347 Evastafiy lith1347 Ioann lith

c1350 Roch, healer fran1362 James, abp of Zaitun chin1362 William of Campania ital1365 Peter of Ruffia ital1383 Kador, John arme1383 Panacea ital1387 al-Jadid, Jirjis egyp1387 Hadid of Giza egyp1388 Bonaventure Peraga, cardinal ital1393 John of Nepomuk czec1397 de Cetina, J. spai1397 de Duenas, P. spai1400 Abu’l Farag egyp1400 Arsenius egyp1400 Ileya egyp1400 Matthew of Escandel chin1400 Mikhail Abu Mokaitef egyp1400 Moussa, monk egyp1400 Saleeb egyp1400 Sidrak, priest, & 5 monks egyp1401 Sawtrey, W. brit1405 Le Scrope, abp R. brit1410 Badby, J. brit1413 Cobham, Lord brit1415 John Hus germ1416 Jerome of Prague czec1418 Oldcastle, Sir John brit1428 White, William brit1431 Joan of Arc fran1450 Moleyns, A., bp of Chichester brit1460 Antony of Rivoli (Tunis) tuni1471 Tresham, T. brit1478 John of Sahagun spai

c1480 Isidor & followers esto1490 Rabata, A. ital1498 Savonarola, G. ital1514 George Novi of Sophia bulg1516 Botello OP, Diego trin1516 de Salcedo OP, fr F trin1524 Tauber, Casper ausz1525 Munzer, T. germ1527 Hut, H. ausz1527 Kaiser germ1527 Manz, F. neth1527 Sattler, M. germ1528 Hamilton, Patrick brit1528 Hubmaier, B. ausz1528 Winkler, pastor G. germ1529 Denck, H. neth1531 Bilney, Thomas brit1533 Frith, J. brit1534 Barton, Elizabeth brit1534 Matthys, Jan germ1534 Schiemer, L., bp germ1535 Fisher, cardinal John brit1535 Houghton, John, prior brit1535 Kenraghty, chaplain Maurice irel1535 Lawrence, Robert, prior brit1535 More, Thomas brit1535 Webster, Augustine, prior brit1536 de Almasia, J. para1536 Hutter, J. neth1536 John of Leiden germ1536 Tyndale, William belg1539 Stone, J. brit1539 Whiting, R., abbot of Glastonb brit1540 Barnes, Robert brit1540 Gerrard, Thomas brit1540 Jerome, William brit

c1540 Yoannis al-Kalioobi, monk egyp1541 Calero, br J. mexi1541 de Cuellar, fr A. mexi1541 Valverde OP, bp V. peru1542 de la Cruz, fr J. usa1542 de Padilla OFM, fr J. usa1542 de Ubeda, fr L. D. usa1544 Gardiner, J. brit1544 Ireland, J. brit1544 Larke, J. brit1546 Beaton, abp D. brit1546 Wishart, G. brit1549 Criminali SJ, fr A. indi1549 de Barbastro, fr L. C. usa1549 de Pekalosa, fr D. usa1549 Fuentes, br usa1550 Arason, bp J. & 2 sons denm1550 de Valdivieso, bp A. nica


MARTYROLOGY 255


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1553 Cranmer, abp Thomas brit1553 de la Cruz, fr D. usa1553 de Mena, fr J. usa1553 Ferrer, fr J. usa1553 Hooper, bp John brit1553 Latimer, bp Hugh brit1553 Mendez, fr H. usa1553 Ridley, bp Nicholas brit1554 Yuhanna Sulaqa, catholicos turk1555 Bradford, John brit1555 Nicholas Novi of Sophia bulg1555 Philpot, J., archdeacon brit1559 Du Bourg, Anne fran1560 Brooks, J., bp of Gloucester brit1560 Juan, br mexi1560 Lorenzo, fr F. mexi1561 da Silveira SJ, fr G. zimb1564 Cossin, fr B. mexi1564 de Tapia, fr J. mexi1564 Lucas, br mexi1566 Martinez SJ, fr P. usa1567 de Acevedo, fr P. mexi1567 de Burgos, fr P. mexi1567 de Herrera, br J. mexi1567 Donzel, fr F. mexi1567 Hoorn, count neth1567 Lamoral of Egmont neth1567 Philip, metropolitan of Moscow russ1569 Jerome de la Croix thai1569 Pietersz, Pieter neth1569 Sebastian Cantu thai1570 de Azevedo SJ, fr I. spai1571 de Quiros, fr L. usa1571 de Segura, fr J. B. usa1571 de Solis, fr G. usa1571 Gomez, fr G. usa1571 Hamilton, primate J. brit1571 Linares, fr P. usa1571 Mendez, fr J. B. usa1571 Redondo, fr C. usa1571 Zeballos, fr S. usa1572 Coligny, admiral Gaspard de fran1572 Ramus, Peter fran1573 Woodhouse, fr T. brit1575 O’Donnell SJ, E. irel1576 de Azevedo OP, fr Silvestre camb1577 Mayne, C. brit1578 Miguel de Medina spai1578 Nelson, fr J. brit1578 O’Hely, P., bp irel1579 Franz, David hung1580 O’Cullenan, G., abbot irel1580 Serrato, fr J. mexi1581 Briant, fr A. brit1581 Campion, fr E. brit1581 de Santa Maria, fr J. usa1582 Cottam, fr T. brit1582 de Villalobos, fr L. mexi1582 Lopez, fr F. usa1582 Rodriguez, fr A. usa1583 Acquaviva, fr R. indi1583 Aranha, F. indi1583 Berno, P. indi1583 Francisco, fr A. indi1583 Pacheco, fr A. indi1584 Gwyn, R. brit1584 O’Hurley, D., abp irel1585 de Ayala, fr A. mexi1585 Gil, fr F. mexi1586 Clitherow, Margaret brit1586 de la Puebla, fr A. mexi1586 del Rio, fr J. mexi1588 Leigh, fr R. brit1588 Shelley, F. brit1588 Ward, Margaret brit1591 Genings, fr E. brit1592 Udall, J. brit1593 Barrow, Henry brit1593 Greenwood, John brit1593 Sales, fr J. fran1593 Saultemouche, fr W. fran1594 Cornelius, fr J. brit1595 George, fr A. ethi1595 Rawlins, A. brit1595 Southwell, fr R. brit1595 Walpole, H. brit1597 Blasquez, fr Pedro B. japa1597 Casas Martinez, Felipe japa1597 de Auñon, fr M. usa1597 de Badajoz, fr A. usa1597 de Corpa, fr P. usa1597 de Goto, fr J. S. japa1597 de Rodriguez, fr B. usa1597 Francis of Miako japa1597 Joseph, mar, metropolitan indi1597 Karasumaru, Leo japa1597 Kisai, fr J. japa1597 Miki SJ, fr Paul japa1597 Simon, mar, metropolitan indi1597 Verascola, fr F. usa1600 Bruno, br G. ital1600 Tadaoki, Gracia japa

c1600 Willems, D. neth1600 Yukinaga, general Konishi japa1601 Barkworth, fr M. brit1601 Filcock, fr. R. brit1601 Hunt, Fr T. brit1601 Marin, fr Esteban phil1601 Middleton, fr R. brit

1605 Catesby, Robert brit1606 de Altamirano, fr M. mexi1606 Hwang Ming-sha SJ, br chin1608 Garnet, fr T. brit1608 Gervase, fr. G. brit1611 Roberts, fr. J. brit1612 Bertelete, fr E. hond1612 de Aranda SJ, fr M. chil1612 de Montalban SJ, br J. chil1612 de Monteagudo, fr J. hond1612 de Vecchi SJ, fr H. chil1612 Lucas of Tokyo japa1612 O’Devany, C., bp irel1612 Scott, fr. M. brit1613 Hachikan, Joaquin japa1615 Ogilvie SJ, J. brit1616 de Santarn, fr H. mexi1616 de Tovar, fr H. mexi1616 Gutierrez, fr P. mexi1616 Lawrence japa1616 Lewis japa1616 Thomas japa1616 Tunstall, fr. T. brit1616 Vincent japa1617 Macaido, fr J. B. japa1619 Crisinus, fr M. hung1619 Grodecz SJ, fr M. hung1619 Kimura, fr L. japa1619 Oldenbarnevelt, J. van neth1619 Pongracz SJ, fr S. hung1619 Poulain, fr G. cana1619 Vanini, L. ital1620 Sarkander, Jan czec1621 de Montchretien, A. fran1622 Constanzo, fr C. japa1622 Fidelis of Sigmaringen swit1622 Fugiscima, fr D. japa1622 Kimura SJ, fr S. japa1622 Novarra, fr P. P. japa1622 Ota, fr A. japa1622 Sandaju, fr P. O. japa1622 Spinola SJ, fr C. japa1622 Zumarraga OP, fr japa1623 De Angelis, fr J. japa1623 de Baena, br J. hond1623 Kuncevicz, abp Josaphat belo1623 Lopez, fr B. hond1623 Puerta, fr C.M. hond1623 Yempo, br Simon japa1624 Carvalho, fr J. japa1624 Delgado, fr D. mexi1624 Henriquez, br J. mexi1624 Ketevan, queen iran1625 Viel, fr N. cana1626 Caun, V. japa1626 de Torres, fr B. japa1626 Pacheco, fr F. japa1626 Rinscei, P. japa1626 Sadamatzu, G. japa1626 Tozo, M. japa1626 Zola, fr J. B. japa1627 Kwon, Vincent japa1627 Perez, fr R. cost1627 Tsuji, fr T. japa1628 Alonso Rodriguez SJ para1628 Arrowsmith, fr E. brit1628 Gonzalez SJ, fr Roque para1628 Juan del Castillo SJ para1628 Nagascima SJ, br M. japa1631 de Ortega, fr P. usa1631 Fleming, fr P. czec1631 John of Prado moro1631 Miranda, fr P. usa1631 Wagner, fr Liborius germ1632 Adolphus, king Gustavus germ1632 de Arvide, fr M. usa1632 Gutierrez, fr R. B. japa1632 Ixida SJ, fr A. japa1632 Letrado, fr F. usa1633 Alonso, fr L. japa1633 Ibanez, fr D. japa1633 Kohioye, fr M. japa1633 Kurobioye, M. japa1633 Porras, fr F. usa1633 Tomonaga OP, fr J. K. G. japa1634 Ansalone, fr G. japa1634 de Andrade, fr A. chin1634 Maddalena of Nagasaki japa1634 Marina di Omura japa1634 Nishi, fr T.H.R. japa1634 Vieira, fr S. japa1635 Paes SJ, fr G. ethi1635 Theophilus of Zakynthos gree1637 Courtet OP, fr W. japa1637 de Aozaraza, fr M. japa1637 Gonzales, fr A. japa1637 Lazzaro di Kyoto japa1637 Ruiz, L. japa1637 Schiwozuka, fr V. japa1638 Berthelot, fr P. indo1638 Cassian of Nantes, fr ethi1638 Cyril I Lukaris, ecu patriarch turk1638 Cyril II Kontaris, ecu patriarch turk1638 de Almeida, bp Apollinaris ethi1638 Franceschi SJ, fr H. ethi1638 Rodrigues SJ, fr F. ethi

c1640 Agathangelo of Vendome, fr fran1640 Bruni SJ, fr B. ethi1640 Cardeira SJ, fr L. ethi

1641 Barlow, fr. A. brit1642 de San Antonio, fr J. pana1642 Goupil SJ, R. cana1642 Holland, fr T. brit1642 Roe, Alban brit1642 Rubino, fr japa1643 Hutchinson, Anne usa1644 Corby, fr Ralph brit1644 de Capillas OP, fr F. chin1644 Price, fr Robert brit1645 André, catechist viet1645 Ignace, catechist viet1645 Labado, fr F. mexi1645 Laud, William, abp of Canter brit1645 Morse, fr H. brit1645 Romero, fr P. para1645 Vincent, catechist viet1645 Zigarran, fr T. mexi1646 Jogues SJ, fr I. cana1646 Lalande SJ, fr John de cana1646 Powel, fr. P. brit1647 Montero, fr F. mexi1648 Charles I, king brit1648 Daniel SJ, A. cana1648 de Oviedo, fr A. pana1649 Chabenel, N. cana1649 de Brebeuf SJ, fr J. cana1649 Garnier, fr C. cana1649 Lalemant SJ, fr G. cana1649 Plunkett, earl C. brit1649 Trevino de Sobremonte, T. mexi1650 McMahon, bp E. irel

c1650 Romanul, Ioan Valahul roma1651 Love, pastor Christopher brit1651 O’Brien, bp T. A. irel1651 Wright, Peter brit1652 du Tremblay, fr J. L. ethi1652 George of Ghiel, fr conz1652 Heyling, Peter ethi1652 Redemptus of the Cross, br indo1653 Ahatalla, metropolitan indi1654 Leonard of Chartres, fr cana1654 Southworth, fr J. brit1657 Bobola SJ, fr Andrew belo1660 Wilson, Margaret brit1661 Campbell, A. brit1661 Cargill, D. brit1661 Guthrie, James brit1661 Menard, fr R. usa1661 Renwick, J. brit1661 Venner, Thomas brit1662 Chu Tsu-hsuan, emperor myan1662 Dyre, Mary usa1662 Hambroek, A. taiw1666 Andrade, vicar apostolic ethi1666 Schall SJ, fr A. von Bell chin1672 Avila y Ayala, fr P. usa1672 de San Vitores SJ, fr J. guam1678 Coleman, Edward brit1678 Kemble, John brit1678 Lewis, David brit1678 Lloyd, John brit1679 Evans, fr D brit1679 Fenwick, fr J. brit1679 Gavan, fr J. brit1679 Grove, J. brit1679 Harcourt, fr W. brit1679 Ireland, fr W. brit1679 Lewis, fr D brit1679 Nevill, fr F. brit1679 Pickering, T. brit1679 Turner, fr A. brit1679 Wall, fr John brit1679 Whitbread, fr T. brit1680 Bernal, fr J. usa1680 de Espeleta, fr J. usa1680 de Figuero, fr J. usa1680 de Jesus, fr J. usa1680 de la Pedroso, fr J. usa1680 de la Ribourde, fr G. usa1680 de Lorenzana, fr F. usa1680 de Mdorales, fr L. usa1680 de Montesdoca, fr J. usa1680 de Mora, fr A. usa1680 de Pro, fr A. S. usa1680 de Santa Maria, fr A. usa1680 de Talban, fr J. usa1680 de Torres, fr T. usa1680 de Trujillo, fr J. usa1680 de Velasco, fr F. usa1680 de Vera, fr D. usa1680 del Val, fr J. usa1680 Maldonado, fr L. usa1680 Naranjo, B. usa1680 Pio, fr J. B. usa1680 Rendon, fr M. usa1680 Talbot, P., abp of Dublin irel1680 Tinoco, fr M. usa1681 Plunket, primate O. brit1682 Avvakum Petrovich, archpriest russ1682 Epifanii, monk russ

c1682 Morozova, Boyarina russ1682 Pustosviat, Nikita russ1683 Le Vacher, bp J. alge1683 Ortiz de Zarate, fr P. arge1683 Salinas, fr arge1684 Beltran, fr M. mexi1684 Custodio, fr F. mexi1684 Muros, fr mexi

1685 de Marolles, Louis fran1685 Le Fevre, I. fran1686 Benitez, fr E. mexi1689 Chefdeville, fr A. usa1689 Iosif, hermit, & monks russ1689 Le Clercq, fr M. usa1689 Membre, fr Z. usa1690 Tegananokoa, S. usa1691 de Arce, Jose boli1692 Garangouas, M. usa1692 Gonannhatenha, F. usa1693 de Britto SJ, fr J. indi1693 Genoud, fr myan1693 Joret, fr myan1696 Corvera, fr F. usa1696 de Arbizu, fr J. usa1696 de Carbonel, fr A. usa1696 de Jesus Maria Casañas, fr F. usa1696 Moreno, fr A. usa1696 Sanchez, fr L. usa1697 Plunkett, fr C. usa

c1700 Markel, br russ1702 Foucault, fr N. usa1704 Alverez, fr R. mexi1704 Anixa, A. usa1704 Arraiyo, fr J. P. usa1704 Criado, fr D. usa1704 de Mendoza, fr M. usa1704 de Osorio, fr T. usa1704 de Parga, fr J. usa1704 Feliciano, A. C. usa1704 Hevia, fr D. mexi1704 Ponce de Leon, fr A. usa1706 Beatrice, Donna conz1706 de St Cosme, fr J. F. B. usa1706 Delhalle, fr C. usa1707 Gomidas, fr K. turk1708 Gravier, fr J. usa1709 de Rebullida, fr P. cost1709 de Zamora, fr J.A. cost1714 Brankoveanu, prince Constant roma1714 Ivanov, Thomas russ1714 Sidotti, abbot G. B. japa1716 Weiss, prefect L. ethi1718 de Montesdoca, br L. usa1720 Alexander the Deacon russ1724 Rale SJ, fr S. cana1726 de Oca, fr L. M. usa1729 du Poisson, fr P. usa1729 Souel, fr J. usa1730 de Labrid, bp N. vene1730 Gaston, fr usa1731 Contova SJ, fr Juan Antonio micr1731 de Saraoz, fr D. usa1734 Carranco, fr L. mexi1734 Tamaral, fr N. mexi1736 Aulneau, fr J. P. usa1736 d’Artiquette, P. usa1736 d’Esgly, F. M. usa1736 de Coulonge, L. d’A. usa1736 de St Agne, L. G. usa1736 de Tonty, P. A. usa1736 de Vincennes, F. M. B. usa1736 du Tisne, L. C. usa1736 Senat SJ, fr A. usa1740 Koman, pastor D. slov1745 Gallizia, bp myan1749 Sanz, bp P. chin1749 Silva, fr F. X. usa1752 Ganzabal, fr J. F. usa1752 Pillai, D. indi1754 Nicholas of Chios gree1756 Nerini, fr myan1757 Faulhaber, fr A. pola1758 Aberin, fr J. S. usa1758 de Terreros, fr A. G. usa1758 Santiesteban, fr J. usa1761 Malagrida, fr G. port1771 Ambrose, abp of Krutitsy russ1771 Damascenus russ1773 de Bernave, fr J.C.G. mexi1775 Ricci SJ, general L. ital1778 Guillen, fr F. mexi1779 Aitolos, K. alba

c1780 Rizk Agha, vizier egyp1781 Barreneche, fr J. A. usa1781 Diaz, fr J. M. usa1781 Garces OFM, fr F. T. usa1781 Moreno, fr J. M. usa1791 Yun, Paul souk1792 Balmain SJ, fr F. fran1792 Bonnaud SJ, fr J. J. fran1792 De Millou SJ, fr J. C. fran1792 de Vafons, count fran1792 Delfaut SJ, fr W. A. fran1792 Du Lau, abp J. M. fran1792 Lanfant, fr A. & 8 companions fran1792 Lefranc, fr F. fran1793 Louis XVI fran1794 Agricola Viala fran1794 Ambroise, fr R. fran1794 Andre, fr J. fran1794 Carnus, fr C. fran1794 Expilly, bp L. A. fran1794 Gobel, J. B. J., bp of Paris fran1794 Pinot, fr N. fran1794 Polydorus the Cypriot gree1795 Oprea, Miclaus, monk roma1795 Sarai, Visarion, monk roma

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1795 Sofronie of Cioara, monk roma1795 Wenmo, fr J. Z. souk1795 Zlata of Magden bulg1796 Juvenal, hieromonk usa1798 Dat, fr J. viet1798 Murphy, fr J. irel1798 Trieu, fr E. viet1799 Lewis, pastor T. frep1800 Prosser, Gabriel usa1801 Chu, fr James souk1801 Chung, Augustine souk1801 Hwang, S. C. souk1801 Mark the New gree1801 Muallim Malati egyp1801 Wan-Suk, Columba souk1802 Demetrios of Chios gree1802 Lazarus the Bulgar turk1802 Luke the New gree1803 Toussaint-Louverture, F.D. fran1807 George of Chios gree1811 Chao, A. chin1811 Clet, F. chin1811 Hidalgo y Costilla, fr M. mexi1811 Malati, Muallim egyp1811 Tapeng, J. C. chin1812 Quintana, fr A. usa1813 Angelis gree1814 Ignanos gree1815 Morelos y Pavon, fr J. M. mexi1816 Lantrua, fr G. chin1817 Vesey, Denmark usa

c1820 Bishay, Sidhom egyp1820 Clet, fr F. R. chin1821 Kyprianos, abp cypr1822 Gregory V, ecu patriarch turk1822 Joana Angelica, abbess braz1822 Muallim Ghali egyp1825 Pogio, fr Bartolome arge1830 Asad es Shidiak leba1830 Shidiak, Asaad leba1831 Turner, Nat usa1833 Aquino, Anastasio elsa1833 Gagelin, F.-I. viet1834 de Leon, fr A. D. usa1834 Diaz OFM, fr usa1834 Lyman, H. indo1834 Munson, Samuel indo1834 Rainitsiandavaka mada1835 Marchand, fr J. viet1837 Cornay, fr J. C. viet1837 Lovejoy, Elijah P. usa1837 Rasalama mada1838 Bovie, fr P. D. viet1838 Delgado, bp I. viet1838 Diem, V. viet1838 Georgios gree1838 Koa, P. viet1839 Chastan, fr J. H. souk1839 Imbert, bp Laurence souk1839 Kim, Agatha souk1839 Maubant, fr P. souk1839 Ri, J. souk1839 Williams, John vanu1840 de la Cruz, Apolinario phil1840 Perboyre, fr J. G. chin1840 Perboyre, fr Jean G. chin1841 Chanel, fr P. M. vanu1844 Smith, Hyrum usa1844 Smith, Joseph usa1846 Epalle SM, bp solo1846 Kim Tai Kun, fr Andrew souk1847 Lowrie, Walter M. chin1847 Marmoiton, br newc1847 Rey SJ, fr A. mexi1847 Whitman, M. & N. usa1847 Whitman, N. usa1849 Roth, pastor S. L. roma1851 Gardiner, Allen arge1852 U, fr Moses Nya myan1855 Gabra Mikael, fr ethi1855 Mazzuconi, fr G. papu1856 Strang, James J. usa1857 Sibour, abp of Paris fran1858 Braeuninger, M. usa1859 Ascanio OFM, fr N. syri1859 Brown, John usa1859 de Albera OFM, fr. N. M. syri1859 Fernandez, fr J. J. syri1859 Soler, fr P. syri1860 Billottet SJ, fr E. leba1860 Bonacina, br F. leba1860 Cyril IV, patriarch egyp1860 de Albera, fr M. M. syri1860 de Jacobis, bp Justin ethi1860 Kolland OFM, fr E. syri1860 Mabeiche, br A. H. leba1860 Maksoud, br H. leba1860 Masi, Francis syri1860 Masi, Muti syri1860 Masi, Raphael syri1860 Pinzano OFM, Francis syri1860 Ruiz OFM, fr Emmanuel syri1860 Volta OFM, fr. C. syri1860 Younes, br E. leba1861 Almato OP, fr P. viet1861 Hermosilla OP, bp H. viet1861 Holmes, J. L. chin1861 Ochoa, bp V. B. viet1861 Sokolskij, abp J. russ

1861 Venard, fr J. T. viet1862 Neel, J. P. chin1865 Volkner, Carl S. newz1866 Berneux, bp S.-F. souk1866 Cho, Peter souk1866 Daveluy, bp M. A. N. souk1866 Lee, John souk1866 Thomas, R. J. souk1866 Yu, fr P. Chong-ryul nork1868 Noi Sunya thai1869 Mirza Ibrahim iran1869 Non Chai, abbot thai1871 Allard, fr fran1871 Captier, fr E. fran1871 Caubert, fr J. fran1871 Clerc, fr A. fran1871 Darboy, G., abp of Paris fran1871 de Bengy, fr A. fran1871 Deguerry, fr fran1871 Ducoudray, fr L. fran1871 Olivaint, fr P. fran1871 Patteson, bp J. C. solo1872 Bassost, fr F. usa1872 Burgos, fr Jose phil1872 Gomez, fr Mariano phil1872 Zamora, fr Jacinto phil1878 David, fr ital1880 Westrup, J. O. mexi1881 Augier, fr buru1881 D’Hoop, fr F. buru1881 Deniaud, fr buru1883 Koi, David keny1885 Gordon, general C. G. suda1885 Hannington, bp James ugan1885 Mukasa, Joseph ugan1886 Badzekuketta, A. ugan1886 Banabakintu, Luke ugan1886 Buzabaliawo, James ugan1886 Gonza, Gonzaga ugan1886 Gyavira ugan1886 Kaggwa, Andrew ugan1886 Kalemba, Matthias ugan1886 Kibuka, Ambrose ugan1886 Kiriggwajjo, Anatole ugan1886 Kiriwawanvu, Mukasa ugan1886 Kiwanuka, Achilles ugan1886 Kizito ugan1886 Ludigo, Adolphus Mukasa ugan1886 Lwanga, Charles ugan1886 Mawaggali, Noe ugan1886 Mugagga ugan1886 Ngondwe, Pontian ugan1886 Sebuggwawo, Denis ugan1886 Seghers, abp C. J. usa1886 Serunkuma, Bruno ugan1886 Tuzinde, Mbaga ugan1887 Checa y Barba, abp J. I. ecua1887 Moran, fr J. togo1887 Muzeyi, Jean-Marie ugan1896 Berthieu SJ, fr J. mada1896 Lilli OFM, fr Salvatore turk1896 Mizeki, Bernard, catechist zimb1896 Rizal, Jose phil1897 Pilkington, G. L. ugan

c1898 Papizian, archimandrite J. turk1900 Andlauer SJ, fr M. chin1900 Blind Chang Shen chin1900 Carleson, N. chin1900 Chao Hsi Mao chin1900 Denn, fr P. chin1900 Guillon, bp L. chin1900 Isore, fr R. chin1900 King, A. chin1900 Li, fr J. chin1900 Mangin, fr L. I. chin1900 Otu, Samuel ghan1900 Pigott, J. chin1900 Pigott, T. W. & J. chin1900 Pitkin, H. T. chin1900 Price, Charles & Eva chin1900 Price, Eva chin1900 Sun Hwe Teh chin1900 Wang Ten Ren chin1901 Chalmers, pastor J. papu1901 Tomkins, pastor O. papu1902 Goretti, Maria ital1902 Kensit, John brit1903 Figueroa, Juana arge1905 An, evangelist chin1905 Chestnut, Eleanor hong1905 Kim, evangelist chin1905 Ni, evangelist chin1906 Macdonald, dr R. J. chin1908 Heinrich, fr L. usa1908 Sivila, Visitación arge1908 Sofiisky, exarch abp N. geor1910 Sidhom Bishai, deacon egyp1915 Cavell, Edith belg1915 Chilembwe, John mala1916 Bettex, Paul chin1916 de Foucauld, Charles alge1917 Benjamin Simon, catholicos iran1917 Kochurov, fr I. russ1918 Ambrose, bp of Seroapulsk russ1918 Ambrose, fr russ1918 Andronick, abp of Perm russ1918 Audo, abp iraq1918 Basil, abp of Chernigov ukra1918 Benjamin, fr russ

1918 Chernikh, S. russ1918 Dimitri, pastor russ1918 Dovganav, P. russ1918 Efrem, bp of Selenginsk russ1918 Elizabeth, grand duchess russ1918 Hermogen, abp of Tobolsk russ1918 Irinarkh, fr russ1918 Israel, monk russ1918 Issidor, bp of Mikhailov russ1918 Kirion III, catholicos-patriarch geor1918 Kuntsevich, L. russ1918 Leonty, bp of Enotaev russ1918 Longin, pastor russ1918 Makarov, M. russ1918 Miniatov, lawyer russ1918 Mitrophan, abp of Astrakhan russ1918 Modest, fr russ1918 Mokovsky, pastor G. & wife russ1918 Nizza, L. russ1918 Ornatsky, fr F. russ1918 Polotnikov, abp of Petrograd russ1918 Pospelov, abp G. russ1918 Radion, fr russ1918 Riabuhin, pastor J. russ1918 Skipetrov, fr A. russ1918 Sontag, apostolic delegate iraq1918 Stavrovsky, fr A. russ1918 Theodot russ1918 Theophan, bp of Solikamsk russ1918 Veraskin, abp A. russ1918 Vladimir, metropolitan of Kiev ukra1918 Vostorgov, fr J. russ1919 Hahn, G. H. & 32 pastors germ1919 Herman, bp of Kamychen russ1919 Joachim, abp of Nizhni-Novgo russ1919 Kulbusch, bp Platon of Revel esto1919 Lavrenty, bp of Balakhna russ1919 Makary, bp of Viazma russ1919 Nikodim, bp of Belgorod russ1919 Pimen, bp of Verny russ1919 Tikhon, abp of Voronezh russ1919 Varsonoufy, bp of Kirillov russ1920 Justin, abp of Omsk russ1920 Weinberg, Judith russ1921 Archangelsky, pastor T. russ1921 Coyle, J. E. usa1921 Frolov, pastor J. russ1921 Methody, bp of Petropavlovsk russ1921 Moslovsky, pastor J. russ1921 Nazary, metrop of Kutaisi geor1921 Sarichov, pastor S. russ1921 Simon, bp of Ufa russ1922 Benjamin, metrop of Petrograd russ1922 Dobrolubov, pastor russ1922 Friazinov, pastor russ1922 Nadezhdin, pastor russ1922 Orlov, pastor russ1922 Philaret, bp of Kostroma russ1922 Rybalkin, monk Fyodor russ1922 Shein, S. russ1922 Sokolov, pastor russ1922 Telegin, A. russ1922 Vishniakov, pastor russ1922 Zaozersky, pastor russ1923 Budkiewicz, C., vicar russ1923 Chrysostomos, met of Smyrna turk1925 Cassels, bp W. C. chin

c1925 Ierofey, bp of Veliki-Ustinsk russ1925 Tikhon, patriarch russ1926 Nyirenda, Tomo mala1927 Amfiteatrov, P. belo1927 Bretzkiy, bp N. ukra

c1927 Filaret, bp of Bobruisk byel1927 Pro Juarez, fr M. mexi1928 de la Vega, fr J. mexi1928 Martinez, br H. mexi1928 Perez, fr P. mexi1929 Coveyou, fr W. chin1929 Holbein, fr G. chin1929 Peter, abp of Voronezh russ1929 Serge, bp of Efremov russ1929 Seybold, fr C. chin1929 Sundar Singh, sadhu chin

c1930 Ioann, bp of Mozyr byelc1930 Mikhail, bp of Slutsk byelc1930 Yemelyanov, fr P. russ1932 Afanassy, bp of Stavobelsk russ1932 Agapit, abp of Ekaterinoslav ukra1932 Alexander, abp russ1932 Antony, bp of Archangel russ1932 Farabundo, Marti elsa1932 Seraphim, metro of Petrograd russ1932 Simpson, W. E. chin1933 Tourian, abp Leontius usa1934 Ambrose, bp of Podolsk russ1934 Arconada, fr J. B. spai1934 Esteban, fr T. chin1934 Liu, Y. C. chin1934 Martinez, fr E. spai1934 Moreno, Ramonita arge1934 Odongo, Alfayo keny1934 Philip, abp russ1934 Poliansky, abp Ambrose kaza1934 Pommer, John, abp of Riga latv1934 Stam, Betty chin1934 Stam, John & Betty chin1935 Arseny, abp of Serpuhov russ1935 Damaskin, bp of Gluhov ukra1935 Fedorov, exarch L. russ

c1935 von Moltke, Helmut germ1936 Abrikosov, mother C. russ1936 Arbona, fr B. spai1936 Arseny, metrop of Novgorod russ1936 Artigues, fr R. spai1936 Audi, fr F. spai1936 Bartholomew, bp russ1936 Baste, fr N. spai1936 Boguna, fr L. spai1936 Bori, fr P. spai1936 Carbonell, fr C. spai1936 Carrio, fr A. spai1936 Corral, fr O. spai1936 Cyril, metropolitan of Kazan russ1936 Darder, E. spai1936 de Velasco, fr I. spai1936 Dimitry, abp of Gdovsk russ1936 Ferreres, fr J. B. spai1936 Garcia Villada SJ, fr Z. spai1936 Gelabert, P. spai1936 Gonzalez, fr E. spai1936 Grimaltos, R. spai1936 Isla, fr L. spai1936 Jimenez Malla, Ceferino spai1936 Llatje, fr J. spai1936 Luque, fr E. spai1936 Malla, C. J. spai1936 Martinez, fr B. spai1936 Mayorga, fr M. spai1936 Pavlivsky, I., metropolitan ukra1936 Payan, fr A. spai1936 Peter, metropolitan of Krutitsy russ1936 Peypoch, fr E. spai1936 Rovira, fr J. spai1936 Sales, V. spai1936 Sanchez, fr J. spai1936 Santaella, fr M. spai1939 Schneider, pasotr germ1936 Simon, fr A. spai1936 Sitjar, fr T. spai1936 Tarrats, J. spai1936 Tena, fr R. spai1936 Valenti, fr T. spai1936 Verges, fr J. spai1937 Boretsky, M., metropolitan ukra1937 Lo Pa Hong chin1937 Mikael, bp ethi1937 Petros, bp ethi1938 Alexey, bp of Petrograd russ1938 Anatole, metrop of Odessa russ1938 Cairns, fr R. chin1938 Donovan MM, fr G. chin1938 Joseph, metro of Petrograd russ1938 Juvenal, abp of Riazan russ1938 Khoren I, catholicos arme1938 Liu, H. chin1938 Lypkivsky, V., metropolitan ukra

c1938 Nikandr, metrop of Odessa russ1938 Nikon (Lebedev), bp russ1938 Nikon, bp of Belgorod russ1938 Pitirim, abp russ1938 Seraphim, bp russ1940 Jackson, F. C. indo1940 Lebbe, fr F. V. chin

c1940 Leisner, fr K. germ1940 Mazeika, L. lith1940 Skobtsova, mother M. pola1940 Urban SJ, fr J. pola1941 Cairns, fr R. J. chin1941 Kolbe OFM, fr Maximilian pola1941 Lichtenberg, fr B. germ1941 Litaunieks, fr V. lith1941 Sri-Phong, catechist P. thai1942 Brandsma, fr Tiko germ1942 Bushiri, Mulumozi conz1942 Duhamel, fr A. C. solo1942 Gorazd, bp Pavlik czec1942 Gray, R. F. phil1942 Hennessey, J. G. solo1942 Hoeben, H. neth

c1942 Kowalski, J., primate pola1942 Lee, pastor Kipoong souk1942 Redlich, V. papu1942 Sadd, A. kiri1942 Stein, Edith pola1942 Stein, Rosa pola1942 Tapiedi, Lucian papu1943 Bacon, D. boli1943 Dye, B. boli1943 Dye, C. boli1943 Hosback, G. boli1943 Hunter, E. boli1943 Jaegerstaetter, F. germ1943 Kim, evangelist chin1943 Meyer, F. & 11 missionaries phil1943 Nemantsevich, exarch A. byel1943 Voronaev, I. E. russ1944 Choo Kee Chul, pastor nork1944 Coy, Juan colo1944 Duenas, fr Jesus guam1944 Gross, N. germ1944 Jacob, Max fran1944 Kocylowskyj, bp ukra1944 Koenzgen, G. germ1944 Lagerstadr, Farnz germ1944 Letterhaus, B. germ1944 Makary, abp russ1944 Metzger, fr M. J. germ1944 Munk, pastor Kaj denm


MARTYROLOGY 257


Continued overleaf

1944 Schmidlin, professor J. germ1945 Akya Nai, pastor myan1945 Apor, bp Vilmos hung1945 Birch, J. chin1945 Bonhoeffer, Dietrich germ1945 Delp, fr A. germ1945 Devine, H. myan1945 Jaffray, R. A. indo1945 Liddell, Eric chin1945 Rauschenbach MM, fr O. A. chin1945 Simrak, bp J. croa1946 Borisevicius, V., bp of Telsiai lith1947 Jensen, fr B. chin1947 Romza, bp T. ukra1948 Aftemie, bp roma1948 Fowler, E. colo1948 Frentiu, bp roma1948 Gigni, bp alba1948 Gijni, bp alba1948 Halan, Y. ukra1948 Kostelnyk, fr H. ukra1948 Ordacz, bp L. hung1948 Suciu, bp roma1948 Volai, bp alba1949 Kisi, abp K. alba1949 Tornay, fr M. chin1950 Beda SJ, fr Tsiang chin1950 Brennan, bp P. T. nork1950 Byrne, bp P. J. nork1950 Carlo, bp A. chin1950 Chang MM, sr Agneta nork1950 de Smedt, bp L. J. chin1950 Maxville, Selma M. myan1950 Nguyen, pastor viet1950 Phan Long, pastor viet1950 Son Yang Won, pastor nork1950 Sung Du, fr nork1950 Thien Thi, pastor viet1950 Tong-Sin, fr nork1950 Vasquez, Carmen arge1950 Wang Ling-Tso, fr chin1951 Kimbangu, prophet Simon conz1951 Wallace, W.L. chin1952 Bossilkoff CP, bp E. bulg1952 Ford, bp F.X. chin1952 Gacigi, G. keny1952 Gacigi, R. keny1952 Gnidovec, dean serb1952 Kirtoff, apostolic exarch bulg1952 Mungai, J. keny1952 Muriuki, W. keny1952 Prennushi, abp N. alba1952 Selanuok papu1952 Wancegi, Mary keny1953 Gikonyo, E. keny1953 Kaguru, A. keny1953 Maina, E. keny1953 Reinys, M., abp of Vilnius lith1953 Seng, Joseph chin1954 Durkovici, bp A. roma1954 Eunak, K. souk1954 Ghika, fr V. roma1954 Indus, Artur russ1954 Pacha, bp roma1954 Scheffler, bp roma1956 Boris, metrop of Nevrokop bulg1956 Elliot, J. ecua1956 Fleming, P. ecua

c1956 Martinuzzi, abp of Estergom hung1956 McCully, E. ecua1956 Saint, Nate ecua1956 Youdarian, R. ecua1958 Dapcha, Lama David nepa1959 Balint, S. hung1959 Kherie, bp A. ukra1959 Ramanauskas, P., bp of Telsiai lith1959 Turcsanyi, msgr E. hung1960 Gojdic, bp Pavol slok1960 Hodgson, E. conz1960 John, evangelist Esther paki1960 Knauf, E. conz1960 Lin, H.H. chin1961 de Vos, pastor R. cong1961 Mendez, Juana F. arge1961 Moreau, fr Yvon Emmanuel hait1961 Nikolai, metrop of Krutitsy russ1961 Rodrigues, deacon Pedro ango1961 Stepinac, cardinal abp A. croa1962 Gerber, D. viet1962 Grove, M. soma1962 Kanamuzeyi, pastor Yona rwan1962 Kruegler MM, fr W.C. boli1962 Matulionis, bp of Kaisiadorys lith1962 Mendes, evangelist Formoso gunb1962 Mitchell, A. viet1962 Vitti, A. viet1963 Adwok, pastor G. suda1963 Barbosa, evangelist Dinis gunb1963 Collins, Addie Mae usa1963 da Costa, Joaquin gunb1963 da Silva, pastor Pedro gunb1963 Debior, P. suda1963 Landim gunb1963 McNair, Denise usa1963 Robertson, Carole usa1963 Sangueso, P. P. arge1963 Vaz Martins, evangelist Victor gunb1963 Wesley, Cynthia usa1964 Anuarite, sr M.C. conz

1964 Carlson, P. conz1964 Cheney, J. usa1964 Dwatuka, fr B. suda1964 Goodman usa1964 Khmara, N. russ1964 Kucherenko russ1964 Lifenya, director Pierre conz1964 McMillan, H. conz1964 Rhine, Phyllis conz1964 Scholten, W.H. conz1964 Tucker, J. conz1965 Daniels, J. usa1965 Goehring, H. bang

c1965 McBeth, fr bang1966 Bamba, Emmanuel conz1966 Torres, fr Camilo colo1967 Saturnino, fr suda1968 Blood, H. viet1968 Dale, pastor Stan indo1968 King, Jr, pastor Martin Luther usa1968 Liuzzo, Viola usa1968 Masters, P. indo1968 Olsen, Betty viet

c1968 Sheikow, Musa somac1968 Vasilyevna, M. russ1968 Wilting, Ruth viet1970 Afonin, I.A. russ1970 Bergemann, F. russ

c1970 Brown, bp D. libe1970 Druck, V. russ1970 Golev, S.T. russ

c1970 Heywood, J. vietc1970 Hmara of Kulunda ukra1970 Hossu, bp J. roma1970 Lamichami, Krishna nepa1970 Nyabadza, fr B. zimb1970 Rodriguez, fr Nicolas elsa1971 Biswas, U. bang1971 Le Febre, M. boli1971 Potter, Nancy domr1971 Potter, Paul E. & Nancy domr1971 Tejerina, Silvita A. arge1971 Zakharov russ1972 Binyoni, Abel buru1972 Brown, pastor bang1972 de Freitas, pastor F. ango1972 George, Margaret iraq1972 Kiwanuka, justice Benedicto ugan1972 Kurti, fr Shtjefen alba1972 Manganhela, Z. moza1972 Melnikov russ1972 Nee, Watchman chin1972 Pate, Mavis pale1972 Sidumo, J. moza1972 Williams, N. phil1972 Yagozinsky, S. russ1972 Zhiming, pastor Wang chin1973 Alsina, fr J. chil1973 Damian, abp of Tirane alba1973 Hopewell, Gladys taiw1973 Isa, Peter ethi1973 Kagwa, M. ugan1973 Kiggundu, fr C. ugan1973 Mukhana, J. ugan1973 Serwanika, J. ugan1974 Cabo, fr M. usa1974 Charlier, fr E. conz1974 de Alencar, F.T. peru1974 Hernandez, M. Gomez mexi1974 Hernandez, pastor nica1974 Lain, fr Domingo colo1974 Moiseyevich, pastor I. russ1974 Ostapenko, pastor I.M. russ1974 Reimer, G. pana1974 Rozanov, N. russ1974 Trochta, cardinal S. czec1974 Viaene, fr L. conz1975 Badre OSB, prior J. camb1975 Betancur, fr I. hond1975 Biblenko, I.V. russ1975 Constable, pastor Eric indo1975 Cypher OFM, fr M.C. hond1975 Hoang, pastor Van Dat viet1975 Lutsky, fr M. ukra1975 Nguyen, Huy Mai viet1975 Nguyen, Van Hoa viet1975 Nze, bp Abuy Raphael equa1976 Salas, bp J. C. camb1975 Shimun, catholicos-patriarch iraq1975 Simescu, br roma1975 Tamonis, M. lith1975 Tep Im, bp Paolo camb

c1975 Wallenburg, Raoul pola1975 Zecianu, br roma1976 Angelelli, bp Enrique arge1976 Calvan, pastor R. phil1976 Chunsar OSB, fr B. C. camb

c1976 de la Cruz, fr C. guat1976 Deinega, N.Y. russ1976 Dios Murias, fr C. arge

c1976 Gran, fr J.M. guat1976 Longueville, fr G. arge1976 Lopez, fr H. guat1976 Lunkenbein, fr R. braz1976 Musaka, fr ugan1976 Schmitt, bp A. zimb

c1976 Voordeckers, fr W. guat1976 Woods MM, fr W. guat1977 Argew, T. ethi

1977 Arreola, sr Silvia Maribel elsa1977 Avdeyev, M.V. russ1977 Biayenda, cardinal abp E. cong1977 Biko, Steve soua1977 Eschtruth, G.J.R. conz1977 Grande, fr R. elsa1977 Ivanova, R. russ1977 Luwum, abp Janani ugan1977 Navarro, fr A. elsa1977 Selassie, emperor Haile ethi1977 Torres, L.A. elsa1978 Bassera, fr Ernesto elsa1978 Dunaway, Jr., A.G. zimb1978 Evans, P. & S. zimb1978 Evans, S. zimb1978 Fisher, M. zimb1978 Lunkebein, fr R. braz1978 Lynn, R. & J. & Pamela zimb1978 Lynn, J. zimb1978 Lynn, Pamela zimb1978 McCann, P. & S. & Joy zimb1978 McCann, Joy zimb1978 McCann, S. zimb1978 Picken, C. zimb1978 Sedletsky, V. russ1979 Annanias, fr O. ugan1979 Coba, bp E. alba1979 Dalmajo, fr S. ugan1979 Fiorantie, fr A. ugan1979 Gono, fr M. czec1979 Goodman, Dave turk1979 Kalienuk, fr Z.A. ukra1979 Krasnova, T.K. russ1979 Ortiz, fr Octavia elsa1979 Palacios, fr Rafael elsa1979 Sangaya, J. mala1979 Santi, fr G. ugan1979 Sayyad, fr iran1979 Shorrosh, A. pale1979 Siyah, pastor Aristou iran1979 Tumsa, Gudinsa ethi1979 Wasikye, John, bp of Mbale ugan1980 Bakholdin, S. russ1980 Chacon, Juan elsa1980 Clarke, sr M. elsa1980 Donovan, sr J. elsa1980 Espinal SJ, fr L. boli1980 Ford, sr I. elsa1980 Gurgula, fr A. ukra1980 Jaugelis, fr V. lith1980 Kazel, sr D. elsa1980 Kotyk, fr Y. ukra1980 Romero, abp Oscar elsa1980 Samwel, abp ethi1980 Sapoka, fr L. lith1980 Shelkov, V. A. russ1980 Theofilas, patriarch ethi1981 Barendsen, Eeva afgh1981 Barendsen, Erik afgh1981 Bitterman III, C.A. colo1981 Clipa, I. roma1981 Coufal, fr P. czec1981 Fietje, K. thai1981 Ghabrail, fr Abd Mutagalli egyp1981 Kernweisz, bp K. roma1981 Laurinavicius, fr B. lith1981 Mazeika, fr L. lith1981 Miller, fr J. guat1981 Quilini, H. N. egyp1981 Raflan, B. egyp1981 Rother, fr S. guat1981 Samuel, bp Makary El-Souria egyp1981 Svanda, fr P. czec1981 Teodosiu, S. roma1981 Troyer, J.D. guat1981 Tsachev, N.V. bulg

c1982 Athers, Lester nica1982 Barta, fr J. czec1982 Garcia, Anastasio guat1982 Khrapov, N.P. russ1982 Manzinger, fr belo1982 Smith, E. nica1982 Terelya, B.M. ukra1982 Toj, Juan Garcia guat1983 Carney SJ, fr J.G. hond1983 Chiwanga mala1983 Gadama mala1983 Gideon, dr myan1983 Holdenried, F.X. guat1983 Jarlan, A. chil1983 Ki-Yoon, pastor I. souk1983 Matenje mala1983 Muothe, I.T. soua1983 Sawyer, sr Joan peru1983 Toma, pastor Nicolas guat1983 Vargas, pastor N. nica1984 Bazira, pastor G. ugan1984 Popieluszko, fr J. pola1984 Potochnyak, fr A. ukra1984 Roxas, S. phil1984 Roy, fr mada1984 Shude SJ, fr F.Z. chin1984 Torboli, fr S. moza1984 Ulcue Chocue, fr A. colo1985 Aleku, B. ethi1985 Allende, S. N. chil1985 Arensen, J. suda1985 Beling, fr M. phil1985 Cabrera Rivera, prof C.H. guat

1985 Calderon, Z.S. peru1985 Ceballos, M. G. chil1985 Chappell, R. papu1985 Cuthbert, R. W. M. jama1985 Dalle Pezze, sr T.P. moza1985 Durksen, Y. russ1985 Espino, pastor E. F. elsa1985 Favali, fr T. phil1985 Goncalves Kamtedza SJ, fr J. moza1985 Hammes, W. usa1985 Jeyarajasingham, pastor G. sril1985 Kautudja, sr L. ango1985 Kluiters, fr N. leba

c1985 Lavina, J. philc1985 Ludena, T. peru1985 Maluendo, J. M. P. chil1985 Manielpillai, fr M.B. sril1985 Moreira SJ, fr S. moza1985 Moretto, fr J. ango1985 Paredes, A.A. ango1985 Philpot, J. mexi1985 Poplawski, fr P. pola1985 Rojas, C.M. peru1985 Romano, fr R. phil1985 Romero, fr A. phil1985 Rossiter, fr J. usa1985 Roth, F. usa1985 Sikufinde, fr L. ango1985 Sorgon OCD, fr S. mada1985 Tzalam Coj, Manuel de Jesus guat1985 Valerio, fr N. phil1985 Wasnak, fr J.E. ango1986 Brennes, J. mexi1986 Castilblanco, N.A. nica1986 Figaroa, N.M. mexi1986 Flores, Ernesto mexi1986 Moreno, Norma mexi1986 Senter, L. & R. libe1986 Senter, R. libe1986 Wilson, evangelist John E.H. ugan1987 Arango, sr Ines ecua1987 Bangirimana, Ernest buru1987 Labaca Ugarte OFMCap, bp A. ecua1987 Massé SJ, fr André leba1987 Park, Jong Ch’ol souk1987 Rodrigo OMI, fr Miguel sril1987 Wahid paki1987 Zuma, pastor Antonio ecua1988 Augusto, fr Giraldo Cesar colo1988 Beebwa, sr M.T. ugan1988 Chandra, fr F. sril1988 de Boisseson, fr J. mada1988 Dias OFM, fr C. paki1988 Estorba, fr M. phil1988 Giraldo, fr C. Augusto colo1988 Hairapetian, V. azer1988 Knoerl, br K. zimb1988 Oido, fr C.O. ugan1988 Okagric, br A. ugan1988 Paisai, G. nepa1988 Ramaralahy, br I. mada1988 Schmitz, CP, fr Carl phil1988 Spil MHM, fr C. ugan1988 Stockton, Ann phil1988 Tarzwell, John paki1988 Wojcickowski, sr S. paki1989 Ayap, pastor A. phil1989 Benitez, fr M.A. colo1989 Boisvert, fr A. japa1989 Bortolotti, fr F. moza1989 Campanella, fr C. moza1989 Colombo OFM, bp P.S. soma1989 Corniall, sr Maurice nica1989 de Rocha, fr A. moza1989 Ejeru, pastor Joseph ugan1989 Elba Ramos, Celina elsa1989 Elba Ramos, Julia & Celina elsa1989 Ellacuria SJ, fr I. elsa1989 Giuliatti OFMCap, fr A. ango1989 Gomez, Maria Cristina elsa1989 Gran, Lovello phil1989 Gran, pastor Vizminda phil1989 Jaramillo, bp Jesus E. colo1989 Lopez Lopez SJ, fr J. elsa1989 Lopez SJ, fr A. elsa1989 Maire, fr G.F. braz1989 Malalay, fr D. phil1989 Mansalve, bp Jesus E.J. colo1989 Martin-Baro SJ, fr I. elsa1989 Mien, fr Alexander russ1989 Monsalve, bp Jesus E. J. colo1989 Montes SJ, fr S. elsa1989 Nodrat, Zia Mohammed afgh1989 Ramon Moreno SJ, fr J. elsa1989 Reinkemeyer, sr A. keny1989 Restrepo, fr S. colo1989 Rivera, Rufino phil1989 Rosales, sr Teresa nica1989 Ruelo, pastor Z. phil1989 Saltori, fr O. moza1989 Tjibaou, Jean-Marie newc1989 Van Kleef CM, fr N. pana1989 Vassallo, sr Emanuela liby1989 Webster, David soua1989 Xinsheng, bp Li chin1989 Yeiwene Yeiwene newc1990 Biscaro, fr Egidio ugan1990 Courtney, sr M. nica1990 Fernandez, fr T. colo

1990 Gagnaux, dr R. mozac1990 Kim, pastor nork1990 Klein, Valve esto1990 Lasar, fr Hegumen russ1990 Lewis, pastor N. usa1990 Mack, Myrna guat1990 Magorrian, H.L. soua1990 Mamma, pr suda1990 Menn, fr Alexander russ1990 Meri, dean Harald esto1990 Nicholson, sr A.C. ango1990 Priya SMA, sr indi1990 Soodmand, pastor H. iran1990 Stanton, fr N. soua1990 Stumpf, H. keny1990 Sylvia SMA, sr indi1990 Tete, president Martin indi

c1990 Wi-Foo myanc1990 Xueyan, bp Fan chin1991 Aziza, Adel egyp1991 Bagaric, fr N. bosn1991 Bethea, Lynda keny1991 Capasilan, A. phil1991 Casaverde, C. peru1991 Chuquin, J. peru1991 Cisneros, fr Moises guat1991 Claude, pastor Sylvio hait1991 Cristovao, fr M.J. moza1991 Goldsworthy, K. phil1991 Gutierrez, L. peru1991 Hass, sr Claire baha1991 Lawi, Ezra suda1991 McCormack, sr Irene peru1991 Mohammed, br nige1991 Plumey OMI, abp I. came1991 Prada Pires, fr J.M. braz1991 Sarmiento, M. peru1991 Shaga, Nana ethi1991 Sigridsson, S. phil1991 Speers, J. phil1991 Strzalkowski, fr Z. peru1991 Tattersall, N. peru1991 Tomaszek OFM, fr M. peru1991 Turati OFM, fr P. soma1991 Vargas, C. peru1991 You WF, fr Alexander ugan1992 Aguiar, sr L. ango1992 Al-Hari, A. phil1992 Amlak, fr A. ethi1992 Bacabis, G. phil1992 Bakheit, dr S. egyp1992 Carzedda, fr S. phil1992 Celiz, Romeo phil1992 Culembee Munto, sr M. ango1992 de Dios, Manuel usa1992 de Fonseca Guerra, fr A. ango1992 Fallah, pastor J. libe1992 Fiorini, fr Alfredo moza1992 Goncalves, sr M.L. Granado moza1992 Guirguis, A.S. egyp1992 Guirguis, M.Q. egyp1992 Hamill, J. phil1992 Hapalla, pastor Gregorio phil1992 Husband, sr G. came1992 Iqbal, Tahir paki1992 Jackson, J. libe1992 Jackson, T. & J. libe1992 Juliet phil1992 Kariuki, pastor H. keny1992 Khalil, H.F. egyp1992 Kolmer, sr J. libe1992 Kolmer, sr S. libe1992 Kon, Paul suda1992 Leal, sr Torres N. colo1992 Leone, sr M. came1992 Locatelli, A. rwan1992 Lukkappa, sadhu indi1992 Mal-Allah, S.A.K. saud1992 Maniafo, S.J. keny1992 Mbatha, S’Khumbuzo soua1992 McGuire, sr K. libe1992 Mueller, sr S. libe1992 Muttra, sr B.A. libe1992 Pfister, J. ivor1992 Pimentel, sr M. ango1992 Poppa, sr R. rwan1992 Ricci, fr F. ethi1992 Robinson, W. leba1992 Saah, pastor D. libe1992 Sahihembo, Alfredo ango1992 Saune, R. peru1992 Tsotetsi, Saul soua1993 Alzokim, N.F. egyp1993 Bassiliouss, P. egyp1993 Bimazubute, G. buru1993 Chunjee, bp P.S. chin

c1993 Difen, bp Liu chin1993 Iskandar, E.N. egyp1993 Izmery, A. hait1991 Jeanne SAM, fr A. ivor1993 Korfeh, pastor T. libe1993 Manping, Lai chin1993 Marsouk, H. egyp1993 Mikic OFM, fr L. bosn1993 Milicevic OFM, fr N. bosn

1993 Ocampo, cardinal Juan J.J.P. mexi1993 Packianathan, fr V.S. indi1993 Posadas, cardinal J.J. mexi1993 Puglisi, pastor G. ital1993 Ramos, bp Robert J. elsa1993 Shafiq, S. egyp1993 Theophiles, K.Y. egyp1993 Zuma, Isaac soua1993 Zuma, Thandi soua1994 Diaz, Veronica J. mexi1994 Dibaj, pastor Mehdi iran1994 Gatwa, T. rwan1994 Havugimana, evangelist I rwan1994 Heyns, moderator Johan soua1994 Hovsepian-Mehr, bp H. iran1994 Karuhije, dean A. rwan1994 Liibaan, Ibrahim soma1994 Limar, br taji1994 Masih, Manzoor paki1994 Michaelian, pastor Tateos iran1994 Musheng, Zheng chin1994 Nieto, F. A. E. peru1994 Nsengiyumva, abp V. rwan1994 Nsengiyumva, bp T. rwan1994 Nur al-Qums Binyamin egyp1994 Rutumbu, fr J. rwan1994 Ruzindana, bp J. rwan1994 Serech, P. guat1995 Van Dyke, T. colo1994 Vincent, pastor Jean-Marie hait1995 Welsh, S. colo1995 Alean, pastor M. colo1995 Argelio, pastor J. colo

c1995 Finnemann, bp W. phil1995 Fumagalli, Graziella soma1995 Gomez Ramos, pastor A. mexi1995 Goobe, A. soma1995 Grassi, br B. pale1995 Hernandez Perez, pastor G. mexi1995 Iloputaife, bp H. A. nige1995 Isho, E.K. iraq

c1995 Katoolig, C. soma1995 Kerkatta, John indi1995 Leclerc, sr D. alge1995 Littlejohn, sr J. alge1995 Maclese, sr P. ghan

c1995 Mahamed, S. soma1995 Maria, sr Rani indi1995 Masih, Iqbal paki1995 Masih, Javed paki1996 Murphy, sr C. ghan1995 O’Neill, fr E. soua1995 Petcu, A. mold1995 Prevost, sr O. alge1995 Rangell, Hugo colo1995 Ruibal, pastor Julio C. colo1995 Saquic Vasquez, pastor M. guat1995 Saro-Wiwa, K. nige1995 Sellekaerts IHM, sr C. conz

c1995 Sheekhdoon, M. soma1995 Sinankwa, fr M. buru1995 Solan, Joel phil1995 Vasquez, pastor M.S. guat1995 Yi, C.H. russ1995 Yi, K. W. russ1996 Abdel-Sayeda, H. L. egyp1996 Alzate Varela, pastor P. colo1995 Amador, pastor Manuel colo1996 Bagtasos III, pastor S. phil1996 Bumendwa, fr J. C. conz1996 Bwambale, pastor P. conz1996 Camacho, H. phil1996 Carro, C. Quiroz colo1996 Chanthom, Toun camb1996 Cherukarokunnel, L. J. indi1996 Christian, pastor Ishak indo1996 Claverie P., bp of Oran alge1996 Concesse, Sr buru1996 Coronel, J. D. colo1996 de Chergé OCSO, dom C. alge1996 de la Fuente, br F. conz1996 Dochier OCSO, br L. alge1996 Farris, Dr. Ron como1996 Favre-Miville OCOS, br P. alge1996 Fernando, SJ, R. M. camb1996 Fleury OCSO, br M. alge1996 Gabriel, I. A. egyp1996 Gakobwa, Sr I. buru1996 Gakondo, sr J. A. conz1996 Garcia, br S. M. conz1996 Gatuku, fr C. conz1996 Gatunga, sr J. conz1996 Girgis, M. B. egyp1996 Gonzales, J. L. colo1996 Haaji, professor soma1996 Hakizimana, fr S. buru1996 Hanas, dr Michel Ayad egyp1996 Hansda, S. indi1996 Hapalla, J. phil1996 Her, Ah laos1996 Huseen, professor H. M. soma1996 Irenee, sr buru1996 Ishak Christian, pastor indo1996 Jorge, br J. R. conz1996 Jurcevic, sr D bosn

1996 Kahegezo, fr B. K. conz1996 Kajibwami, br F. conz1996 Kanyamanza, fr P. conz1996 Kasati, fr J. conz1996 Lasker, evangelist Hussain indi1996 Lebreton, OCSO, fr C. alge1996 Lemarchand OCSO, fr Bruno alge1996 Loperena Soto OP, fr W. puer1996 Luc, Father alge1996 Lucio, br M. A. I. conz1996 Lucio, sr M. A. I. conz1996 Makaboge, moderator E. soua1996 Mataboge, rev E. soua1996 Mathias, mrs. C. usa1996 Mathias, pastor C. & wife usa1996 McAleese, sr P. ghan1996 Miville OCSO, br P. F. alge1996 Mounabandi, sr C conz1996 Mpengekeze, fr Y. buru1996 Mukeshimana, sr A. rwan1996 Munyankuyu, fr A. conz1996 Munzihirwa, abp C. conz1996 Munzombo, pasotr D. conz1996 Ndacikiriwe, sr C. buru1996 Ndihokubwayo, sr L. buru1996 Ngabo SJ, abp C. M. M. conz1996 Ngwije, fr A. K. rwan1996 Nikwigize, bp P. rwan1996 Nirere, fr B. conz1996 Nsengiyunva, fr E. conz1996 Ramanauskas, fr V. lith1996 Ringeard OCSO, fr C. alge1996 Ruhuna, J., abp of Gitega buru1996 Sabuni, pastor M. conz1996 Schiavo, fr G. tanz1996 Sebalija, sr L. conz1996 Semutwe, sr M. A. conz1996 Sokan, Khoun camb1996 Soto OP, fr W. L. puer1996 Xiuju, Zhang chin1996 Yusefi, pastor Mohammad B. iran1996 Zubiri, sr Carmen rwan1997 Alege, prof A. conz1997 Anchanickal SJ, fr T. indi1997 Badiali, rev D. peru1997 Batista, sr T. braz1997 Bedoya, fr A. colo1997 Beltran, A. saud1997 Bosmans, Sr M. rwan1997 Buchwolder, sr C. buru1997 Collazo, S. mexi1997 d’Herouville, Sr C. chad1997 da Silva, rev J. J. C. braz1997 de Jesus, bp B. phil1997 Donado, elder W. colo1997 Estafanos, K. egyp1997 Gadzhiyev, G. russ1997 Gadzhiyev, Tatiana russ1997 Gafney SJ, fr T. nepa1997 Geyer-Iwand, V. germ1997 Habakurama, rev I. rwan1997 Hatagekimang, rev A. conz1997 Hernandez, M. mexi1997 Isidi, rev N. nige1997 James, Jessica usa1997 Janda, R. saud1997 Kabera, rev E. conz1997 Kiyumukiza, rev A. N. conz1997 Magomedov, H & T. russ1997 Marcellina, sr A. T. S. paki1997 Matti, Haval iraq1991 Matti, Lazar iraq1997 Mihingo, rev N. conz1997 Mukamihogo, sr F. conz1997 Munyakazy, rev E. conz1997 Muyoboke, rev F. conz1997 Nedumattahil, fr J. indi1997 Nyirabakungu, sr C. conz1997 Nyirarukundu, sr M. conz1997 Ozdemir, Ali turk1997 Pande, evangelist M. indi1997 Pena, fr S. C. colo1997 Perez, M. mexi1997 Pinard WF, fr Guy rwan1997 Ramos SJ, fr W. G. mexi1997 Rio, pastor W. phil1997 Ruiz, pastor N. H. mexi1997 Ruterahagusha, pastor T. rwan1997 Ruterahagusha, T. rwan1997 Selorio, pastor E. phil1997 Sifer, M. H. iraq1997 Stegar, Kayce usa1997 Thomas SJ, fr A. T. indi1997 Timmons, br L. keny1997 Tshisambu, fr F. conz1997 Twagirayezu, rev U. conz1997 Uwizeyimana, rev J. conz1997 Yirirwahandi, rev P. rwan1998 Abrao ango1998 Adrienne, sr conz1998 Alam, pastor Noor paki1998 Andeni, fr L. keny1998 Anetta, sr yeme1998 Beheydt, pastor G. S. ital1998 Benimana, sr F. rwan

1998 Boumans SVD, fr G. para1998 Bwabulakombe, sr S. conz1998 Carreno, fr M. O. mexi1998 Chicangana, fr A. J. colo1998 Chocho, Alber pana1998 Colorado, Adan colo1998 Commissari, fr L. braz1998 Conedera, bp J. G. guat1998 Curic, fr V. rwan1998 Czuba, fr J. cong1998 de Rojas, M. R. colo1998 Deng, A. Y. suda1998 Desrumeaux, sr A. conz1998 Gaona, br M. A. Q. colo1998 Gasigwa, sr E. rwan1998 Germaine, sr conz1998 Haviaropoulos, V. turk1998 Hood, Carl colo1998 Hoyo, br J. indi1998 Hubscher, fr M. mada1998 Hudon, fr B. hait1998 Hughes, B. brit1998 Kagabo, fr B. rwan1998 Kathihe, sr L. ango1998 Lilia, sr yeme1998 Loften, pastor A. usa1998 Louis, fr J-P. hait1998 Malenga, E. conz1998 Malesh, pastor J. suda1998 Mandro, J-F. K. conz1998 Marrero, mgr A. G. vene1998 Michaela, sr yeme1998 Mukagakwaya, sr X. rwan1998 Mukamuhire, sr B. rwan1998 Mukanoheli, sr V. rwan1998 Muntoni, fr G. ital1998 Nakavoua, G. A. cong1998 Nielsen, B. M. buru1998 Puttaniyil, br L. indi1998 Quinn, Jason brit1998 Quinn, Mark brit1998 Quinn, Richard brit1998 Rajiv, John indi1998 Rwangeyo, sr D. rwan1998 Saenz, J. D. colo1998 Satchilombo, Francisco ango1998 Schreck, sr M. soua1998 Siahae, J. indo1998 Simatupang, T. M. indo1998 Sritharan, pastor Vasu sril1998 Wimana, sr C. rwan1999 Abadiano, Ted phil1999 Aloysius, sr M. sier1999 Bernall, Cassie usa1999 Bhatti, Sabir John paki1999 Carmeline, sr sier1999 Hindu, sr sier1999 Kulakov, pastor A. russ1999 Massoud, Magdi F. egyp1999 Miller, Carla usa1999 Miller, Jr., Shon usa1999 Peleman, fr A. soua1999 Rojas, fr H. F. colo1999 Saluhaku, fr A. ango1999 Scott, Rachel usa1999 Staines, Graham indi1999 Staines, Philip indi1999 Staines, Timothy indi1999 Sweva, sr sier1999 Tomlin, John usa1999 Umbarger, Deena M. soma2000 Abakumate, sr M cent2000 Akullu, G. ugan2000 Akweyo, sr D. ugan2000 Amzati, C.G. conz2000 Asienzo, sr P. ugan2000 Bargiggia, fr A. buru2000 Bello, fr C.O. nige2000 Bernardo, fr J. alba2000 Chittinapilly, fr S.J. indi2000 Crasta, fr V. indi2000 di Bari, fr R. ugan2000 Dias, J. da Rocha ango2000 Duque, fr H. colo2000 Emmanuel, bp G. indi2000 Gallardo, fr R. phil2000 Gaytan, rev J. mexi2000 Grange, fr R. ivor2000 Inocencio, fr B. phil2000 Jami, fr Y. indo2000 Kaiser, fr A. keny2000 Karketta, fr R. indi2000 Kuzhikandom, fr G. indi2000 Masih, Mushtaq indi2000 Nzikobanyanka, rev P. buru2000 Ogbu, fr J.M.O. nige2000 Pepe, fr R. conz2000 Ramirez, fr A.G. colo2000 Rochester, fr H. jama2000 Sequeira, sr C. paki2000 Simionato, sr G. buru2000 Tirelli, sr F. zamb2000 Uzcudum, fr I. rwan



MARTYROLOGY 259

Continued overleaf

1981 Barendsen, Eeva afgh1981 Barendsen, Erik afgh1989 Nodrat, Zia Mohammed afgh1779 Aitolos, K. alba2000 Bernardo, fr J. alba1979 Coba, bp E. alba1973 Damian, abp of Tirane alba1948 Gigni, bp alba1948 Gijni, bp alba1016 John Baptist Vladimir, prince alba1949 Kisi, abp K. alba1972 Kurti, fr Shtjefen alba1952 Prennushi, abp N. alba1948 Volai, bp alba1996 Claverie P., bp of Oran alge304 Crispina of Tagora alge

1996 de Chergé OCSO, dom C. alge1916 de Foucauld, Charles alge1996 Dochier OCSO, br L. alge1996 Favre-Miville OCOS, br P. alge1996 Fleury OCSO, br M. alge1683 Le Vacher, bp J. alge1996 Lebreton, OCSO, fr C. alge1995 Leclerc, sr D. alge1996 Lemarchand OCSO, fr Bruno alge1995 Littlejohn, sr J. alge1996 Luc, Father alge1315 Lull, Ramon alge295 Maximilian alge

1996 Miville OCSO, br P. F. alge397 Optatus, bp of Thamugadi alge

1995 Prevost, sr O. alge1996 Ringeard OCSO, fr C. alge1998 Abrao ango1992 Aguiar, sr L. ango1992 Culembee Munto, sr M. ango1992 de Fonseca Guerra, fr A. ango1972 de Freitas, pastor F. ango2000 Dias, J. da Rocha ango1989 Giuliatti OFMCap, fr A. ango1998 Kathihe, sr L. ango1985 Kautudja, sr L. ango1985 Moretto, fr J. ango1990 Nicholson, sr A.C. ango1985 Paredes, A.A. ango1992 Pimentel, sr M. ango1961 Rodrigues, deacon Pedro ango1992 Sahihembo, Alfredo ango1999 Saluhaku, fr A. ango1998 Satchilombo, Francisco ango1985 Sikufinde, fr L. ango1985 Wasnak, fr J.E. ango1976 Angelelli, bp Enrique arge1976 Dios Murias, fr C. arge1903 Figueroa, Juana arge1851 Gardiner, Allen arge1976 Longueville, fr G. arge1961 Mendez, Juana F. arge1934 Moreno, Ramonita arge1683 Ortiz de Zarate, fr P. arge1825 Pogio, fr Bartolome arge1683 Salinas, fr arge1963 Sangueso, P. P. arge1908 Sivila, Visitación arge1971 Tejerina, Silvita A. arge1950 Vasquez, Carmen argec125 Acacius armec550 Adeodatus (Astouadz-Mapod) arme

66 Anna of Ormisdat arme333 Aristakes I, patriarch armec97 Atirnerseh, patriarch arme451 Atom & his legion arme68 Bartholomew, Apostle arme

316 Blaize, bp arme347 Daniel, patriarch arme

c650 David of Douine arme1314 de Rosatis, A. of Milan arme1314 Francis of Fermo arme290 Gayane, abbess arme193 Ghevondius, patriarch arme

c1150 Goharin & companions armec550 Grigor-Rajik arme337 Grigoris, exarch arme347 Houssik I, patriarch arme454 Hovsep I, patriarch arme290 Hripsime arme

c850 Isaac, prince armec850 Joseph, prince arme

66 Jude (Thaddaeus), Apostle arme1383 Kador, John arme1938 Khoren I, catholicos arme

66 Mariam of Houssik arme66 Martha of Makovtir arme

1314 Monold of Ancona arme373 Nerses I, catholicos arme66 Ogouhie, princess arme

110 Oski armec250 Polyeuctus armec308 Repsima & 78 companions arme290 Salahouni, Theodore arme66 Samuel, satrap arme66 Sandoukhte, princess arme

110 Soukias & companions arme1293 Stepanos IV, patriarch arme347 Stephen of Ulnia arme451 Suzanne arme

66 Terentius arme451 Vardan Mamikonian arme76 Zakaria, bp arme66 Zarmandoukhte arme

1145 Bosinlother, abbot Conrad ausz1012 Coloman ausz1528 Hubmaier, B. ausz1527 Hut, H. ausz1120 Merbot ausz1524 Tauber, Casper ausz1988 Hairapetian, V. azer1991 Hass, sr Claire baha1971 Biswas, U. bang1972 Brown, pastor bang1965 Goehring, H. bang

c1965 McBeth, fr bang1915 Cavell, Edith belgc650 Dympna of Ireland belg750 Gerulf belg705 Lambert, bp of Maastricht belg884 Rombout of Malines belg

1536 Tyndale, William belg1927 Amfiteatrov, P. belo1657 Bobola SJ, fr Andrew belo1623 Kuncevicz, abp Josaphat belo1982 Manzinger, fr belo1943 Bacon, D. boli1691 de Arce, Jose boli1943 Dye, B. boli1943 Dye, C. boli1980 Espinal SJ, fr L. boli1943 Hosback, G. boli1943 Hunter, E. boli1962 Kruegler MM, fr W.C. boli1971 Le Febre, M. boli1991 Bagaric, fr N. bosn1996 Jurcevic, sr D bosn1993 Mikic OFM, fr L. bosn1993 Milicevic OFM, fr N. bosn1997 Batista, sr T. braz1998 Commissari, fr L. braz1997 da Silva, rev J. J. C. braz1822 Joana Angelica, abbess braz1978 Lunkebein, fr R. braz1976 Lunkenbein, fr R. braz1989 Maire, fr G.F. braz1991 Prada Pires, fr J.M. braz254 Aaron & Julius brit

1222 Adam, bp of Caithness brit875 Adrian of May, bp brit209 Alban of Verulamium brit577 Aldate, bp of Gloucester brit

c800 Alkelda, princess brit1012 Alphege, abp of Canterbury brit1628 Arrowsmith, fr E. brit1410 Badby, J. brit1601 Barkworth, fr M. brit1641 Barlow, fr. A. brit1540 Barnes, Robert brit1593 Barrow, Henry brit1534 Barton, Elizabeth brit1546 Beaton, abp D. brit1531 Bilney, Thomas brit1555 Bradford, John brit1581 Briant, fr A. brit1560 Brooks, J., bp of Gloucester brit1661 Campbell, A. brit1581 Campion, fr E. brit1661 Cargill, D. brit1605 Catesby, Robert brit1648 Charles I, king brit1586 Clitherow, Margaret brit1413 Cobham, Lord brit1678 Coleman, Edward brit576 Constantine, abbot brit

1644 Corby, fr Ralph brit1594 Cornelius, fr J. brit1582 Cottam, fr T. brit1553 Cranmer, abp Thomas brit1326 de Stapledon, Walter, bp brit617 Donnan & 52 companions brit

c850 Ebba, abbess brit869 Edmund the Martyr, king brit979 Edward the Martyr, king brit794 Ethelbert, king brit

1679 Evans, fr D brit1679 Fenwick, fr J. brit1601 Filcock, fr. R. brit1535 Fisher, cardinal John brit866 Fremund brit

1533 Frith, J. brit1544 Gardiner, J. brit1608 Garnet, fr T. brit1679 Gavan, fr J. brit1591 Genings, fr E. brit1540 Gerrard, Thomas brit1608 Gervase, fr. G. brit1593 Greenwood, John brit1679 Grove, J. brit1661 Guthrie, James brit1584 Gwyn, R. brit1528 Hamilton, Patrick brit1571 Hamilton, primate J. brit1679 Harcourt, fr W. brit870 Hedda of Peterborough, abbot brit

1642 Holland, fr T. brit

1553 Hooper, bp John brit1535 Houghton, John, prior brit1998 Hughes, B. brit1601 Hunt, Fr T. britc700 Indract brit854 Indrechtach, abbot of Iona brit

1679 Ireland, fr W. brit1544 Ireland, J. brit1540 Jerome, William brit254 Julius brit

1678 Kemble, John brit821 Kenelm, prince brit

1902 Kensit, John brit1544 Larke, J. brit1553 Latimer, bp Hugh brit1645 Laud, William, abp of Canter brit1535 Lawrence, Robert, prior brit1405 Le Scrope, abp R. brit1588 Leigh, fr R. brit1678 Lewis, David brit1679 Lewis, fr D brit1678 Lloyd, John brit1651 Love, pastor Christopher brit1116 Magnus, earl of Orkney brit1577 Mayne, C. brit254 Mercurius brit

1601 Middleton, fr R. brit1450 Moleyns, A., bp of Chichester brit1535 More, Thomas brit1645 Morse, fr H. britc550 Nectan brit1578 Nelson, fr J. brit1679 Nevill, fr F. brit1615 Ogilvie SJ, J. brit1418 Oldcastle, Sir John brit642 Oswald, king of Northumbria brit651 Oswin, king britc65 Osyth, queen brit

c904 Pandonia brit1555 Philpot, J., archdeacon brit1679 Pickering, T. brit1681 Plunket, primate O. brit1649 Plunkett, earl C. brit1646 Powel, fr. P. brit1644 Price, fr Robert brit304 Probus brit

1998 Quinn, Jason brit1998 Quinn, Mark brit1998 Quinn, Richard britc870 Ragener brit1595 Rawlins, A. brit1661 Renwick, J. brit1553 Ridley, bp Nicholas brit1611 Roberts, fr. J. brit1642 Roe, Alban brit1401 Sawtrey, W. brit1612 Scott, fr. M. brit1588 Shelley, F. brit1595 Southwell, fr R. brit1654 Southworth, fr J. brit1539 Stone, J. brit870 Tancred brit304 Tarachus brit

1170 Thomas Becket, abp of Canter brit870 Torthred brit870 Tova brit

1471 Tresham, T. brit1616 Tunstall, fr. T. brit1679 Turner, fr A. brit1592 Udall, J. brit1661 Venner, Thomas brit1679 Wall, fr John brit1595 Walpole, H. brit1588 Ward, Margaret brit1535 Webster, Augustine, prior brit1679 Whitbread, fr T. brit1428 White, William brit1539 Whiting, R., abbot of Glastonb brit

c1000 Wigstan brit1144 William of Norwich brit1201 William of Rochester brit1154 William, abp of York brit1660 Wilson, Margaret brit1546 Wishart, G. brit1573 Woodhouse, fr T. brit1651 Wright, Peter brit1956 Boris, metrop of Nevrokop bulg1952 Bossilkoff CP, bp E. bulg1514 George Novi of Sophia bulgc302 Julius of Durostorum bulg1952 Kirtoff, apostolic exarch bulg1555 Nicholas Novi of Sophia bulgc294 Nikander bulg1981 Tsachev, N.V. bulg1795 Zlata of Magden bulg1881 Augier, fr buru1987 Bangirimana, Ernest buru2000 Bargiggia, fr A. buru1993 Bimazubute, G. buru1972 Binyoni, Abel buru1997 Buchwolder, sr C. buru1996 Concesse, Sr buru1881 D’Hoop, fr F. buru1881 Deniaud, fr buru1996 Gakobwa, Sr I. buru1996 Hakizimana, fr S. buru

1996 Irenee, sr buru1996 Mpengekeze, fr Y. buru1996 Ndacikiriwe, sr C. buru1996 Ndihokubwayo, sr L. buru1998 Nielsen, B. M. buru2000 Nzikobanyanka, rev P. buru1996 Ruhuna, J., abp of Gitega buru2000 Simionato, sr G. buru1995 Sinankwa, fr M. buru

c1927 Filaret, bp of Bobruisk byelc1930 Ioann, bp of Mozyr byelc1930 Mikhail, bp of Slutsk byel1943 Nemantsevich, exarch A. byel1975 Badre OSB, prior J. camb1996 Chanthom, Toun camb1976 Chunsar OSB, fr B. C. camb1576 de Azevedo OP, fr Silvestre camb1996 Fernando, SJ, R. M. camb1976 Salas, bp J. C. camb1996 Sokan, Khoun camb1975 Tep Im, bp Paolo camb1992 Husband, sr G. came1992 Leone, sr M. came1991 Plumey OMI, abp I. came1649 Chabenel, N. cana1648 Daniel SJ, A. cana1649 de Brebeuf SJ, fr J. cana1649 Garnier, fr C. cana1642 Goupil SJ, R. cana1646 Jogues SJ, fr I. cana1646 Lalande SJ, fr John de cana1649 Lalemant SJ, fr G. cana1654 Leonard of Chartres, fr cana1619 Poulain, fr G. cana1724 Rale SJ, fr S. cana1625 Viel, fr N. cana2000 Abakumate, sr M cent1997 d’Herouville, Sr C. chad555 Helier chan

1985 Allende, S. N. chil1973 Alsina, fr J. chil1985 Ceballos, M. G. chil1612 de Aranda SJ, fr M. chil1612 de Montalban SJ, br J. chil1612 de Vecchi SJ, fr H. chil1983 Jarlan, A. chil1985 Maluendo, J. M. P. chil1905 An, evangelist chin1900 Andlauer SJ, fr M. chin1950 Beda SJ, fr Tsiang chin1916 Bettex, Paul chin1945 Birch, J. chin1900 Blind Chang Shen chin1938 Cairns, fr R. chin1941 Cairns, fr R. J. chin1900 Carleson, N. chin1950 Carlo, bp A. chin1925 Cassels, bp W. C. chin1900 Chao Hsi Mao chin1811 Chao, A. chin1993 Chunjee, bp P.S. chin1811 Clet, F. chin1820 Clet, fr F. R. chin1929 Coveyou, fr W. chin1634 de Andrade, fr A. chin1644 de Capillas OP, fr F. chin1950 de Smedt, bp L. J. chin1900 Denn, fr P. chin

c1993 Difen, bp Liu chin1938 Donovan MM, fr G. chin1934 Esteban, fr T. chin1952 Ford, bp F.X. chin1339 Francis of Alessandria chin1339 Gilotti, William chin1900 Guillon, bp L. chin1929 Holbein, fr G. chin1861 Holmes, J. L. chin1606 Hwang Ming-sha SJ, br chin1900 Isore, fr R. chin1362 James, abp of Zaitun chin1947 Jensen, fr B. chin1339 John of India, br chin1943 Kim, evangelist chin1905 Kim, evangelist chin1900 King, A. chin1816 Lantrua, fr G. chin1339 Lawrence of Alessandria chin1940 Lebbe, fr F. V. chin1900 Li, fr J. chin1945 Liddell, Eric chin1960 Lin, H.H. chin1938 Liu, H. chin1934 Liu, Y. C. chin1937 Lo Pa Hong chin1847 Lowrie, Walter M. chin1906 Macdonald, dr R. J. chin1900 Mangin, fr L. I. chin1993 Manping, Lai chin1339 Martel, Peter chin1400 Matthew of Escandel chin1994 Musheng, Zheng chin1972 Nee, Watchman chin1862 Neel, J. P. chin1905 Ni, evangelist chin1339 Pascal of Victoria chin1840 Perboyre, fr J. G. chin

Table 4–13. Geographical listing of 2,550 known Christian martyrs, AD 33-2000.

Continued opposite



1840 Perboyre, fr Jean G. chin1900 Pigott, J. chin1900 Pigott, T. W. & J. chin1900 Pitkin, H. T. chin1900 Price, Charles & Eva chin1900 Price, Eva chin1945 Rauschenbach MM, fr O. A. chin1339 Richard, bp of Almalik chin1339 Ruff, Raymond chin1749 Sanz, bp P. chin1666 Schall SJ, fr A. von Bell chin1953 Seng, Joseph chin1929 Seybold, fr C. chin1984 Shude SJ, fr F.Z. chin1932 Simpson, W. E. chin1934 Stam, Betty chin1934 Stam, John & Betty chin1900 Sun Hwe Teh chin1929 Sundar Singh, sadhu chin1811 Tapeng, J. C. chin1949 Tornay, fr M. chin1951 Wallace, W.L. chin1950 Wang Ling-Tso, fr chin1900 Wang Ten Ren chin1989 Xinsheng, bp Li chin1996 Xiuju, Zhang chin

c1990 Xueyan, bp Fan chin1972 Zhiming, pastor Wang chin1995 Alean, pastor M. colo1996 Alzate Varela, pastor P. colo1995 Amador, pastor Manuel colo1995 Argelio, pastor J. colo1988 Augusto, fr Giraldo Cesar colo1997 Bedoya, fr A. colo1989 Benitez, fr M.A. colo1981 Bitterman III, C.A. colo1996 Carro, C. Quiroz colo1998 Chicangana, fr A. J. colo1998 Colorado, Adan colo1996 Coronel, J. D. colo1944 Coy, Juan colo1998 de Rojas, M. R. colo1997 Donado, elder W. colo2000 Duque, fr H. colo1990 Fernandez, fr T. colo1948 Fowler, E. colo1998 Gaona, br M. A. Q. colo1988 Giraldo, fr C. Augusto colo1996 Gonzales, J. L. colo1998 Hood, Carl colo1989 Jaramillo, bp Jesus E. colo1974 Lain, fr Domingo colo1992 Leal, sr Torres N. colo1989 Mansalve, bp Jesus E.J. colo1989 Monsalve, bp Jesus E. J. colo1997 Pena, fr S. C. colo2000 Ramirez, fr A.G. colo1995 Rangell, Hugo colo1989 Restrepo, fr S. colo1999 Rojas, fr H. F. colo1995 Ruibal, pastor Julio C. colo1998 Saenz, J. D. colo1966 Torres, fr Camilo colo1984 Ulcue Chocue, fr A. colo1995 Van Dyke, T. colo1995 Welsh, S. colo1996 Farris, Dr. Ron como1977 Biayenda, cardinal abp E. cong1998 Czuba, fr J. cong1961 de Vos, pastor R. cong1998 Nakavoua, G. A. cong1998 Adrienne, sr conz1997 Alege, prof A. conz2000 Amzati, C.G. conz1964 Anuarite, sr M.C. conz1966 Bamba, Emmanuel conz1706 Beatrice, Donna conz1996 Bumendwa, fr J. C. conz1942 Bushiri, Mulumozi conz1998 Bwabulakombe, sr S. conz1996 Bwambale, pastor P. conz1964 Carlson, P. conz1974 Charlier, fr E. conz1996 de la Fuente, br F. conz1998 Desrumeaux, sr A. conz1977 Eschtruth, G.J.R. conz1996 Gakondo, sr J. A. conz1996 Garcia, br S. M. conz1996 Gatuku, fr C. conz1996 Gatunga, sr J. conz1652 George of Ghiel, fr conz1998 Germaine, sr conz1997 Hatagekimang, rev A. conz1960 Hodgson, E. conz1996 Jorge, br J. R. conz1997 Kabera, rev E. conz1996 Kahegezo, fr B. K. conz1996 Kajibwami, br F. conz1996 Kanyamanza, fr P. conz1996 Kasati, fr J. conz1951 Kimbangu, prophet Simon conz1997 Kiyumukiza, rev A. N. conz1960 Knauf, E. conz1964 Lifenya, director Pierre conz1996 Lucio, br M. A. I. conz1996 Lucio, sr M. A. I. conz1998 Malenga, E. conz1998 Mandro, J-F. K. conz1964 McMillan, H. conz

1997 Mihingo, rev N. conz1996 Mounabandi, sr C conz1997 Mukamihogo, sr F. conz1997 Munyakazy, rev E. conz1996 Munyankuyu, fr A. conz1996 Munzihirwa, abp C. conz1996 Munzombo, pasotr D. conz1997 Muyoboke, rev F. conz1996 Ngabo SJ, abp C. M. M. conz1996 Nirere, fr B. conz1996 Nsengiyunva, fr E. conz1997 Nyirabakungu, sr C. conz1997 Nyirarukundu, sr M. conz2000 Pepe, fr R. conz1964 Rhine, Phyllis conz1996 Sabuni, pastor M. conz1964 Scholten, W.H. conz1996 Sebalija, sr L. conz1995 Sellekaerts IHM, sr C. conz1996 Semutwe, sr M. A. conz1997 Tshisambu, fr F. conz1964 Tucker, J. conz1997 Twagirayezu, rev U. conz1997 Uwizeyimana, rev J. conz1974 Viaene, fr L. conz1709 de Rebullida, fr P. cost1709 de Zamora, fr J.A. cost1627 Perez, fr R. cost303 Anastasia croa303 Irineu, bp of Sirmium croa

1945 Simrak, bp J. croa1961 Stepinac, cardinal abp A. croa

61 Barnabas, Apostle cypr1821 Kyprianos, abp cypr1982 Barta, fr J. czec1981 Coufal, fr P. czec1631 Fleming, fr P. czec1979 Gono, fr M. czec1942 Gorazd, bp Pavlik czec1217 Hroznata czec1416 Jerome of Prague czec1393 John of Nepomuk czec916 Ludmilla czec

1620 Sarkander, Jan czec1981 Svanda, fr P. czec1974 Trochta, cardinal S. czec929 Wenceslas, prince-duke czec

1550 Arason, bp J. & 2 sons denm1086 Canute IV, king denm1131 Canute Lavard denm1176 Marguerite of Roeskilde denm1944 Munk, pastor Kaj denm1971 Potter, Nancy domr1971 Potter, Paul E. & Nancy domr1987 Arango, sr Ines ecua1887 Checa y Barba, abp J. I. ecua1956 Elliot, J. ecua1956 Fleming, P. ecua1987 Labaca Ugarte OFMCap, bp A. ecua1956 McCully, E. ecua1956 Saint, Nate ecua1956 Youdarian, R. ecua1987 Zuma, pastor Antonio ecuac300 Abadion, bp of Antinoopolis egypc291 Abadir egypc250 Abadyus egypc309 Abamun of Tarnut egypc309 Abamun of Tukh egyp1996 Abdel-Sayeda, H. L. egyp249 Abu Sayfayn egyp

1400 Abu’l Farag egypc287 Aesculapius egypc305 Aesi egypc300 Agathon and brothers egyp1387 al-Jadid, Jirjis egyp959 al-Muzahim, Jirjis egyp249 Alexander, bp of Cappadocia egyp251 Alexander, bp of Jerusalem egyp

c360 Alladyus, bp egyp1993 Alzokim, N.F. egypc320 Ammonius, bp of Latopolis egypc285 Amsah of Qift egypc300 Anatolius, general egypc355 Andrew, monk egypc290 Anub egypc295 Apaiule egypc300 Apoli egypc285 Apollo egypc290 Apollonius egyp245 Appolonia, deaconess egyp

c310 Arianus, governor egypc298 Arsenius egyp1400 Arsenius egypc290 Ascla egypc296 Athanasius egyp258 Athanasius, bp egyp

c288 Athom egyp1991 Aziza, Adel egyp284 Babylas, bp egyp

1992 Bakheit, dr S. egyp285 Balana, priest egyp

c300 Bandilaus, monk egypc285 Banina egypc297 Barsanuphius (Warshanufy) egypc850 Barsanuphius, monk egyp298 Basil, bp egyp

c297 Basilidas, general egyp207 Basilides egyp

1993 Bassiliouss, P. egyp

250 Batra egypc355 Behnam egypc291 Benjamin egypc297 Besamon egyp

c1820 Bishay, Sidhom egypc1250 Bulus al-Habis egypc286 Callinicus egyp307 Catherine of Alexandria egyp

c299 Chamoul egypc286 Chanazhum egyp250 Christophorus egyp283 Cladius, Stratelates egyp

c299 Comas egypc340 Copres egypc291 Cyriacus egyp1860 Cyril IV, patriarch egyp303 Cyrus & John egyp

c286 Dalasina egypc299 Damian egypc286 Dasyah egypc292 David egypc359 Decius egyp305 Dimyanah & her 40 Virgins egyp

c287 Dioscorus egypc307 Elias the eunuch egypc286 Epima egypc292 Epimachus egyp303 Epimachus of Pelusium egyp

1997 Estafanos, K. egypc291 Eudoxia egypc355 Eunapius, monk egypc291 Euphemia egypc288 Febronia, nun egyp1996 Gabriel, I. A. egyp1981 Ghabrail, fr Abd Mutagalli egyp996 Ghabrial egyp

1996 Girgis, M. B. egypc292 Gordian egyp1992 Guirguis, A.S. egyp1992 Guirguis, M.Q. egyp1387 Hadid of Giza egypc450 Hamai of Kahyor egyp1996 Hanas, dr Michel Ayad egypc286 Helias, bp egypc300 Heraclides egypc291 Herai egyp305 Hypatius of Gangra egyp

1400 Ileya egypc359 Irene egypc299 Isaac of Tiphre egypc305 Isidore of Takinash egypc299 Isidorus egypc300 Isidorus, monk egyp1993 Iskandar, E.N. egypc300 Jacob, The Soldier egypc258 Jerasimus egyp303 John egyp

1209 John of Phanidjoit egypc357 John, The Soldier egypc291 Julitta egypc286 Justus, son of Numerianus egypc289 Kau of Bismay egyp1992 Khalil, H.F. egyp202 Leonides egyp451 Macari of Edko, bp egyp

c305 Macarius egyp455 Macarius of Tkow, bp egyp

c295 Makrawi, bp of Nikiou egyp1811 Malati, Muallim egyp202 Marcella egyp305 Marcus egyp68 Mark the Evangelist egyp

1993 Marsouk, H. egyp1999 Massoud, Magdi F. egyp249 Matra egyp631 Menas egyp

c717 Menas of Al-Ashmunayn egyp296 Menas the Miracle Maker egyp305 Menas, governor egyp

c356 Mercurius egyp1400 Mikhail Abu Mokaitef egypc305 Milius egyp1400 Moussa, monk egyp1822 Muallim Ghali egyp1801 Muallim Malati egypc310 Mui egypc300 Nabraha egypc304 Naharuh egyp285 Naou egyp

1994 Nur al-Qums Binyamin egypc301 Olympius egypc301 Paese egypc290 Panesneu, deacon egypc313 Pantaleon, physician egypc298 Patape, bp of Coptos egypc290 Paul of Egypt egyp

311 Peter I Ieromartyros, patriarch egyp304 Phileas, bp of Thmuis egyp

c290 Philemon egypc292 Phiobammon of Preht egypc288 Piroou egypc302 Pisura, bp of Masil egypc306 Porphry egyp207 Potamiana egyp305 Potamon of Heracla egyp

c305 Procopius, governor egyp459 Proterius, patriarch egyp

c306 Psote of Psoi egyp1981 Quilini, H. N. egyp

1981 Raflan, B. egypc300 Rebecca of Sunbat egyp

c1780 Rizk Agha, vizier egyp1400 Saleeb egypc290 Salfana egypc800 Salib egyp1981 Samuel, bp Makary El-Souria egypc355 Sarah egypc290 Sarah & children egypc287 Sarapamon of Scetis, bp egypc365 Serapion, bp of Thmuis egyp1993 Shafiq, S. egypc299 Shenufe egypc299 Shenute egypc650 Shinudah, anba egyp1910 Sidhom Bishai, deacon egyp1400 Sidrak, priest, & 5 monks egypc800 Simeon egypc140 Sophia egypc286 Sophronius egyp284 Stephen, archdeacon egyp

c301 Tecula egyp220 Theodorus of Peshotep egyp

c306 Theodorus, bp of Pentapolis egyp258 Theodotus egyp

1993 Theophiles, K.Y. egypc306 Tibarcius egypc291 Til, soldier egypc309 Timothy of Memphis egypc295 Tolemaeus egypc295 Uri, priest of Shatanut egypc345 Usaghniyus egypc306 Valerianus egypc359 Victor egypc301 Victor of Asyut egypc289 Wakhus egyp

c1540 Yoannis al-Kalioobi, monk egyp1833 Aquino, Anastasio elsa1977 Arreola, sr Silvia Maribel elsa1978 Bassera, fr Ernesto elsa1980 Chacon, Juan elsa1980 Clarke, sr M. elsa1980 Donovan, sr J. elsa1989 Elba Ramos, Celina elsa1989 Elba Ramos, Julia & Celina elsa1989 Ellacuria SJ, fr I. elsa1985 Espino, pastor E. F. elsa1932 Farabundo, Marti elsa1980 Ford, sr I. elsa1989 Gomez, Maria Cristina elsa1977 Grande, fr R. elsa1980 Kazel, sr D. elsa1989 Lopez Lopez SJ, fr J. elsa1989 Lopez SJ, fr A. elsa1989 Martin-Baro SJ, fr I. elsa1989 Montes SJ, fr S. elsa1977 Navarro, fr A. elsa1979 Ortiz, fr Octavia elsa1979 Palacios, fr Rafael elsa1989 Ramon Moreno SJ, fr J. elsa1993 Ramos, bp Robert J. elsa1970 Rodriguez, fr Nicolas elsa1980 Romero, abp Oscar elsa1977 Torres, L.A. elsa1975 Nze, bp Abuy Raphael equa1198 Berthold, abbot esto

c1480 Isidor & followers esto1990 Klein, Valve esto1919 Kulbusch, bp Platon of Revel esto1990 Meri, dean Harald esto1985 Aleku, B. ethi1992 Amlak, fr A. ethi1666 Andrade, vicar apostolic ethi1977 Argew, T. ethi1640 Bruni SJ, fr B. ethi1640 Cardeira SJ, fr L. ethi1638 Cassian of Nantes, fr ethi1638 de Almeida, bp Apollinaris ethi1860 de Jacobis, bp Justin ethi1652 du Tremblay, fr J. L. ethi1638 Franceschi SJ, fr H. ethi1855 Gabra Mikael, fr ethi1595 George, fr A. ethi1652 Heyling, Peter ethi1973 Isa, Peter ethic450 Kharitas ethi1937 Mikael, bp ethi1635 Paes SJ, fr G. ethi1937 Petros, bp ethi1992 Ricci, fr F. ethi1638 Rodrigues SJ, fr F. ethi1980 Samwel, abp ethi1977 Selassie, emperor Haile ethi1991 Shaga, Nana ethi1980 Theofilas, patriarch ethi1979 Tumsa, Gudinsa ethi1716 Weiss, prefect L. ethi1004 Abbo fran

c1640 Agathangelo of Vendome, fr fran1794 Agricola Viala fran1871 Allard, fr fran1794 Ambroise, fr R. fran1794 Andre, fr J. franc660 Annemond, bp of Lyons fran1155 Arnold of Brescia fran434 Auraeus, bp fran

1792 Balmain SJ, fr F. fran1321 Belibasta, Guilhem franc150 Benignus fran

MARTYROLOGY 261


Continued overleaf

685 Bercharius, abbot fran177 Blandina fran

1792 Bonnaud SJ, fr J. J. franc560 Cadog fran1871 Captier, fr E. fran1794 Carnus, fr C. fran1871 Caubert, fr J. fran1871 Clerc, fr A. fran1572 Coligny, admiral Gaspard de franc285 Crispin franc285 Crispinian fran679 Dagobert II, king fran

1871 Darboy, G., abp of Paris fran1871 de Bengy, fr A. fran1685 de Marolles, Louis fran1792 De Millou SJ, fr J. C. fran1314 de Molay, J., grand master fran1621 de Montchretien, A. fran1792 de Vafons, count fran1871 Deguerry, fr fran1792 Delfaut SJ, fr W. A. fran259 Denys, bp of Paris fran411 Desiderius, bp of Langres fran607 Desiderius, bp of Vienne fran

1559 Du Bourg, Anne fran1792 Du Lau, abp J. M. fran1871 Ducoudray, fr L. fran259 Eleutherius fran

c660 Emmeram, bp of Poitiers franc260 Eutropius, bp of Saintes fran1794 Expilly, bp L. A. franc250 Faith (Foy) franc290 Firmin, bp of Amiens fran655 Foillan, abbot fran760 Gangolf fran250 Genesius of Arles fran675 Germanus, abbot fran

1794 Gobel, J. B. J., bp of Paris fran1070 Godelive fran731 Hainmar, bp of Auxerre fran202 Irenaeus, bp of Lyons fran

1944 Jacob, Max fran1431 Joan of Arc fran1792 Lanfant, fr A. & 8 companions fran1685 Le Fevre, I. fran1792 Lefranc, fr F. fran679 Leodegar, bp of Autun fran451 Livarius fran

1793 Louis XVI fran1871 Olivaint, fr P. franc260 Patroclus fran426 Patroclus of Arles, primate fran

1133 Peter of Bruys fran1208 Peter of Castelnau, legate fran1794 Pinot, fr N. fran177 Ponticus fran

c260 Pontius fran1310 Porete, Marguerite fran177 Pothinus, bp fran586 Praetextatus, bp of Rouen fran

c260 Privatus fran1572 Ramus, Peter fran

c1350 Roch, healer fran259 Rusticus fran

1593 Sales, fr J. fran259 Saturninus fran

1593 Saultemouche, fr W. fran1857 Sibour, abp of Paris fran1242 Stephen of Narbonne franc190 Symphorian fran1803 Toussaint-Louverture, F.D. fran177 Vettius Epagathus fran258 Victorinus fran689 Vigilius, bp of Auxerre fran476 Volusianus, bp of Tours fran

1242 William of Arnaud fran1799 Lewis, pastor T. frep786 Abo geor610 Anastasius, patriarch geor

1288 Conrad of Saxony geor379 Eustace of Mtskheta geor

1918 Kirion III, catholicos-patriarch geor662 Maximus the Confessor, abbot geor

1921 Nazary, metrop of Kutaisi georc490 Rajden georc473 Shushanik, queen geor1908 Sofiisky, exarch abp N. geor1288 Stephen of Hungary geor1632 Adolphus, king Gustavus germ303 Afra germ

1945 Bonhoeffer, Dietrich germ1942 Brandsma, fr Tiko germ1945 Delp, fr A. germ1121 Erminold, abbot of Prufening germ304 Gereon germ799 Gerold, duke of Bavaria germ

1997 Geyer-Iwand, V. germ1066 Gottschalk germ1944 Gross, N. germ1919 Hahn, G. H. & 32 pastors germ853 Haymo, bp of Halberstadt germ695 Hewald the Dark germ695 Hewald the Fair germ

1943 Jaegerstaetter, F. germ1415 John Hus germ1536 John of Leiden germ1066 John, bp of Mecklenburg germ1527 Kaiser germ686 Kilian, bp, & 11 companions germ

1944 Koenzgen, G. germ1066 Kuno, bp of Trier germ1944 Lagerstadr, Farnz germ

c1940 Leisner, fr K. germ1944 Letterhaus, B. germ1941 Lichtenberg, fr B. germ1534 Matthys, Jan germ1944 Metzger, fr M. J. germ1525 Munzer, T. germ1527 Sattler, M. germ1534 Schiemer, L., bp germ1944 Schmidlin, professor J. germ1939 Schneider, pasotr germ643 Trudpert germ451 Ursula & virgins germ

c1935 von Moltke, Helmut germ1631 Wagner, fr Liborius germ1528 Winkler, pastor G. germ1995 Maclese, sr P. ghan1996 McAleese, sr P. ghan1996 Murphy, sr C. ghan1900 Otu, Samuel ghan304 Agape gree69 Andrew, Apostle gree

1813 Angelis gree304 Chione gree

c260 Cyril, bp of Gortyna gree1802 Demetrios of Chios gree308 Demetrius, megalomartyr gree

1807 George of Chios gree1838 Georgios gree1814 Ignanos gree304 Irene gree96 Luke the Evangelist gree

1802 Luke the New gree1801 Mark the New gree969 Nicephorus, emperor gree

1754 Nicholas of Chios gree1794 Polydorus the Cypriot gree

115 Rufus gree1635 Theophilus of Zakynthos gree

115 Zozimus gree1672 de San Vitores SJ, fr J. guam1944 Duenas, fr Jesus guam1985 Cabrera Rivera, prof C.H. guat1991 Cisneros, fr Moises guat1998 Conedera, bp J. G. guat

c1976 de la Cruz, fr C. guat1982 Garcia, Anastasio guat

c1976 Gran, fr J.M. guat1983 Holdenried, F.X. guat1976 Lopez, fr H. guat1990 Mack, Myrna guat1981 Miller, fr J. guat1981 Rother, fr S. guat1995 Saquic Vasquez, pastor M. guat1994 Serech, P. guat1982 Toj, Juan Garcia guat1983 Toma, pastor Nicolas guat1981 Troyer, J.D. guat1985 Tzalam Coj, Manuel de Jesus guat1995 Vasquez, pastor M.S. guat

c1976 Voordeckers, fr W. guat1976 Woods MM, fr W. guat1963 Barbosa, evangelist Dinis gunb1963 da Costa, Joaquin gunb1963 da Silva, pastor Pedro gunb1963 Landim gunb1962 Mendes, evangelist Formoso gunb1963 Vaz Martins, evangelist Victor gunb1991 Claude, pastor Sylvio hait1998 Hudon, fr B. hait1993 Izmery, A. hait1998 Louis, fr J-P. hait1961 Moreau, fr Yvon Emmanuel hait1994 Vincent, pastor Jean-Marie hait1612 Bertelete, fr E. hond1975 Betancur, fr I. hond1983 Carney SJ, fr J.G. hond1975 Cypher OFM, fr M.C. hond1623 de Baena, br J. hond1612 de Monteagudo, fr J. hond1623 Lopez, fr B. hond1623 Puerta, fr C.M. hond1905 Chestnut, Eleanor hong1945 Apor, bp Vilmos hung1959 Balint, S. hung1619 Crisinus, fr M. hung1579 Franz, David hung1046 Gerard, bp of Csanad hung1619 Grodecz SJ, fr M. hung

c1956 Martinuzzi, abp of Estergom hung1948 Ordacz, bp L. hung304 Pollio hung

1619 Pongracz SJ, fr S. hung1959 Turcsanyi, msgr E. hung1583 Acquaviva, fr R. indi1653 Ahatalla, metropolitan indi1997 Anchanickal SJ, fr T. indi1583 Aranha, F. indi1583 Berno, P. indi1996 Cherukarokunnel, L. J. indi2000 Chittinapilly, fr S.J. indi2000 Crasta, fr V. indi1549 Criminali SJ, fr A. indi1693 de Britto SJ, fr J. indi1321 Demetrius, br indi2000 Emmanuel, bp G. indi1583 Francisco, fr A. indi

1996 Hansda, S. indi1998 Hoyo, br J. indi1321 James of Padua indi1597 Joseph, mar, metropolitan indi2000 Karketta, fr R. indi1995 Kerkatta, John indi2000 Kuzhikandom, fr G. indi1996 Lasker, evangelist Hussain indi1992 Lukkappa, sadhu indi1995 Maria, sr Rani indi2000 Masih, Mushtaq indi1997 Nedumattahil, fr J. indi1583 Pacheco, fr A. indi1993 Packianathan, fr V.S. indi1997 Pande, evangelist M. indi1321 Peter of Siena indi1752 Pillai, D. indi1990 Priya SMA, sr indi1998 Puttaniyil, br L. indi1998 Rajiv, John indi1597 Simon, mar, metropolitan indi1999 Staines, Graham indi1999 Staines, Philip indi1999 Staines, Timothy indi1990 Sylvia SMA, sr indi1990 Tete, president Martin indi

82 Thomas (Didymus), Apostle indi1321 Thomas of Tolentino indi1997 Thomas SJ, fr A. T. indi1638 Berthelot, fr P. indo1996 Christian, pastor Ishak indo1975 Constable, pastor Eric indo1968 Dale, pastor Stan indo1996 Ishak Christian, pastor indo1940 Jackson, F. C. indo1945 Jaffray, R. A. indo2000 Jami, fr Y. indo1834 Lyman, H. indo1968 Masters, P. indo1834 Munson, Samuel indo1652 Redemptus of the Cross, br indo1998 Siahae, J. indo1998 Simatupang, T. M. indo1282 Aldobrand of Florence iran1282 Anthony of Armenia iran1279 Bar Kaliq, bp of Tus iran1917 Benjamin Simon, catholicos iran1994 Dibaj, pastor Mehdi iran1314 Francis of Borgo San Sepolcro iran1340 Gentle of Matelica iran615 George the Monk iran

1994 Hovsepian-Mehr, bp H. iran1624 Ketevan, queen iran1994 Michaelian, pastor Tateos iran1869 Mirza Ibrahim iran1979 Sayyad, fr iran1979 Siyah, pastor Aristou iran1990 Soodmand, pastor H. iran1334 William of England iran1996 Yusefi, pastor Mohammad B. iran552 Aba, mar, patriarch catholicos iraq410 Abda, mar iraq375 Abdas, metropolitan iraq341 Abdechalas & Ananias iraq575 Ahudemmeh, bp of Tagrit iraq448 Anahid iraq341 Ananias iraq346 Anna iraq

1918 Audo, abp iraq484 Babowi, catholicos iraq346 Barbashmin, catholicos iraq493 Barsumas, bp iraq422 Benjamin iraq327 Berikjesu iraq

c337 Caxo, prince iraq422 Chouchanik iraq

c337 Dado, governor iraq345 Daniel iraq448 Dindui, metropolitan iraq

1261 Dionysius, antipatriarch iraq303 Febronia iraq

1972 George, Margaret iraqc337 Gobidlaha, princess iraq315 Gurias & companions iraq345 Hanania iraq422 Hormisdas iraq408 Hormizd of Sylvanus, rabban iraq420 Hormizdas iraq

c240 Intercisus, James iraq1995 Isho, E.K. iraq337 Jacob, bp iraq346 James iraq422 James of Persia iraq337 John, bp iraq448 John, bp of Karka iraq327 Jonah iraq346 Martha iraq346 Mary iraqc70 Matthew (Levi), Apostle iraq

1997 Matti, Haval iraq1991 Matti, Lazar iraq420 Peroz iraq448 Pethiun, evangelist iraq345 Pherbutha iraq518 Philoxenus, bp of Mabbogh iraq315 Phrebonia iraq339 Pusak, prefect, & 100 clergy iraq341 Pusicius iraq286 Qndyr, queen iraq

123 Semsoun, bp of Edessa iraq342 Shahdost, catholicos iraq

1975 Shimun, catholicos-patriarch iraq1997 Sifer, M. H. iraq341 Simeon Barsabae, catholicos iraq

61 Simon Zelotes, Apostle iraq448 Sirin iraq

1918 Sontag, apostolic delegate iraqc810 Subaljesu, monk iraq422 Suenas iraq448 Tamasgerd iraq339 Tarbo, deaconess iraq345 Uarda (Rose) iraq341 Usthazanes iraq

c800 Erc, bp of Slane irelc440 Gwinear irel1535 Kenraghty, chaplain Maurice irel1650 McMahon, bp E. irel1798 Murphy, fr J. irel1651 O’Brien, bp T. A. irel1580 O’Cullenan, G., abbot irel1612 O’Devany, C., bp irel1575 O’Donnell SJ, E. irel1578 O’Hely, P., bp irel1584 O’Hurley, D., abp irel431 Palladius irel

1680 Talbot, P., abp of Dublin irel309 Abdon ital

c100 Achilleus ital259 Agapitus of Praeneste ital249 Agatha ital

c350 Agnes italc117 Alexander ital397 Alexander ital840 Alexander, bp of Fiesole ital304 Andronicus ital

1323 Angelus of Spoleto italc168 Anicetus, pope italc185 Apollonius, senator italc120 Atrasis, daughter of Hadrian ital

91 Aurelia Petronilla ital1998 Beheydt, pastor G. S. ital884 Bertharius, abbot ital

c360 Bibiana ital1388 Bonaventure Peraga, cardinal ital1600 Bruno, br G. ital570 Cadoc, bp ital

c165 Caecelia italc222 Callistus I, pope italc300 Castorius ital178 Cecilia ital303 Chrysogonus ital

c300 Claudius italc90 Cletus, bp of Rome ital253 Cornelius, pope ital

c302 Crescentia italc360 Dafrosa & Demetria ital1878 David, fr italc360 Demetria ital235 Demetrius ital834 Deusdedit, abbot of M Cassino ital

c300 Elmo, bp of Formiae ital1075 Erlembald italc111 Eustathius, Roman general italc117 Eventius & Theodulus ital250 Fabian, pope ital

c297 Felician ital259 Felicissimus & Agapitus ital

95 Flavius Clemens ital165 Gervase & Protase ital

91 Glabrio, Manius Acilius, consul ital1902 Goretti, Maria ital235 Hippolytus, antipope ital115 Ignatius, bp of Antioch ital730 James, bp of Catania ital305 Januarius, bp of Benevento ital526 John I, pope ital928 John X, pope ital

c120 Junia ital165 Justin Martyr & 5 companions ital259 Lawrence italc76 Linus, bp of Rome ital

c171 Lucius ital303 Lucy ital275 Magnus, bp of Fabrateria ital410 Marcella ital178 Marcellus ital309 Marcellus, pope ital

c364 Mark, bp of Arethusa ital397 Martyrius ital178 Maximus ital

c302 Modestus italc197 Moses ital1998 Muntoni, fr G. italc100 Nereus italc300 Nicostratus ital258 Novatian, antipope ital

1383 Panacea ital304 Pancras italc98 Parmenas the deacon ital64 Paul, Apostle ital

1365 Peter of Ruffia ital1252 Peter of Verona (Peter Martyr) italc120 Phocas, bp of Bontos ital235 Pontian, pope ital

c297 Primus ital165 Protase ital

c171 Ptolemaus italc171 Publius, bp of Athens ital

Continued opposite


202 Pudens ital1993 Puglisi, pastor G. ital1490 Rabata, A. ital1775 Ricci SJ, general L. ital1080 Rudolf of Swabia ital258 Rufina ital

c197 Sarah ital1498 Savonarola, G. ital288 Sebastian of Milan ital258 Secunda ital309 Sennen ital524 Severinus Boethius, consul ital537 Silverius, pope ital64 Simon Peter, Apostle ital

c300 Simplicius italc300 Simpronian ital397 Sisinnius ital

c117 Sixtus I, bp of Rome ital258 Sixtus II, pope ital257 Stephen I, pope ital

c280 Tarsicius italc228 Tatiana, deaconess ital391 Telemachus ital138 Telesphorus, bp of Rome ital

c117 Theodulus italc111 Theopista ital178 Tiburtius ital

c1200 Uguzo (Lucio di Val Cavargna) ital230 Urban, pope ital538 Ursicinus, bp of Ravenna ital269 Valentine ital178 Valerian ital

1619 Vanini, L. italc305 Victor ital303 Victor Maurus ital

c310 Victor of Stratelates italc302 Vitus ital1362 William of Campania ital303 Zeno of Rome ital

2000 Grange, fr R. ivor1991 Jeanne SAM, fr A. ivor1992 Pfister, J. ivor1985 Cuthbert, R. W. M. jama2000 Rochester, fr H. jama1633 Alonso, fr L. japa1634 Ansalone, fr G. japa1597 Blasquez, fr Pedro B. japa1989 Boisvert, fr A. japa1624 Carvalho, fr J. japa1597 Casas Martinez, Felipe japa1626 Caun, V. japa1622 Constanzo, fr C. japa1637 Courtet OP, fr W. japa1623 De Angelis, fr J. japa1637 de Aozaraza, fr M. japa1597 de Goto, fr J. S. japa1626 de Torres, fr B. japa1597 Francis of Miako japa1622 Fugiscima, fr D. japa1637 Gonzales, fr A. japa1632 Gutierrez, fr R. B. japa1613 Hachikan, Joaquin japa1633 Ibanez, fr D. japa1632 Ixida SJ, fr A. japa1597 Karasumaru, Leo japa1622 Kimura SJ, fr S. japa1619 Kimura, fr L. japa1597 Kisai, fr J. japa1633 Kohioye, fr M. japa1633 Kurobioye, M. japa1627 Kwon, Vincent japa1616 Lawrence japa1637 Lazzaro di Kyoto japa1616 Lewis japa1612 Lucas of Tokyo japa1617 Macaido, fr J. B. japa1634 Maddalena of Nagasaki japa1634 Marina di Omura japa1597 Miki SJ, fr Paul japa1628 Nagascima SJ, br M. japa1634 Nishi, fr T.H.R. japa1622 Novarra, fr P. P. japa1622 Ota, fr A. japa1626 Pacheco, fr F. japa1626 Rinscei, P. japa1642 Rubino, fr japa1637 Ruiz, L. japa1626 Sadamatzu, G. japa1622 Sandaju, fr P. O. japa1637 Schiwozuka, fr V. japa1714 Sidotti, abbot G. B. japa1622 Spinola SJ, fr C. japa1600 Tadaoki, Gracia japa1616 Thomas japa1633 Tomonaga OP, fr J. K. G. japa1626 Tozo, M. japa1627 Tsuji, fr T. japa1634 Vieira, fr S. japa1616 Vincent japa1623 Yempo, br Simon japa1600 Yukinaga, general Konishi japa1626 Zola, fr J. B. japa1622 Zumarraga OP, fr japa451 Nestorius, patriarch jord

1934 Poliansky, abp Ambrose kaza1998 Andeni, fr L. keny1991 Bethea, Lynda keny1952 Gacigi, G. keny1952 Gacigi, R. keny

1953 Gikonyo, E. keny1953 Kaguru, A. keny2000 Kaiser, fr A. keny1992 Kariuki, pastor H. keny1883 Koi, David keny1953 Maina, E. keny1992 Maniafo, S.J. keny1952 Mungai, J. keny1952 Muriuki, W. keny1934 Odongo, Alfayo keny1989 Reinkemeyer, sr A. keny1990 Stumpf, H. keny1997 Timmons, br L. keny1952 Wancegi, Mary keny1942 Sadd, A. kiri1996 Her, Ah laos1934 Pommer, John, abp of Riga latv1830 Asad es Shidiak leba1860 Billottet SJ, fr E. leba1860 Bonacina, br F. leba1985 Kluiters, fr N. leba1860 Mabeiche, br A. H. leba1860 Maksoud, br H. leba1987 Massé SJ, fr André leba304 Nilus, bp leba254 Origen leba304 Peleus, bp leba

1992 Robinson, W. leba1830 Shidiak, Asaad leba1860 Younes, br E. leba

c1970 Brown, bp D. libe1992 Fallah, pastor J. libe1992 Jackson, J. libe1992 Jackson, T. & J. libe1992 Kolmer, sr J. libe1992 Kolmer, sr S. libe1993 Korfeh, pastor T. libe1992 McGuire, sr K. libe1992 Mueller, sr S. libe1992 Muttra, sr B.A. libe1992 Saah, pastor D. libe1986 Senter, L. & R. libe1986 Senter, R. libe1989 Vassallo, sr Emanuela liby1347 Antoniy lith1946 Borisevicius, V., bp of Telsiai lith1009 Bruno, bp of Querfurt lith1347 Evastafiy lith1347 Ioann lith1980 Jaugelis, fr V. lith1981 Laurinavicius, fr B. lith1941 Litaunieks, fr V. lith1962 Matulionis, bp of Kaisiadorys lith1981 Mazeika, fr L. lith1940 Mazeika, L. lith1996 Ramanauskas, fr V. lith1959 Ramanauskas, P., bp of Telsiai lith1953 Reinys, M., abp of Vilnius lith1980 Sapoka, fr L. lith1975 Tamonis, M. lith1346 John the Blind luxe1896 Berthieu SJ, fr J. mada1988 de Boisseson, fr J. mada1998 Hubscher, fr M. mada1834 Rainitsiandavaka mada1988 Ramaralahy, br I. mada1837 Rasalama mada1984 Roy, fr mada1985 Sorgon OCD, fr S. mada1915 Chilembwe, John mala1983 Chiwanga mala1983 Gadama mala1983 Matenje mala1926 Nyirenda, Tomo mala1979 Sangaya, J. mala1704 Alverez, fr R. mexi1684 Beltran, fr M. mexi1686 Benitez, fr E. mexi1986 Brennes, J. mexi1541 Calero, br J. mexi1734 Carranco, fr L. mexi1998 Carreno, fr M. O. mexi1997 Collazo, S. mexi1564 Cossin, fr B. mexi1684 Custodio, fr F. mexi1567 de Acevedo, fr P. mexi1606 de Altamirano, fr M. mexi1585 de Ayala, fr A. mexi1773 de Bernave, fr J.C.G. mexi1567 de Burgos, fr P. mexi1541 de Cuellar, fr A. mexi1567 de Herrera, br J. mexi1586 de la Puebla, fr A. mexi1928 de la Vega, fr J. mexi1616 de Santarn, fr H. mexi1564 de Tapia, fr J. mexi1616 de Tovar, fr H. mexi1582 de Villalobos, fr L. mexi1586 del Rio, fr J. mexi1624 Delgado, fr D. mexi1994 Diaz, Veronica J. mexi1567 Donzel, fr F. mexi1986 Figaroa, N.M. mexi1986 Flores, Ernesto mexi2000 Gaytan, rev J. mexi1585 Gil, fr F. mexi1995 Gomez Ramos, pastor A. mexi1778 Guillen, fr F. mexi1616 Gutierrez, fr P. mexi

1624 Henriquez, br J. mexi1995 Hernandez Perez, pastor G. mexi1997 Hernandez, M. mexi1974 Hernandez, M. Gomez mexi1704 Hevia, fr D. mexi1811 Hidalgo y Costilla, fr M. mexi1560 Juan, br mexi1645 Labado, fr F. mexi1560 Lorenzo, fr F. mexi1564 Lucas, br mexi1928 Martinez, br H. mexi1647 Montero, fr F. mexi1815 Morelos y Pavon, fr J. M. mexi1986 Moreno, Norma mexi1684 Muros, fr mexi1993 Ocampo, cardinal Juan J.J.P. mexi1928 Perez, fr P. mexi1997 Perez, M. mexi1985 Philpot, J. mexi1993 Posadas, cardinal J.J. mexi1927 Pro Juarez, fr M. mexi1997 Ramos SJ, fr W. G. mexi1847 Rey SJ, fr A. mexi1997 Ruiz, pastor N. H. mexi1580 Serrato, fr J. mexi1734 Tamaral, fr N. mexi1649 Trevino de Sobremonte, T. mexi1880 Westrup, J. O. mexi1645 Zigarran, fr T. mexi1731 Contova SJ, fr Juan Antonio micr1995 Petcu, A. mold1220 Accursio moro1227 Agnello moro1220 Aiuto moro1220 Berard moro298 Cassian moro

1227 Domno moro1227 Hugolino moro1631 John of Prado moro1227 Leo moro298 Marcellus the Centurion moro

1227 Nicholas moro1220 Otho moro1220 Peter moro1227 Samuel moro1989 Bortolotti, fr F. moza1989 Campanella, fr C. moza1991 Cristovao, fr M.J. moza1985 Dalle Pezze, sr T.P. moza1989 de Rocha, fr A. moza1992 Fiorini, fr Alfredo moza1990 Gagnaux, dr R. moza1985 Goncalves Kamtedza SJ, fr J. moza1992 Goncalves, sr M.L. Granado moza1972 Manganhela, Z. moza1985 Moreira SJ, fr S. moza1989 Saltori, fr O. moza1972 Sidumo, J. moza1984 Torboli, fr S. moza1945 Akya Nai, pastor myan1662 Chu Tsu-hsuan, emperor myan1945 Devine, H. myan1745 Gallizia, bp myan1693 Genoud, fr myan1983 Gideon, dr myan1693 Joret, fr myan1950 Maxville, Selma M. myan1756 Nerini, fr myan1852 U, fr Moses Nya myan

c1990 Wi-Foo myan1958 Dapcha, Lama David nepa1997 Gafney SJ, fr T. nepa1970 Lamichami, Krishna nepa1988 Paisai, G. nepa754 Boniface (Winfrith), bp neth

1529 Denck, H. neth754 Eoban, bp neth

1942 Hoeben, H. neth1567 Hoorn, count neth1536 Hutter, J. neth856 Jeron neth

1567 Lamoral of Egmont neth1527 Manz, F. neth1619 Oldenbarnevelt, J. van neth1569 Pietersz, Pieter neth726 Werenfrid neth

c1600 Willems, D. neth1847 Marmoiton, br newc1989 Tjibaou, Jean-Marie newc1989 Yeiwene Yeiwene newc1865 Volkner, Carl S. newz

c1982 Athers, Lester nica1986 Castilblanco, N.A. nica1989 Corniall, sr Maurice nica1990 Courtney, sr M. nica1550 de Valdivieso, bp A. nica1974 Hernandez, pastor nica1989 Rosales, sr Teresa nica1982 Smith, E. nica1983 Vargas, pastor N. nica2000 Bello, fr C.O. nige1995 Iloputaife, bp H. A. nige1997 Isidi, rev N. nige1991 Mohammed, br nige2000 Ogbu, fr J.M.O. nige1995 Saro-Wiwa, K. nige1950 Brennan, bp P. T. nork1950 Byrne, bp P. J. nork1950 Chang MM, sr Agneta nork

1944 Choo Kee Chul, pastor norkc1990 Kim, pastor nork1950 Son Yang Won, pastor nork1950 Sung Du, fr nork1950 Tong-Sin, fr nork1866 Yu, fr P. Chong-ryul nork1043 Hallvard Vebjornssen norw1030 Olav II Haraldsson, king norw1998 Alam, pastor Noor paki1999 Bhatti, Sabir John paki1988 Dias OFM, fr C. paki1992 Iqbal, Tahir paki1960 John, evangelist Esther paki1997 Marcellina, sr A. T. S. paki1995 Masih, Iqbal paki1995 Masih, Javed paki1994 Masih, Manzoor paki2000 Sequeira, sr C. paki1988 Tarzwell, John paki1987 Wahid paki1988 Wojcickowski, sr S. pakic260 Alexander pale209 Elias & companions pale

c350 Eudoxius & companions pale419 Eustochium pale303 George, megalomartyr pale

c350 Gordius pale1995 Grassi, br B. pale

44 James Boanerges, Apostle pale62 James the Just, bp of Jerus pale54 James the Less, Apostle pale33 Jesus pale

c260 Malchus pale262 Marinus pale310 Pamphilus pale209 Pamphilus pale130 Papius pale

1972 Pate, Mavis pale309 Paul of Jamnia pale

c260 Piscus pale309 Porphyrius pale303 Procopius pale309 Seleucus pale

1979 Shorrosh, A. pale36 Stephen the Deacon pale

108 Symeon, bp of Jerusalem pale309 Theodulus pale309 Valens pale

1998 Chocho, Alber pana1648 de Oviedo, fr A. pana1642 de San Antonio, fr J. pana1974 Reimer, G. pana1989 Van Kleef CM, fr N. pana1901 Chalmers, pastor J. papu1985 Chappell, R. papu1855 Mazzuconi, fr G. papu1942 Redlich, V. papu1952 Selanuok papu1942 Tapiedi, Lucian papu1901 Tomkins, pastor O. papu1628 Alonso Rodriguez SJ para1998 Boumans SVD, fr G. para1536 de Almasia, J. para1628 Gonzalez SJ, fr Roque para1628 Juan del Castillo SJ para1645 Romero, fr P. para1997 Badiali, rev D. peru1985 Calderon, Z.S. peru1991 Casaverde, C. peru1991 Chuquin, J. peru1974 de Alencar, F.T. peru1991 Gutierrez, L. peru

c1985 Ludena, T. peru1991 McCormack, sr Irene peru1994 Nieto, F. A. E. peru1985 Rojas, C.M. peru1991 Sarmiento, M. peru1992 Saune, R. peru1983 Sawyer, sr Joan peru1991 Strzalkowski, fr Z. peru1991 Tattersall, N. peru1991 Tomaszek OFM, fr M. peru1541 Valverde OP, bp V. peru1991 Vargas, C. peru1999 Abadiano, Ted phil1992 Al-Hari, A. phil1989 Ayap, pastor A. phil1992 Bacabis, G. phil1996 Bagtasos III, pastor S. phil1985 Beling, fr M. phil1872 Burgos, fr Jose phil1976 Calvan, pastor R. phil1996 Camacho, H. phil1991 Capasilan, A. phil1992 Carzedda, fr S. phil1992 Celiz, Romeo phil1997 de Jesus, bp B. phil1840 de la Cruz, Apolinario phil1988 Estorba, fr M. phil1985 Favali, fr T. phil

c1995 Finnemann, bp W. phil2000 Gallardo, fr R. phil1991 Goldsworthy, K. phil1872 Gomez, fr Mariano phil1989 Gran, Lovello phil1989 Gran, pastor Vizminda phil1942 Gray, R. F. phil1992 Hamill, J. phil1996 Hapalla, J. phil


MARTYROLOGY 263


Continued overleaf

1992 Hapalla, pastor Gregorio phil2000 Inocencio, fr B. phil1992 Juliet phil

c1985 Lavina, J. phil1989 Malalay, fr D. phil1601 Marin, fr Esteban phil1943 Meyer, F. & 11 missionaries phil1997 Rio, pastor W. phil1989 Rivera, Rufino phil1896 Rizal, Jose phil1985 Romano, fr R. phil1985 Romero, fr A. phil1984 Roxas, S. phil1989 Ruelo, pastor Z. phil1988 Schmitz, CP, fr Carl phil1997 Selorio, pastor E. phil1991 Sigridsson, S. phil1995 Solan, Joel phil1991 Speers, J. phil1988 Stockton, Ann phil1985 Valerio, fr N. phil1972 Williams, N. phil1872 Zamora, fr Jacinto phil1003 Benedict of Benevento pola1757 Faulhaber, fr A. pola1941 Kolbe OFM, fr Maximilian pola

c1942 Kowalski, J., primate pola1984 Popieluszko, fr J. pola1985 Poplawski, fr P. pola1940 Skobtsova, mother M. pola1079 Stanislas, bp of Cracow pola1942 Stein, Edith pola1942 Stein, Rosa pola1940 Urban SJ, fr J. pola

c1975 Wallenburg, Raoul pola1761 Malagrida, fr G. port1996 Loperena Soto OP, fr W. puer1996 Soto OP, fr W. L. puer1948 Aftemie, bp roma1714 Brankoveanu, prince Constant roma1981 Clipa, I. roma1954 Durkovici, bp A. roma303 Efrem, bp of Tomis roma

1948 Frentiu, bp roma1954 Ghika, fr V. roma1970 Hossu, bp J. roma1981 Kernweisz, bp K. romac370 Nicetas roma1795 Oprea, Miclaus, monk roma1954 Pacha, bp roma

c1650 Romanul, Ioan Valahul roma1849 Roth, pastor S. L. roma372 Sabas the Goth roma

1795 Sarai, Visarion, monk roma1954 Scheffler, bp roma1975 Simescu, br roma1795 Sofronie of Cioara, monk roma1334 Stephen of Gross-Wardein roma1948 Suciu, bp roma1981 Teodosiu, S. roma1975 Zecianu, br roma1936 Abrikosov, mother C. russ997 Adalbert, bp of Prague russ

1932 Afanassy, bp of Stavobelsk russ1970 Afonin, I.A. russ1720 Alexander the Deacon russ1932 Alexander, abp russ1938 Alexey, bp of Petrograd russ1771 Ambrose, abp of Krutitsy russ1934 Ambrose, bp of Podolsk russ1918 Ambrose, bp of Seroapulsk russ1918 Ambrose, fr russ1938 Anatole, metrop of Odessa russ1918 Andronick, abp of Perm russ1932 Antony, bp of Archangel russ1921 Archangelsky, pastor T. russ1935 Arseny, abp of Serpuhov russ1936 Arseny, metrop of Novgorod russ1977 Avdeyev, M.V. russ1682 Avvakum Petrovich, archpriest russ1980 Bakholdin, S. russ1936 Bartholomew, bp russ1918 Benjamin, fr russ1922 Benjamin, metrop of Petrograd russ1970 Bergemann, F. russ1975 Biblenko, I.V. russ1015 Boris & Gleb russ1923 Budkiewicz, C., vicar russ1918 Chernikh, S. russ1936 Cyril, metropolitan of Kazan russ1771 Damascenus russ1976 Deinega, N.Y. russ1918 Dimitri, pastor russ1936 Dimitry, abp of Gdovsk russ1922 Dobrolubov, pastor russ1918 Dovganav, P. russ1970 Druck, V. russ1985 Durksen, Y. russ1918 Efrem, bp of Selenginsk russ1918 Elizabeth, grand duchess russ1682 Epifanii, monk russ1935 Fedorov, exarch L. russ1922 Friazinov, pastor russ1921 Frolov, pastor J. russ1997 Gadzhiyev, G. russ1997 Gadzhiyev, Tatiana russ1015 Gleb russ1970 Golev, S.T. russ1919 Herman, bp of Kamychen russ

1918 Hermogen, abp of Tobolsk russc1925 Ierofey, bp of Veliki-Ustinsk russ1954 Indus, Artur russ1689 Iosif, hermit, & monks russ1918 Irinarkh, fr russ1918 Israel, monk russ1918 Issidor, bp of Mikhailov russ1714 Ivanov, Thomas russ1977 Ivanova, R. russ1919 Joachim, abp of Nizhni-Novgo russ1938 Joseph, metro of Petrograd russ1920 Justin, abp of Omsk russ1938 Juvenal, abp of Riazan russ1964 Khmara, N. russ1982 Khrapov, N.P. russ1917 Kochurov, fr I. russ1979 Krasnova, T.K. russ1964 Kucherenko russ1999 Kulakov, pastor A. russ1918 Kuntsevich, L. russ1990 Lasar, fr Hegumen russ1919 Lavrenty, bp of Balakhna russ1918 Leonty, bp of Enotaev russ1918 Longin, pastor russ1997 Magomedov, H & T. russ1918 Makarov, M. russ1944 Makary, abp russ1919 Makary, bp of Viazma russ

c1700 Markel, br russ1972 Melnikov russ1990 Menn, fr Alexander russ1921 Methody, bp of Petropavlovsk russ1989 Mien, fr Alexander russ1918 Miniatov, lawyer russ1918 Mitrophan, abp of Astrakhan russ1918 Modest, fr russ1974 Moiseyevich, pastor I. russ1918 Mokovsky, pastor G. & wife russ

c1682 Morozova, Boyarina russ1921 Moslovsky, pastor J. russ1922 Nadezhdin, pastor russ

c1938 Nikandr, metrop of Odessa russ1919 Nikodim, bp of Belgorod russ1961 Nikolai, metrop of Krutitsy russ1938 Nikon (Lebedev), bp russ1938 Nikon, bp of Belgorod russ1918 Nizza, L. russ1922 Orlov, pastor russ1918 Ornatsky, fr F. russ1974 Ostapenko, pastor I.M. russ1929 Peter, abp of Voronezh russ1936 Peter, metropolitan of Krutitsy russ1922 Philaret, bp of Kostroma russ1934 Philip, abp russ1567 Philip, metropolitan of Moscow russ1919 Pimen, bp of Verny russ1938 Pitirim, abp russ1918 Polotnikov, abp of Petrograd russ1918 Pospelov, abp G. russ1682 Pustosviat, Nikita russ1918 Radion, fr russ1918 Riabuhin, pastor J. russ1974 Rozanov, N. russ1922 Rybalkin, monk Fyodor russ1921 Sarichov, pastor S. russ1978 Sedletsky, V. russ1938 Seraphim, bp russ1932 Seraphim, metro of Petrograd russ1929 Serge, bp of Efremov russ1922 Shein, S. russ1980 Shelkov, V. A. russ1921 Simon, bp of Ufa russ1918 Skipetrov, fr A. russ1922 Sokolov, pastor russ1861 Sokolskij, abp J. russ1918 Stavrovsky, fr A. russ1922 Telegin, A. russ1918 Theodot russ1918 Theophan, bp of Solikamsk russ1919 Tikhon, abp of Voronezh russ1925 Tikhon, patriarch russ1919 Varsonoufy, bp of Kirillov russ

c1968 Vasilyevna, M. russ1918 Veraskin, abp A. russ1922 Vishniakov, pastor russ1943 Voronaev, I. E. russ1918 Vostorgov, fr J. russ1920 Weinberg, Judith russ1972 Yagozinsky, S. russ

c1930 Yemelyanov, fr P. russ1995 Yi, C.H. russ1995 Yi, K. W. russ1971 Zakharov russ1922 Zaozersky, pastor russ1998 Benimana, sr F. rwan1997 Bosmans, Sr M. rwan1998 Curic, fr V. rwan1998 Gasigwa, sr E. rwan1994 Gatwa, T. rwan1997 Habakurama, rev I. rwan1994 Havugimana, evangelist I rwan1998 Kagabo, fr B. rwan1962 Kanamuzeyi, pastor Yona rwan1994 Karuhije, dean A. rwan1992 Locatelli, A. rwan1998 Mukagakwaya, sr X. rwan1998 Mukamuhire, sr B. rwan1998 Mukanoheli, sr V. rwan1996 Mukeshimana, sr A. rwan

1996 Ngwije, fr A. K. rwan1996 Nikwigize, bp P. rwan1994 Nsengiyumva, abp V. rwan1994 Nsengiyumva, bp T. rwan1997 Pinard WF, fr Guy rwan1992 Poppa, sr R. rwan1997 Ruterahagusha, pastor T. rwan1997 Ruterahagusha, T. rwan1994 Rutumbu, fr J. rwan1994 Ruzindana, bp J. rwan1998 Rwangeyo, sr D. rwan2000 Uzcudum, fr I. rwan1998 Wimana, sr C. rwan1997 Yirirwahandi, rev P. rwan1996 Zubiri, sr Carmen rwan467 Azquir saud

1997 Beltran, A. saud1148 Ernest, abbot of Zwiefalten saud1997 Janda, R. saud1992 Mal-Allah, S.A.K. saud1952 Gnidovec, dean serb1999 Aloysius, sr M. sier1999 Carmeline, sr sier1999 Hindu, sr sier1999 Sweva, sr sier1960 Gojdic, bp Pavol slok1740 Koman, pastor D. slov304 Victorinus, bp of Pettau slov

1942 Duhamel, fr A. C. solo1846 Epalle SM, bp solo1942 Hennessey, J. G. solo1871 Patteson, bp J. C. solo1989 Colombo OFM, bp P.S. soma1995 Fumagalli, Graziella soma1995 Goobe, A. soma1962 Grove, M. soma1996 Haaji, professor soma1996 Huseen, professor H. M. soma

c1995 Katoolig, C. soma1994 Liibaan, Ibrahim soma

c1995 Mahamed, S. somac1995 Sheekhdoon, M. somac1968 Sheikow, Musa soma1991 Turati OFM, fr P. soma1999 Umbarger, Deena M. soma1977 Biko, Steve soua1994 Heyns, moderator Johan soua1990 Magorrian, H.L. soua1996 Makaboge, moderator E. soua1996 Mataboge, rev E. soua1992 Mbatha, S’Khumbuzo soua1983 Muothe, I.T. soua1995 O’Neill, fr E. soua1999 Peleman, fr A. soua1998 Schreck, sr M. soua1990 Stanton, fr N. soua1992 Tsotetsi, Saul soua1989 Webster, David soua1993 Zuma, Isaac soua1993 Zuma, Thandi soua1866 Berneux, bp S.-F. souk1839 Chastan, fr J. H. souk1866 Cho, Peter souk1801 Chu, fr James souk1801 Chung, Augustine souk1866 Daveluy, bp M. A. N. souk1954 Eunak, K. souk1801 Hwang, S. C. souk1839 Imbert, bp Laurence souk1983 Ki-Yoon, pastor I. souk1846 Kim Tai Kun, fr Andrew souk1839 Kim, Agatha souk1866 Lee, John souk1942 Lee, pastor Kipoong souk1839 Maubant, fr P. souk1987 Park, Jong Ch’ol souk1839 Ri, J. souk1866 Thomas, R. J. souk1801 Wan-Suk, Columba souk1795 Wenmo, fr J. Z. souk1791 Yun, Paul souk825 Adulfus & John spai

1936 Arbona, fr B. spai1934 Arconada, fr J. B. spai931 Argentea spai

1936 Artigues, fr R. spai1936 Audi, fr F. spai850 Aurea spai852 Aurelius spai

1936 Baste, fr N. spai1936 Boguna, fr L. spai1936 Bori, fr P. spai1936 Carbonell, fr C. spai1936 Carrio, fr A. spai853 Columba of Cordoba spai

1936 Corral, fr O. spai1936 Darder, E. spai1570 de Azevedo SJ, fr I. spai1397 de Cetina, J. spai1397 de Duenas, P. spai1936 de Velasco, fr I. spai304 Eulalia of Merida spai859 Eulogius of Cordoba spai852 Fandila of Cordoba spai

1936 Ferreres, fr J. B. spai851 Flora of Cordoba spai259 Fructuosus, bp of Tarragona spai

1936 Garcia Villada SJ, fr Z. spai1936 Gelabert, P. spai

850 George of Cordoba spai1936 Gonzalez, fr E. spai1936 Grimaltos, R. spai585 Hermenegild of Spain spai851 Isaac, monk spai

1936 Isla, fr L. spai1936 Jimenez Malla, Ceferino spai825 John of Cordoba spai

1478 John of Sahagun spai859 Leocritia spai

1936 Llatje, fr J. spai1936 Luque, fr E. spai1936 Malla, C. J. spai1936 Martinez, fr B. spai1934 Martinez, fr E. spai851 Mary of Cordoba spai

1936 Mayorga, fr M. spai1578 Miguel de Medina spai852 Natalia spai

1936 Payan, fr A. spai850 Perfectus of Cordoba spai

1936 Peypoch, fr E. spai853 Pomposa spai386 Priscillian, bp spai

1936 Rovira, fr J. spai1936 Sales, V. spai1936 Sanchez, fr J. spai851 Sanctius of Cordoba spai

1936 Santaella, fr M. spai1936 Simon, fr A. spai1936 Sitjar, fr T. spai1936 Tarrats, J. spai1936 Tena, fr R. spai

c65 Torquatus spai1936 Valenti, fr T. spai1936 Verges, fr J. spai304 Vincent of Saragossa spai931 Vulfura spai

1227 Daniel of Belvedere span1988 Chandra, fr F. sril1985 Jeyarajasingham, pastor G. sril1985 Manielpillai, fr M.B. sril1987 Rodrigo OMI, fr Miguel sril1998 Sritharan, pastor Vasu sril1963 Adwok, pastor G. suda1985 Arensen, J. suda1963 Debior, P. suda1998 Deng, A. Y. suda1964 Dwatuka, fr B. suda1885 Gordon, general C. G. suda1992 Kon, Paul suda1991 Lawi, Ezra suda1998 Malesh, pastor J. suda1990 Mamma, pr suda1967 Saturnino, fr suda1120 Botvid swed1150 Eric of Sweden swed

c1080 Eskil, bp swed1156 Henry, bp of Uppsala swed1028 Ulfrid swed287 Candidus swit287 Exuperantius swit287 Exuperius swit287 Felix swit

1622 Fidelis of Sigmaringen swit287 Maurice swit861 Meinrad of Einsiedeln, hermit swit287 Regula swit287 Urs swit287 Ursus of Solothurn swit287 Victor of Marseilles swit

c287 Victor of Solothurn swit926 Wiborada (Guiborat), recluse swit

1859 Ascanio OFM, fr N. syri315 Bacchus syri

1859 de Albera OFM, fr. N. M. syri1860 de Albera, fr M. M. syri1859 Fernandez, fr J. J. syri1258 Kitbuga, general syri1860 Kolland OFM, fr E. syric360 Leontius of Tripoli syri1860 Masi, Francis syri1860 Masi, Muti syri1860 Masi, Raphael syri

c1180 Michael of Damietta syri1860 Pinzano OFM, Francis syri1860 Ruiz OFM, fr Emmanuel syri315 Sergius & Bacchus syri304 Silvanus syri

1859 Soler, fr P. syric900 Thomas, bp of Damascus syric750 Vahan of Goghtn syri1860 Volta OFM, fr. C. syri1662 Hambroek, A. taiw1973 Hopewell, Gladys taiw1994 Limar, br taji1996 Schiavo, fr G. tanz1981 Fietje, K. thai1569 Jerome de la Croix thai1868 Noi Sunya thai1869 Non Chai, abbot thai1569 Sebastian Cantu thai1941 Sri-Phong, catechist P. thai1887 Moran, fr J. togo1516 Botello OP, Diego trin1516 de Salcedo OP, fr F trinc255 Agapius, bp tuni1460 Antony of Rivoli (Tunis) tuni413 Apringius, proconsul tuni

180 Aquilinus tuni259 Augurius tuni180 Cittinus tuni258 Cyprian, bp of Carthage tuni304 Dativus tuni484 Dionysia tuni180 Donata tuni304 Donatilla tuni347 Donatus, bp of Bagai tuni259 Eulogius tuni202 Felicitas tuni180 Felix tuni303 Felix of Thibiuca tuni259 Flavian tuni180 Generosa tuni347 Isaac tuni259 James of Cirta tuni180 Januaria tuni180 Laetantius tuni180 Lucitas tuni259 Lucius tuni484 Majoricus tuni413 Marcellinus Flavius, tribune tuni347 Marculus, bp of S. Numidia tuni259 Marian tuni259 Marianus tuni304 Maxima tuni347 Maximian tuni180 Miggin tuni259 Montanus tuni180 Namphano tuni180 Nartzalus tuni202 Perpetua tuni

c258 Quadratus, bp tuni259 Quartillosia tuni259 Renus tuni202 Revocatus tuni180 Sanam tuni202 Saturninus tuni202 Saturus tuni180 Secunda tuni304 Secunda tuni484 Servus tuni180 Speratus tuni180 Vestia tuni180 Veturius tuni484 Victorian tuni

c260 Leontius the Ascetic turcc260 Paregorius turc251 Achatius, bp turk304 Adrian & Natalia turk

c170 Agathonice turk284 Alexander & Asterius turk628 Anastasius the Persian turk295 Anthimus, bp of Nicomedia turk91 Antipas turk

284 Asterius turk112 Babai turk251 Babylas, patriarch of Antioch turk304 Barlaam of Antioch turk112 Barsamya turk

c300 Callinicus turkc170 Carpus, bp turk249 Christopher turk

1923 Chrysostomos, met of Smyrna turkc260 Conon turkc300 Cosmas & Damian turk

110 Crescentius turkc260 Cyril turk1638 Cyril I Lukaris, ecu patriarch turk1638 Cyril II Kontaris, ecu patriarch turkc300 Damian turkc300 Diomed turk313 Dorothy turk303 Euphemia turk379 Eusebius, bp of Samosata turk834 Euthymius, metrop of Sardes turk64 Evodius, bp of Antioch turk

252 Fabius, bp of Antioch turk156 Felicitus Alexander turk165 Felicity turk449 Flavian, patriarch turk303 Genesius the Actor turk156 Germanicus turk729 Germanus, ecu patriarch turk

1707 Gomidas, fr K. turk1979 Goodman, Dave turk1317 Gregorios, Mar, bp turk1822 Gregory V, ecu patriarch turk309 Habib the Deacon turk

1998 Haviaropoulos, V. turk304 Hermes turk297 Hipparchus turk284 Irene turk

1096 John (Said bar Sabhuni), bp turk407 John Chrysostom, patriarch turk

c860 John VII Grammaticus, patr turk95 John, Apostle turk

1802 Lazarus the Bulgar turkc580 Licinianus, bp of Carthage turk1896 Lilli OFM, fr Salvatore turk312 Lucian of Antioch turk511 Macedonius II, patriarch turk274 Mamas turk278 Marina turk

64 Matthias, Apostle turk311 Methodius, bp of Olympus turk304 Natalia of Nicomedia turk250 Nestor, bp of Perga turk

1997 Ozdemir, Ali turkc1898 Papizian, archimandrite J. turkc170 Papylus turk351 Paul, patriarch turk

c300 Pelagia turk304 Philip bp of Heraclea turk60 Philip, Apostle turk

297 Philotheus of Antioch turk250 Pionius turk156 Polycarp, bp of Smyrna turk304 Severus turk309 Shamona turk112 Sharbil turk764 Stephen the Younger, abbot turk

c300 Taragus & companions turk284 Thalelaeus turk

c125 Thalelaeus turkc50 Thecla turk

c725 Theodosia turk97 Timothy, bp turk

c310 Tyrannio, bp of Tyre turk1554 Yuhanna Sulaqa, catholicos turk304 Zenobius turk

2000 Akullu, G. ugan2000 Akweyo, sr D. ugan1979 Annanias, fr O. ugan2000 Asienzo, sr P. ugan1886 Badzekuketta, A. ugan1886 Banabakintu, Luke ugan1984 Bazira, pastor G. ugan1988 Beebwa, sr M.T. ugan1990 Biscaro, fr Egidio ugan1886 Buzabaliawo, James ugan1979 Dalmajo, fr S. ugan2000 di Bari, fr R. ugan1989 Ejeru, pastor Joseph ugan1979 Fiorantie, fr A. ugan1886 Gonza, Gonzaga ugan1886 Gyavira ugan1885 Hannington, bp James ugan1886 Kaggwa, Andrew ugan1973 Kagwa, M. ugan1886 Kalemba, Matthias ugan1886 Kibuka, Ambrose ugan1973 Kiggundu, fr C. ugan1886 Kiriggwajjo, Anatole ugan1886 Kiriwawanvu, Mukasa ugan1886 Kiwanuka, Achilles ugan1972 Kiwanuka, justice Benedicto ugan1886 Kizito ugan1886 Ludigo, Adolphus Mukasa ugan1977 Luwum, abp Janani ugan1886 Lwanga, Charles ugan1886 Mawaggali, Noe ugan1886 Mugagga ugan1885 Mukasa, Joseph ugan1973 Mukhana, J. ugan1976 Musaka, fr ugan1887 Muzeyi, Jean-Marie ugan1886 Ngondwe, Pontian ugan1988 Oido, fr C.O. ugan1988 Okagric, br A. ugan1897 Pilkington, G. L. ugan1979 Santi, fr G. ugan1886 Sebuggwawo, Denis ugan1886 Serunkuma, Bruno ugan1973 Serwanika, J. ugan1988 Spil MHM, fr C. ugan1886 Tuzinde, Mbaga ugan1979 Wasikye, John, bp of Mbale ugan1986 Wilson, evangelist John E.H. ugan1991 You WF, fr Alexander ugan1932 Agapit, abp of Ekaterinoslav ukra1918 Basil, abp of Chernigov ukra1937 Boretsky, M., metropolitan ukra1927 Bretzkiy, bp N. ukra

99 Clement, bp of Rome ukra1935 Damaskin, bp of Gluhov ukra1980 Gurgula, fr A. ukra1948 Halan, Y. ukra

c1970 Hmara of Kulunda ukra1979 Kalienuk, fr Z.A. ukra1959 Kherie, bp A. ukra1944 Kocylowskyj, bp ukra1948 Kostelnyk, fr H. ukra1980 Kotyk, fr Y. ukra1975 Lutsky, fr M. ukra1938 Lypkivsky, V., metropolitan ukrac650 Martin I, pope ukra1936 Pavlivsky, I., metropolitan ukra1984 Potochnyak, fr A. ukra1947 Romza, bp T. ukra1982 Terelya, B.M. ukra1918 Vladimir, metropolitan of Kiev ukra1758 Aberin, fr J. S. usa1704 Anixa, A. usa1704 Arraiyo, fr J. P. usa1736 Aulneau, fr J. P. usa1672 Avila y Ayala, fr P. usa1781 Barreneche, fr J. A. usa1872 Bassost, fr F. usa

1680 Bernal, fr J. usa1999 Bernall, Cassie usa1858 Braeuninger, M. usa1859 Brown, John usa1974 Cabo, fr M. usa1689 Chefdeville, fr A. usa1964 Cheney, J. usa1963 Collins, Addie Mae usa1696 Corvera, fr F. usa1921 Coyle, J. E. usa1704 Criado, fr D. usa1736 d’Artiquette, P. usa1736 d’Esgly, F. M. usa1965 Daniels, J. usa1696 de Arbizu, fr J. usa1632 de Arvide, fr M. usa1597 de Auñon, fr M. usa1597 de Badajoz, fr A. usa1549 de Barbastro, fr L. C. usa1696 de Carbonel, fr A. usa1597 de Corpa, fr P. usa1736 de Coulonge, L. d’A. usa1992 de Dios, Manuel usa1680 de Espeleta, fr J. usa1680 de Figuero, fr J. usa1696 de Jesus Maria Casañas, fr F. usa1680 de Jesus, fr J. usa1553 de la Cruz, fr D. usa1542 de la Cruz, fr J. usa1680 de la Pedroso, fr J. usa1680 de la Ribourde, fr G. usa1834 de Leon, fr A. D. usa1680 de Lorenzana, fr F. usa1680 de Mdorales, fr L. usa1553 de Mena, fr J. usa1704 de Mendoza, fr M. usa1718 de Montesdoca, br L. usa1680 de Montesdoca, fr J. usa1680 de Mora, fr A. usa1726 de Oca, fr L. M. usa1631 de Ortega, fr P. usa1704 de Osorio, fr T. usa1542 de Padilla OFM, fr J. usa1704 de Parga, fr J. usa1549 de Pekalosa, fr D. usa1680 de Pro, fr A. S. usa1571 de Quiros, fr L. usa1597 de Rodriguez, fr B. usa1680 de Santa Maria, fr A. usa1581 de Santa Maria, fr J. usa1731 de Saraoz, fr D. usa1571 de Segura, fr J. B. usa1571 de Solis, fr G. usa1736 de St Agne, L. G. usa1706 de St Cosme, fr J. F. B. usa1680 de Talban, fr J. usa1758 de Terreros, fr A. G. usa1736 de Tonty, P. A. usa1680 de Torres, fr T. usa1680 de Trujillo, fr J. usa1542 de Ubeda, fr L. D. usa1680 de Velasco, fr F. usa1680 de Vera, fr D. usa1736 de Vincennes, F. M. B. usa1680 del Val, fr J. usa1706 Delhalle, fr C. usa1834 Diaz OFM, fr usa1781 Diaz, fr J. M. usa1729 du Poisson, fr P. usa1736 du Tisne, L. C. usa1662 Dyre, Mary usa1704 Feliciano, A. C. usa1553 Ferrer, fr J. usa1702 Foucault, fr N. usa1549 Fuentes, br usa1752 Ganzabal, fr J. F. usa1692 Garangouas, M. usa1781 Garces OFM, fr F. T. usa1730 Gaston, fr usa1571 Gomez, fr G. usa1692 Gonannhatenha, F. usa1964 Goodman usa1708 Gravier, fr J. usa1985 Hammes, W. usa1908 Heinrich, fr L. usa1643 Hutchinson, Anne usa1997 James, Jessica usa1796 Juvenal, hieromonk usa1968 King, Jr, pastor Martin Luther usa1689 Le Clercq, fr M. usa1632 Letrado, fr F. usa1990 Lewis, pastor N. usa1571 Linares, fr P. usa1968 Liuzzo, Viola usa1998 Loften, pastor A. usa1582 Lopez, fr F. usa1837 Lovejoy, Elijah P. usa1680 Maldonado, fr L. usa1566 Martinez SJ, fr P. usa1996 Mathias, mrs. C. usa1996 Mathias, pastor C. & wife usa1963 McNair, Denise usa1689 Membre, fr Z. usa1661 Menard, fr R. usa1553 Mendez, fr H. usa

1571 Mendez, fr J. B. usa1999 Miller, Carla usa1999 Miller, Jr., Shon usa1631 Miranda, fr P. usa1696 Moreno, fr A. usa1781 Moreno, fr J. M. usa1680 Naranjo, B. usa1680 Pio, fr J. B. usa1697 Plunkett, fr C. usa1704 Ponce de Leon, fr A. usa1633 Porras, fr F. usa1800 Prosser, Gabriel usa1812 Quintana, fr A. usa1571 Redondo, fr C. usa1680 Rendon, fr M. usa1963 Robertson, Carole usa1582 Rodriguez, fr A. usa1985 Rossiter, fr J. usa1985 Roth, F. usa1696 Sanchez, fr L. usa1758 Santiesteban, fr J. usa1999 Scott, Rachel usa1886 Seghers, abp C. J. usa1736 Senat SJ, fr A. usa1749 Silva, fr F. X. usa1844 Smith, Hyrum usa1844 Smith, Joseph usa1729 Souel, fr J. usa1997 Stegar, Kayce usa1856 Strang, James J. usa1690 Tegananokoa, S. usa1680 Tinoco, fr M. usa1999 Tomlin, John usa1933 Tourian, abp Leontius usa1831 Turner, Nat usa1597 Verascola, fr F. usa1817 Vesey, Denmark usa1963 Wesley, Cynthia usa1847 Whitman, M. & N. usa1847 Whitman, N. usa1571 Zeballos, fr S. usa1841 Chanel, fr P. M. vanu1839 Williams, John vanu1730 de Labrid, bp N. vene1998 Marrero, mgr A. G. vene1861 Almato OP, fr P. viet1645 André, catechist viet1968 Blood, H. viet1838 Bovie, fr P. D. viet1837 Cornay, fr J. C. viet1798 Dat, fr J. viet1838 Delgado, bp I. viet1838 Diem, V. viet1833 Gagelin, F.-I. viet1962 Gerber, D. viet1861 Hermosilla OP, bp H. viet

c1970 Heywood, J. viet1975 Hoang, pastor Van Dat viet1645 Ignace, catechist viet1838 Koa, P. viet1835 Marchand, fr J. viet1962 Mitchell, A. viet1975 Nguyen, Huy Mai viet1975 Nguyen, Van Hoa viet1950 Nguyen, pastor viet1861 Ochoa, bp V. B. viet1968 Olsen, Betty viet1950 Phan Long, pastor viet1950 Thien Thi, pastor viet1798 Trieu, fr E. viet1861 Venard, fr J. T. viet1645 Vincent, catechist viet1962 Vitti, A. viet1968 Wilting, Ruth viet523 Abraham yeme523 Abu-Afr, governor yeme

1998 Anetta, sr yeme523 Aretas yeme523 Elesbaan yeme523 Elias yeme523 Elija yeme523 Habsa yeme

1998 Lilia, sr yeme1998 Michaela, sr yeme523 Moses of Yemen yeme523 Sergios yeme

2000 Tirelli, sr F. zamb1561 da Silveira SJ, fr G. zimb1978 Dunaway, Jr., A.G. zimb1978 Evans, P. & S. zimb1978 Evans, S. zimb1978 Fisher, M. zimb1988 Knoerl, br K. zimb1978 Lynn, R. & J. & Pamela zimb1978 Lynn, J. zimb1978 Lynn, Pamela zimb1978 McCann, P. & S. & Joy zimb1978 McCann, Joy zimb1978 McCann, S. zimb1896 Mizeki, Bernard, catechist zimb1970 Nyabadza, fr B. zimb1978 Picken, C. zimb1976 Schmitt, bp A. zimb

