Martín Oller Alonso PhD Proyecto Prometeo (SENESCYT)

Martín Oller Alonso PhDProyecto Prometeo (SENESCYT)

Instituto de Altos Estudios Nacionales (IAEN)Quito, Ecuador

Journalistic roles, objectivity, the perception

of influences and autonomy within Journalistic Culture

in Spain

http://culturasperiodisticas.wordpress.com

The focus of study: journalists within their professional context

The concept of Journalistic Cultures: National Cultures or universal concept of culture as a lifestyle

The Journalistic Culture of a country or region must become a universalized concept

LEVEL OF SYSTEMS LEVEL OF

ORGANIZATIONLEVEL OF THE INDIVIDUAL

INTRODUCTION

3

CULTURE

JOURNALISTIC CULTURE

WESTERN JOURNALISTIC

CULTURE

JOURNALISTS

INTERMEDIATE JOURNALISTIC

CULTURES


-Pattern-Various forms -Communication

is essential

-Mediatization of modern culture-Heterogeneity

-Journalistic Culture is not

equal to ideology-Símbol-

Ideology-Reality-Intercultural

and multicultural

communication

4

WESTERN JOURNALISTIC CULTURE

The importance of context

Journalistic Cultures as tool for comparative analysis

INTERMEDIATE JOURNALISTIC CULTURES


5

WESTERN JOURNALISTIC CULTURE Hallin, D. & Mancini, P. (2004)

Factors: Development of the journalistic market Professionazation of the journalists State intervention Political parallelism

MARKET MEDIA SYSTEMPOLITIC SYSTEMJOURNALISTS


6

WESTERN JOURNALISTIC CULTURES Liberal: Great Britain, USA, Canada, Ireland

- Business Model, high professionalism, scarce State intervention

Democratic Corporatist : Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden y Switzerland

- Historically “partisan press” but evolves into business model. Strong “welfare State” by state involvement

Polarized Pluralist: Spain, Portugal, Greece, Italy, France

- Role of the State, low professionalism, strong parallelism


7

North Atlantic or Liberal Model (I)

Characteristics Early industrialization: commercial press Limited Government Strong rational-legal authority Individualized Pluralism: Accountability to

the individual citizen Information “based on facts”. Objectivity XIX: separation media-parties Strong public RTV: BBC

WESTERN JOURNALISTIC CULTURES

8

North Atlantic or Liberal Model (II)

Great Britain, Ireland, Canada, USA

Tensions: Private property &

media as public service

Ethics & market pressures

Model?


9

The North / Central European or Democratic Corporatist Model (I)

Characteristics: o The three co-existences:

o Large circulation commercial + press linked to civil groups

o Political parallelism + journalistic professionalism

o Freedom of press + State interventiono Early market developmento Protestant Reformation: literacyo Ethno-religious conflict: press as weapon of

civil ideas


10

The North / Central European or Democratic Corporatist Model (II)

Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden y Switzerland

Social States: collective responsibility

State: guarantee of equality of opportunities in communication. The common good


11

Mediterranean or Polarized Pluralist Model (I)

Press Industry: late development (press party, dictatorship), few print runs (all countries except France below 100 copies) -Spain 2010: 78 & Finland: 383-, elite press

Political Parallelism: close relationship between the media and the political system. Ideologization of the press (7,5). Indicators of parallelism: media content, how to present, organizational relationships, political activism journalists, journalistic practices

Set of circunstancies: subject to changes


12

Mediterranean or Polarized Pluralist Model (II)

Professionalism and autonomy of journalists: origin related to literature, lack of real power of associations, no regulation or code, press oriented to comments

State intervention: direct, indirect. Property, licensing, appointments, interventionism in contents, impartiality

Other factors: consumption of other media; balance between local, regional and national press; linguistic factores, etc.


13

Mediterranean or Polarized Pluralist Model (III)

Model exported to Latin America?

Study topics: Political

corruption Pedro J.

Ramírez- El Mundo

Berlusconi


14

JOURNALISTIC CULTURE OF SPAIN


JOURNALISTS

(WJS)

PROFESSIONAL

ROLES

INFLUENCES

AUTONOMY

OBJECTIVITY

15JOURNALISTIC CULTURE

OF SPAIN

CONTEXT INFLUENCES

Profesionalization

LEVEL OF INSTITUTION

LEVEL OF SYSTEMS

Organizative structure

Political parallelism

Market structure

State roles

LEVEL OF THE INDIVIDUAL

Political factors

Journalistic culture

Professional roles

Objectivity concept

Influences perception

Autonomy concept

16

RESULTS: PROFESSIONAL ROLES

PROFFESIONAL ROLES OF JOURNALISTS

NSpain %

Provide citizens with political information M

SD

100 71.04.051.13

Be absolutely detached observer M

SD

100 82.04.321.01

Act as watchdog of government M

SD

100 58.03.711.16

Provide interesting information M

SD

100 74.04.081.01

Motivate people to participate in civic activity M

SD

100 60.63.601.12

Act as watchdog of business elites M

SD

100 44.03.211.27

Advocate for social change M

SD

100 43.93.161.21

Concentrate on news that attract the widest audience M

SD

100 30.03.121.06

Influence public opinion M

SD

100 29.62.771.23

Set the political agenda M

SD

100 18.02.281.15

Support official policies to bring about prosperity M

SD

100 29.32.771.23

Convey positive image of political and business leadership M

SD

100

6.01.691.00


17

Concentrate on news that attract the widest audience M

SD

100 30.03.121.06

Influence public opinion M

SD

100 29.62.771.23

Set the political agenda M

SD

100 18.02.281.15

Support official policies to bring about prosperity M

SD

100 29.32.771.23

Convey positive image of political and business leadership M

SD

100

6.01.691.00

RESULTS: PROFESSIONAL ROLES


18

Position of Spain regarding institutional roles, CoPlot, coefficient of alienation= 0.147, average of correlations= 0.769

WIDEST AUDIENCE

WATHDOG OF GOVERMENT

DETACHED OBSERVER

MOTIVATE PEOPLE TO

PARTICIPATE

ADVOCATE FOR SOCIAL CHANGE

INFLUENCE PUBLIC OPINION

SUPPORT THE OFICIAL POLICY

SET THE POLITICAL AGENDA

WATHDOG OF BUSINESS ELITES

POLITICAL INFORMATION

INTERESTING INFORMATION

Spain INFL


19

RESULTS: EPISTEMOLOGIES

N

Spain %

Make claims only if verified by evidence and reliable sources MSD

100 82.04.221.04

Do not allow beliefs and convictions to influence reporting MSD

100 80.04.131.01

Remain strictly impartial MSD

100 74.04.01.97

Stay away from information that cannot be verified MSD

100 59.03.801.24

Provide analysis of events and issues MSD

100 84.04.20.94

Facts speak for themselves MSD

100 48.03.461.03

Journalists can depict reality as it is MSD

100 50.53.471.23

Always make clear which side has better position MSD

100 18.42.241.25

JOURNALISM CULTURE IN SPAIN: EPISTEMOLOGIES


20CULTURA PERIODÍSTICA

DE ESPAÑAPosition of Spain regarding epistemologies, CoPlot, coefficient of alienation= 0.153, average of correlations= 0.780

NO PERSONAL INFLUENCE

STRICTLY IMPARTIAL

MAKE CLEAR BETTER POSITION

EVIDENCE AND RELIABLE SOURCES

DEPICT REALITY AS IT IS

PROVIDE ANALYSIS

Spain INFL

21

RESULTS: INFLUENCES

NSpain %

News deadlines M

SD

100 52.03.341.22

Professional conventions M

SD

100 65.33.701.19

News sources M

SD

100 67.73.841.11

Supervisors and higher editors M

SD

100 67.33.881.01

Newsroom conventions M

SD

100 49.03.361.14

Shortage of resources M

SD

100 61.63.671.20

Procedures and standards M

SD

100 53.13.401.06

Management M

SD

100 50.53.361.36

Readers, listeners or viewers M

SD

100 35.43.001.22

New media technologies M

SD

100 43.43.191.24

Media laws M

SD

100 28.62.691.32

Ownership M

SD

100

43.24.051.52

Sensibilities M

SD

100 38.83.061.16

Market and audience research M

SD

100 44.03.091.30

Competing news organizations M

SD

100 27.03.721.08

Profit expectations M

SD

100 26.82.621.29

Peers on the staff M

SD

100 15.62.301.15

Advertising considerations M

SD

100 23.72.401.30

Censorship M

SD

100 9.11.811.08

Public relations M

SD

100 14.02.241.12

Government officials M

SD

100 9.11.921.06

Advertisers M

SD

100 21.62.221.30

Colleagues in other media M

SD

100 29.31.71

.86Politicians

MSD

100

12.22.221.13

Media watch organizations M

SD

100 5.31.73

.93Business people

MSD

100 10.12.021.02

Journalism unions M

SD

100 15.22.311.15

Friends, acquaintances, family M

SD

100 7.01.68

.97Religious leaders

MSD

100 8.21.73

.96

Journalistic culture in Spain: the perception of influences


22

Readers, listeners or viewers M

SD

100 35.43.001.22

New media technologies M

SD

100 43.43.191.24

Media laws M

SD

100 28.62.691.32

Ownership M

SD

100

43.24.051.52

Sensibilities M

SD

100 38.83.061.16

Market and audience research M

SD

100 44.03.091.30

Competing news organizations M

SD

100 27.03.721.08

Profit expectations M

SD

100 26.82.621.29

Peers on the staff M

SD

100 15.62.301.15


SD

100 23.72.401.30

Censorship M

SD

100 9.11.811.08

Public relations M

SD

100 14.02.241.12


SD

100 9.11.921.06

Advertisers M

SD

100 21.62.221.30


SD

100 29.31.71

.86Politicians

MSD

100

12.22.221.13


SD

100 5.31.73

.93Business people

MSD

100 10.12.021.02

Journalism unions M

SD

100 15.22.311.15


SD

100 7.01.68


MSD

100 8.21.73

.96


23


SD

100 23.72.401.30

Censorship M

SD

100 9.11.811.08

Public relations M

SD

100 14.02.241.12


SD

100 9.11.921.06

Advertisers M

SD

100 21.62.221.30


SD

100 29.31.71

.86Politicians

MSD

100

12.22.221.13


SD

100 5.31.73

.93Business people

MSD

100 10.12.021.02

Journalism unions M

SD

100 15.22.311.15


SD

100 7.01.68


MSD

100 8.21.73

.96


24

Journalism unions M

SD

100 15.22.311.15


SD

100 7.01.68


MSD

100 8.21.73

.96


25

RESULTS: PROFFESIONAL AUTONOMY

N

Spain %

I have a lot of control over the work that I do M

SD

100 78.53.940.86

I am allowed to take part in decisions that affect my work M

SD

100 81.54.070.99

JOURNALISTIC CULTURE IN SPAIN: PROFESSIONAL AUTONOMY

SOURCE: Dates compiled from the results of WoJ

Although influences are obvious, it can be seen that journalists in Spain believe that they have enough freedom and autonomy in their work. This is because they participate in decisions that affect them directly.


26

CONCLUSIONS (I)Spanish journalists considered it very important to provide information as unbiased as possible to the public. This leads them to take on the role of disseminator of information

Journalists are in favor of the role to act as watchdogs and as a government controller to try to maintain the welfare state and safeguard the rights of the citizens. This aspect demonstrates that, after the role of broadcaster and interpreter, the role of the adversary is in a third place


27

CONCLUSIONS (II)The role that subjectivity plays in the daily work of professionals is not seen clearly in the results, and the study has not found any consistent pattern. Although there is a tendency by the Spanish journalists to the interpretation of certain information targeted to their audience

Regarding the focus on objective methods used by the journalists surveyed, the authors observed that journalists chiefly use the methods developed by Tuchman (1972) in order to try to be objective (although obviously not explicitly referring to them), such as use of quotations, the fidelity to the facts and the use of different sources


28

CONCLUSIONS (III)In Spain there is a wide range of influences related to factors that show the market orientation of journalists and media. These have influenced Spanish journalists to conceive their audience as consumers

Despite stating the importance of playing the role of broadcaster, Spanish journalists tend to exercise an interventionist role (interpreter, advocate or adversary) and can be found at the opposite pole to the centres of power


29

CONCLUSIONS (IV)It can be found that Spanish journalists generally reject objectivity as an ideal and do not take it as a reference in their daily work

In Spain, journalists are strongly influenced by senior management (owners and directors). This aspect clearly shows a vertical structure and a formal hierarchy in the media organizations


30

CONCLUSIONS (V)

This study has attempted to form a new perspective about the study of journalism culture in Spain. It has been seen that, currently, traditional ideas about journalism are coexisting with new ideas of objectivity and independence that the professional roles demand today within the newsrooms


Thanks

http://culturasperiodisticas.wordpress.com

CULTURAS PERIODÍSTIC

AS INTERMEDIAS

INTERMEDIARIOS

CULTURALESBourdieu (1984)

PERIODISTAS COMO

COMUNIDAD INTERPRETAT

IVAZelizer (2004)

CULTURAS PERIODÍSTIC

AS INTERMEDIA

S

Reconceptualización del papel de los

medios de comunicación y de los periodistas en países

donde la cultura periodística difiere

del concepto de cultura periodística

occidental

Los países en vías de desarrollo ,

poscoloniales o con regímenes políticos no democráticos pueden

también crear una comunidad mediática

particular y característica que

comparte un conjunto común de reglas

¿Cómo comprender las culturas periodísticas

intermedias?

CULTURA PERIODÍSTI

CA OCCIDENTA

L

PAÍSES ASIÁTIC

OS

AMÉRICA LATINA

EUROPA ORIENTA

LPAÍSES ÁRABES

ÁFRICA

(Silverstone, 2007)

MEDIÁPOLIS

QUIÉN ES PERIODISTA Y

QUÉ ES PERIODISMO

PERSPECTIVA GLOBAL

PERIODISMO

NUEVAS INVESTIGACION

ES(new-ness)

36

CULTURAS PERIODÍSTICAS INTERMEDIAS

Excesivo funcionalismo: los medios de comunicación no son una parte autónoma del sistema social.

Contratendencias: Polarización mediática en modelo liberal (EE.UU.).

Excesiva instrumentalización: ¿son los medios un instrumento de los partidos o los medios pueden seguir sus propios intereses políticos e instrumentalizar a los periodistas?

CULTURA PERIODÍSTICA

37

“Paralelismo político” Crisis del modelo tradicional de periodismo independiente:

EE.UU., NTIC. “Occidente contra el resto”: reconceptualización desde

otros puntos de vista.

Niveles de análisis: Relación entre partidos y medios específicos teniendo en

cuenta 3 variables: Organización: tipo de vínculo entre el partido y el medio

(administración directa, control informal). Metas partidarias: grado en el que las posiciones de partido y

medio coinciden. Apoyo del partido: coherencia entre las preferencias partidarias de

medios y de los lectores. Relación entre sistemas partidarios y sistemas de medios:

relación entre lectores y votos recibidos por los partidos a los que se le asocia.


38

¿Extrapolación a países no similares?

Four theories of the press (Siebert, Peterson & Scharmm, 1963)

The Global Journalist (Weaver, 1998).Los tipos de influencia que pueden recibir los periodistas son bastante generales (influencias políticas, económicas, profesionales, organizacionales, grupos de referencia e influencias procedimentales), pero su aplicación concreta presenta fuertes indicadores diferenciados


39

“Democracias de tercera ola”. Democratización a partir de los 70:

Comunistas del Este de Europa: privatización turbulenta de MC.

Dictaduras militares latinoamericanas: sistema mediático estructurado en torno a medios privados en una estrategia de despolitización.

Tigres asiáticos: modelo basado en una alianza entre industrias privadas y un Estado fuertemente burocratizado.

Regímenes unipartidarios africanos: instituciones de gobierno frágiles.


40

Un modelo alternativo:

La extrapolación de los modelos ayuda a preservar Occidente como punto de partida del análisis y reproducir su lógica.

Democracias maduras vs. en proceso. Panorama de transición: democracia

entendida como “mantenimiento del orden” o “erosión del orden”.

“Periodismo independiente” y “paralelismo político” no agotan todas las opciones:

Ambiente político competitivo Estabilidad institucional


LA INVESTIGACIÓN DE LA CULTURA PERIODÍSTICA DE ECUADOR

Occidentalización periodística

Corrección homogeneizadora

Enfoque centro-periferia

DIMENSIONES DE ANÁLISIS

ROL PROFESION

AL

CONCEPTO DE

OBJETIVIDAD

CONCEPTO DE ÉTICA

INFLUENCIAS

PERCIBIDASGRADO DE

AUTONOMÍA

CONFIANZA EN

INSTITUCIONES


ROL PROFESION

AL

TABLA 1: Componentes y dimensiones principales de la cultura periodística. ROLES INSTITUCIONALES Intervencionismo: (+) Intervención --- Pasivo (-)

Distancia del poder: (+) Criticismo --- Lealtad (-) Orient. de mercado: (+) Consumidores --- Ciudadanos (-)

EPISTEMOLOGÍA Objetividad: (+) Objetivistas --- Subjetivistas (-)

Empirismo: (+) Empiristas --- Analistas (-) IDEOLOGÍA ÉTICA Relativismo: (+) Contextual --- Universal (-)

Idealismo: (+) Medio --- Fin (-) Fuente: Elaboración propia a partir de Hanitzsch (2007: 376).


CONCEPTO DE

OBJETIVIDADExiste una conexión irreductible entre la objetividad como

valor y la objetividad como práctica. Esta brecha entre el concepto y la práctica forma parte de la identidad periodística

(Carpentier y Trioen, 2010: 312)

La objetividad como ideal filosófico

La objetividad como método de trabajopresentación de varias perspectivas

presentación de hechos comprobadosuso de las comillas

estructura de la información en una secuencia apropiadaseparación de la información y de la opinión


CONCEPTO DE ÉTICA

Las orientaciones éticas de los periodistas son importantes porque reflejan y crean las directrices profesionales normativas;

además, podría decirse que gobiernan las prácticas de trabajo diarias. También son indicadores del estado de la propia

profesionalidad periodística (Beam, Weaver, y Brownlee, 2009)

Principios éticos universalesCódigos éticos personales

Códigos éticos variables (depende la situación)Publicar algo dañino si hay mayor beneficio

Rechazo de métodos cuestionables


INFLUENCIAS

PERCIBIDAS

Fuentes LeyesAutocensuraEmpresaCompañerosJefes BeneficiosCierre de noticias ProcedimientosNuevas tecnologíasEmpresas

RecursosConvenciones éticasGobiernoMercadoAudienciasCensura CompetenciaAmigos y familiaColegas de profesiónSindicatosPolítica

Los periodistas llevan a cabo su trabajo dentro de una cultura periodística determinada. Por este motivo, su trabajo queda determinado por los

factores de influencia


La autonomía es uno de los elementos clave en la configuración del concepto clásico de profesión periodística. En el periodismo, la dependencia de los

periodistas en los medios de comunicación, en la producción de noticias y su difusión, provoca una tensión constante entre sus compromisos con los

valores profesionales y los establecidos por las organizaciones para las que trabajan

(Mellado y Humanes, 2011)

El periodista toma parte en sus decisiones

Límites en su libertad de expresión

GRADO DE AUTONOMÍ

A


CONFIANZA EN

INSTITUCIONES

PARLAMENTOLÍDERES RELIGIOSOSSIDICATOSEJERCITOEMPRESASPODER JUDICIALGOBIERNO, POLÍTICOS

MAYOR GRADO

MENOR GRADO

MED

IOS

DE

COM

UN

ICAC

IÓN


Documents

Martín Oller Alonso PhD Proyecto Prometeo (SENESCYT)