Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Energy StorageMartin Näf, ABB Switzerland, Corporate Research – May 22, 2015
Current Developments and Challenges
Electric Energy System BalanceFundamentals
May 19, 2015 | Slide 2© ABB
Storage has always been fundamental to the balance of the electric power system
� Kinetic energy of rotating mass in generators
� Primary energy source (e.g. water)
Primary energy(water)Generators
Consumer
Applications of Energy Storage: Electric Grid
ESS
Integration of renewables1-100 MW,1-10h
220 kV
110 kV20 kV ring
20 kV
ConventionalCentral
Generation
VariableRenewableGeneration
220 KV
Load leveling for generation utilization10-1000 MW, 1-8h
ESS
110 kV Industry/Large Commercial
Load Center
20 kV
ESS
Spinning reserveIn case of line loss10-500 MW, 0.25-1 h
Load levelingpostpone grid upgrades1-10 MW, 1-6h
ESS
ESSFrequency regulation1-50 MW, 0.25-1h
220 kV
110 kV
ESS
Solar PV time shift1-100 kW, 2-6h
Peak shaving0.5-10 MW, 1hESS
0.4 kV
Residential/Small Commercial/Nano-grids
Micro-grid
ESS
0.1-5 MW, 5 min (stabilization)0.1-50 MW, 1-10h (self-consumption of localrenewables)
End-user Solar PV Self-consumption (Germany)Local PV to a household with an annual consumption of 3500 kWh
Case 1 (no storage) excess electricity is sold at FiT
Distribution grid
Case 2 (with LiB)
Electricity retail tariff $/kWh 2012-2014:• Canada/N.Territories 1.20• Denmark 0.41• US/Hawaii 0.38• Italy 0.28• France 0.20• Brazil 0.16• Switzerland 0.15• Indonesia 0.09• US//N.Dakota 0.08• China 0.08• India 0.08• Saudi Arabia 0.02
Today w/o subsidies
Today w/ subsidies*
2020 w/out FiT
Annual production, kWh/kWp 1000
Feed in Tariff, €/kWh 0.13 0.00
Residential tariff, €/kWh 0.29 (0.39 $) 0.5 (0.68 $)
System efficiency, % 85 90
Solar PV investment cost (€/kWp) 1’700 1700 1000
End-customer BESS, €/kWh 1’650 1100 700
Investment cost for average household (3500 kWh/y), €(PV 3.9 kWp, BESS 7.5 kWh)
19’400 15’300 9’170
BESS OPEX, €/kWh/year 25 25 0
Payback time w/out discount, years 29 23 5
*) 30% subsidy on battery cost (for PV systems <30 kW)
Local LiB
1/3 of electricity produced can be used for self-consumption
Excess electricity is being stored
Stored electricity is being used later
End-user Solar PV Self-consumption (Germany)Local PV to a household with an annual consumption of 3500 kWh
Case 1 (no storage) excess electricity is sold at FiT
Distribution grid
Case 2 (with LiB)
Excess electricity is being stored
Stored electricity is being used later
Local LiB
1/3 of electricity produced can be used for self-consumption
Payb
ack
time
in y
ears
Payb
ack
time
in y
ears
Payback times to decrease within the next years due to changes in tariff structure (left) and lower technology cost (right).
Applications of Energy Storage: MobilityDrones
1-500 kW, 1-4h
ESS ESS
110 kV20 kV
220 kV
Utility T&D grid
15 kV AC 16ѿ Hz
=§
ESS
§=
ESS
Ferries 1-10 MW, 10-30min (hybrid)1-2h (full electric)
O&G platforms1-10 MW, 30 sec
Ocean vessels10-100 MW, 10h
Marine
Aerospace
ESS
Small boats5-50 kW, 1h
Planes50-500 kW, 1-10h
Airships50-500 kW, 1-10h
Satellites1-100 kW, 1-2h
ESS
Land
EV/PHEV 50-100 kW, 2hPersonal transportation
§§ ESS
Buses 300 kW, 2hPublic transportation
ESS
On board train 1-10MW, 5 min
ESS
Way-side 1-10 MW, 30 sec
ESS
Rail
Key cost cut driver for Li-ion batteries
ESSESS
Tugboat0.5-2 MW, 15 min
Icebreakers1-10 MW, 5 min
ESS
ESS
Energy Storage Applications Landscape
1. ABB for GVEA, Alaska, USNiCd, 27 MW / 15 min
2. ABB for EKZ, CHLi-ion, 1 MW / 15 min
3. ABB for Horizon Power, AUFlywheel, 500 kW / 0.5 min
4. ABB for Linthal, CHPHS, 1000 MW / 120 h
5. ABB PowerOneLi-ion, 4.6 kW / 1h
6. ABB for metro Warsaw, PLS-Cap, 3.3 MW / 12 s
7. Primus Power, USA Flow bat, 25 MW / 3 h
8. Rokkasho, JPNAS, 34 MW / 7.5 h
9. Zhangbei, ChinaLi-ion, 6 MW / 6 h
10. Xtreme, Duke Energy, USLead-Acid, 36 MW / 40 min
11. Huntorf, DECAES, 321 MW / 2 h
12. Beacon Power, NY, USFlywheel, 20 MW / 15 min
6
3
1
2
Æ 4
5
78
9
10
11
12
1 min 15 min 1 h 10 h 24 h
Various requirements depending on use case
Technology / Application Mapping
Storage technology suppliers select their targeted applications based primarily on the characteristics of their technologies. ABB is storage technology agnostic and can play across different applications 1 min 15 min 1 h 10 h 24 h
- PHS- NaS- Li-ion- Flywheel/S-Cap- H2/FuelCells*
*) potential area in the future if cost is reduced
Energy StorageRegulatory and policy framework
Regulation plays a central part in ESS business from planning and approval to final operation, e.g. it may address the following topics:
� System ownership (generation, T&D, load)� Limitations on using a specific storage media (environment, safety, etc.)� Market rules to reward a superior performance characteristics of ES� Financial incentives (tax reduction, FiTs, direct compensation)
Today some countries are in the process of introducing new legislation to support a wider deployment of energy storage
Capacity Targets
California PUC 1’325 MW by 2020
500MW for f reg by 2017, 2GW total ES target by 2020
35 MW as pilotsextended to 130 MW
Favorable market
rules or other
incentives
FERC Orders 755, 784, 792to reward fast responding units
Barely regulated, no clear guidance
Legislation for mandatory ES installation (large consumers) is under evaluation
Owned by TSO (TERNA), costs are recoveredvia tariffs
30% subsidy on battery cost (for PV systems <30 kW) to boost self consumption
Gov’t subsidies for small & medium BESS (cost reduction up to 60%)
Ramp rate limits on newly built renewable plants (mainly PV)
© ABB GroupMay 19, 2015 | Slide 10
Conclusions
Energy storage is an essential component for power systems operation� Handling short term fluctuations� Balancing production and demand
Energy storage options include many technologies beyond batteries
Innovation in energy storage is strongly driven by applications outside the traditional power systems domain
Economic operation of storage systems remains a challenge.
Credits:Alexandre Oudalov and colleagues at ABB Corporate Research Center Switzerland.
