MARMARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ TEKNOLOJİ FAKÜLTESİ TAŞIT … · It should be noted that every automobile is a highly complex machine which consists of 25 to 30 systems, about 500 modules,

MARMARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ TEKNOLOJİ FAKÜLTESİ

TAŞIT TEKNOLOJİSİ

Abdullah DEMİR, Yrd. Doç. Dr.

ŞASİ, ÇERÇEVE ve GÖVDE - KAROSER/İ

-GİRİŞ-Vehicle Structure

Frame, Body, and Chassis

Kısa Ufuk Turu

Global auto supplier review - Who makes the car – 2007



https://ftalphaville.ft.com/2012/04/26/975171/the-sum-of-a-cars-parts/



It should be noted that every automobile is a highly complex machine which consists of25 to 30 systems, about 500 modules, and more than 50,000 individual parts.

Bernd Heißing | Metin Ersoy (Eds.), Chassis Handbook Fundamentals, Driving Dynamics, Components, Mechatronics, Perspectives, 2011.

https://sellyourcarnow.wordpress.com/tag/second-hand-car-parts-brisbane/

Ortalama bir otomobil 30.000 parçadan oluşmaktadır. / Vavassori, R. (2017) “Geleneksel Iş Modelleri ve Değer Zincirleri

Değişiyor”, ODD Dergi, Sayı: 72.

https://sellyourcarnow.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/qld-car-spare-parts.jpg


According to a prediction by British Petroleum (BP), the number of vehiclesworldwide will increase from 800 million today to 2 billion in the year2050 [a]. Global demand for energy will increase by 60 % between now andthe year 2030. It is estimated that global fossil fuel reserves will lastbetween 40 and 50 years.

a) Goeudevert, D.: Die Automobilindustrie ist nicht innovativ. VDI-Nachrichten, Ausgabe 24.3.2006. Düsseldorf, 2006

Image: Business Insiderhttps://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/04/the-number-of-cars-worldwide-is-set-to-double-by-2040


It can take up to seven years to develop a new vehicle from an initialconcept to full series production. Most vehicles remain in seriesproduction for approximately seven years. After initial production,passenger vehicles are expected to remain in service for at least ten yearsand should maintain a high resale value throughout their service life.Engineers and designers must therefore consider a time frame ofapproximately 25 years starting from the beginning of the concept phase.

https://www.google.com.tr/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiD0YyHzvfKAhVLSZoKHVX5Dq0QjRwIBw&url=http://www.haberler.com/yok-artik-yerli-otomobil-cadillac-bls-cikti-7774636-haberi/&psig=AFQjCNHB3YXCvwnHSra0-I6uUAzT_OnbWg&ust=1455551502082630


Today, automakers only manufacture about 30 % of each car themselves. Theremaining 70 % of the components are purchased from suppliers.

http://www.tlc-mag.com/archive_issues/car_care_aug10_enlarge.html


Vehicle Function Levels

The V model can be applied to different levels of vehicle development. Tofacilitate this, the vehicle is divided into different systems,subsystems, modules, etc., until the most basic component level isreached

Şasi, Çerçeve ve Gövde -Karoser/i

The vehicle’s main components and sub-systems can becategorically listed as: Power-train, chassis, exteriorand interior trims, and the body in white (BiW) orvehicle body-shell.

"Body in white" nedir?Beyaz gövde. Bir otomobilin motor vb. gibi ana parçaları ile trimdonanımı öncesi ana yapısını ifade eder.

The vehicle’s main components and sub - systems can be categoricallylisted as: Power-train, chassis, exterior and interior trims, and thebody in white (BiW) or vehicle body - shell.

Body in white: Beyaz gövde. Bir otomobilin motor vb gibi ana parçaları ile trimdonanımı öncesi ana yapısıdır.

http://www.forocoches.com/foro/showthread.php?t=3781364

2004 5 series

http://www.forocoches.com/foro/showthread.php?t=3781364

2013-SL-Class_body_in_white

Body in White

www.experi-metal.com

indianautosblog.com - Mercedes Benz C-Class

https://www.google.com.tr/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwibhI2V94jLAhXEPBQKHWp2Bs0QjRwIBw&url=http://www.experi-metal.com/products/aftermarket-body-build/&psig=AFQjCNE7HiM6x2munDAn4p0pdAy_-ZyVwQ&ust=1456146650335565

https://www.google.com.tr/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=&url=http://indianautosblog.com/2008/12/mercedes-benz-sells-500000-c-class&psig=AFQjCNE7HiM6x2munDAn4p0pdAy_-ZyVwQ&ust=1456146650335565

http://indianautosblog.com/2008/12/mercedes-benz-sells-500000-c-class

https://www.google.com.tr/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http://montada.haraj.com.sa/8241/&ei=tvnkVN_7GIjUOcnUgKAH&psig=AFQjCNG2eUDDgpdD2i0uPaQ6QMP6eT89qw&ust=1424378657220238

Figure : The different panels of the vehicle structure

A typical BiW consists of about 300 – 400 stamped pieces, however, only a fewmain panels affect the overall geometry, fit and finish. These panels are the roof, thetrunk (inner, outer, and pan), the hood (inner and outer), the under - body, thewheel - house, the body - side, A and B pillars, the floor pan, the front module(engine cradle, crush zones, shock towers), the quarter panels, and doors (inner,outer).

Mohammed A. Omar, The Automotive Body Manufacturing Systems and Processes, © 2011 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-97633-3

A-pillar: A-direği / sütunu, A-dikmesi.Quarter panel: Arka kelebekpanel, çamurluk panel

Stamped pieces: Preslenmiş parçalar

"Introduction To Automobile" Sunumu, Saeindia.

• Chasis is a French term which denotes the wholevehicle except body in case of heavy vehicles.

• In case of light vehicles of mono construction itdenotes the whole body except additional fitting in thebody.

• Chassis consists of engine, brakes, steering system &wheel mounted on the frame, differential, suspension.

Its Principal Function• To safety carry the maximum load.• Holding all components together while driving.• Accommodate twisting on even road surface.• Endure shock loading.• It must absorb engine - driveline torque.

Chassis

• Consists of the vehicle’s frame and everything attached to itexcept the body

• Includes the tires, wheels, engine, transmission, drive axleassembly, and frame

Chassis

Russell Krick, “Modern Automotive Technology” Sunumu, The Goodheart-Willcox Co.

Chassis FramesThe chassis frame is the commercial vehicle's actual load-bearingelement. It is designed as a ladder-type frame, consisting of side andcross members. The choice of profiles decides the level of torsionalstiffness. Torsionally flexible frames are preferred in medium-andheavy-duty trucks because they enable the suspension to comply betterwith uneven terrain. Torsionally stiff frames are more suitable forsmaller delivery vehicles and vans. / Reff: Automotive Handbook

FRAME• Frame is the main part of chassis on

which remaining part of chassis aremounted.

• Frame should be extremely rigid andstrong so that it can withstandshocks, twist, stresses andvibrations when vehicle is moving onroad.

Strong metal structure that provides amounting place for other parts of thevehicle

Body-over-frame construction▪ chassis parts and body bolt to the

frame Unibody (unitized) construction

▪ sheet metal body panels are weldedtogether to form the body and frameunibody (or monocoque)


Şasi çerçevesi

Şasi çatkısı

Şasinin görevi: İnsanvücudundaki iskelet gibiana taşıyıcılık göreviniyerine getirmektir. Taşıtınbirçok elemanını üzerindetaşır.

Kaynak: “Şase ve Karoseri” Sunumu, TÜVTURK, 08/03/2006.

www.penncvs.com

Bütün taşıtlar, kendilerini ve üzerlerindeki yükü taşıyan birgövdeye sahiptir. Kullanım amaçlarına göre farklı olmakla birliktetaşıtların gövdeleri genel olarak iki ana kısımdan oluşur.1. Şasi2. Karoseri/Karoser

https://www.google.com.tr/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwibztaN2_fKAhVGIpoKHdPDARoQjRwIBw&url=http://www.penncvs.com/chassis/&psig=AFQjCNFWBnKkEbo65UMMJIXELkY21gDM4g&ust=1455554924317149

Ağır kamyonlarve yük taşıyantaşıtlar şasilidirve üzerindesürücü kabini ileyükleme yapılankasası vardır.


Merdiven Tipi Şasi (Paralel Kollu Şasi): Kamyon ve otobüslerdeyaygın olarak kullanılan şasi tipidir. Paralel iki kol ve bu iki kolabağlanmış kuşaklardan/traverslerden oluşur. Kollar genelde U,kare, dikdörtgen ve daire kesitli olarak preste yapılırlar.Kuşaklar ve üst yapı, kaynak, perçin ve cıvata ile şasi kollarınabağlanır. Kaynak: “Şase ve Karoseri” Sunumu, TÜVTURK, 08/03/2006.

http://fleetowner.com/photo_galleries/photos-ford-commercial-vehicle

• The ladder frame is thesimplest and oldest of alldesigns.

• It consists merely of twosymmetrical rails, or

• This design offers good beamresistance because of itscontinuous rails from frontto rear

• poor resistance to torsion


Automotive design - Chassis* design, web.iitd.ac.in/.../3-Automotive_chassis-design-...

Chassis types‐ Ladder framesUsed byearly motor carsEarlycar’s body frame did not contribute much for vehicle structure–Mostly made of wood which has low stiffness Carried all load (bending and torsion) Advantages:– Can accommodate largevarietyof body shapes and types–Used in flat platforms, box vans, tankers and detachablecontainers Still used in lightcommercial vehicles like pick up• Side rails frequently have open channelsection• Open orclosed section cross beams• Good bending strength and stiffness• Flanges contribute large area momentof inertia.• Flanges carry high stresslevels• Open section: easy access for fixing brackets and components• Shearcenter is offset from the web• Local twisting of side frame isavoided• Load from vehicle is applied onweb

– Avoids holes in highly stressesflanges• Very low torsionalstiffness.

Kaynak: VW, Otomobil Teknolojisinin Temelleri

“Şase ve Karoseri” Sunumu, TÜVTURK, 08/03/2006.


The Rolling/Driving Chassis

Vehicles with ladder-framechassis configurations(mostly light trucks for theUS market) are oftenpreassembled as a rollingchassis including the fuelsystem, driveline, andother running gear. Thisrolling chassis can beassembled by a systemsupplier and rolled orotherwise transported tothe OEM’s final assemblyline.

https://www.clevelandpap.com/power-performance-rolling-chassis/

https://www.clevelandpap.com/power-performance-rolling-chassis/

Omurga (Çapraz Kollu ya da X Tipi) Şasi: Oldukça hafif biryapısı vardır. Daha çok kamyonetlerde tercih edilir.

Chassis types‐ Torque tube back bone frame Main back bone is aclosed boxsectionSplayed beams at frontand rear extent to suspension mounting points Transverse beams resist lateral loadsTransverse•Back bone frame:bending and torsionbeam• Splayed beams: bending•Transverse beams: tension orcompression


Tek Kollu (Platform) Şasi: Ortada tek bir kol ve bunabağlanmış kuşaklar, bazen de taban sacı ile bir bütün olarakyapılırlar. Otomobillerde tercih edilir.


Çatal Kollu Şasi: Taşıt motorunun bağlanmasına vedestek oluşturmasına elverişli bir şasi tipidir.Kamyonetlerde ve otomobillerde tercih edilir.


Chassis types‐ cruciform frames (cruciform: krusiform, çapraz şekilli)• Can carry torsional loads, no elements of the frame is subjected to

torsional moment.• Made of two straightbeams• Have only bending loads• Has good torsional stiffness when joint in center is satisfactorily

designed• Max bending moment occurs in joint.

Hogging: belerme, bombeAutomotive design - Chassis* design, web.iitd.ac.in/.../3-Automotive_chassis-design-...

http://tureng.com/search/krusiform

Combining ladder and cruciformframe• Combining ladder and cruciform frame provides good bending and good

torsional stiffness• Cross beams at front and back at suspension points are used to carry

lateral loads


Karma Tip KaroseriŞasi ve karoserinin bir nevi kombinasyonundanmeydana gelmiştir. Taşıt, bir platform şasi veya çatalşasi ile gövde saçının kaynakla veya cıvata ilebirleştirilmesinden oluşur. Otomobil ve otobüslerdeuygulaması vardır.


Tam Taşıyıcı KaroseriGünümüzde binek otomobiller şasisiz olarak imaledilmektedirler. Gövde kendi kendini taşıyan birformda dizayn edilmektedir. Genellikle karoserihücre tip dediğimiz gövdedir. Bilgisayarlar yardımıile orijinal yapının ve istenilen bölge veya parçalarıntek tek deformasyon ve gerilmeleri hesaplanabilir.


Hücre Tipi Karoseri

Taşıt gövdesi ayrıhücrelerden oluşur.Yolcu bölümü taşıtınön ve arkasına görekorunmaya alınmıştır.Çarpışma anında önve arka hücreler dahaelastik yapıldıklarıiçin yolculara gelecekdarbe minimumaindirilmiştir. Binekotomobillerdegenellikle uygulananbir gövde tipidir.

Chassis types‐ Spaceframes•In all frames till now lengthin one dimension is very less compared to the other two dimensions•Increasing depth increases bending strength• Used in racecars•All planes arefully triangulated• Beam elements carry eithertension or compressive loads.• Ring frames dependsonbending of elements– Windscreen, back light– Engine compartment,doors– Lower shearstiffness•In diagonal braced frame s stiffness provided bydiagonal element


Chassis types ‐ Integral structures•Modern cars aremass produced•Sheet steel pressings andspot welds used to form an integral structure•Components have structural and otherfunctions•Side frames + depth +roof gives good bending and torsional stiffness• Geometrically verycomplicated• Stress distribution by FEMonly•Stress distribution is function of applied loads and relative stiffness betweencomponents• Advantages:– Stiffer in bending and torsion– Lowerweight– Lesscost– Quietoperation


Şasisiz Otobüs GövdeleriOtobüs imalinde şasisiz gövdeyeörnek olarak gösterilen iki anagrup vardır. Bunlar:1. Platform takviyeli otobüs

gövdesi2. Tam taşıyıcı otobüs gövdesi

(Kendini Taşıyıcı YapıBiçimi)

Her iki yapı tipide şasili tipenazaran hafiftir. Taşıt ağırlığındaazalma tam taşıyıcı otobüsgövdesinde daha fazladır. Şasininçıkarılması ile araçta yaklaşık %8ağırlık azaltılmış olur. Ancakbunun bir kısmı mukavemetarttırmak amacı ile tekrarkullanılır. Taşıtın boş ağırlığı nekadar az ise işletme şartları da ooranda ekonomik olur. Bu nedenletaşıtın ağır olması istenmez.

www.haberortak.com

Prof. Dr. N. Sefa KURALAY, Sürüş Sistemleri Sunumu

FARKLI OKUMALARAraçta şasi ve karoserinin başlıca görevi:• Yay, amortisör ve askı sistemi bağlantı noktaları gibi veya basit olarak

aksın üzerindeki destek noktaları üzerinde özgül ve faydalı yüküntaşınması ve dağılımının sağlanması;

• Frenleme ve tahrik esnasında oluşan boyuna; yön verme ve virajdaortaya çıkan yanal kuvvetlerin karşılanması ve iletilmesidir.

Bu görevleri:• Tek başına üstlenen üst yapılara taşıyıcı şasi denir.• Bir kısmı karoser tarafından alınıyorsa, ortak taşıyıcılı şasili karoser,• Tamamen karoseri tarafından taşınması durumunda kendinden

taşıyıcılı karoser ismi verilir.

Karoserin Görevi:• Amaca uygun olarak taşınacak yükün (veya kişi ağırlıklarının) alınması,• Bunların dış etkilerden korunması karoserinin görevidir.Hava şartlarından, gürültüden, kazadan, titreşim zorlanmasındankorunmanın karoseri tasarımında etkisi vardır.

FARKLI OKUMALARŞasi, Yapı Elemanları, Malzemesi:

Taşıyıcı şasiler ağırlıklı olarak yük taşıyan araçlarda ve römorklarda,seyrek olarak otobüslerde ve yolcu taşıma araçlarında kullanılır.

Şasiler:Farklı karoserlerin kullanılması,Karoserinin daha az zorlanması,Mukavemet açısından bakıldığında geniş bir serbestlik,Yani aracın mevcut şasi ile küçük imalat sayılarında üretilmesi gibiavantajları sağlar.

Şasiler, çoğu kez ıslah çeliklerinden yapılır.• Kamyonlarda bugün hala merdiven formundaki şasi

kullanılmasına karşın,• Otomobillerde ve otobüslerde kendinden taşıyıcılı karoseri tercih

edilmektedir.


Islah çelikleri, kimyasal birleşimleri özellikle karbon miktarı bakımından,sertleştirilmeye elverişli olan ve ıslah işlemi sonunda belirli bir çekme dayanımındayüksek tokluk özelliği gösteren, alaşımsız ve alaşımlı makine imalat çelikleridir.

FARKLI OKUMALARŞasi burulmaya mukavim veya esnek olabilir. Bunun tercihi, aracı kullanma ve gövde özelliklerine yönlendirir. • Burulmaya esnek konstrüksiyonlar daha kolay ve ucuz olmaları

nedeniyle tercih edilirler. Açık kasalı kamyon ve römorklardaşasinin burulmasının yük ve karoseri için olumsuzluk teşkiletmediği durumlarda tercih edilir.

• Buna karşın, kapalı tip karoserlerde daima burulmaya mukavimşasiler kullanılmalıdır.

Şasinin burulma katılığı (direngenliği), 1. Boyuna taşıyıcı kesitine, 2. Enine katılığına bağlıdır.

• Açık enine kesitler aynı miktar malzeme ihtiyacına karşınburulmaya dirençsiz,

• Kapalı kesitler burulmaya dirençlidir.


FARKLI OKUMALARŞasi Formları

Uygulama şekli, araç tipi ve kullanım amacına göre belirli şasi formlarıkullanılır. Kamyon sektöründe merdiven veya kutu şeklindeki şasilertercih edilir.

St 42 malzemesinden soğuk preslenmiş veya St 50 malzemesinden sıcakpreslenmiş taşıyıcılardan ibarettir ve burulmaya esnektir.

Ekseriyetle iki boyuna taşıyıcı pek çok enine taşıyıcı ile bağlanarakburulma katılığı, eğilme mukavemeti ve taşıma kapasitesi yüksek,genelde kamyon şasilerinde kullanım alanı bulan bir merdivenformundaki şasi elde edilir.


Çekme dayanımına göre genel yapı çelikleri TS 2162 (Nisan 1990) ve DIN 17100’deverilmektedir.DIN 17100 standardı 7 temel genel yapı çeliği türünü içermektedir. Bunlar St 33, St 37, St44, St 50, St 52, St 60 ve St 70 türleridir.

http://metalurji.kocaeli.edu.tr/files/DersNotlari/mmt209-10.pdf

DIN EN 10 025’e göre Çeliklerin Kaynaklanabilirliği

*) U-Kaynar Döküm, R-Durgun Döküm, RR- Özel Durgun Döküm**) U-Sıcak haddelenmiş, başka işlem görmemiş, N- Normal tavlanmış

Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ersoy Erişir, MMT209 - Çeliklerde Malzeme Bilimi ve Son Gelişmeler - Yüksek mukavemetli yapı çelikleri, http://metalurji.kocaeli.edu.tr/files/DersNotlari/mmt209-10.pdf

Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ersoy Erişir, MMT209 - Çeliklerde Malzeme Bilimi ve Son Gelişmeler - Yüksek mukavemetli yapı çelikleri, http://metalurji.kocaeli.edu.tr/files/DersNotlari/mmt209-10.pdf

*) → :Şekillendirme yönünde, ↑: Şekillendirmeye dik doğrultuda**) U: Sıcak haddelenmiş, başka işlem görmemiş, N: Normal tavlanmış

Değişik Standartlarda Çekme Dayanımına GöreVerilen Genel Yapı Çelikleri ve Bileşimleri

Modüler Platform Yönetimi “MQB”Volkswagen’nin ilk kez Golf VII modeli ile kullanmaya başladığı MQB (ModularTransversal Matrix) yani enlemesine yerleşimli motorlar için modüler platform yönetimi,segmentler arası da kullanılabilen, yani sadece A segmenti değil, A0’dan B’ye kadar tümsegmentlerde kullanılabilen bir yapıya sahiptir. Bu sayede, artık B segmentine ait olanteknolojiler, A ve A0 segmentinde dahi görülebilmektedir.MQB, aynı zamanda üretim hattında ve aracın yaşamı boyunca karşılaşabileceğionarımlarda standardizasyon anlamına da gelmektedir. Örneğin, Golf VI’da benzinlimotorlar aracın önüne doğru 10 derecelik bir eğimle yerleştirilirken TDI motorlar 12derecelik bir eğimle aracın arkasına doğru bir açıya sahipti. Golf VII’de ise tüm motorlararkaya doğru 12 derecelik açı yapacak şekilde monte edilmektedir. Bu hem montajnoktalarının standardizasyonunu sağlamakta hem de aracın ağırlık merkezini daha ortayataşıyarak dengeyi de olumlu yönde etkilemektedir.MQB platformunun sağladığı en büyük gelişimlerden biri de ağırlık tasarrufu olmuştur.Golf VII, genişleyen boyutları ve artan teknolojilerine rağmen, Golf VI’dan modele vekonfigürasyona bağlı olmakla birlikte maksimum 100 kg daha hafif olacak şekildegeliştirilmiştir. Örneğin gövde genelinde daha yaygın olarak kullanılan ısıl işlemleşekillendirilmiş çelikler (hot formed) sayesinde 18 kg tasarruf sağlanmıştır. Aracın A ve Bdireklerinde, orta aks tüneli ve zemin plakaları ile kapı içlerinde kullanılan bu çelikler dahayüksek mukavemeti daha ince ve hafif yapılarla sağlamanın önünü açmaktadır.Bununla birlikte, motor bloklarında alüminyum kullanılmasıyla 21 kg’lık ek tasarrufsağlanmıştır. Daha hafif HVAC ünitesi (kalorifer ve iklimlendirme sistemi), daha hafifkoltuk iskeletleri ve daha pek çok unsurla birlikte toplam tasarruf, verimliliği fark edilebilirseviyeye çıkarmak için yeterli olmaktadır.

https://binekarac2.vw.com.tr/vwsozluk/ShowComponent.aspx?ComponentID=18252

MQB chassis: ubiquitous within the Volkswagen Group's models.

Sae.org, What we're driving: Volkswagen T-Roc, 15-Dec-2017

MQB, Modularer Querbaukasten (German: Modular Transverse Matrix; Volkswagen automobile platform).

OKUMA PARÇASIŞasi ve karoseri, otomobilin gövdesini oluşturur. Şasi çerçevesi (Şasiçatkısı), aracın bütün parçalarını üzerinde taşıyan, motora, karoseriye vegüç aktarma organlarına desteklik eden bir temeldir. Karoseri ise aracınkaporta ya da gövde diye tabir edilen sac aksamıdır.Günümüz araçlarında en genel anlamda iki tür şasi çerçevesibulunmaktadır. Bunlar ayrı şasi çerçevesi ve birleşik şasi çerçevesidir.Eğer şasi çerçevesi sonradan karoseriye bağlama yöntemleriyletutturulacak şekilde yapılmışsa ayrı şasi çerçevesi olarak isimlendirilir.Şasi çerçevesi oldukça katı ve sağlam bir yapıya sahip olmalıdır. Günümüzotomobillerinde pek kullanılmamaktadır. Daha çok ağır ticari araçlardakullanılır.Birleşik şasi çerçevesinde ise; şasi çatkısında parçalar birleştirmeyöntemleri kullanılarak tutturulmuştur. Bazı birleştirme yerlerindekuvvetlendirmeler yapılmak zorundadır. Onun için birleşik karoseri-şasilerin çeşitli bölümlerinde birbirini kuvvetlendiren, tüm gövdeyi birliktedestekleyen bir yapı özeliği vardır.

Bütün taşıtlar, kendilerini ve üzerlerindeki yükü taşıyan bir gövdeye sahiptir.Kullanım amaçlarına göre farklı olmakla birlikte taşıtların gövdeleri genel olarak ikiana kısımdan oluşur. Şasi ve Karoseri/Karoser

Gövde TipleriBody Types

Karoserinin görevi: Taşıta şekilveren, fonksiyonları yerine getirmesiiçin ana hacim sağlayan kısmıdır.


Made of steel, aluminum, fiberglass,plastic, or composite materials

Forms the outside of the vehicle

Serves as an attractive covering forthe chassisRussell Krick, “Modern Automotive Technology” Sunumu, The Goodheart-Willcox Co.

Lorenzo Morello, Lorenzo Rosti Rossini, Giuseppe Pia, Andrea Tonoli, The Automotive Body, Volume I: Components Design, e-ISBN 978-94-007-0513-5

The purpose of body design is to achieve the following:• Aesthetics: to provide a pleasing overall appearance, surface quality and

consistent details.• Structural function: to support the weight of the transported passengers

and load as well as the mechanical parts required for vehicle propulsion,control and other system functions, so withstanding mechanical stressesfrom multiple sources.

• Ergonomy and roominess: to supply easy access and adequate room forthe driver, passengers and transported goods.

• Safety: to ensure integrity of passenger compartment in the event of acrash, while absorbing the impact energy as well as to reduce injuries tovulnerable road users (pedestrians, wheelers), in case of collision.

• Aerodynamics: to minimize drag due to air impact; to control air floweffects on tyre-road contact and vehicle stability.

• Insulation: to minimize noise, vibration and thermal transmission,generated by body walls, by lack of sealing between compartment andmovable parts and by thermal radiation from the surfaces of passengerscompartment.

• Visibility: to provide the highest possible day and night visibility on theenvironment and to host the lighting devices in the most effective way.


Moreover, the body must satisfy a series ofprerequisites:• high reliability (to maintain design functions

vehicle life along),• low cost (to minimize production investment,

process and material cost),• high material recyclability (by rapid

disassembling and straightforward division ofheterogeneous materials).

These functions ere required by the completelyassembled body and are achieved through theindividual contribution of body components andseveral body systems.


The interior and exteriortrims compose the front andrear ends, the door system,and the cockpit trim.

Finally, the body in white ismade up of the closures(doors, hood, tail-gate) andthe frame.

Hatırlatma: "Body in white" nedir?Beyaz gövde. Bir otomobilin motor vb. gibi ana parçaları ile trim donanımıöncesi ana yapısını ifade eder.

Body Types


Automobiles areavailable in severalbody types,including:• sedan• hardtop• convertible• hatchback• station wagon• minivan• sport-utility

vehicle

https://us.fotolia.com/tag/type

Automobile Body Parts


Toyota

emmesei.com

http://emmesei.com/car-parts/car-body-parts-best-way-to-renovate-cars-aftermarket-car-body-parts/attachment/car-body-parts-names/

Sedan

Uses center body pillars, or “B” pillars, between the front and rear doors. A hardtop does not use “B” pillars.


A sedan is a car with a four-door body configuration and aconventional trunk or a sloping back with a hinged rear cargo hatchthat opens upward.

Sedan is the mostcommon body style thatare cars with four ormore seats and a fixedroof that is full-height upto the rear window.Sedans can have two orfour doors.

Convertible

Uses a vinyl or cloth top that can be raised andlowered


A convertible isa car with aremovable orretractable top.

Hardtop

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardtop

A hardtop is a rigid formof automobile roof. Theymay be detachable forseparate storing,retractable within thevehicle itself, orpermanently attached toan auto lacking a centerside-support known as aB-pillar. The term is alsoused to describe suchvehicles, principally thelast.Hardtops may be eithertwo-door or four-door, andtend to be more expensiveand collectible than sedanmodels of the samevehicle.

A Volvo C70 with retractable hardtop

Hatchback

The large rear door allows easy access when haulingitems


Station Wagon

Provides a large rear interior compartment


A wagon is acar with anextended bodyand a rooflinethat extendspast the reardoors.

Station wagonor wagon is acar with a full-height body allthe way to therear; the load-carrying spacecreated isaccessed via arear door ordoors.

Minivan

Has a higher roofline for more headroom and cargo space


Aminivan/van is a vehiclewith a box-shaped bodyenclosing a large cargo orpassenger area. Theidentified gross weight of avan is less than 10.000 lb≈ 4,500 kg. Vans can beidentifiable by theirenclosed cargo orpassenger area, shorthood, and box shape. Vanscan be divided into minivan, small van, midsizevan, full-size van, and largevan. The van subdivisionhas the same specificationsas SUV subdivisions.

Minivans are boxy wagon cars usually containing three rows of seats, with a capacity of sixor more passengers and extra luggage space.

Sport-Utility Vehicle

Provides the comfort of a passenger car, the interior space of astation wagon, and the durability of a truck


An MPV (multi-purpose vehicle) is designed as large cars or small buses having off-road capability and easy loading of goods. However, the idea for a car with a multi-purpose application can be seen in other classes, especially SUVs.

An SUV (sport utilityvehicle) is a vehiclewith off-road capability.SUV is designed forcarrying ten or fewerpersons, and generallyconsidered a multi-purpose vehicle. MostSUVs are four-wheel-drive with and increasedground clearance. TheSUV is also known as 4-by-4, 4WD, 4 × 4 or 4x4.SUVs can be divided intomini, small, midsize, full-size, and large SUV.

Ek Okuma ve İnceleme Bölümü


Fig. 1: Common body and chassis configurations.


A) Unitized body or unibody, in which the chassis partscannot be physically removed from the upper body parts. Inthis case, suspensions and other mechanical parts are directlyfitted (using brackets) to body frame. The main advantage ofsuch solution is relatively low weight, while the maindisadvantage is a lower dimensional precision of suspensionattachment, due to body tolerance and the lower filteringperformance of suspension fittings, reducing the insulation ofvibrations due to road-wheel excitation.

Note: Unitized Body = Unibody = Self-supporting Body

Unibody Construction

The frame is an integral part of the body


Reading TextUnitized (self-supporting) body (Standard design)

The conventional unitized (self-supporting) body isbuilt up of hollow sheet-steel components onto whichbody panels are welded by welding robots or in multi-spot welding units. Individual parts can also be gluedin position.Depending upon vehicle type, roughly 5000 spotwelds must be made along a total flange length of120...200 m. The flange widths are 10...18 mm. Otherparts (front fenders, doors, hood and luggage-compartment lid) are bolted to the supporting structureof the body. Other types of body construction includeframe and sandwich designs. Reff: Automotive Handbook


B) Body on frame, where the chassis frame is connected to upperbody frame by bolts with or without the inter-position of rubberbushes. Such a solution offers the main advantage of allowing theadoption of one chassis for different body shapes, providing benefitsin terms of mechanical parts standardization and simplification of theassembly process of a mechanical chassis, before being matched to theupper body. This kind of solution is commonly used for cargovehicles, off-road and SUV. The main disadvantage is the increasedweight with respect to configuration A).

Figure 1.1: Top left: (a) a uni-body design, top, right: (b) truck platform; and bottom right: (c) space-frame design

The frame can be of a uni-body design (a) uni - body, a body - on - frame(b), or a space - frame (c). The uni-body design features stamped panels,while the space - frame is made up of extrusions and cast parts. The BiWclosures are selected based on the vehicle’s constituent material dent -resistance properties (i.e. yield strength) while the frame is designed toprovide specific torsional and bending stiffness.


Body-over-Frame Construction

The body bolts to a thick steel frameRussell Krick, “Modern Automotive Technology” Sunumu, The Goodheart-Willcox Co.


C) Body with ancillary subframes, for powertrain and

suspension systems; connections between the subframe and the body canbe either rigid or through elastic bushes. The main advantages aremodularity and the division of the assembly process between parallel lines,enabling components to be mounted on the sub-frames. The resultingsub-assemblies can be tested before integration with main body. Moreover,the relative ease in which elastic and damping devices between subframeand body can be inserted, provide an improved insulation from noise andvibration. Again, the main disadvantage is increased weight, but to alower extent than configuration B). sub-frame: takviye şasi, tali çerçeve


D) Dual frame body, in which body and chassis are separate and

connected through elastic and damping bushes. In this configuration, thestructural, safety, propulsion and driving functions are concentrated andoptimized in the chassis, with priority to front and rear crash absorption,torsional stiffness and resistance to stress induced through the suspensionand powertrain stiff and precise, since the filtering of road-surface inducedexcitation is achieved by incorporating elastic connections between chassisand body. The weight of upper body can be reduced, since the structuraltask is limited to its own inertial stresses and to those induced bytransported components, people and load. The same chassis can also beadopted by different bodies of similar inertia properties. Although theincrease of chassis weight remains a disadvantage, it is partiallycounterbalanced by the reduction in the weight of upper body.


Referring to body missions previously listed, thedifferent configurations result in variations of upperbody contribution for just a limited number of functions,in which the characteristics of body connection with thechassis is highly relevant:• structural function,• insulation and isolation,• safety and,• partially, aerodynamics (due to floor contribution).• The remaining functions are not directly affected .Focusing on the most common body configuration (C),through the example of a 2 box mass production body inwhite with spot welded steel stamped sheets, it isappropriate to consider the main stamped parts andfollow a typical assembling process step-by-step, to gain adeeper understanding of the process used to manufacturethe body, widely applied today.

Kaynak: VW, Otomobil Teknolojisinin Temelleri

www.audi-technology-portal.de

ASF - Audi Uzay Kafesi yüksek mukavemetli bir alüminyumkafestir. Alüminyum kullanımı önemli bir ağırlık tasarrufusağlayarak yakıt tüketimini azaltır ve verimliliği arttırır.

Not: İlk kez 1994 yılında Audi A8’de kullanılmıştır.http://www.audi.com.tr/tr/brand/tr/Efficiency/efficiency_technologies/road_resistance/audi_space_frame.html

https://www.google.com.tr/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiPu8Cqi5PLAhXta5oKHbyXDfMQjRwIBw&url=http://www.audi-technology-portal.de/en/body/aluminium-bodies/new-audi-space-frame-with-high-proportions-of-aluminum-and-cfrp&psig=AFQjCNHpm4yPr_7Jt2-TFh4cbgthXrvr_Q&ust=1456495608575225

An infusion of high-strength steel andaluminum whittled 298lb from the Cayenne'sbody-in-white (image:Porsche).Much of the body-in-white is aluminum,including the roof,floorpan, front section,doors, fenders, hoodand hatch. This isstrategicallyreinforced by micro-alloyed high-strengthsteel and multi-phasesteel to produce abody that is 20% morerigid than that of theoutgoing model whiletrimming 298 lb (135kg) from thebodyshell.

http://articles.sae.org/15730/, 14-Nov-2017

2018 Porsche Cayenne

A proof-of-concept front-end structure created using 3D printing is shown in the VW Caddy. The prototype wasdone in collaboration by a group of companies. (EOS image)

Sae.org, Preparing for a surge in 3D printed parts for production vehicles, 03-Dec-2017

• “A quality engineer needs to sign-off that an additive produced part has the sameproperties, or better properties, when compared to a conventionallymanufactured part. There are no quality shortcuts,” Krauss explained.

• Since the 1990s, Altair’s suite of topology optimization software tools have been usedby automotive engineers to design lightweight components produced by traditionalmanufacturing methods.

• “Through topology optimization, an engineer can create very organic-likestructures. But when you blend topology optimization with additivemanufacturing, an engineer can create a very lightweight part that can withstandthe loads and fit within the available packaging space,” said Norton.

• “The North American auto industry needs to gain confidence in all aspects ofadditive manufacturing before it will be considered for series production,” Volksaid.

Sae.org, Toyota's new Structural Blue paint shimmers on Lexus LC500, 03-Dec-2017

• Toyota materials scientists and their partners at Viavi Solutionsdeveloped a seven-layer coating process including amicroscopically thin color layer.

• The Morpho's wings look deep blue, but they're actually colorless.The blue sheen we see is created by light interference on theirmicroscopic lattice surface structure.

• It required 40 separate layers of material…• The paint’s production process takes eight months and includes

twelve production steps and 20 quality inspections along theway.

• The paint is applied in a 15-micrometer layer between the primerand clear coats where its 300 billion (per car) nano-structureflakes generate iridescence that creates the perception of colorthat constantly changes with the light, just like the Morphobutterfly’s wings.

• Conventional pigment paints reflect less than 50% of light as avisible blue color, but with Structural Blue the level is nearly100%, …

İlgili VideolarUnibody vs Body On Frame – Explained: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IhbXPzPlzNI

Mercedes-Benz Production A-Class - Body Shop: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7s70qh8St2ABMW 3 Series Production, BMW Munich Plant Body Shop: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zLZ1cj0GXVI

Audi Space Frame (ASF) - Audi A8: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7dQcgmNOt8

KISA… KISA… KISA…

Chapter 9 Vehicle Construction, Thomson

(B) With body-over-frame construction, a thick gauge steel frame provides the foundation forholding other parts. This type of construction is commonly used on large trucks and SUVs.

Figure 1: Two very different methods used to construct modern vehicles: unibody and body-over-frame construction

(A) Unibody construction welds major body panels together to form the frame for attaching the engine, drivetrain, suspension, and other parts. This type of construction is commonly used on cars.

Figure 2: Note the space frame construction. Composite (plastic) panels fasten to ametal inner body structure. Composite panels can be made flexible to resist doordings and small dents.



Figure 3: This top view of unibody construction shows howstructural members are added to support the engine suspensionand other mechanical systems.


Figure 4: Doors normally have strong steel beams under the door skin to protect people during side impact collisions.


Summary Vehicle classification relates to construction, size,

shape, number of doors, type of roof, etc.

Three main types of frame construction

Body-over-frame, unibody, and space frame

Vehicle commonly divided into 3 body sections

Front section, or nose section

Center section, or midsection

Rear section, tail section, or rear clip

Vehicle sizes: compact, intermediate, full size

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MARMARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ TEKNOLOJİ FAKÜLTESİ TAŞIT … · It should be noted that every automobile is a highly complex machine which consists of 25 to 30 systems, about 500 modules,