ACCOUNTING 470 ADVANCED EXTERNALFINANCIAL REPORTING ISSUES; Syllabus – Spring 2018

Professor: Harris Smith

_______________________________

14115R: MW: 12:00pm - 1:50pm;Classroom: BRI 5

14117R: MW: 2:00pm - 3:50pmClassroom: BRI 5

Office: ACC 214E-mail: Harrissm@marshall.usc.eduCell Phone: (925) 787-9129

Office Hours: Mondays between 4:45pm and 6:15pm and Wednesdays between 10am and 11:45am

Course DescriptionDeveloping capabilities to identify and articulate current external financial reporting problems and issues, concentrating on operating, financing, and investing activities of business organizations.

Learning Objectives This course focuses on problems and issues related to the reporting and disclosure of external financial accounting information (i.e., financial accounting information in firms’ external financial reports such as SEC Form 10-K). As such, it is an extension of intermediate financial accounting. The objectives and expected learning outcomes of the course include the following:

By the time students finish this course, they should be able to

Develop capabilities to identify and articulate current external financial reporting problems and issues, concentrating on operating, financing, and investing activities of business organizations by solving problems and analyzing transactions.

Be able to use accounting information, including the underlying rules required to prepare and report this information by using the FASB Codification and other authoritative sources (SEC), to analyze, guide and support a position taken on complex accounting cases.

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Analyze accounting information from the perspective of its various users (stakeholders) such as equity investors, creditors, company management and auditors, by preparing written and oral presentations based on information presented in cases, SEC Filings, articles discussing emerging accounting issues.

Identify and describe differences between the various forms of business combinations by preparing business combinations worksheets resulting in the preparation of consolidated financial statements.

Recognize and explain differences between U.S. and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) by using the FASB Codification, other U.S. authoritative sources to compare, identify and articulate areas of convergence and disagreement with IFRS.

Apply ethical principles and professional standards in analyzing situations and making informed decisions.

STUDENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES

OBJ 1

Heavy

Technical, Conceptual,

Problem-Solving

Knowledge

Students will expand their critical thinking and problem solving skills learned in introductory and intermediate accounting courses.

OBJ 2

Heavy

Research, Analysis, and

Critical Thinking

Students will use academic/professional literature to build their knowledge of and analyze complexities of business internal and external accounting requirements.

OBJ 3

Medium

Ethical Decision Making

Students will apply ethical principles and professional standards in decision making.

OBJ 4

Medium

Communication Students will continue to strengthen their ability to communicate ideas clearly and strategically, after considering the relevant audience, situation and purpose of the communication.

OBJ 5

Medium

Leadership, Collaboration,

and Professionalism

Students will demonstrate leadership skills and the ability to work cooperatively and productively to accomplish established goals.

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REQUIRED TEXTBOOKS (obtainable from USC Bookstore):

Kieso, Weygandt, Warfield, Intermediate Accounting, Sixteenth EditionHoyle, Shafer & Doupnik, Advanced Accounting, Thirteenth Edition

RECOMMENDED OTHER COURSE MATERIALS:

Dictionary

FASB Codification

Supplemental material: Problem Solving Survival Guides volume 1 (Chs. 1-14) and volume 2 (Chs. 15-28). The survival guides contain additional problems you can do, and excellent descriptions of how to solve each problem. Although no formal assignments will be given from the guides, doing additional problems in the guides will help you better understand the course material.

Prerequisites and/or Recommended Preparation: For successful performance in ACCT 470, completion of ACCT 370 is required. The USC Catalogue identifies

all course pre-requisites. They also appear in the Schedule of Classes.

Course Notes: Note that solutions to assigned homework and in-class exercises will be posted on blackboard the weekend after the assignment is due and/or exercise/problem was discussed in class.

Grading Policies:All graded written assignments and examinations will be returned promptly to students. Unclaimed items will be retained until the last day of the following semester (excluding summer term), then discarded.

The mid-term examinations are 1hour and fifty minutes in length. The final examination is two hours in length. Examinations are not cumulative. The examinations normally include essay questions and problems. Grades on examinations are NOT NEGOTIABLE . No “makeup” examinations will be given; an unexcused absence from an examination results in a grade of “0” on the examination.

ASSIGNMENTS AND GRADING DETAIL

The average grade in this course will be in accordance with Leventhal School of Accounting Standards.

The following weights will be assigned for determination of final grades:

Participation............................................................................ 10%Group Project………………………………………………. 10%Two Mid-Term Examinations.......…………………….…… 50%Final examination.........................................................……. 30%Total…………………………………….………………… 100%

The +/- grading system will be used. (See attached "Leventhal School of Accounting Grading and Academic Standards.") Final grades are obtainable only through USC's formal grade report; they are not obtainable from the Leventhal School of Accounting Staff. Final grades are NOT NEGOTIABLE .

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Final grades represent how you perform in the class relative to other students. Your grade will not be based on a mandated target, but on your performance. Historically, the average grade for this class is about a (B+). Three items are considered when assigning final grades:1. Your average weighted score as a percentage of the available points for all assignments (the points

you receive divided by the number of points possible).2. The overall average percentage score within the class. 3. Your ranking among all students in the class.

Assignment Submission Policy: Any assignment turned in late, even if by only a few minutes, will receive a grade deduction (for example, if your work is a B+ grade, you will be given a C+ grade). You must deliver a hard copy at the beginning of class on that day. If you are unable to attend class on that day, make arrangements for it to be delivered to the classroom or to my box by the start of class. Late or not, however, you must complete all required assignments to pass this course.

STUDENT OBLIGATIONS:

1. Attend all classes on time. (See SCampus 2002-2003, p. 78, B2. ) (NO MAKE-UP EXAMINATIONS WILL BE GIVEN; UNEXCUSED ABSENCE FROM AN EXAMINATION RESULTS IN A GRADE OF “O” ON THE EXAM.)

2. Submit all written assignments, prepared on a word processor, on the date assigned and in good form. (See ES Rule 13). Written assignments submitted late will be graded 0, except for excused absences. Also see pages 5 and 6 hereof. Students who do not turn in a solution to a case study on which a mid-term or final examination question is based will receive no credit for an answer to the examination question.

2. Staple written assignment sheets . Students are responsible for complying with the English grammar, style, and usage rules in Chapters I and II of The Elements of Style. Written assignments will be returned after being graded on a scale of 4 = Excellent, 3 = Good, 2 = Fair, 1 = Poor, 0 = No Credit; grades on case assignments are NOT NEGOTIABLE. (The 4, 3, 2¸ and 1 are not to be construed as A, B, C, and D.) Students may consult informally with each other, and they may do any desired research, in completing written assignments; however, written assignments must be the students’ own work, and any cited material must be properly footnoted. (Please see definition of plagiarism at Section 11.11.)

3. Be sure to check your final exam schedule to resolve conflicts with multiple exams on the same day. You must discuss your conflicts with your professor at least three weeks BEFORE the start of USC’s scheduled final exams. You are also expected to make every effort to resolve with the professors of the courses that present the schedule conflict.

Classroom Participation

I will assign a significant proportion of the grade in this course based on the extent to which students participate actively in classroom discussions and the quality of their contributions to the discussions. I do this both to improve our grading accuracy and to encourage the building of a healthy “learning community.” Further, active class participation encourages students to be well prepared and thus to become active, rather than passive, learners. Participation provides students with the opportunity to gain from the experiences and talents of everyone in the

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class. Class participation also helps students improve their oral communication skills, which are vitally important in the working world.

Participation will be evaluated on a near-continuous scale, the end points of which can be described as follows:

Outstanding Contributor: This person's contributions reflect exceptional preparation, and the ideas offered are always substantive and provide major insights and direction for the class. If this person were not a member of the class, the quality of the discussions would be diminished significantly.

Unsatisfactory Contributor: This person may be absent from class or someone who rarely participates in class discussion. Alternatively, this person’s contribution in class reflects inadequate preparation and/or understanding. Ideas offered are not substantive and provide few, if any, insights and never a constructive direction for the class. Integrative comments and effective arguments are absent. Class comments are either obvious, isolated from the main discussion, or confusing to the class.

Retention of Graded Coursework All graded written assignments and examinations will be returned promptly to students. All unclaimed items will be retained by the instructor until the last day of the following semester (excluding summer term), then discarded.

Statement for Students with DisabilitiesUSC is committed to making reasonable accommodations to assist individuals with disabilities in reaching their academic potential. If you have a disability which may impact your performance, attendance, or grades in this course and require accommodations, you must first register with the Office of Disability Services and Programs (www.usc.edu/disability). DSP provides certification for students with disabilities and helps arrange the relevant accommodations.  Any student requesting academic accommodations based on a disability is required to register with Disability Services and Programs (DSP) each semester. A letter of verification for approved accommodations can be obtained from DSP. Please be sure the letter is delivered to me (or to your TA) as early in the semester as possible. DSP is located in GFS (Grace Ford Salvatori Hall) 120 and is open 8:30 a.m.–5:00 p.m., Monday through Friday. The phone number for DSP is (213) 740-0776.  Email: ability@usc.edu.

Students need to make a request with Disability Services and Programs (DSP) for each academic term that accommodations are desired. Guidelines for the DSP accommodation process can be found here: https://sait.usc.edu/academicsupport/centerprograms/dsp/registration/guidelines/guidelines_general.html

Students requesting test-related accommodations will need to share and discuss their DSP recommended accommodation letter/s with their faculty and/or appropriate departmental contact person at least three weeks before the date the accommodations will be needed. Additional time may be needed for final exams. Reasonable exceptions will be considered during the first three weeks of the semester as well as for temporary injuries and for students recently diagnosed. Please note that a reasonable period of time is still required for DSP to review documentation and to make a determination whether a requested accommodation will be appropriate.(https://sait.usc.edu/academicsupport/centerprograms/dsp/registration/accommodationletters_howto.asp)

USC Statements on Academic Conduct and Support Systems  

Academic Conduct:

Students enrolled in any class offered by the Leventhal School of Accounting are expected to uphold and adhere to the standards of academic integrity established by the Leventhal School of Accounting Student Honor Code. 

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Students are responsible for obtaining, reading, and understanding the Honor Code System handbook.  Students who are found to have violated the Code will be subject to disciplinary action as described in the handbook.  For more specific information, please refer to the Student Honor Code System handbook, available in class or from the receptionist in ACC 101

Support Systems:

Student Counseling Services (SCS) - (213) 740-7711 – 24/7 on call

Free and confidential mental health treatment for students, including short-term psychotherapy, group counseling, stress fitness workshops, and crisis intervention. https://engemannshc.usc.edu/counseling/ 

National Suicide Prevention Lifeline - 1-800-273-8255

Provides free and confidential emotional support to people in suicidal crisis or emotional distress 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. http://www.suicidepreventionlifeline.org 

Relationship & Sexual Violence Prevention Services (RSVP) - (213) 740-4900 - 24/7 on call

Free and confidential therapy services, workshops, and training for situations related to gender-based harm. https://engemannshc.usc.edu/rsvp/ 

Sexual Assault Resource Center

For more information about how to get help or help a survivor, rights, reporting options, and additional resources, visit the website: http://sarc.usc.edu/ 

Office of Equity and Diversity (OED)/Title IX compliance – (213) 740-5086

Works with faculty, staff, visitors, applicants, and students around issues of protected class. https://equity.usc.edu/ 

Bias Assessment Response and Support

Incidents of bias, hate crimes and microaggressions need to be reported allowing for appropriate investigation and response. https://studentaffairs.usc.edu/bias-assessment-response-support/

Student Support & Advocacy – (213) 821-4710

Assists students and families in resolving complex issues adversely affecting their success as a student EX: personal, financial, and academic. https://studentaffairs.usc.edu/ssa/ 

Diversity at USC – https://diversity.usc.edu/

Tabs for Events, Programs and Training, Task Force (including representatives for each school), Chronology, Participate, Resources for Students

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Classroom Rules of Conduct

Cell phone use of any kind (e.g., voice, text messaging, calculator, photography) is strictly banned during class. (During exams, any cell phone use or other external electronic communication will automatically constitute cheating and will be dealt with as such.)

Cell phones must be turned off. Use of computer, music player and other electronic devices is not permitted during class. Be courteous to your fellow students by not making distractions (e.g., coming to class late, eating,

talking, paging through newspapers).

LEVENTHAL SCHOOL OF ACCOUNTING HONOR CODE:

Per Article II of the Student Honor Code, “All students enrolled in upper division and graduate courses required for a degree in Accounting and offered by the Leventhal School of Accounting…are subject to the Code…” If you have questions about any Honor Code matters (e.g., will my proposed conduct comply?), please see me.

Emergency Preparedness/Course Continuity In case of a declared emergency if travel to campus is not feasible, the USC Emergency Information web site (http://emergency.usc.edu/) will provide safety and other information, including electronic means by which instructors will conduct class using a combination of Blackboard, teleconferencing, and other technologies.

Please activate your course in Blackboard with access to the course syllabus. Whether or not you use Blackboard regularly, these preparations will be crucial in an emergency. USC's Blackboard learning management system and support information is available at blackboard.usc.edu.

A mark of IN (incomplete) may be assigned when work is not completed because of a documented illness or other “emergency” that occurs after the 12th week of the semester (or the twelfth week equivalent for any course that is scheduled for less than 15 weeks).

An “emergency” is defined as a serious documented illness, or an unforeseen situation that is beyond the student’s control, that prevents a student from completing the semester. Prior to the 12th week, the student still has the option of dropping the class. Arrangements for completing an IN must be initiated by the student and agreed to by the instructor prior to the final examination. If an Incomplete is assigned as the student’s grade, the instructor is required to fill out an “Assignment of an Incomplete (IN) and Requirements for Completion” form (http://www.usc.edu/dept/ARR/grades/index.html) which specifies to the student and to the department the work remaining to be done, the procedures for its completion, the grade in the course to date, and the weight to be assigned to work remaining to be done when the final grade is computed. Both the instructor and student must sign the form with a copy of the form filed in the department. Class work to complete the course must be completed within one calendar year from the date the IN was assigned. The IN mark will be converted to an F grade should the course not be completed.

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COURSE AND EXAMINATION SCHEDULEDATE TOPIC TEXT READING WRITTEN ASSIGNMENTS

M 1/8 Introduction

Revenue and Gains W 1/10 Revenue recognition;

Basics, SEC guidance, Installment Method, Cost Recovery Method, Repossession, Interest Revenue

IA Ch 18CON 6, ¶s 78-79, 82CON 5, ¶s 83-84ASC 605-10-25ASC 605-15

IA Ex 18-6, 18-8, 18-22, 18-21

M 1/15 MLK Day University Holiday

W 1/17 Percentage of completion,Completed contract

SEC Topic 13 IA C 18-6, Ex. 18-4, P18-2

M 1/22 Franchises, Multi-element contracts,Financial instrumentsA look to the future

ASC 310-20ASC 470-40ASC 605-25, -45ASC 922ASC 928ASC 952

IA Ex 18-21, 8-11, 18-27

Employee CompensationW 1/24 Pension Plans Ch 20

ASC 715-30-05ASC 715-60-05ASC 710ASC 712ASC 715IA Ch 20

IA Ex. 20-2; Ex. 20-4; Ex. 20-6IA Ex. 20-9IA Ex. 20-10, Ex. 20-11; Ex 20-13

M 1/29 Pension Plans, continued

Ch 20, continued IA Ex. 20-22, IA Ex. 20-23, IA Ex. 20-24

W 1/31 Other Post-Retirement Benefits

Compensated Absences

Stock Based Compensation

ASC 710-10-25-1IA 16, pp 891-899ASC 718-10-10IA 13, pp702-714

IA Ex. 16-12

IA Ex. 13-6

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M 2/5 Foreign currency transactions, forward contracts.

ASC 718-740-30-2ASC 470-20-05, -25, -30Hoyle Ch. 9

Adv. Acc. Pr. Ch. 9-25, 9-26, 9-31, 9-32

W 2/7 Foreign Currency Translation

Hoyle. Ch. 10 Adv. Acc. Pr. Ch. 10- 25.

M 2/12 EXAM 1 (In-Class)

Business Combinations W 2/14 Investments & Business

CombinationsIA Ch 17ASC 320-10-05, -10, -15, -20, -30, -35, -50ASC 323-10-05, -15, -25, -35ASC 325-10-05ASC 325-20-05, -25, -35ASC 810-10-15ASC 958-810-60ASC 958-20-60ASC 970-810-25 ASC 942-320-50Hoyle Ch. 1 & 2

IA Ex. 17,15, 17-9,17-10, 17-12, 17-18

M 2/19 President’s Day University Holiday

W 2/21 Business Combinations Hoyle Ch. 1 & 2; ASC 805-10-05, -10, -15, -25, -50ASC 805-20-25, -30, -40ASC 805-30-25, -30

Adv. Acc. Pr1-23, 1-24, 1-26, 1-27; FASB 94 Research Case pg. 34Adv. Acc. Pr. 2-19, 2-23, 2-27, 2-33

M 2/26 Consolidations: Date of Combination

Hoyle Ch.3ASC 325-20-35,59ASC 323-10-05,15ASC 350-20-35-3CASC 350-20-35-30SEC Staff Bulletin #73

In-Class Problem

W 2/28 Consolidations: Subsequent to Combination

Hoyle Ch. 4ASC 810-10-45-15

Adv. Acc. Pr. 4-31, 4-37, 4-41

M 3/5 Consolidations: Subsequent to Combination

Hoyle Ch. 5ASC 810-10-45-1

Adv. Acc. Pr. 5-27, 5-28, 5-31

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W 3/7 Earnings Per Share (EPS)

ASC 470-20-25ASC 470-20-30ASC 470-20-45

IA: Ex 16-1, 2, 7, 10

M 3/19 Earnings Per Share (EPS)

ASC 260-10-45-2ASC 260-10-50

IA Ex 16-11, 15, 16, 23, 24, 26

W 3/21 EXAM II (In-Class)

Other Activities M 3/26 Accounting for Income

TaxesASC 740-10-30-18ASC 740-10-30-21ASC 740-10-30-22

IA Ex. 19-2, 3, 4, 9, 10

W 3/28 Accounting for Income Taxes

ASC 740-10-25-6 IA Ex. 19-16, 23, 21

M 4/2 Accounting for Income Taxes

ASC 740-10-05 IA PR 19-1, 19-4

W 4/4 Accounting Changes and Error Analysis

IA: Ch. 22ASC 250-10-05-1ASC 250-10-05-2ASC 250-10-45ASC 323-10-35-33

IA Ex22-1,2,3,8,10,17

DisclosureM 4/9 Disclosure in Financial

Reporting: Related Parties, Subsequent events,Going ConcernSummary of Significant Accounting Policies

IA Ch 24

ASC 850-10-5ASC 855-10-5ASC 205-30

IA Ex. 24-3IA CA 24-3

Governmental/ Not-For-ProfitW 4/11 Governmental

AccountingHoyle Ch 16Handouts

Adv. Acc. Pr. 16-38, 16-39, 16-43, 16-52

M 4/16 Governmental Accounting

Hoyle Ch 17 Adv. Acc. Pr. 17-31 and 17-48

W 4/18 Accounting forNonprofit organizations

Hoyle Ch. 18 Adv. Acc. Pr. 18-46, 18-48, 18-49, 18-50, 18-51, 18-52, 18-53

M 4/23 Group Presentations and Discussion

W 4/25 Group Presentations and Discussions

Last Day of Classes

W 5/2FINAL EXAM

8am Class: Wed, May 2; 8am – 10am

10am ClassWed, May 2;10:30am – 12:30pm

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Important Dates: Spring 2018

Jan. 5 Last day to register and settle without late feeJan. 8 Spring semester classes begin for Session 001Jan. 8-12 Late registration and change of program for Session 001Jan. 15 Martin Luther King Day, university holidayJan. 26 Deadline for purchasing or showing proof of health insuranceJan. 26 Last day to register and add classes for Session 001

Jan. 26 Last day to drop a class without a mark of “W,” except for Monday-only classes, and receive a refund for Session 001

Jan. 26 Last day to change enrollment option to Pass/No Pass or Audit for Session 001Jan. 26 Last day to purchase or waive tuition refund insurance

Jan. 30 Last day to drop a Monday-only class without a mark of “W” and receive a refund or change to Pass/No Pass or Audit for Session 001

Feb. 19 Presidents’ Day, university holiday

Feb. 23Last day to drop a course without a mark of “W” on the transcript*Please drop any course by the end of week three (or the week three equivalent for short sessions) to avoid tuition charges.

Feb. 23 Last day to change a Pass/No Pass course to letter gradeMarch 11-18 Spring recess

April 6 Last day to drop a class with a mark of “W” for Session 001April 27 Spring semester classes endApril 28-May 1 Study days

May 2-9 Final examinationsMay 10 Spring semester endsMay 11 Commencement

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Why learn IFRS?International Financial Reporting Standards, commonly referred to as IFRS, are gaining momentum as

the global norm in financial reporting. Issued by the London-based International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), IFRS is currently accepted in approximately 100 countries, including the members of the European Union, Israel and Australia. Many other countries, such as Canada, Mexico, India and Japan have committed to adopt or converge with IFRS by dates ranging from 2009 to 2011.

For years, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) has been working with the IASB as part of a long term plan toward convergence of IFRS and U.S. Generally Accepted Principles (U.S. GAAP) with the 2007 decision of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to accept IFRS financial statements for foreign filers (without requiring reconciliation to U.S. GAAP), the timeline for U.S. adoption of IFRS is expected to accelerate at a rapid pace. In response to the SEC’s decision, accountants, managers and analysts began to question when the SEC would allow, or require, U.S. companies to use IFRS for their annual filings. While the answer to this question is still unknown, other ripple effects of the SEC’s decision can already be seen. In May 2008, the AICPA expressed its intent to incorporate IFRS into the CPA exam. In the same month, the AICP also amended Rules 202 and 203 of the Code of Professional Conduct to recognize the IASB as an international accounting standard, allowing accountants of private US companies to prepare financial statements in accordance with IFRS.

Introduction to IFRSHistorically, multinational and global companies were required to prepare separate financial statements

for each country in which they did business, in accordance with each country’s generally accepted accounting principles. In 1973, the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) was formed in response to the growing need to develop a set of common financial standards to address the global nature of corporate financing. In 2000, the IASC received support from the International Organization of Securities Commissioners (IOSCO), primary forum for international cooperation among securities regulator. The IOSCO recommended its members (currently 181 organizations including the U.S. Securities & Exchange Commission and the Committee of European Securities Regulators) permit multinational companies to use IASC standards along with a reconciliation to national GAAP. In 2001, the IASC reorganized as the International Accounting Standards Board to incorporate representatives from national standard-setting organizations.

The term IFRS has both a narrow and broad definition. Narrowly, it refers to the specific set of numbered publications issued by IASB. Broadly it refers to all publications approved by the IASB, including standards and interpretations issued by its predecessor, the IASC. Unlike U.S. GAAP, there is no hierarchy to IFRS guidance. All standards and interpretations have equal levels of authoritativeness. Status in the U.S.

The continuing globalization of business means many U.S. companies (operating or obtaining capital in foreign countries), including 40% of Global Fortune 500, are already affected by IFRS. In response to this trend, efforts have been under way to coverage IFRS and U.S. GAAP since 2002. The IASB and FASB have worked together closely and developed a plan for convergence of the two sets of standards. Main areas of differences with U.S. GAAP are summarized below:

Areas where IFRS and U.S. GAAP are not converged:Consolidation policy, impairment, liabilities, intangibles

Areas where there are differences in the “details”:Revenues, income taxes, leases, pensions, business combinations, share-based payments

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Despite the progress toward convergence, the financial information reported by a company may differ significantly under the two sets of standards. Historically, the SEC has allowed foreign companies trading stock on U.S. exchanges to prepare Form 20-F, their annual financial statements, in accordance with a foreign GAAP as long as reconciliation to U.S. GAAP was included. A review of 2006 reconciliations determined that approximately 2/3 of companies have higher income under IFRS, with a median increase of 12.9%. For the 1/3 of firms with lower income under IFRS, the median difference was 9.1%.

As previously mentioned, the SEC eliminated the reconciliation requirement for foreign private issuers using IFRS in November 2007. The SEC is currently considering allowing U.S. companies the option of using IFRS in the near future.

Pros and ConsWhile many now believe the adoption of IFRS in the U.S. is inevitable, including the AICPA, the SEC

and the Big Four accounting firms, not everyone agrees this is in the best interest of the American public. Advocates for the U.S. adoption of IFRS believe one global set of standards will streamline costs for U.S. companies operating globally and increase comparability of financial statements between companies, resulting in lower costs of capital.

On the other hand, many people are concerned that IFRS is not as robust as U.S. GAAP, that the cost of transition will be high, and that the U.S. market is not prepared for the transition. Based on the similar transition in Europe, experts estimate the implementation of IFRS will take companies two to three years. This includes time to gather the necessary information, modify accounting and control systems, and possibly renegotiate debt and other agreements linked to financial performance. An additional concern is the lack of accounting professionals familiar with IFRS. Knowledge of IFRS will be a valuable asset as you enter the workplace during this time of dynamic change in the accounting environment.

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