Marketing Fragment 6 x 11 - Cambridge University Pressassets.cambridge.org/97805218/72935/frontmatter/9780521872935… · viii Contents 2.8.9 Hajj stampede of 2006 54 2.8.10 Al-Salam

LARGE-SCALE DISASTERS

Extreme events—climatic events such as hurricanes, tornadoes, and drought, as well asevents not related to the climate such as earthquakes, wars, and transportation-relateddisasters—can cause massive disruption to society, including large death tolls and propertydamage in the billions of dollars. Events in recent years have shown the importance ofbeing prepared and that countries need to work together to help alleviate the resulting painand suffering. This volume presents an integrated review of the broad research field oflarge-scale disasters. It establishes a common framework for predicting, controlling, andmanaging both manmade and natural disasters. There is a particular focus on events causedby weather and climate change. Other topics include air pollution, tsunamis, disaster mod-eling, the use of remote sensing, and the logistics of disaster management. It will appeal toscientists, engineers, first responders, and health care professionals, in addition to graduatestudents and researchers who have an interest in the prediction, prevention, or mitigation oflarge-scale disasters.

Mohamed Gad-el-Hak is the Inez Caudill Eminent Professor of Biomedical Engi-neering and Chair of Mechanical Engineering at Virginia Commonwealth University inRichmond. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Mechanics, the American PhysicalSociety, and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

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LARGE-SCALE DISASTERS

Prediction, Control, and Mitigation

Edited by

Mohamed Gad-el-HakVirginia Commonwealth University






cambridge university pressCambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo, Delhi

Cambridge University Press32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013-2473, USA

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C© Cambridge University Press 2008

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First published 2008

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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Large-scale disasters : prediction, control, and mitigation / edited by Mohamed Gad-el-Hak.p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-521-87293-5 (hardback)

1. Natural disasters. 2. Natural disaster warning systems. 3. Natural disasters—Risk assessment.4. Hazardous geographic enviornments—Risk assessment. I. Gad-el-Hak, Mohamed, 1945– II. Title.

GB5014.L365 2008363.34–dc22 2007035502

ISBN 978-0-521-87293-5 hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility forthe persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or

third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publicationand does not guarantee that any content on such

Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

On the cover: An earthquake of magnitude 7.6 struck the Pakistan-administered region of Kashmir on 8 October2005. Most of the affected areas are in mountainous regions and access was impeded by landslides that blockedthe roads. More than 80,000 people died, and 3.3 million were left homeless in this calamitous event.

Back cover: A satellite image of category 5 Hurricane Katrina, taken over the Gulf of Mexico on 29 August 2005.The sheer physical size of Katrina caused devastation far from the eye of the storm; it was possibly the largesthurricane of its strength ever recorded.






Dedicated to all those who succumbed to any natural or manmade disaster, and toall those who through their kindness, generosity, courage, resourcefulness,

dedication, and hard work helped alleviate the pain and suffering.






We start life with a bag full of luck and an empty bag of experience. Aim of life is to fill the bag ofexperience before the bag of luck runs out.

(From a Hindu fable)






Contents

Preface page xvAbout the editor xixList of contributors xxi

1 Introduction 1Mohamed Gad-el-Hak1.1 What is a large-scale disaster? 11.2 Book contents 2References 3

2 The art and science of large-scale disasters 5Mohamed Gad-el-Hak2.1 Are disasters a modern curse? 52.2 Disaster scope 62.3 Facets of large-scale disasters 92.4 The science of disaster prediction and control 10

2.4.1 Modeling the disaster’s dynamics 122.4.2 The fundamental transport equations 132.4.3 Closing the equations 142.4.4 Compressibility 172.4.5 Prandtl’s breakthrough 202.4.6 Turbulent flows 212.4.7 Numerical solutions 232.4.8 Other complexities 232.4.9 Earthquakes 252.4.10 The butterfly effect 26

2.5 Global Earth Observation System of Systems 302.6 The art of disaster management 312.7 A bit of sociology 322.8 Few recent disasters 34

2.8.1 San Francisco Earthquake 342.8.2 Hyatt Regency walkway collapse 382.8.3 Izmit Earthquake 412.8.4 September 11 422.8.5 Pacific Tsunami 432.8.6 Hurricane Katrina 452.8.7 Kashmir Earthquake 492.8.8 Hurricane Wilma 49

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viii Contents

2.8.9 Hajj stampede of 2006 542.8.10 Al-Salam Boccaccio 98 562.8.11 Bird flu 592.8.12 Energy crisis 61

2.9 Concluding remarks 64References 64

3 Multiscale modeling for large-scale disaster applications 69Ramana M. Pidaparti3.1 Introduction 693.2 Definition and modeling of scales in climate and weather 71

3.2.1 Global climate modeling 723.2.2 Long-term climate simulation 723.2.3 Limits to predictability 723.2.4 Global and regional climate models 74

3.3 Definition and modeling of scales during accidental releaseof toxic agents in urban environments 773.4 Multiscale modeling methods 81

3.4.1 Key challenges 813.4.2 Application of modeling methods to large-scale disasters 813.4.3 Multiscale modeling techniques 823.4.4 Molecular dynamics method 833.4.5 Coarse-grained methods 843.4.6 Monte Carlo methods 843.4.7 Cellular automata 853.4.8 Neural networks 863.4.9 Mathematical homogenization 863.4.10 Quasi-continuum method 873.4.11 Heterogeneous multiscale method 873.4.12 Continuum methods 883.4.13 Domain decomposition method and parallel computations 893.4.14 Lattice Boltzmann method 90

3.5 Summary and outlook 91Acknowledgments 91References 91

4 Addressing the root causes of large-scale disasters 94Ilan Kelman4.1 Definitions and context 94

4.1.1 Defining disasters 944.1.2 Do natural disasters exist? 97

4.2 Root causes of disaster 984.2.1 Case studies 984.2.2 Root cause: vulnerability 1014.2.3 Root causes of vulnerability 105

4.3 Tackling root causes of disaster 1084.3.1 Principles 1084.3.2 Illustrative case studies 109

4.4 Conclusions 113References 114






Contents ix

5 Issues in disaster relief logistics 120Nezih Altay5.1 Introduction 1205.2 Disaster relief issues identified in literature 1225.3 Supply chain issues 123

5.3.1 Funding issues 1265.3.2 Needs assessment and procurement 1275.3.3 Management of information 1295.3.4 Coordination issues 1305.3.5 Transportation infrastructure and network design 1325.3.6 Standardization of relief 132

5.4 Operational issues 1325.4.1 Personnel issues 1345.4.2 Availability of technology 1365.4.3 Local resources 137

5.5 Ethical issues 1395.5.1 Discrimination 1395.5.2 Corruption 139

5.6 Political issues 1405.6.1 Military use in disaster relief 140

5.7 Conclusions and future research directions 142References 143

6 Large-scale disasters: perspectives on medical response 147Jehan Elkholy and Mostafa Gad-el-Hak6.1 Introduction 1476.2 Characteristics of disasters 1486.3 Classification of disasters 1486.4 Disaster management 1496.5 Phases of a disaster 150

6.5.1 Phase I: disaster preparedness 1506.5.2 Phase II: medical response 1526.5.3 Phase III: recovery 156

6.6 Role of specialists 1566.7 Disaster evaluation 1586.8 Failure of disaster response and problems encounteredduring disaster management 1596.9 Conclusions 159References 159

7 Augmentation of health care capacity in large-scale disasters 161Atef M. Radwan7.1 Introduction 1617.2 Definitions 1627.3 Capacity augmentation of health care facility 163

7.3.1 Variables of health care capacity 1637.3.2 Triage priorities 1647.3.3 Capacities in the medical assistance chain 1647.3.4 Mass trauma casualty predictor 1667.3.5 Increasing hospital bed capacity 168






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7.3.6 Adaptation of existing capacity 1687.3.7 Staff calling in and staff augmentation plan 1697.3.8 Modification of the standards of care 1707.3.9 Triage of patients in mass critical care 171

7.4 Cooperative regional capacity augmentation 1717.5 Off-site patient care 1737.6 Role of government 1737.7 Community involvement 1747.8 Summary 174References 175

8 Energy, climate change, and how to avoid a manmade disaster 177Ahmed F. Ghoniem8.1 Introduction 1778.2 Energy consumption—now and then 179

8.2.1 How much we use 1798.2.2 Energy and how we live 1798.2.3 How much we will use 181

8.3 Carbon dioxide 1838.3.1 Greenhouse gases 1848.3.2 Energy balance 1848.3.3 Climate modeling 1868.3.4 Global warming and climate change 189

8.4 CO2 emission mitigation 1948.4.1 Implementing multiple solutions 1958.4.2 The “wedges” 196

8.5 Low-carbon fossil conversion technologies 1988.5.1 Chemical energy 1998.5.2 CO2 capture 2008.5.3 Electrochemical separation 2038.5.4 Synfuel production 203

8.6 Zero-carbon conversion technologies: nuclear and renewable sources 2038.6.1 Nuclear energy 2048.6.2 Hydraulic power 2048.6.3 Geothermal energy 2058.6.4 Wind energy 2058.6.5 Solar energy 2068.6.6 Biomass energy 2068.6.7 Renewable sources and storage 207

8.7 Transportation 2088.8 Conclusions 209References 210

9 Seawater agriculture for energy, warming, food, land, and water 212Dennis M. Bushnell9.1 Introduction 2129.2 Biomass and the Sahara 2139.3 Saline/salt water agriculture 2149.4 Additional impacts/benefits of saline/seawater agriculture 2159.5 Summary 216References 217






Contents xi

10 Natural and anthropogenic aerosol-related hazards affecting megacities 218Hesham El-Askary and Menas Kafatos10.1 Introduction 21810.2 Aerosol properties 22110.3 Sand and dust storms 221

10.3.1 Remote sensing of sand and dust storms 22210.3.2 Egypt case study 22310.3.3 India case study 23010.3.4 Modeling of dust storms (dust cycle model) 236

10.4 Air pollution 23910.4.1 Cairo air pollution case study 23910.4.2 Pollution effects forcing on large-scale vegetation in India 242

10.5 Forcing component 24510.5.1 Egypt case study 24810.5.2 China case study 249

10.6 Conclusions 252Acknowledgments 254References 254

11 Tsunamis: manifestation and aftermath 258Harindra J. S. Fernando, Alexander Braun, Ranjit Galappatti,Janaka Ruwanpura, and S. Chan Wirasinghe11.1 Introduction 25811.2 Causes of tsunamis: a general overview 26211.3 Hydrodynamics of tsunamis 26311.4 Ecological impacts of tsunamis—a general overview 26511.5 The Sumatra Earthquake and Tsunami 267

11.5.1 The Sumatra–Andaman Island Earthquake,26 December 2004 267

11.5.2 The Sumatra Tsunami in Sri Lanka 26911.5.3 Wave observations and impacts on Sri Lanka 27011.5.4 The impact on Sri Lanka 271

11.6 Tsunami warning systems 28211.7 Planning for tsunamis 283

11.7.1 Components of the stochastic scheduling network 28411.8 Conclusions 289Acknowledgments 289References 290

12 Intermediate-scale dynamics of the upper troposphere and stratosphere 293James J. Riley12.1 Background 29312.2 More recent interpretation of data 29512.3 Results from numerical simulations 29612.4 Implications 29812.5 Summary 300References 300

13 Coupled weather–chemistry modeling 302Georg A. Grell13.1 Introduction 30213.2 Fully coupled online modeling 302

13.2.1 Grid scale transport of species 303






xii Contents

13.2.2 Subgrid scale transport 30313.2.3 Dry deposition 30413.2.4 Gas-phase chemistry 30413.2.5 Parameterization of aerosols 30513.2.6 Photolysis frequencies 306

13.3 Online versus offline modeling 30613.4 Application in global change research 31213.5 Concluding remarks 314References 315

14 Seasonal-to-decadal prediction using climate models: successes and challenges 318Ramalingam Saravanan14.1 Introduction 31814.2 Potentially predictable phenomena 32114.3 Successes in dynamical climate prediction 32214.4 Challenges that remain 32514.5 Summary 326References 327

15 Climate change and related disasters 329Ashraf S. Zakey, Filippo Giorgi, and Jeremy Pal15.1 Introduction 329

15.1.1 Definitions of climate parameters 33015.2 A brief review of regional climate modeling 33215.3 ICTP regional climate model 33515.4 Climate change and extreme events 337

15.4.1 Defining changes of extremes 33715.5 Extremes and climate variability 34115.6 Regional impact studies 346

15.6.1 Severe summertime flooding in Europe 34615.6.2 Warming and heat wave 34715.6.3 Wind storms (hurricanes) 351

15.7 Summary 352Acknowledgments 357References 357

16 Impact of climate change on precipitation 363Roy Rasmussen, Aiguo Dai, and Kevin E. Trenberth16.1 Introduction 36316.2 Precipitation processes in observations and models 364

16.2.1 Evaluation of model simulated changes inprecipitation by examination of the diurnal cycle 366

16.2.2 Observed trends in moisture and extremeprecipitation events 36816.3 How should precipitation change as the climate changes? 37116.4 Questions and issues 37316.5 Summary 374Acknowledgments 374References 374

17 Weather-related disasters in arid lands 377Thomas T. Warner17.1 Introduction 377






Contents xiii

17.2 Severe weather in arid lands 37817.2.1 Dust storms and sand storms 37817.2.2 Rainstorms, floods, and debris flows 391

17.3 Desertification 39617.3.1 What is desertification? 39617.3.2 Extent of desertification 39917.3.3 Anthropogenic contributions to desertification 40117.3.4 Natural contributions to desertification 40917.3.5 Additional selected case studies and examples of

desertification 40917.3.6 Physical process feedbacks that may affect desertification 41417.3.7 Satellite-based methods for detecting and mapping

desertification 41717.4 Summary 418References 420

18 The first hundred years of numerical weather prediction 427Janusz Pudykiewicz and Gilbert Brunet18.1 Forecasting before equations 42718.2 The birth of theoretical meteorology 42918.3 Initial attempts of scientifically based weather prediction 43218.4 Bergen school of meteorology 43318.5 First numerical integration of the primitive meteorologicalequations 43418.6 Weather forecasting after Richardson 43618.7 Richardson’s experiment revisited and the birth offorecasting based on primitive equations 43918.8 Expansion of the scope of traditional meteorological prediction 43918.9 Development of the modern atmospheric prediction systems 44018.10 From weather prediction to environmental engineering andclimate control 44118.11 Conclusions 444References 444

19 Fundamental issues in numerical weather prediction 447Jimy Dudhia19.1 Introduction 44719.2 Disaster-related weather 44719.3 Disaster prediction strategies 448

19.3.1 Medium-range prediction (5–10 days) 44819.3.2 Short-range prediction (3–5 days) 44819.3.3 Day-to-day prediction (1–3 days) 44919.3.4 Very short-range prediction (<1 day) 449

19.4 Fundamental issues: atmospheric predictability 44919.5 The model 450

19.5.1 Model physics 45019.5.2 Model dynamics 45119.5.3 Model numerics 451

19.6 Model data 45119.7 Conclusions 452References 452






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20 Space measurements for disaster response: the International Charter 453Ahmed Mahmood and Mohammed Shokr20.1 Introduction 45320.2 Space remote sensing and disaster management 45420.3 General principles of remote sensing 459

20.3.1 Optical, thermal, and microwave imaging 46120.3.2 Image processing, information contents, and interpretation 47020.3.3 Geophysical parameter retrieval and value adding 47520.3.4 Image classification and change detection 477

20.4 Space-based initiatives for disaster management 47920.5 About the charter 482

20.5.1 History and operations 48420.5.2 A constellation of sensors and satellites 49120.5.3 Mission summaries 50020.5.4 Applicable policies 50420.5.5 Performance update 511

20.6 Disaster coverage 51520.6.1 Activation criteria 51520.6.2 Data acquisition planning 51620.6.3 Reporting and user feedback 518

20.7 Case histories 51920.7.1 Nyiragongo volcanic eruption 51920.7.2 Southern Manitoba flood 52120.7.3 Galicia oil spill 52220.7.4 South Asian Tsunami 52520.7.5 French forest fires 52720.7.6 Hurricane Katrina 52820.7.7 Kashmir Earthquake 53120.7.8 Philippines landslide 53220.7.9 Central Europe floods 534

20.8 Concluding remarks 539Acknowledgments 539References 540

21 Weather satellite measurements: their use for prediction 543William L. Smith21.1 Introduction 54321.2 Weather satellite measurements 54321.3 Global Earth Observation System of Systems 54521.4 The current and planned space component 54621.5 Vegetation index 54821.6 Flash floods 55021.7 Severe thunderstorms and hurricanes 55221.8 Improvements in the satellite observing system 55721.9 Summary 566Acknowledgments 567References 567

Epilogue 570Index 573






Preface

I am the daughter of Earth and WaterAnd the nursling of the Sky;

I pass through the pores of the ocean and shoresI change, but I cannot die.

For after the rain with never a strainThe pavilion of Heaven is bare,

And the winds and sunbeams with their convex gleamsBuild up the blue dome of air,

I silently laugh at my own cenotaph,And out of the caverns of rain,

Like a child from the womb, like a ghost from the tombI arise and unbuild again.

(From The Cloud by Percy Bysshe Shelley)

Blow, winds, and crack your cheeks! rage! blow!You cataracts and hurricanoes, spoutTill you have drench’d our steeples, drown’d the cocks!You sulphurous and thought-executing fires,Vaunt-couriers to oak-cleaving thunderbolts,Singe my white head! And thou, all-shaking thunder,Smite flat the thick rotundity o’ the world!Crack nature’s moulds, an germens spill at once,That make ingrateful man!

(From William Shakespeare’s King Lear)

This book is a collection of review-type chapters that covers the broad research field oflarge-scale disasters, particularly their prediction, prevention, control, and mitigation. Bothnatural and manmade disasters are considered. The seed for the project was a meetingorganized by the book’s editor, the U.S.–Egypt Workshop on Predictive Methodologies forGlobal Weather-Related Disasters, held in Cairo, Egypt, 13–15 March 2006. Sponsoredby the U.S. State Department and its National Science Foundation, the meeting organiz-ers invited fifty American and Egyptian scientists, engineers, meteorologists, and medicalpersonnel. Thirty formal presentations were made, and plenty of both formal and informaldiscussions were carried out. The three-day conference concluded with two panel discus-sions. Despite its more limited title, the workshop’s scope expanded considerably beyondpredictive methodologies for weather-related disasters to include other types of disastersand their prediction, control, and management. This book reflects that expansion.

Although the book covers considerable territories, breadth does not come at the ex-pense of depth. Large-Scale Disasters: Prediction, Control, and Mitigation ties together

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xvi Preface

the disparate topics encompassed by its title, and a few of those topics are covered ingreater detail. The extreme event could be natural, manmade, or a combination of the two.Examples of naturally occurring disasters include earthquakes; wildfires; pandemics; vol-cano eruptions; mudslides; floods; droughts; and extreme weather phenomena, such as iceages, hurricanes, tornadoes, and sandstorms. Human’s folly, meanness, mismanagement,gluttony, or unchecked consumption of resources may cause war, energy crises, fire, globalwarming, famine, air/water pollution, urban sprawl, desertification, bus/train/airplane/shipaccidents, or terrorist acts. The book attempts to establish a common framework for pre-dicting, controlling, and managing manmade and natural disasters, thus delivering a moreintegrated review of a coherent subject, in contrast to a mere collection of disparate articlesaround a loose theme.

The laws of nature, reflected in the science portion of any particular chapter, and evencrisis management, reflected in the art portion, should be the same, or at least quite similar,regardless of where or what type of disaster strikes. Humanity should benefit from boththe science and the art of predicting, controlling, and managing large-scale disasters, asextensively and thoroughly discussed in the book.

This book is timely and will hopefully be favorably received by professionals around theglobe. The last annus horribilis, in particular, has shown the importance of being preparedfor large-scale disasters and how the world can get together to help alleviate the resultingpain and suffering. In its own small way, the book will better prepare scientists, engineers,first responders, emergency room professionals and other health care providers, and, aboveall, political leaders to deal with manmade and natural disasters.

The book is intended for engineers, physicists, first responders, physicians, educators,and graduate students at universities and research laboratories in government and industrywho have an interest in the prediction, prevention, or mitigation of large-scale disasters.The different chapters here are written in a pedagogic style and are designed to attractnewcomers to the field.

Large-Scale Disasters: Prediction, Control, and Mitigation is organized into twenty-one chapters as follows. Following a brief introduction, the art and science of large-scale disasters are broadly outlined, including a discussion of a proposed disaster metric.Chapter 3 discusses multiscale modeling for large-scale disasters, and Chapter 4 focuseson the root causes of the same. Issues in disaster relief logistics, medical response, andhealth care capacity are then covered in Chapters 5 to 7. Chapters 8 to 10 discuss globalwarming, energy crisis, seawater irrigation, and anthropogenic aerosol-related hazards.Chapter 11 is devoted to tsunamis. Chapter 12 is concerned with the fundamentals ofintermediate-scale dynamics of the upper troposphere and stratosphere, and Chapter 13briefly covers coupled weather–chemistry modeling. Chapters 14 to 17 focus on climateprediction, climate change, impact on precipitation, and arid lands. Chapters 18 and 19,respectively, discuss the history and the present of numerical weather predictions. Finally,Chapters 20 and 21 introduce the International Charter and weather satellite measurements.

I want to thank my colleague at Virginia Commonwealth University, Professor RamanaM. Pidaparti, who conceived the original idea of the workshop. My sincere gratitude isextended to Dr. Basman El Hadidi of Cairo University, who worked tirelessly for manymonths and well beyond the call of duty to ensure the success of the meeting. ProfessorAtef O. Sherif, chairman of the Egyptian National Authority for Remote Sensing andSpace Sciences, hosted the meeting in Cairo and invited the Egyptian speakers. Ms. JoanMahoney, the coordinator of the Science and Technology Program within the AmericanEmbassy in Cairo, attended every presentation. Her calm demeanor, even in the face ofchaos, crisis, and potential disaster, was an inspiration to us all. Mr. John P. Desrocher,






Preface xvii

Counselor for Economic and Political Affairs in the American Embassy, kindly offeredperceptive remarks during the opening ceremony. My sincere gratitude is extended to allwho attended the meeting and made it a resounding success. I am indebted to the otherthirty-one contributing authors for their dedication to this endeavor and selfless, generousgiving of their time with no material reward other than the knowledge that their hard workmay one day make the difference in someone else’s life. Special thanks to the authors ofChapters 2, 3, 10, 11, and 20, and their respective institutions—Virginia CommonwealthUniversity, Center for Earth Observing and Space Research at George Mason University,Arizona State University, University of Calgary, Canadian Space Agency, and EnvironmentCanada—for subsidizing the color production throughout the entire book. Last but not least,I acknowledge the financial support of the U.S. National Science Foundation (grant NSF-OISE 0541963) and its capable senior program manager, Dr. Osman A. Shinaishin.

Mohamed Gad-el-HakRichmond, Virginia






About the editor

Mohamed Gad-el-Hak received his B.Sc. (summa cum laude) in mechanical engineeringfrom Ain Shams University in 1966 and his Ph.D. in fluid mechanics from The JohnsHopkins University in 1973, where he worked with Professor Stanley Corrsin. Gad-el-Hakhas since taught and conducted research at the University of Southern California, Uni-versity of Virginia, University of Notre Dame, Institut National Polytechnique de Greno-ble, Universite de Poitiers, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Technis-che Universitat Munchen, and Technische Universitat Berlin, and has lectured extensivelyat seminars in the United States and overseas. Dr. Gad-el-Hak is currently the Inez CaudillEminent Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Chair of Mechanical Engineering atVirginia Commonwealth University in Richmond. Prior to his Notre Dame appointmentas Professor of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Gad-el-Hak was Senior ResearchScientist and Program Manager at Flow Research Company in Seattle, Washington, wherehe managed a variety of aerodynamic and hydrodynamic research projects.

Professor Gad-el-Hak is world renowned for advancing several novel diagnostic toolsfor turbulent flows, including the laser-induced fluorescence technique for flow visualiza-tion; for discovering the efficient mechanism via which a turbulent region rapidly growsby destabilizing a surrounding laminar flow; for conducting the seminal experiments thatdetailed the fluid–compliant surface interactions in turbulent boundary layers; for introduc-ing the concept of targeted control to achieve drag reduction, lift enhancement, and mixingaugmentation in wall-bounded flows; and for developing a novel viscous pump suited formicroelectromechanical systems applications. Gad-el-Hak’s work on Reynolds number ef-fects in turbulent boundary layers, published in 1994, marked a significant paradigm shift inthe subject. His 1999 paper on the fluid mechanics of microdevices established the fledglingfield on firm physical grounds and is one of the most cited articles of the 1990s.

Gad-el-Hak holds two patents: one for a drag-reducing method for airplanes and under-water vehicles and the other for a lift control device for delta wings. Dr. Gad-el-Hak haspublished more than 460 articles; authored/edited 18 books and conference proceedings;

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xx About the editor

and presented 260 invited lectures in the basic and applied research areas of isotropicturbulence, boundary layer flows, stratified flows, fluid–structure interactions, compliantcoatings, unsteady aerodynamics, biological flows, non-Newtonian fluids, hard and softcomputing including genetic algorithms, reactive flow control, and microelectromechani-cal systems. Gad-el-Hak’s papers have been cited more than 1,500 times in the technicalliterature. He is the author of the book Flow Control: Passive, Active, and Reactive FlowManagement and editor of the books Frontiers in Experimental Fluid Mechanics, Advancesin Fluid Mechanics Measurements, Flow Control: Fundamentals and Practices, The MEMSHandbook (first and second editions), Transition and Turbulence Control, and Large-ScaleDisasters: Prediction, Control, and Mitigation.

Professor Gad-el-Hak is a Fellow of the American Academy of Mechanics, a Fellowand life member of the American Physical Society, a Fellow of the American Society ofMechanical Engineers, an associate Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics andAstronautics, and a member of the European Mechanics Society. He has recently beeninducted as an eminent engineer in Tau Beta Pi, an honorary member in Sigma Gamma Tauand Pi Tau Sigma, and a member-at-large in Sigma Xi. From 1988 to 1991, Dr. Gad-el-Hakserved as Associate Editor of the AIAA Journal. He is currently serving as Editor-in-Chief ofe-MicroNano.com; Associate Editor of Applied Mechanics Reviews and e-Fluids; editorialadvisor to the Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences; and Contributing Editor ofSpringer-Verlag’s Lecture Notes in Engineering and Lecture Notes in Physics, McGraw-Hill’s Year Book of Science and Technology and Encyclopedia of Science & Technology,and CRC Press’s Mechanical Engineering Series.

Dr. Gad-el-Hak serves as consultant to the governments of Egypt, France, Germany,Italy, Poland, Singapore, Sweden, and the United States; the United Nations; and numer-ous industrial organizations. Professor Gad-el-Hak has been a member of several advisorypanels for the U.S. Department of Defense, the National Aeronautics and Space Admin-istration, and the National Science Foundation. During the 1991/1992 academic year, hewas a visiting professor at Institut de Mecanique de Grenoble, France. During the sum-mers of 1993, 1994, and 1997, Dr. Gad-el-Hak was, respectively, a distinguished facultyFellow at Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Newport, Rhode Island; a visiting exceptionalprofessor at Universite de Poitiers, France; and a Gastwissenschaftler (guest scientist) atForschungszentrum Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany. In 1998, Professor Gad-el-Hak wasnamed the fourteenth ASME Freeman Scholar. In 1999, Gad-el-Hak was awarded theprestigious Alexander von Humboldt Prize—Germany’s highest research award for seniorU.S. scientists and scholars in all disciplines—as well as the Japanese Government Re-search Award for Foreign Scholars. In 2002, Gad-el-Hak was named ASME DistinguishedLecturer, as well as inducted into The Johns Hopkins University Society of Scholars.






List of contributors

Dr. Nezih AltayRobins School of BusinessUniversity of RichmondRichmond, VA 23173-0001U.S.A.E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Alexander BraunDepartment of GeomaticsEngineeringSchulich School of EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgary, Alberta T2N 1N4CANADAE-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Gilbert BrunetEnvironment Canada2121 Trans-Canada HighwayDorval, Quebec H9P 1J3CANADAE-mail: [email protected]

Mr. Dennis M. BushnellNASA Langley Research CenterHampton, VA 23681-0001U.S.A.E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Aiguo DaiNational Center for Atmospheric

ResearchP.O. Box 3000Boulder, CO 80307-3000U.S.A.E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Jimy DudhiaNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchP.O. Box 3000Boulder, CO 80307-3000U.S.A.E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Hesham El-AskaryDepartment of Environmental StudiesFaculty of ScienceAlexandria UniversityAlexandria, EGYPTE-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Jehan ElkholyDepartment of AnesthesiaFaculty of MedicineCairo UniversityCairo, EGYPTE-mail: [email protected]

Professor Harindra J. S. (Joe) FernandoDepartment of Mechanical and Aerospace

EngineeringArizona State UniversityTempe, Arizona 85287-6106U.S.A.E-mail: [email protected]

Professor Mohamed Gad-el-HakDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA 23284-3015U.S.A.E-mail: [email protected]

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xxii List of contributors

Professor Mostafa Gad-el-HakDepartment of AnesthesiaFaculty of MedicineCairo UniversityCairo, EGYPTE-mail: m [email protected]

Dr. Ranjit Galappatti25/4 Barnes PlaceColombo 7SRI LANKAE-mail: [email protected]

Professor Ahmed F. GhoniemDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA 02139-4301U.S.A.E-mail: [email protected]

Professor Filippo GiorgiInternational Centre for Theoretical

PhysicsStrada Costiera 1134014 TriesteITALYE-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Georg A. GrellNational Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration325 Broadway StreetBoulder, CO 80305-3337U.S.A.E-mail: [email protected]

Professor Menas KafatosSchool of Computational SciencesGeorge Mason UniversityFairfax, VA 22030-4444U.S.A.E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Ilan KelmanCenter for Capacity BuildingNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchP.O. Box 3000Boulder, CO 80307-3000U.S.A.E-Mail: ilan [email protected]

Dr. Ahmed MahmoodCanadian Space Agency6767 Route de l’AeroportLongueuil, Quebec J3Y 8Y9CANADAE-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Jeremy PalInternational Centre for Theoretical


Professor Ramana M. PidapartiDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA 23284-3015U.S.A.E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Janusz PudykiewiczEnvironment Canada2121 Trans-Canada HighwayDorval, Quebec H9P 1J3CANADAE-mail: [email protected]

Professor Atef M. RadwanDepartment of AnesthesiaFaculty of MedicineZagazig UniversityZagazig, Sharkia GovernorateEGYPTE-mail: a m [email protected]

Dr. Roy RasmussenNational Center for Atmospheric

ResearchP.O. Box 3000Boulder, CO 80307-3000U.S.A.E-mail: [email protected]

Professor James J. RileyDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, WA 98195-2600U.S.A.E-mail: [email protected]






List of contributors xxiii

Dr. Janaka RuwanpuraDepartment of Civil EngineeringSchulich School of EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgary, Alberta T2N 1N4CANADAE-mail: [email protected]

Professor Ramalingam SaravananDepartment of Atmospheric SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TX 77843-3150U.S.A.E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Mohammed ShokrEnvironment Canada4905 Dufferin StreetToronto, Ontario M3H 5T4CANADAE-mail: [email protected]

Professor William L. SmithCenter for Atmospheric SciencesHampton UniversityHampton, VA 23668-0001U.S.A.E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Kevin E. TrenberthNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchP.O. Box 3000Boulder, CO 80307-3000U.S.A.E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Thomas T. WarnerResearch Applications LaboratoryNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchP.O. Box 3000Boulder, CO 80307-3000U.S.A.E-mail: [email protected]

Professor S. Chan WirasingheDepartment of Civil EngineeringSchulich School of EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgary, Alberta T2N 1N4CANADAE-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Ashraf S. ZakeyInternational Centre for Theoretical







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Marketing Fragment 6 x 11 - Cambridge University Pressassets.cambridge.org/97805218/72935/frontmatter/9780521872935… · viii Contents 2.8.9 Hajj stampede of 2006 54 2.8.10 Al-Salam