Market Access MapImproving transparency in international trade and market access

International Trade CentreDar es Salaam, Tanzania11 March 2021

www.macmap.org

ABOUT MARKET ACCESS MAP

Section 1

What is Market Access Map for ?

Information related to

Market

Access

Conditions

Access a Market

Compare Access

Analyse Markets

Download Data

What does “market access” mean?

Market access for goods refers to the

conditions - customs tariffs and non-tariff

measures - applied by countries to goods

imported into their markets.

Market Access Conditions

in Market Access Map

Market Access Map

Customs tariffs

Applied and bound tariffs

Tariff rate quotas

Ad valorem, specific,

compound, mixed and technical

Ad valorem equivalents

Other market access conditions

Trade agreements and Rules of Origin

Trade remedies

Non-tariff measures

Data Sources

Customs tariffs (MFN applied and preferential)

Tariff rate quotas (MFN applied and preferential)

Trade agreements and related documents

(official texts, rules of origin, certificates of origin,

timeline)

Trade remedies (anti-dumping, countervailing

and safeguard measures, as well as other

measures)

Trade data (from Trade Map)

Bound tariffs (from the WTO’s Consolidated

Tariff Schedules (CTS) database)

Import and export requirements (also known as

Non-tariff measures (NTM).

and other organizations*

* Other organizations are World Bank, African Development Bank, ERIA and others.

Market Access Map

takes the guesswork out

What are the customs tariffs applied on my product and does it benefit from tariff preferences?

Is my product eligible for preferential treatment under any trade agreements?

Does the importing country apply any trade remedies on my product?

What are the regulatory requirements, or Non-Tariff Measures (NTM), that I must comply with?

Who can use Market Access Map?

Find tariff information and other market-access requirements quickly, easily and free of charge in our Overview

module.

Compare customs tariffs imposed on your product across multiple markets using our interactive charts and maps.

Compare customs tariffs faced by your competitors in the destination market and see if you have a tariff advantage

relative to them.

Compare customs tariffs and other market-access requirements across markets.

Identify prospective markets for exports diversification.

Print your results or Download them in the form of charts and Excel tables that can be embedded in

reports or policy recommendations.

Bulk download bound and applied tariffs, non-tariff measures and trade data.

Analyze historical customs tariff data and indicators aggregated according to conventional methodologies

(GTAP, World Tariff Profiles).

Conduct tariff simulations and visualize tariff reductions under existing trade agreements.

Access and Download customs tariffs of the past and present years under general (if applicable), the most-

favoured-nation (MFN) and preferential regimes.

Analyze more than 800 trade agreements that are under consultation, signed, concluded, in force, or no

longer active, as well their texts, timelines and parties.

Analyze partners and sectors with a prospect for deeper liberalization under a preferential trade agreement.

Exporters and Importers

Policymakers and Trade and Investment Support Institutions

Researchers and Trade Analysts

Trade Negotiators

Our mission

Improve transparency in international trade and market access

As the costs of acquiring market-access information can be prohibitively

high, especially for MSMEs, we help users navigate through complex

market access requirements spanning the international trading system.

Since 2006, we have been collecting comprehensive market access

information and making it available as a global public good in an

interactive and user-friendly form.

Today we offer a modern market analysis tool that enables businesses

to make informed export and import decisions and enhance their

competitiveness, helps researchers advance the frontiers of economic

sciences and supports policymakers in making optimal trade policy

decisions.

About Market Access Map: Summary

What does Market Access Map offer?

What is Market Access Map?

Who should use Market Access Map?

https://beta.macmap.org/

CUSTOMS TARIFFS

Section 2

What are customs tariffs ?

Customs tariffs are a form of tax or duty levied by

governments on the importation or exportation of goods.

They are generally levied on imported goods.

Customs tariffs are levied at the time of importation.

Customs tariffs are generally paid by the importer of record.

MFN tariffs

MFN tariffs are the customs tariffs imposed by a WTO member state on imports

from any other WTO member states without discrimination.

Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), which allows

developed and some developing countries to provide ‘unilateral’

tariff concessions on imports from developing countries.

… but with a few exceptions, including

Every time a WTO member improves tariff benefits that it gives to one trading

partner (whether a member or not), it has to give the same “equally

favoured " treatment to all other WTO members.

Direct Implication

Regional trade agreements (free trade areas and customs unions), in which the Members being parties to such agreements may eliminate duties to imports from each other, while maintaining duties on imports from other countries.

Preferential tariffs

Preferential tariffs are customs tariffs lower than the MFN

and levied on imports from a country that is being given

preferential treatment through

Unilateral arrangements

Reciprocal agreements

Partial Scope Agreement

Free Trade Agreement/Area

Customs Union

Common Market

Economic Union

Generalized System of Preferences to developing

countries

Trade agreements in Market Access Map

Source: https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=834&relation=E&partner=all

Preferential tariffs

In order to take advantage of a preferential tariff, exporting firms must

Demonstrate where the product was produced

Comply with the rules of origin (RoO)

Prove the originating status of the products with the

certificate of origin (CoO) or origin declaration

Watch: https://youtu.be/XQioEBZT8jA

Trade agreements & Rules and Certificates of Origin in

Market Access Map

How do I know which customs tariff

is applicable to my product?

All imported goods are classified according to the importing country’s National

Tariff Line Codes (NTLC), which are based on, but are more detailed than the

Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System or the Harmonized

System (HS).

Every country maintains a tariff schedule with its customs tariff rates for all

imported goods.

Structure of the HS

09 - Coffee, tea, maté and spices

0901 – Coffee 0903 - Mate 0903 –Tea

0902.10- Green tea in immediate packings of

<= 3 kg

0902.20 - Green tea in immediate packings of

> 3 kg

0902.30 - Black fermented tea and

partly fermented tea, whether or not

flavoured, in immediate packings of <= 3 kg

0902.40- Black fermented tea and

partly fermented tea, whether or not

flavoured, in immediate packings of > 3 kg

Importing

country

NTLC – Product description

Pakistan 0902.40.20 – Black fermented tea and partly fermented tea, whether or

not flavoured, in immediate packings of > 3 kg: black tea in a packing

exceeding 3 kg

0902.40.10 – Black fermented tea and partly fermented tea, whether or

not flavoured, in immediate packings of > 3 kg: tea dust

0902.40.90 - Black fermented tea and partly fermented tea, whether or

not flavoured, in immediate packings of > 3 kg: other

Kenya 0902.40.00 – Black fermented tea and partly fermented tea, whether or

not flavoured, in immediate packings of > 3 kg: black tea in a packing

Chapter

Headings

Subheadings

NTLC

0904- Pepper

0905- Vanilla

0906- Cinnamon

0907- Cloves

Others

What are the tariffs on my product?

https://beta.macmap.org/en/query/results?reporter=404&partner=834&product=090111&level=6

Ad Valorem Equivalent (AVE)

https://www.macmap.org/en//query/results?reporter=586&partner=834&product=0

9024020&level=8

Compare Markets

https://www.macmap.org/en/query/compare-

market?reporter=All&partner=834&product=090240

Compare Competitors

https://beta.macmap.org/en/query/compare-

competitor?reporter=586&partner=All&product=090240

EXPORT AND IMPORT

REQUIREMENTS (NTM)

Section 4

Export- and Import-related regulatory requirements

Wide variety : technical and non-technical measures

Businesses are constrained: meet the regulations and remain competitive.

Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs)

Trade Barriers

Procedural Obstacles

What are Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs)?

NTMs are policy measures other than ordinary customs

tariffs, which can potentially have an economic effect on

international trade in goods, changing quantities traded or

prices or both.

Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures

Measures aiming to protect:

Human or animal life from risks arising from additives, contaminants, toxins

or disease-causing organisms in foods, beverages or feedstuffs;

Human life and health from risks arising from diseases carried by animals,

plants or products thereof, or from the entry, establishment or spread of

pests;

Animal and plant life and health from pests, diseases, diseases-carrying

organisms.

When can WTO Members apply SPS?

SPS measures must satisfy the conditions

specified in the SPS Agreement.

SPS must be based on and conform to international standards, guidelines or

recommendations when they exist. (Article 3 and 5.6)

SPS must be adapted to regional conditions. (Article 6)

SPS must be the least trade restrictive measure reasonably available.

(Articles 2.2, 5.6 and note 3)

SPS must not discriminate arbitrarily or unjustifiably between WTO Members

where similar conditions prevail, and they must not constitute a disguised

trade restriction. (Article 2.3 and 5.5)

SPS must abide by transparency requirements. (Annex B)

Example of SPS measures

Tolerance limit of residues of chemical

substance in powdered infant formula

Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)

When can WTO Members apply TBT?

TBT measures must satisfy the conditions

specified in the TBT Agreement.

Non-discrimination

Necessity : do not create unnecessary obstacles to international trade

Harmonisation: Are based on international standards when they exist and

when they are effective and appropriate.

TBT must abide by transparency requirements.

Example of TBT measures

Product quality requirements

on oranges imported to France

(Country applying the

regulation = France).

How to find the NTMs applied on my product?

Non-Tariff Measures

QUIZ TIME

Why do some exporting countries apply NTM on their own exports?

Maintain quality and ensure best value for their exports

NTM data collection coverage

Further Research

Because…

• Information is scattered across different national, regional and

international sources,

• Availability depends on the destination country,

• Updates may be notified anytime,

… It is important to investigate further, do desk research, stay up-to-date.

• Business associations

• Chamber of Commerce

• Trade and Investment Support Institutions (TISIs)

• Other exporters ITC NTM Survey Programme

ITC NTM Survey Programme

Documents how companies experience NTMs.

NTM series of 47 publications

www.ntmsurvey.org

Customs Tariffs vs NTMs

Taxes imposed on goods.

Collected at the time of importation

by Customs (at the border).

Published and administered by

national customs authorities,

generally every fiscal year.

Expressed in percentage or value

per quantity.

Include:

General tariffs

Most Favoured Nation (MFN)

tariffs

Preferential tariffs

Customs Tariffs Non-Tariff Measures

Mandatory requirements, rules or regulations imposed by governments on internationally traded goods.

Inhabit the twilight zone between trade policy and national regulation.

Applicable at every step of the value chain: supply, production, transportation and distribution.

Applicable on Imports and Exports.

Published and administered by various national institutions.

Can take the form of a prohibition, MLR, technical requirements, taxes, etc.

Include:

SPS

TBT

Technical and non-technical measures.

Export-related measures

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