English 211 American Lit I Spring 2008 Halbert

MID-TERM EXAM PREPARATION

Your mid-term exam will take place during class on Friday, March 14, 2008. You will have to identify four out of six quotes for the exam (selected from the quotations submitted by you and redistributed in class by me). You will need to give the title of the piece, the author of the piece, and give two or three thoughtful sentences on the quote explaining its importance in the context of the course. In addition, you will need to prepare an essay exam prep card using the following specifications:

The card may be no bigger than 5" x 8". Your name must appear in the upper right corner of the card (with a horizontal orientation so that

the longest side is at top).

A clear space at the top left corner should be left blank for stapling.

You may record quotes on the card, but each quote on the card needs to appear in the essay. Listing other quotes in an attempt to have the answers to the ID section. Quotes are expected in the essay since you can prepare ahead of time.

You may not write out the essay on the card, but you may outline the key points.

Failure to follow these directions will result in the card not being allowed during the exam.

I will inspect the card before the exam starts. You may wish to show up early to get my approval.

You may choose from one of the following questions for your essay: 

Essay Option 1:

Early American Literature is often described as “first contact” literature: descriptions of what happens when two cultures meet for the very first time.  Pick a particular first contact experience and analyze how one side of the encounter attempts to deal with the other group.  What cultural knowledge or standards do they use to evaluate the behavior or cultural position of the other? How do they attempt to interact with the other group? What justifications do they use to explain this kind of interactions? What does this suggest about that particular colonial encounter? You may use several texts or focus on one text closely.

Essay Option 2:

We’ve read a lot of the traditional “founding literature” of the United States—and a lot that you may never have heard of.  Using several key texts, I would like for you to engage in an activity that is as old as the United States itself: attempt to describe the American character as envisioned by the founding fathers and mothers.  What qualities do our earliest writers idealize—and how do those ideas agree with or differ from their actions? What do these observations suggest about the American character?

Essay Option 3:

Many of the repressed groups we’ve read about attempt to argue against the colonial power’s dominance by using the colonial power’s own ideology against it.  Pick two examples of oppressed people’s attempts

to argue their way out of repression (or to at the very least subvert their political or cultural dominance) and show how these arguments work.  What does this suggest about colonial powers?

Essay Option 4:

The role of religion in the development of the American character is one of the timeless debates that various factions argue, even today. Given the scope of the readings in the course, how religious philosophies helped shape American culture.

Quote Options:

On the exam, I will give 13 quotes. You will need to identify 7 of the quotes, giving the author, title, and several sentences detailing the significance of the quotes. Below are the quotes you submitted as a class for consideration. The exam quotes will come from this list.

QUOTE: In short, at the frontier the environment is at first too strong for the man. He must accept the conditions which it furnishes, or perish, and so he fits himself into the Indian clearings and follows the Indian trials. Little by little he transforms the wilderness, but the outcome is not the old Europe…The fact is that here is a new product that is America.

SOURCE: Frederick Jackson Turner. from The Significance of the Frontier in American History. (135)

In the attempt to suggest a dialectic and historicized approach to travel writing, I have manufactured some terms and concepts along the way. One coinage that recurs throughout the book is the term “contact zone,” which I use to refer to the space of colonial encounters, the space in which people geographically and historically separated come into contact with each other and establish ongoing relations, usually involving conditions of coercion, radical inequality, and intractable conflict. I borrow the term “contact” here from its use in linguistics, where the term contact language refers to improvised languages that develop among speakers of different native languages who need to communicate with each other consistently, usually in the context of trade. Such languages begin as pidgins, and are called creoles when they come to have native speakers of their own. Like the societies of the contact zone, such languages are commonly regarded as chaotic, barbarous, lacking in structure…. (Page 137)

Source: Mary Louise Pratt from Imperial Eyes: Travel writing and Transcultration (p.136-7)

QUOTE: In the frontier literary history I have projected here, there can be no Ur-landscape because there are so many borderlands, and over time, even the same site may serve for seriatim first encounters.

SOURCE: Annette Kolodny. Letting Go Our Grand Obsessions: Notes Toward a New Literary History of the American Frontiers. Pg. 136

But if so be that the multitude throughout the whole iland pass and exceed the due number, then they chews out of every city certain citizens, and build up a town under their own laws in the next land where the inhabitants have much waste and unoccupied ground, receiving also the inhabitants to them if they will join and dwell together. They, thus joining and dwelling together, do easily agree in one fashion of living, and that to the great wealth of both the peoples. For they so bring the matter about by their laws in that the ground which before was neither good nor profitable for the one nor the other is no sufficient and fruitful enough for them both. But if they inhabitants of that land will not dwell with them, to be ordered by their laws, then they drive them out of those bounds which they have limited and appointed out for themselves. And if they resist, then they make war against them. For they count this the most just cause of war. For they count this the most just cause of war, when any people, holdeth a piece of ground void and vacant, to no good or profitable use, keeping others from the use and possession of it, which notwithstanding by the law of nature ought thereof to be nourished and relieved…

Source: Thomas More's Utopia (Page 109)

QUOTE: In the youth of a State, arms do flourish; in the middle age of a State, learning; and the both of then together for a time; and in the declining age of a State, mechanical arts and merchandise.

SOURCE: Francis Bacon. New Atlantis. Vol. A. Pg112

It was out upon the ocean. Some sea-foam formed against a big log floating there. Then a person emerged from the sea-foam and crawled out upon the log. He was seen sitting there. Another white person crawled up, on the other side of the log. It was a woman. They were whites. Soon the Indian saw them, and at first thought that they were sea-gulls, and they said among themselves, “Are they not white people?” Then they made a boat and went out to look at the strangers more closely. (Page 65)

Native American Oral Narrative

QUOTE:Now the man who had appeared in the gold palace was the devil and when afterward he saw what his words had done he said that he had made a great mistake and even he lamented that his evil had been so enormous

SOURCE: Handsome Lake. How America was Discovered. Vol.A. Pg. 804

QUOTE: They should be good and intelligent servants, for I see that they say very quickly everything that is said to them; and I believe that they would become Christians very easily, for it seemed to me that they had no religion.

SOURCE: Christopher Columbus - The Diario of Christopher Columbus’s First Voyage to America, p. 1492-1493 (hand out)

Quote: The Indians we had so far seen in Florida are all archers. They go naked, are large of body, and

appear at a distance like giants. They are of admirable proportions, very spare and of great activity and

strength. The bows they use are as thick as the arm, of eleven or twelve palms in length, which they will

discharge at two hundred paces with so great precision that they miss nothing

SOURCE: Alvar Nunez Cabeza De Vaca. Relation of Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca. Vol A. (Page 143)

QUOTE: Two hours after our arrival at Apalacllen, the Indians who had fled from there came in peace to

us, asking for their women and children, whom we released; but the detention of cacique by the Governor

produced great excitement, in consequence of which they returned for battle early the next day[ June 26],

and attacked us with such promptness and alacrity that they succeeded in setting fire to the houses in

which we were.

SOURCE: Alvar Nunez Cabeza De Vaca. Relation of Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca. Vol A. (Page 142)

QUOTE: Our countrymen became jealous at this, and caused their interpreter to tell the Indians that we were of them, and for a long time we had been lost; that they were the lords of the land who must be obeyed and served, while we were persons of mean condition and small force.

SOURCE: Cabeza de Vaca. Relation. Vol. A. Pg. 151

QUOTE: So he thought out how the water from different springs or rivers would taste and he was always

sending some man to these springs to get water for him to drink, but it was noticed that he always chose

the men who had pretty wives.

Source: Hopi. The Coming of the Spanish and the Pueblo Revolt. ( p.205)

QUOTATION: “All this time the priest, who had great power, wanted all the young girls to be brought to him when they were about thirteen or fourteen years old. They had to live with the priest. He told the

people they would become better women if they lived with him for about three years.”SOURCE: Hopi. The Coming of the Spanish and the Pueblo Revolt (Hopi) (206).

Quote: It is a thing to be admired, and indeed made a president, that a Nation yet uncivilized should more respect age then some nations civilized, since there are so many precepts both of divine and humane writers extant to instruct more Civill Nations: in that particular, wherein they excel, the younger are allwayes obedient unto the elder people, and at their commaunds in every without grumbling; in all councels,(as therein they are circumspect to do their acciones by advise and councell, and not rashly or inconsiderately,) the younger mens opinion shall be heard, but the old mens opinion and councell imbraced and followed: besides, as elder feede and provide for the younger in infancy, so doe the younger, after being growne to years of manhood, provide for those that be aged: and in distribution of Acctes the elder men are first served by their dispensator; and their councels (especially if they be powahs) are esteemed as oracles amongst the younger Natives.

Source: Thomas Morton. New England Canaan. Vol A. Pg 297A

Quote: Cloaths are the badge of sinne; and the more variety of fashions is but the greater abuse of the Creature: the beasts of the forrest there doe serve to furnish them at any time when they please: fish and flesh they have in greate abundance, which they both roast and boyle.

Source: Thomas Morton from New English Canaan (p.298)

QUOTE: Although these Salvages are found to be without Religion, Law, and King (as Sir William Alexander hath well observed,) yet are they not altogether without the knowledge of God (historically); for they have it amongst them by tradition that God made one man and one woman, and bad them live together and get children, kill deare, beasts, birds, fish and fowle, and what they would at their pleasure; and that their posterity was full of evill, and made God so angry that hee let in the Sea upon them, and drowned the greatest part of them, that were naughty men, (the Lord destroyed so;) and they went to Sanaconquam, who feeds upon them (pointing to the Center of the Earth, where they imagine is the habitation of the Devill) the other, (which were not destroyed,) increased the world and when they died (because they were good) went to the howse of Kytan, pointing to the setting of the sonne; where they eate all manner of dainties, and never take paines (as now) to provide it.

SOURCE: Thomas Morton. New English Canaan: Book I: Containing the originall of the Natives, their manners & Customes, with their tractable nature and love towards the English: Chapter XVI – Of their acknowledgement of the Creation, and immortality of the Soule. Pg 297-298

QUOTE: According to humane reason, guided onely by the light of nature, these people leads the more happy and freer life, being voyde of care, which torments the minds of so many Christians: They are not delighted in baubles, but in usefull things.

SOURCE: Thomas Morton. New English Canaan.. Pg. 299

QUOTE:This they knew, (in the eye of the Salvages,) would add to their glory and diminish the reputation of mine honest Host; whome they practised to be ridd of upon an termes as willingly as if hee had bin the very Hidra of the times.

SOURCE: Thomas Morton. New English Canaan. Vol.A. Pg. 306.

QUOTE:[T]he Plimmouth men...came in the meane time to Wessaguscus, and there pretended to feast the Salvages of those partes, bringing with them Porke and thinges for the purpose , which they sett before the Salvages. They eate thereof without suspition of any mischeife, who were taken upon a watchword given, and with their owne knives (hanging about their neckes,) were by the Plimmouth planters stabd and slaine: one of which were hanged up there, after the slaughter....

SOURCE: Thomas Morton. New English Canaan. Vol. A. Pg. 300

Quote: “The nine worthies comming before the Denne of this supposed Monster… and began… to beate a parly, and to offer quarter, if mine Host would yeald; for they resolved to send him for England; and bad him lay by his armes. But hee… having taken up armes in his just defence, replyed that hee would not lay by those armes, because they were so needefull at Sea, if hee had been sent over.”

Source: Thomas Morton. New English Canaan. Vol. A. Pg. 305

QUOTE: So many, therefore, of these professors as saw the evil of these things in these parts, and whose hearts the Lord had touched with heavenly zeal for His truth, they shook off this yoke of antichristian bondage, and as the Lord’s free people joined themselves (by covenant of the Lord) into a church estate, in the fellowship of the gospel, to walk in all His ways made known, or to be made known unto them, according to their best endeavors, whatsoever it should cost them, the Lord assisting them.

SOURCE: William Bradford. from Of the Plymouth Plantation. (327)

QUOTE: …they shook off this yoke of antichristian bondage, and as the Lord’s free people joined themselves (by a covenant of the Lord) into a church estate, in the fellowship of the gospel, to walk in all His ways made known, or to be made known unto them, according to their best endeavours, whatsoever it should cost them, the Lord assisting them. SOURCE: William Bradford. Of Plymouth Plantation. Vol. A. Pg. 327.

QUOTE: But here I cannot but stay and make a pause, and stand half amazed at this poor people’s present condition.

SOURCE William Bradford: Of Plymouth Plantation Vol. A, pg. 328

QUOTE: After these things he returned to his place called Sowams, some 40 miles from this place, but Squanto continued with them and was their interpreter and was a special instrument sent of God for their good beyond their experience

SOURCE: William Bradford of Plymouth Plantation. (Pg.332) 

Quote: “They summoned him to yield, but he kept his house and they could get nothing but scoffs and scorns from him. But at length, fearing they would do some violence to the house, he and some of his crew came out, but not to yield but to shoot; but they were so steeled with drink as their pieces were too heavy for them.”

Source: William Bradford. Of Plymouth Plantation. Vol. A. Pg. 337

QUOTE: But alas, this remedy proved worse than the diease for within a few years those that had thus got footing there rent themselves away, partly by force and partly wearing the rest with importunity and pleas of necessity, so as they must rather sufferr them to go or live in opposition and contention.

Source: William Bradford. Of Plymouth Plantation. Vol. A Pg 339

Quote: I say it may justly be marveled at and cause us to fear and tremble at the consideration of our corrupt natures, which are so hardly bridled, subdued and mortified; nay, cannot by any other means but the powerful work and grace of God’s Spirit.

Source: William Bradford. Of Plymouth Plantation. Vol. A. Pg 341AQUOTE: And yet this could not suppress the breaking out of sundry notorious sins (as this year, besides other, gives us too many sad precedents and instances), especially drunkenness and uncleanness. Not only in incontinency between persons unmarried, for which many both men and women have been punished sharply enough, but some married persons also. But that which is worse, even sodomy and buggery (things fearful to name) have broke forth in this land oftener than once. (341)

SOURCE: Of Plymouth Plantation- Chapter XXX II Anno Domini 1642 by William Bradford.

QUOTE: He was detected of buggery…… the one confessed he had long used it in old England; and this youth last spoke of said he was taught it by another that had heard of such things from some in England when he was there, and they kept cattle together. By which it appears how one wicked person may infect many, and what care all ought to have what servants they bring into their families.

Source: William Bradford - Of Plymouth Plantation p. 343

QUOTE: In the critic’s hands, beware thou dost not come;And take thy way where yet thou art not known, If for thy father asked, say thou had’st none:

And for thy mother, she alas is poor,Which caus’d her thus to send thee out of door.

SOURCE: Anne Bradstreet. The Author to Her Book. Vol.A. Pg. 402

Thou hast an house on high erect,

Framed by that mighty Architect,

With glory richly furnished,

Stands permanent thought this be fled.

It’s purchased and paid for too

By Him who hate enough to do.

A price so vast as is unknown

Yet by His gift is made thine own;

There’s wealth enough, I need no more,

Farewell, my pelf, farewell my store.

The world no longer let me love,

My hope and treasure lies above. (Page 410)

SOURCE: "Upon the Burning of Our House" Anne Bradstreet

QUOTE: Three flowers, two scarcely blown, the last i’th’bud.

Cropt by th’Almighty’s hand; yet is He good.

With deadful awe before Him let’s he be mute,

Such was His will, but why, let’s not dispute,

SOURCE: Anne Bradstreet – Oh My Dear Godchild Simon Bradstreet, Who Died on 16 November, 1669, being but a Month, and One Day Old p. 408

Quote: “With dreadful awe before Him let’s be mute,

Such was His will, but why, let’s not dispute,

With humble hearts and mouths put in the dust,

Let’s say He’s merciful as well as just”

Source: Anne Bradstreet. On My Dear Grandchild Simon Bradstreet, Who Died on 16 November, 1669, being but a Month, and One Day Old. Vol. A. Pg. 408

QUOTE: I am obnoxious to each carping tongue

Who says my hand a needle better fits,

A poet’s pen all scorn I should thus wrong,

For such despite they cast on female wits:

If what I do prove well, it won’t advance,

They’ll say it’s stol’n, or else it was by chance

SOURCE: Anne Bradstreet. The Prologue [To Her Book] Pg. 397

Quote: My love is such that rivers cannot quench

Nor ought but love from thee, give recompense…

Source (P 407) Anne Bradstreet, To My Dear and Loving Husband

QUOTE: Spirit: Be still thou unregenerate part,

Disturb no more my settled heart,

For I have vowed (and so will do)

Thee as a foe still to pursue.

And combat with thee will and must,

Until I see thee laid in th’ dust.

SOURCE: Anne Bradstreet. “The Flesh and the Spirit.” Vol. A. Pg. 404.

Quote: I have often been perplexed that I have not found that constant joy in my pilgrimage and refreshing which I supposed most of the servants of God have, although He hath not left me altogether without witness of His holy spirit, who hath oft given me His word and set to His seal that it shall be well with me.

Source: Anne Bradstreet. To My Dear Children. Vol A. Pg 412 A

QUOTE: But as I grew up to be about 14 or 15, I found my heart more carnal, and sitting loose from God, vanity and the follies of youth take hold of me. About 16, the Lord laid His hand sore upon me and smote me with the smallpox.”

Source: Anne Bradstreet – To My Dear Children p. 411

About 16, the lord laid his hand sore upon me and smote me with the small pox. When I was in my affliction, I besought the lord and confessed my pride and vanity and he was entreated of me and again restored me. But it renaered not to him according to the benefit received.

Source: Anne Bradstreet . To my Dear children. Vol. A page 411

QUOTE: Among all my experiences of God’s gracious dealings with me, I have constantly observed this, that He hath never suffered me long to sit loose from Him, but by one affliction or other hath made me look home, and search what was amiss; so usually thus it hath been with me that I have no sooner felt my heart out of order, but I have expected correction for it, which most commonly hath been upon my own person in sickness, weakness, pains, sometimes on my soul, in doubts and fears of God’s displeasure and my sincerity towards Him; sometimes He hath smote a child with a sickness, sometimes chastened by losses in estate, and these times (through His great mercy) have been the times of my greatest getting and advantage; yeah, I have found them the times when the Lord hath manifested the most love to me.

SOURCE: Anne Bradstreet. To My Dear Children. Pg 411

QUOTE: Many times hath Satan troubled me concerning the variety of scriptures, many times by atheism hoe I could know whether there was a God; I never saw miracles to conform me, and those which I read of, how did I know but they were feigned? That there is a God my reason would soon tell me by the wondrous works that I see, the vast frame of heaven and earth, the order of all things, night and day, summer and winter, spring and autumn, the daily providing of this great household upon the earth, the preserving and directing of all to its proper end

Source: Anne Bradstreet . To my Dear children. Vol. A page 412

QUOTE: But when I have been in darkness and seen no light, yet have I desired to stay myself upon the Lord, and when I have been in sickness and pain, I have thought if the Lord would but lift up the light of His countenance upon me, although He ground me to powder, it would be light to me; yea, oft have I thought were I in hell itself and could there find the love of God toward me, it would be a heaven.

SOURCE: Anne Bradstreet. To My Dear Children. (412)

When I have got over this block, then have I put in my way, that admit this be the true God whom we worship, and that be his word, yet why may not be the Popish religion be right? They have the same God, the same Christ, the same word. They only enterpret it one way, we another.

SOURCE: Anne Bradstreet. To My Dear Children. (412)

wee shall finde that the God of Israell is among us, when tenn of us shall be able to resist a thousand of our enemies, when hee shall make us a prayse and glory, that men shall say of succeeding plantacions: the lord make it like that of New England: for wee must Consider that wee shall be as a Citty upon a Hill, the eyes of all people are upon us; ; soe that if wee shall deale falsely with our god in this worke wee have undertaken and soe cause him to withdrawe his help from us

SOURCE: John Winthrop. A Modell of Christian Charity. Vol. A. Pg. 317.

Quote: The New Englanders are a people of God settled in those, which were once the devil’s territories; and it may easily be supposed that the devil was exceedingly disturbed, when he perceived such a people here accomplishing the promise of old made unto our blessed Jesus, that He should have the upmost parts of the earth for His possessions.

Source: Cotton Mathers. The Wonders of the Invisible World. Vol A. Pg 509A

QUOTE: We have been advised by some credible Christians yet alive, that a malefactor, accused of witchcraft as well as murder, and executed in this place more than forty years ago, did then give notice of an horrible plot against the country by witchcraft, and a foundation of witchcraft then laid, which if it were not seasonably discovered, would probably blow up, and pull down all the churches in the country.

SOURCE: Cotton Mather. from The Wonders of the Invisible World. Pg. 510

QUOTE: It bred into a sore, which was lanced by Doctor Prescot, and several gallons of corruption ran out of it. For six weeks it continued very bad, and then another sore bred in the groin, which was also lanced by Doctor Prescot. Another sore then bred in his groin, which was likewise cut, and put him to very great misery: he was brought unto death’s door, and so remained until Carrier was taken, and carried away by the constable, from which very day he began to mend, and so grew better every day, and is well ever since.

SOURCE: Cotton Mather The Wonders of the Invisible World. (Pg.512) 

QUOTE: It has been caviled, by some, that it is questionable Whether the Negroes have Rational Souls, or no. But let that Bruitish insinuation be never Whispered anymore.

SOURCE: Cotton Mather. Vol. A, pg 529

Quote: The vast improvement that education has made upon some of them, argues that there is a Reasonable Soul in all of them.

Source: Cotton Mather The Negro Christianized (p. 529)

Quote: Wherefore, Masters, As it is Just & Equal, that your servants be not Over-wrought and that while they work for you, you should Feed them, and Cloath them, and afford convenient Rest unto them and make their lives comfortable; So it is just and equal, that you should Acquaint them, as far as you can, with the way to Salvation by JESUS CHRIST.

Source: Cotton Mather. The Negro Christianized. Vol. A Pg 528

QUOTE: Who can tell but that this Poor Creature may belong to the Election of God! Who can tell, but that God may have sent this Poor Creature into my Hands, that so One of the Elect may by my means be Called; & by my Instruction be made Wise unto Salvation! The glorious God will put an unspeakable Glory upon me, if it may be so!

SOURCE: Cotton Mather. The Negro Christianized. Vol. A. Pg. 527.

QUOTE: It has been observed, that those Masters, who have used their Negros with most of Humanity, in allowing them all Comforts of Life, that are necessary and Convenient for them, (Who have remembered, that by the Law of God, even an Ass was to be relieved, When Sinking under his Burden, and an Ox might not be Muzzled when Treading out the Corn; and that if a Just man will regard the Life of his Beast, he will much more allow the comforts of life to and not hide himself from his own Flesh:) have been better Serv’d, had more work done for them, and better done, than those Inhumane Masters, who have used their Negroes worse than their Horses.

SOURCE: Cotton Mather. The Negro Christianized Pg. 529

QUOTE: You take them into your families; you look on them as part of your possessions; and you expect from their service, a support, and perhaps an Increase, of your other possessions. How agreeable would it be, if a Religious Master or Mistress thus attended, would now think with themselves!

SOURCE: Cotton Mather. The Negro Christianized. Vol A. (Page 527)

QUOTE: Truly, to Raise a Soul, from a dark State of Ignorance and Wickedness, to Knowledge of GOD, and the Belief of CHRIST, and the practice of our Holy and Lovely RELIGION; ‘Tis the noblest Work, that ever was undertaken among the Children of men.

SOURCE: Cotton Mather. from The Negro Christianized. (527)

QUOTE: But you are now to attend unto the Commands of your more Absolute Master; and they are His Commands concerning your Negroes too.

SOURCE: Cotton Mather. The Negro Christianized Pg. 528

QUOTATION: “The Baptized then are not thereby entitled unto their Liberty. Howbeit, if they have arrived unto such a measure of Christianity, that some are forbid Water for the Baptising of them, it is fit, that they should enjoy those comfortable circumstances with us, which are due to them, not only as the Children of Adam, but also as our Brethren, on the same level with us in the expectations of a blessed Immortality.”SOURCE: Cotton Mather. The Negro Christianized (531).

QUOTE: Virtuous men of diverse qualities and persuasions, became the members of the societies: persons high and low, Con[forming] and Nonecon[forming], united; the union became formidable to the Kingdom of Darkness.

SOURCE: Cotton Mather. from Bonifacius…With Humble Proposals…to Do Good in the World. (532)

QUOTE: But if anyone comes and kills the serpent, the animal immediately escapes. So the way in which poor souls are delivered from the snare of the devil is by Christ’s coming and bruising the serpents’ head. (648)

SOURCE: Images of Divine Things by Jonathan Edwards.

QUOTE: Here is a lively representation of the way in which true and sincere saints (which are often in Scripture represented as God’s instruments or, utensils) answer God’s end, and serve and glorify him in it: by enduring temptation, going through hard upon nature and self.

SOURCE: John Edwards. Images of Divine Things. Vol A. (Page 649)

QUOTE: The old serpent is gaping for them; hell opens it mouth wide to receive them; and if God should permit it, they would be hastily swallowed up and lost.

SOURCE: Jonathan Edwards: Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God. Vol. A, pg 668

QUOTE: Your wickedness makes you as it were heavy as lead, and to tend downwards with great weight and pressure towards hell; and is God should let you go, you would immediately sink and swiftly descend and plunge into the bottomless gulf, and your healthy constitution, and your own care and prudence, and best contrivance, and all your righteousness, would have no more influence to uphold you and keep you out of hell, than a spider’s web would have to stop a fallen rock.

SOURCE: Jonathan Edwards. Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, Application. Vol. A. Pg. 671

QUOTE: The God that holds you over the pit of hell, much as one holds a spider or some loathsome insect over the fire, abhors you, and is dreadfully provoked: His wrath towards you burns like fire; He looks upon you as worthy of nothing else but to be cast into the fire; He is of purer eyes than to bear to have you in His sight; you are ten thousand times more abominable in His eyes than the most hateful venomous serpent is in ours.

SOURCE: Jonathan Edwards. Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God. Vol. A. Pg. 672

QUOTE: He will crush you under his feet without mercy; He will crush out your blood, and make it fly and it shall be sprinkled on his garments, so as to stain all his raiment

SOURCE: Jonathan Edwards. Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God. Vol. A. Pg. 673

You shall be tormented in the presence of the holy angels, and in the presence of the Lamb; and when you shall be in this state of suffering, the glorious inhabitants of heaven shall go forth and look on the awful spectacle, that they may see what the wrath of fierceness of the Almighty is; and when they have seen it, they will fall down and adore that great power and majesty.

SOURCE: Jonathan Edwards. Sinners in the Hand of an Angry God Pg. 675

QUOTE: There is reason to think that there are many in this congregation now hearing this discourse that will actually be the subjects of this very misery to all eternity. We know not who they are, or in what seats they sit, or what thoughts they have. It may be they are not at ease, and hear all these things without much disturbance, and are now flattering themselves that they are not the persons, promising themselves that they shall escape.

SOURCE: Jonathan Edwards. Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God. Pg 675

Quote: The corruption of the heart of man is immorderate and boundless in its fury; and while wicked men live here, it is like fire pent up by God’s restraints, whereas if it were let loose, it would set on fire the course of nature; and as the heart is now a sink of sin, so if sin was not restrained, it would immediately turn the soul into a fiery oven, or a furnace of fire and brimstone.

Source: Johnathan Edwards. Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God. Vol A. Pg 669A

Quote: “Therefore, let everyone that is out of Christ, now awake and fly from the wrath to come. The wrath of Almighty God is now undoubtedly hanging over a great part of this congregation: Let everyone fly out of Sodom: ‘Haste and escape for your lives, look not behind you, escape to the mountain, lest you be consumed.’”

Source: Jonathan Edwards. Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God. Vol. A. Pg. 677

QUOTATION: “This is to let you understand that I your child am in a most heavy case by reason of the nature of the country, (which) is such that it causeth much sickness, as the scurvy and the bloody flux and diverse other diseases, which maketh the body very poor and weak. And when we are sick there is nothing to comfort us.”SOURCE: Richard Frethorne. Richard Frethorne, to His Parents (Virginia, 1623) (270).

Quote: They may easily take us, but that God is merciful and can save with few as well as with many, as he showed to Gilead.

Source: Richard Frethorne. Richard Frethorne, to His Parents (Virginia,1623). Vol A. Pg 271A

QUOTE: I had none to spare; and you must know those I have can keep me from want: yet steale or wrong you I will not, nor dissolve that friendship we have mutually promised, except you constraine me by our bad usage.

SOURCE: John Smith. The General Historie of Virgina, New England, and Summer Isles. (Page 260)

QUOTE: Captaine Smith, I never use any Werowance so kindely as your selfe, yet from you I receive the least kindnesse of any. Captaine Newport gave me swords, copper, cloathes, a bed, tooles, or what I desired; ever taking what I offered him, and would send away his gunnes when I nitrated him: none doth deny to lye at my feet, or refuse to doe what I desire, but onely you; of whom I can have nothing but what you regard not, and yet you will have whatsoever you demand. Captaine Newport you call father, and so you call me; but I see for all of us both you will doe what you list, and we must both seeke to content you. But if you intend so friendly as you say, send hence your armes, that I may believe you; for you see the love I bear you, doth cause me thus nakedly to forget my selfe.(Page 262)

Source: John Smith quoting Powhatan, The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles: Chapter 8

Quote: Thus, though all men be not fishers: yet all men, whatsoever, may in other matters doe as well. For necessity doth in these cases so rule a Commonwealth, and each in their several functions, as their labours in the qualities may be as profitable, because there is a necessary mutuall use of all.

Source: John Smith. A Description Of New England. Vol A. Pg.264 A

QUOTE: My purpose is not to perswade children from their parents; men from their wives; nor servants from their masters: onely, such as with free consent may be spared: But that each parish, or village, in Citie or Countrey, that will but apparel their fatherlesse children, of thirteene or fourteen years of age, or young, mar[r]ied people, that have small wealth to live on; here by their labour may live exceedingly well…

Source: John Smith. A Description in New England. Vol. A. Pg. 266

QUOTE:These found the First Adventurers in a very starving condition, but relieved their wants with the fresh Supply they brought with them. From Kiquotan they extended themselves as far as James-Town, where like true Englishmen, they built a church that cost no more than Fifty Pounds, and a Tavern that cost Five hundred.

SOURCE:William Byrd II. The History of the Dividing Line. Vol.A. Pg. 613.

QUOTE: The Indians are generally tall and well-proportion’d, which may make full Amends for the Darkness of their Complexions

SOURCE: William Byrd: The History of the Dividing Line betwixt Virginia and North Carolina and The secret History of the Line. Vol. A, pg 613

QUOTE: Add to this, that they are healthy and strong, with Constitutions untainted by Lewdness, and not enfeebled by Luxury. Besides. Morals and all considered, I cant think the Indians were much greater heathens than the first adventures, who, had they been good Christians, would have had Charity to take this only method of converting to Natives to Christianity

SOURCE:William Byrd II. The History of the Dividing Line. Vol.A. Pg. 613.

QUOTE: Besides, Morals and all considered, I cant think the Indians were much greater Heathens than the first Adventurers, who, had they been good Christians, would have had the Charity to take this only method of converting the natives to Christianity. For, after all that can be said, a sprightly Lover is the most prevailing missionary that can be sent amongst these, or any other Infidels.

SOURCE: William Byrd II. The History of the Dividing Line betwixt Virginia and North Carolina and The Secret History of the Line. Vol. A. Pg. 613.

QUOTE: Besides, the poor Indians would have had less reason to Complain that the English took away their Land, if they had received it by way of Portion with their Daughters. Had such Affinities been contracted in the Beginning, how much Bloodshed would have been prevented, and how populous would the Country have been, and, consequently, how considerable? Nor wou’d the Shade of the Skin have been any reproach at this day; for if a Moor may be washt white in 3 Generations, Surely an Indian might have been blanch in two…

SOURCE: William Byrd. The History of the Dividing Line betwixt Virginia and North Carolina and the Secret History of the Line. Vol. A. Pg 613-614.

Quote: …they invited a tallow-faced wench that had sprained her wrist to drink with them, and when they had raised her in good humor they examined all her hidden charms and played a great many gay pranks… the poor damsel was disabled from making any resistance by the lameness of her hand; all she could do was sit still and make the fashionable exclamation of the country, “flesh alive and tear it!” and, by what I can understand she never spake so properly in her life.

Source: (P 618) William Byrd, The History of the Dividing Line

Quote: Timothy Ives…supplied us with everything that was necessary. He had a tall, straight daughter of a yielding, sandy complexion, who having curiosity to see the tent, Puzzlecause gallanetd her thither, and might have made her free of it had not we come seasonably to the damsel’s chastity. Here both our cookery and bedding were more cleanly than ordinary. The parson lay with Puzzlecause in the tent to keep him honest or, peradventure, to partake of his diversion if he should be otherwise.

Source: (P 620) William Byrd, The History of the Dividing Line

QUOTE: A citizen here is counted extravagant if he has ambition enough to aspire to a brick chimney. Justice herself is but indifferently lodged, the courthouse having much the air of a common tobacco house.

SOURCE: William Byrd II. from The History of the Dividing Line Betwixt Virginia and North Carolina and The Secret History of the Line. Pg. 621

QUOTE: Though these Indians dwell among the English and see in what plenty a little industry enables them to live, yet they choose to continue in their stupid idleness and to suffer all the inconvenience if dirt, cold, and want rather than disturb their heads with care or defile their hands with labor.

SOURCE: William Byrd II. The History of the Dividing Line betwixt Virginia and North Carolina and The Secret History of the Line. Pg 624

Quote: “Courteous Reader, I have heard that nothing gives an Author so great Pleasure, as to find his Works respectfully quoted by other learned Authors. This Pleasure I have seldom enjoyed; for tho’ I have been, if I may say it without Vanity, an eminent Author of Almanacks annually now a full Quarter of a Century…”

Source: Benjamin Franklin. The Way to Wealth. Vol. A. Pg. 808

I concluded at length, that the People were the best Judges of my merit; for they buy my works; in my rambles, where I am not personally known, I have frequently heard one or other of my Adages repeated,

SOURCE: Franklin The Way to Wealth Pg. 808

Remember what Poor Richard says, Buy what thou hast no Need of, and long thou shalt sell thy Necessaries.

SOURCE: Franklin The Way to Wealth Pg.811

So what signifies wishing and hoping for better times. We may make theses Times better if we bestir ourselves. Industry need not wish as Poor Richard says, and HE that lives upon Hope will die fasting.

Source: Ben Franklin. The Way to Wealth Vol. A Pg. 809

Pride is as loud a Beggar as Want, and a great deal more saucy.

SOURCE: Franklin The Way to Wealth Pg. 811

Quote: Pride breakfasted with Plenty, dined with Poverty, and supped with Infamy. And after all, of what Use is this Pride of Appearance, for which so much is risked, so much is suffered.

Source: Benjamin Franklin – The Way to Wealth p. 812

QUOTE: Work white it is called To-day, for you know not how much you may be hindered To-morrow, which makes Poor Richard say, One To-day is worth two To-morrows; and farther, Have you somewhat to do To-morrow, do it To-day.

SOURCE: Ben Franklin The Way to Wealth

Quote: But, ah, think of what you do when you run into Debt; you give to another Power over your Liberty. If you cannot at the Time, you will be ashamed to see your Creditor; you will be in fear when

you speak to him; you will make poor pitiful sneaking Excuses, and by Degrees come to loose your Veracity, and sink into base downright lying….

Source: (P 812) Benjamin Franklin, The Way to Wealth

QUOTE: The more thinking Part of the Spectators were of Opinion, that any Person so bound and place’d in the Water (unless they were mere Skin and Bones) would swim till their Breath was gone, and their Lungs fill’d with Water. (815)

SOURCE: A Witch Trial at Mount Holly by Ben Franklin.

QUOTE: Who are to perform the common labours of our city, and in our families? Must we not then be our own slaves? And is there not more compassion and more favour due to us as Mussilmen, than to these Christian Dogs? We have now above 50,000 slaves in and near Algiers.

SOURCE: Benjamin Franklin. On the Slave- Trade. Vol A. (Page 825)

QUOTE: Savages we call them, because their Manners differ from ours, which we thing the Perfection of Civility, they think the same of theirs.

SOURCE: Benjamin Franklin: Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America. Vol. A, pg 821

QUOTE: You see they have not yet learned those little Good Things, that we need no Meetings to be instructed in, because our Mothers taught them to us when we were Children; and therefore it is impossible their Meetings should be, as they say, for any such purpose, or have any such Effect; they are only to contrive the Cheating of Indians in the Price of Beaver.

SOURCE: Benjamin Franklin. Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America. Vol. A. Pg. 824.

QUOTE: But take into your wise Consideration, the great and growing Number of Bachelors in the Country, many of whom from the mean Fear of the Expenses of a Family, have never sincerely and honourably courted a Woman in the Lives; and by their Manner of Living, leave unproduced (which is little better than Murder) Hundreds of their Posterity to the Thousandth Generation. Is not this a greater Offence against the Publik Good, than mine? Compel them, then, by Law, wither to Marriage, or to pay double the Fine of Fornication every Year.

SOURCE: Benjamin Franklin. The Speech of Polly Baker. Vol. A. Pg. 816.

QUOTE: “I always was, and still am willing to enter into it; and doubt not my behaving well in it, having all the Industry, Frugality, Fertility, and Skill in Oeconomy, appertaining to a good Wife’s Character. I defy any Person to say, I ever refused an Offer of that Sort: On the contrary, I readily consented to the

only Proposal of Marriage that ever was made me, which was when I was a Virgin; but too easily confiding in the Person’s Sincerity that made it, I unhappily lost my own Honour, by trusting to his; for he got me with Child, and then forsook me… A Duty, from the steady Performance of which, nothing has been able to deter me; but for its Sake, I have hazarded the Loss of the Publick Esteem, and have frequently endured Publick Disgrace and Punishment; and therefore ought, in my humble Opinion, instead of a Whipping, to have a Statue erected to my Memory.”

SOURCE: Benjamin Franklin. The Speech of Polly Baker. Vol A. Pgs 916-817.

QUOTE: It therefore astonishes me, Sir, to find this system approaching so near to perfection as it does; and I think it will astonish our enemies, who are waiting with confidence to hear, that our councils are confounded like those of the builders of Babel, and that our States are on the point of separation

SOURCE: Benjamin Franklin. Speech in the Convention: At the Conclusion of Its Deliberations. Pg. 827

If every one of us, in returning to our Constituents, were to report the objections he has had to it, and endeavour to gain Partisans in support of them, we might prevent its being generally received, and thereby lose all the salutary effects and great advantages resulting naturally in our favour among foreign nations, as well as among ourselves, from our real or apparent unanimity . . . I hope, therefore, for our own sakes, as a part of the people, and for the sake of our posterity, that we shall act heartily and unanimously in recommending this Constitution, wherever our Influence may extend, and turn our future thoughts and endeavours to the means of having it well administered.

SOURCE: Benjamin Franklin. Speech in the Convention. Vol. A. Pg. 828.

QUOTE: Before we condemn the Indians of this continent as wanting genius, we must consider that letters have not yet been introduced among them.

SOURCE: Thomas Jefferson: Notes on the State of Virginia. Vol. A, pg 997

Many millions of them have been brought to and born in America. Most of them indeed have been confined to tillage, to their own homes, and their own society: yet many have been so situated that they might have availed themselves of the conversations of their masters; many have been brought up to the handicraft arts, and from that circumstance have always been associated with the whites.

Source: Thomas Jefferson. Notes on the State of Virginia Vol A pg 1005

QUOTE: Deep rooted prejudices entertained by the whites; ten thousand recollections, by the blacks, of the injuries they have sustained; new provocations; the real distinctions which nature has made; and many other circumstances, will divide us into parties, and produce convulsions which will probably never end but in the extermination of the one or the other race.

SOURCE: Thomas Jefferson. from Notes on the State of Virginia. (1003-1004)

QUOTE: Misery is often the parent of the most affecting touches in poetry. ---Among the blacks is misery enough, God knows, but no poetry. Love is the peculiar oestrum of the poet. Their love is ardent, but it kindles the senses only, not the imagination. Religion indeed has produced a Phyllis Whately; but it could not produce a poet.

SOURCE: Thomas Jefferson Notes on the State of Virginia pg.1005

QUOTE: To our reproach it must be said, that though for a century and a half we have had under our eyes the races of black and of red men, they have never yet been viewed by us as subjects of natural history. I advance it therefore as a suspicion only, that the blacks, whether originally a distinct race, or made distinct by time and circumstances, are inferior to the whites in the endowments both of body and mind.

SOURCE: Thomas Jefferson Notes on the State of Virginia pg.1007

QUOTE: This is so true, that of the proprietors of slaves a very small proportion indeed are ever seen to labour. And can the liberties of a nation be thought secure when we have removed their only firm basis, a conviction in the minds of the people that these liberties are of the gift of God? That they are not to be violated but with his wrath? Indeed I tremble for my country when I reflect that God is just: that his justice cannot sleep for ever: that considering numbers, nature and natural means only, a revolution of the wheel of fortune, an exchange of situation, is among possible events: that it may become probable by supernatural interference!”

SOURCE: Thomas Jefferson. Notes on the State of Virginia. Vol. A. Pg. 1010.

Power may justly be compared to a great river. While kept within its due bounds it is both beautiful and useful. But when it overflows its banks, it is then too impetuous to be stemmed; it bears down all before it, and brings destruction and desolation wherever it comes. If, then, this is the nature of power, let us at least do our duty and like wise men who value freedom use our utmost care to support liberty, the only bulwark against lawless power, which in all ages has sacrificed to its wild lust and boundless ambition the blood of the best men that ever lived.

SOURCE: Andrew Hamilton. Closing Argument in the Libel Trial of John Peter Zenger. Vol. A. Pg. 1053-1054.

QUOTE: Have republics in practice been less addicted to war than monarchies? Are not the former administered by men as well as the latter? (1031)

SOURCE: The Federalist No. 6 by Alexander Hamilton.

QUOTE: No man is allowed to be a judge in his own cause; because his interest would certainly bias his judgment, and not improbably, corrupt his integrity

SOURCE: James Madison The Federalist No. 10

QUOTE: The state of Nature has a law of Nature to govern it, which obliges every one, and reason, which is that law teaches all mankind who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions; for men being all the workmanship of one omnipotent and infinitely wise Maker…(1051)

SOURCE: Concerning Civil Government, Second Essay by John Locke.

QUOTE: “Man being born, as has been proved, with a title to perfect freedom and an uncontrolled enjoyment of all the rights and privileges of the law of Nature, equally with any other man, or number of men in the world, hath by nature a power not only to preserve his property – that is, his life, liberty, and estate, against the injuries and attempts of other men, but to judge of and punish the breaches of that law in others, as he is persuaded the offence deserves, even with death itself, in crimes where the heinousness of the fact, in his opinion, requires it.”

SOURCE: John Locke. Concerning Civil Government. Vol A. Pg. 1051

QUOTE: A state consisting of a million of citizens has a million sovereigns each of whom detests all the other sovereignty but its own. This very boast implies as much of the spirit of turbulence and insubordination, as the utmost energy of any known regular government, even the most rigid, could keep it in restraint.

SOURCE: Fisher Ames. On the Dangers of Democracy. Vol. A. Pg. 1065.

QUOTE: “That government certainly deserves no honest man’s love or support, which, from the very laws of its being, carries terrour and danger to the virtuous, and arms the vicious with authority and power… Waving any further pursuit of these reflections, letit be resumed, that, if every man of the million has his ratable share of power in the community, then, instead of restraining the vicious, they also are armed with power, for they take their part: as they are citizens, this cannot be refused them.”

SOURCE: Fisher Ames. On the Dangers of Democracy. Vol A. Pg. 1065

Quote: “In the following pages I offer nothing more than simple facts, plain arguments, and common sense…”

Source: Thomas Paine. Common Sense. Vol. A. Pg. 959

QUOTE: Men of all ranks have embarked in the controversy, from different motives, and with various designs; but all have been ineffectual, and the period of debate is closed.

SOURCE: Thomas Paine . from Common Sense. Pg. 959

QUOTE: We have boasted the protection of Great Britain, without considering, that her motive was interest not attachment; and that she did not protect us from our enemies on our account; but from her enemies on her account, from those who had no quarrel with us on any other account, and who will always be our enemies on the same account. Let Britain waive her pretensions to the Continent, or the Continent throw off the dependence, and we should be at peace with France or Spain, were they at war with Britain.

SOURCE: Thomas Paine. Common Sense. Vol A. (Page 960)

But Britain is the parent country, say some. Then the more shame upon her conduct. Even brutes do not devour their young, nor savages make war upon their families; Wherefore, the assertion, if true, turns to her reproach; but it happens not to be true, or only partly so and, the phrase parent or mother country hath been jesuitically adopted by the kings and his parasites with a low papistical design of gaining an unfair bias on the bias on the credulous weakness of our minds.”

Source: Thomas Paine Common Sense Vol. A Pg 961

QUOTE: But if you say, you can still pass the violations over then I ask, hath your house been burnt? Hath your property been destroyed before your face? Are your wife and children destitute of a bed to lie on, or bread to live on? Have you lost a parent or a child by their hands, and yourself the ruined and wretched survivor? If you have not, then are you not a judge of those who have. But if you have, and can still shake hands with the murderers, then are you unworthy the name of husband, father, friend, or lover, and whatever may be your rank of title in life, you have the heart of a coward and the spirit of a sycophant.

SOURCE: Thomas Paine. Common Sense. Vol. A. Pg. 963

QUOTE: But she had protected us, some say. That she hath engrossed us it’s true, and defended the Continent at our expenses as well as her own, is admitted; and She would have defended Turkey from the same motive, viz. for the sake of trade and dominion.

SOURCE: Thomas Paine – Common Sense p. 960

Quote: But even this is admitting more than is true; for I answer roundly, that America would have flourished as much, and probably much more, had no European power taken any notice of her.

Source: Thomas Paine Common Sense (p. 960)

QUOTE: We may as well assert that because a child has thrived upon milk, that it is never to have meat, or that the first twenty years of our lives is to become a precedent for the next twenty.

SOURCE: Thomas Paine. from Common Sense: Thoughts on the Present State of American Affairs. (960)

QUOTE: Your future connection with Britain, whom you can neither love nor honour, will be forced and unnatural, and being formed only on the plan of present convenience,

SOURCE: Paine Common Sense Pg.963

These are the times that try men's souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands by it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly: it is dearness only that gives every thing its value. Heaven knows how to put a proper price upon its goods; and it would be strange indeed if so celestial an article as FREEDOM should not be highly rated. Britain, with an army to enforce her tyranny, has declared that she has a right (not only to TAX) but "to BIND us in ALL CASES WHATSOEVER" and if being bound in that manner, is not slavery, then is there not such a thing as slavery upon earth. Even the expression is impious; for so unlimited a power can belong only to God. (Page 965)

SOURCE: Thomas Paine, The American Crisis

QUOTE: It is a contradiction in terms and ideas to call anything a revelation that comes to us at second hand, either verbally or in writing.

SOURCE: Paine The Age of Reason Pg. 971

Quote: Every national church or religion has established itself by pretending some special mission from God, communicated to certain individuals. The Jews have their Moses; the Christians their Jesus Christ, their apostles and saints; the Turks their Mahomet; as if the way to God was not open to every man alike.

SOURCE: (P 971) Thomas Paine, The Age of Reason

QUOTE: The Christian theory is little else than the idolatry of the ancient mythologists, accommodated to the purposes of power and revenue; and it yet remains to reason and philosophy to abolish the amphibious fraud.

SOURCE: Thomas Paine. The Age of Reason. Vol. A. Pg. 972.

QUOTE: I do not believe in the creed professed by the Jewish church, by the Roman church, by the Greek church, by the Turkish church, by the Protestant church nor by any church that I know of. My own

mind is my own church. All national institutions of churches, whether Jewish, Christian, or Turkish, appear to me no other that human inventions set up to terrify and enslave mankind, and monopolize power and profit.

SOURCE: Paine The Age of Reason Pg. 643-4

QUOTE: It has been the scheme of the Christian church, and of all the other invented systems of religion, to hold man in ignorance of the Creator, as it is of government to hold him in ignorance of his rights.

SOURCE: Thomas Paine. The Age of Reason. Pg 975

QUOTE: Let Woman have a share,

Nor yield supine to laws.

Her equal rights declare,

And well maintain.

Come forth with sense array’d,

Nor ever be dismay’d

To meet the foe,-

Who with assuming hands

Inflict the iron bands,

To obey his rash commands,

And vainly bow.

SOURCE: Anonymous. RIGHTS OF WOMAN Pg. 1063