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Marine Litter Monitoring – Implications for plastic waste management and legislation
Mayor Albert de Hoop
President KIMO International
Kommunenes Internasjonale Miljøorganisasjon
Local Authorities International Environmental Organisation
WSF-18 Presentation Albert de Hoop page1
KIMO - THE ORGANISATION
~ Network of 152 Municipalities
~ 15 Countries
~ Norway, Faeroes, Sweden, Denmark, The Netherlands/Belgium, United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Isle of Man, Poland, Russia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia & Germany
~ National Networks in UK, Sweden, Netherlands/Belgium and Denmark
~ Baltic Forum
~ Lobby International Conventions and Organisations
~ Work against threatening proposals
~ Exchange information
~ Develop best practice
~ Lead by example
~ Undertake demonstrative projects
How does KIMO International Work?
WSF-18 Presentation Albert de Hoop page2
35-year track record
15 states + EC
NGOs / Observers
6 Strategies
Hazardous substances
Eutrophication
Radioactivity
Offshore industries
Biodiversity
Assessment & monitoring
OSPAR Beach Litter Monitoring
~ Undertakes monitoring using standardised 100m protocol
~ 712 litter items per 100m
~ Litter at unacceptable levels
WSF-18 Presentation Albert de Hoop page3
Percentage of Litter Categories
Most Common Items Monitored
WSF-18 Presentation Albert de Hoop page5
Texel Clean Beach - 20 April 2005
1521 plastic bottles ± 105 per km
Source: Dr Jan van Franeker
Plastic bottles for detergents and
similar
Plastic bottles for drinks etc.
104068%
48132%
Breakdown of types of litter collected in FFL Scotland project
Plastic and Polystyrene
55%
Metal13%
Wood11%
Rubber9%
Textiles12%
NEA Seabed Litter
Source: Fishing for Litter
WSF-18 Presentation Albert de Hoop page6
Average number of litter items on reference beaches
Found numerous fibres & fragments down to 20µm in size
– thinner than a human hair
WSF-18 Presentation Albert de Hoop page7
KIMO Sweden Research
80µm mesh: ~300-2000 plastic particles per m3
~ Predominantly plastic fibres~ Larger amounts in harbours~ No previous survey of this type of
plastic (size) in the sea
Dr Fredrik Norén
Sources
WSF-18 Presentation Albert de Hoop page8
Land Based Sources
35.3
13.7
41.9
0.21.80.9 6.1
% Recreational & Beachvisitors
% Fishing
% Sewage RelatedDebris
% Shipping
% Fly Tipped
% Medical
% Non – Sourced
UK Beach Litter Sources
~ Source MCS Beachwatch
WSF-18 Presentation Albert de Hoop page11
KEY Points
~ Plastic accounts for approximately 2/3 of all marine litter
~ It does not degrade significantly in the marine environment and brakes down to form microplastics
~ Many of the plastic/polystyrene pieces come from plastic packaging, bottles and containers
~ Current policies are not reducing “unacceptable” levels
~ A lot of current activity only deals with the symptom not the source e.g. beach cleans
People’s reasons for littering
Top Two = Agree to a large extent + Totally agree
Base: All
18
21
20
35
15
8
29
51
16
12
24
44
17
14
32
60
0 20 40 60 80 100%
Fishing Leisure Shipping Offshore
It’s unintentionally/accidentally
Lack of room on board
In order to save money
To save time
WSF-18 Presentation Albert de Hoop page12
People’s reasons for littering
Top Two = Agree to a large extent + Totally agree
Base: All
They do not understand the consequences
Low sense of responsibility
Convenience
Easy way to get rid of things
51
61
48
62
63
80
69
75
55
69
60
70
53
72
66
76
0 20 40 60 80 100%
Fishing Leisure Shipping Offshore
Barriers to Improvement
~ Lack of awareness of the problem
~ Lack of enforcement of regulations
~ Lack of marine litter information
~ Lack of political will
~ Lack of funding
~ Lack of harmonised monitoring
~ Lack of national/regional coordination
WSF-18 Presentation Albert de Hoop page13
What does this mean for waste management and legislation?
~ Increase enforcement of current legislation
~ Improvement of legislation
~ Placing value on used plastic items
~ Incentivising recycling and better waste management
~ Improving the design of single use items for recycling
Case Study: Shipping
~ MARPOL Annex V complete ban on dumping of plastics
~ Enforcement completely inadequate
~ Complete ban on any dumping of waste
~ 100% no special fee
~ Need much greater exchange of data between harbours
WSF-18 Presentation Albert de Hoop page14
Case Study: Fishing
~ Virtually impossible to prosecute for litter offences
~ Development of better waste management e.g Fishing for litter
~ Extended producer responsibility for fishing nets
~ Deposit schemes on plastic containers
Case Study: Beach users/Land based
~ Incentivise recycling through deposit scheme's and reverse vending
~ Improve labelling to identify high end of life recyclability
~ Legislation to optimise the design of single use products for recycling
WSF-18 Presentation Albert de Hoop page15
Conclusions
~ Plastics are the major component of marine litter
~ Need action right through the lifecycle to reduce the problem
~ Legislation needs to be at a European or International level
~ All levels from producers to users need to take ownership of the problem
www.kimointernational.org
Thank you for listening
WSF-18 Presentation Albert de Hoop page16