Marine Ecology:Marine Ecology:• Adaptations to life in the oceanAdaptations to life in the ocean• StressesStresses• Sex valueSex value• SalinitySalinity• TemperatureTemperature• Trophic relationshipsTrophic relationships• Movement groups of marine lifeMovement groups of marine life• Body sizeBody size• Reproductive strategiesReproductive strategies

TemperatureTemperatureSalinitySalinityDissolved oxygenDissolved oxygenLightLightFoodFoodSpaceSpace

Need to adapt ecologically (immediate) and Need to adapt ecologically (immediate) and evolutionary (over time)evolutionary (over time)

Adapt to:Adapt to: Accommodate physical and chemical environmentAccommodate physical and chemical environment Secure food and avoid being eatenSecure food and avoid being eaten Successfully reproduceSuccessfully reproduce

Its all about Food, Sex, and DeathIts all about Food, Sex, and Death

Stressors to adapt to:Stressors to adapt to:

Asexual reproductionAsexual reproduction Exact copy of selfExact copy of self Fast, no need matesFast, no need mates No diversityNo diversity

Sexual reproductionSexual reproduction Half self, half otherHalf self, half other Complex, slower, need to find mates, Complex, slower, need to find mates,

costlycostly Diversity, co-exist with different needsDiversity, co-exist with different needs

Hermaphrodites—adults function as both Hermaphrodites—adults function as both male and female rolesmale and female roles Simultaneous—both active at one timeSimultaneous—both active at one time Sequential—only one active at one timeSequential—only one active at one time http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6lp87hrb-5I

VALUE OF SEX—VALUE OF SEX—ADAPTATION TO ADAPTATION TO REPRODUCE:REPRODUCE:

Asexual

Sexual

Animals that change sex—hermaphrodites

1.1. Free spawn (currents carry gametes)Free spawn (currents carry gametes)2.2. Guard eggs (mouth, brood pouch) Guard eggs (mouth, brood pouch)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKJ8Z3UeSPEv=fKJ8Z3UeSPE

3.3. Maternal/parental care after hatch Maternal/parental care after hatch http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TIxGVM_v9i0v=TIxGVM_v9i0

4.4. Pair or no pair (promiscuous) Pair or no pair (promiscuous) http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCKug2iu0JQv=iCKug2iu0JQ

5.5. Seasonal to all year activeSeasonal to all year active6.6. High number of eggs to low numberHigh number of eggs to low numberSpecies—organisms capable of breeding, Species—organisms capable of breeding,

reproductively isolated from others, produce reproductively isolated from others, produce viable offspringviable offspring

Different Reproductive Different Reproductive Strategies and Strategies and adaptations:adaptations:

What is the best size or age to What is the best size or age to reproduce at?reproduce at?

How many times should an individual How many times should an individual reproduce?reproduce?

How many eggs should there be per How many eggs should there be per clutch?clutch?

How large should the eggs be?How large should the eggs be? When in the year should reproduction When in the year should reproduction

occur?occur? How to locate a mate?How to locate a mate? How can young locate an appropriate How can young locate an appropriate

habitat?habitat?

Evolutionary QuestionsEvolutionary Questions

Two strategies:Two strategies:

PlanktotrophyPlanktotrophyVery small and Very small and numerous eggs with little numerous eggs with little yolk. yolk. http://http://www.youtube.com/www.youtube.com/watch?v=2j5ECTtXCikwatch?v=2j5ECTtXCikEggs are of low cost to Eggs are of low cost to make, so many can be make, so many can be made. The larvae must made. The larvae must feed in the plankton feed in the plankton column after hatching.column after hatching.

LecithotropyLecithotropyRelatively large, few, Relatively large, few, yolky and costly eggs.yolky and costly eggs.http://http://www.youtube.com/www.youtube.com/watch?v=-IB9B94zaKowatch?v=-IB9B94zaKoSome are nursed.Some are nursed.Larvae are non-Larvae are non-feeding, simple in form. feeding, simple in form. Found in plankton or Found in plankton or benthicbenthic

FactorFactor Planktotrophs Planktotrophs Lecitrophs Lecitrophs Cost to adultCost to adult Low+ Low+ High –High – Individual Care of YoungIndividual Care of Young N0 +N0 + High -,+High -,+ Fitness of juvenilesFitness of juveniles Low -Low - High +High + Survival of youngSurvival of young Low -Low - High +High + StarvationStarvation High -High - Low +Low + PredationPredation High -High - Low +Low + Access to adult habitatAccess to adult habitat Low -Low - High +High + DispersalDispersal High +High + Low -/+Low -/+

Modes of developmentModes of development

A case of 2 sea starsA case of 2 sea stars

Size at reproductionSize at reproduction Egg sizeEgg size Egg numberEgg number Larval Larval survivalsurvival

PisasterPisaster LargeLarge 20-90 mg20-90 mg MillionsMillionslowlow

LeptasasterLeptasaster SmallSmall 2 g2 g 100100’’s-1000s-1000’’ss highhigh

Budding,Budding,CloningCloning

Asexual reproductionAsexual reproduction

CloningCloning

SplittingSplitting

Hydra buddingHydra budding

FissionFission

Select any marine invertebrateSelect any marine invertebrate Find out everything about its Find out everything about its

reproduction that you can find in 15 reproduction that you can find in 15 minutesminutes

Be prepared to discuss this with the Be prepared to discuss this with the class and have a picture of your class and have a picture of your organism ready to share with us.organism ready to share with us.

Mini-projectMini-project

Homeostasis—regulate internal body Homeostasis—regulate internal body conditionsconditions

Diffusion across a membraneDiffusion across a membrane Isosmotic—internal equals externalIsosmotic—internal equals external Salt animal placed in FWSalt animal placed in FW

Water flows into animal and swellsWater flows into animal and swells Little or no way of balancing osmotic Little or no way of balancing osmotic

stressstress Limited to regions where no salinity range Limited to regions where no salinity range

occursoccurs Pelagic regionsPelagic regions

SALINITY—SALINITY—ADAPTATIONS TO ADAPTATIONS TO SALTSALT

Estuary AnimalEstuary Animal Handle wide range in salinityHandle wide range in salinity Drink water—excrete excess saltDrink water—excrete excess salt Salt loss through gills/absorbed alsoSalt loss through gills/absorbed also Kidney function alsoKidney function also

OsmoconformersOsmoconformers Internal state constantly changes as external Internal state constantly changes as external

does—must stay in areas of similar salinitydoes—must stay in areas of similar salinity

OsomoregulatorsOsomoregulators Control internal stateControl internal state Drink water, excrete little urine, excrete salt, Drink water, excrete little urine, excrete salt,

kidney and gill functionkidney and gill function

Mostly related to dissolved oxygen Mostly related to dissolved oxygen and desiccation and desiccation

Ectotherms—most marine animals—Ectotherms—most marine animals—same temp as environmentsame temp as environment

Endotherms—birds, mammals—set Endotherms—birds, mammals—set body tempbody temp

Increase temp—decrease oxygenIncrease temp—decrease oxygen

TEMPERATURE—TEMPERATURE—ADAPTATION ADAPTATION

What an individual eats and when it eats itWhat an individual eats and when it eats it Producers, consumers, decomposersProducers, consumers, decomposers

AutotrophAutotroph Self nourishingSelf nourishing Absorb solar energyAbsorb solar energy Build high energy organic moleculesBuild high energy organic molecules Use inorganic molecules (N, P, water, Si)Use inorganic molecules (N, P, water, Si) First tropic level—primary producersFirst tropic level—primary producers http://www.bing.com/videos/search?http://www.bing.com/videos/search?

q=phytoplankton&view=detail&mid=D23AC8B3q=phytoplankton&view=detail&mid=D23AC8B36F068CE6F27DD23AC8B36F068CE6F27D&first=6F068CE6F27DD23AC8B36F068CE6F27D&first=0&FORM=NVPFVR0&FORM=NVPFVR

http://video.about.com/marinelife/Types-of-http://video.about.com/marinelife/Types-of-Algae.htmAlgae.htm

http://www.bing.com/videos/search?http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=algae&view=detail&mid=C02C9B0FEB488B8q=algae&view=detail&mid=C02C9B0FEB488B83066DC02C9B0FEB488B83066D&first=0&FORM3066DC02C9B0FEB488B83066D&first=0&FORM=NVPFVR=NVPFVR

Trophic Trophic Relationships and Relationships and food--adaptationsfood--adaptations

HeterotrophsHeterotrophs Consumers and decomposersConsumers and decomposers Can not make own food from inorganicsCan not make own food from inorganics Depend on autotrophsDepend on autotrophs Herbivores—eat autotrophsHerbivores—eat autotrophs Carnivores—eat herbivoresCarnivores—eat herbivores Decomposers—eat detritusDecomposers—eat detritus

Help cycle nutrients in biogeochemical Help cycle nutrients in biogeochemical cyclescycles

Sediment

detritus

consumers

autotrophs

Mixing, upwelling

Inputs from rivers

Dissolved nutrients

*10% energy efficiency level from one tropic level to the next

BenthosBenthos Live on sea bottomLive on sea bottom Epifauna (on top of bottom)Epifauna (on top of bottom) Infauna (in sediment)Infauna (in sediment)

Nekton (swimming)Nekton (swimming)

Plankton (wanderers)Plankton (wanderers) Current movesCurrent moves Little ability to swimLittle ability to swim Phytoplankton (in photic zone)Phytoplankton (in photic zone) Zooplankton (photic and aphotic zones)Zooplankton (photic and aphotic zones)

Suspension feeders (barnacles ex.)Suspension feeders (barnacles ex.) Depend on small phytoplankton for nutritionDepend on small phytoplankton for nutrition Use many techniques to extract small food particlesUse many techniques to extract small food particles

Types of marine life by Types of marine life by habitat:habitat:

Salt, heat, nutrients, wastes, gases move Salt, heat, nutrients, wastes, gases move across surface of marine organisms bodyacross surface of marine organisms body

SA/V ( surface area to volume) determines SA/V ( surface area to volume) determines how much and how fast lost or gained…how much and how fast lost or gained…potato cube experimentpotato cube experiment

High SA/V: smaller size, more diffusionHigh SA/V: smaller size, more diffusion Low SA/V: larger size, develop Low SA/V: larger size, develop

mechanisms using respiratory and mechanisms using respiratory and excretory systemsexcretory systems

Body size Body size adaptations:adaptations:

Lungs: Marine mammals, Reptiles, BirdsLungs: Marine mammals, Reptiles, Birds Gills: Fish, Molluscs, Arthropods, EchinodermsGills: Fish, Molluscs, Arthropods, Echinoderms http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLsmEhnYdM0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLsmEhnYdM0

Diffusion: sponge, jellies, some wormsDiffusion: sponge, jellies, some worms

Breathing: how do Breathing: how do they get oxygen?they get oxygen?