Mariela Zapata Paper Final Version[1][2]

8/14/2019 Mariela Zapata Paper Final Version[1][2]

1/18

Morejicc"| @ibmi Bogddgc|> ihammge Cimq @ildg}h?$

dq @itagci ^ivi}i

466:

Ae|}a}w}o \wvgtaot \ie}i ]taeamim


2/18

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@itagci ivi}iAe|}a}w}o \wvgtaot \ie}i ]taeamim466:

4

Id|}til}

\hikg|vgitg| @ildg}h (9:6:! hi| bgegticcq dgge tgbitmgm i| i zgtq

lo`vcgx }tibgmq ae rhalh i ralkgm iem |}toeb-raccgm rajg# }obg}hgtra}h jotlg| oj gzac# aela}g i dtizg iem eodcg \lo}}a|h cotm }o lo`à} }hg

ò|} hottgemow| il} }hi} `gmagzic amgocobq lowcm loelgazg oj> }hg

lta`g oj tgbalamg% Ae }hg }rge}q-jat|} lge}wtq# jac` matgl}ot Ocazgt

Hatlhdagbgc tgzazgm }hg jaeic miq| oj }hg Ha}cgt| ]hatm Tgalh ae ha| jac`

Morejicc (4667!% Ic}howbh eo} lge}tic }o }hg di|al |}otqcaeg# i jgìcglhitil}gt ìkg| }hg jac` lo`g }o oeg oj a}| habhg|} vgik| oj }ge|aoe>

@ibmi Bogddgc|# rajg }o Ha}cgt| @aea|}gt oj Vtovibiemi# mglamg| }o

kacc icc hgt jazg lhacmtge iem }o ci}gt lo`à} |walamg ra}h hgt hw|diem# ae

}hg loezal}aoe }hi} eo jw}wtg rotcm otmgt o}hgt }hie }hg ]hatm Tgalh a|

tgiccq rot}h cazaeb ae% ]ha| vivgt ia`| }o gxiàeg |aàcita}ag| dg}rgge

}hg|g }ro jgìcg lhitil}gt|# ae otmgt }o mg}gtàeg rhg}hgt\hikg|vgitg| Cimq @ildg}h iem Hatlhdagbgc| @ibmi Bogddgc| lieaemggm |}iem rgcc-jowemgm lo`vita|oe# iem }o i|lgt}iae rhg}hgt }hg

\hikg|vgitaie lhitil}gt lowcm hizg |gtzgm i| i òmgc jot Hatlhdagbgc|

vot}tiqic% ]hg loelcw|aoe| voae} }o }hg jil} }hi} Cimq @ildg}h iem@ibmi Bogddgc| aemggm gxhada} i |wtvta|aeb ew`dgt oj |aàcita}ag| i|

tgbitm| |aebcgeg|| oj vwtvo|g# locm -dcoomgmeg||# i`da}aoe# ritvgmjgàeaea}q iem coqic}q% Horgzgt# a} rowcm dg a`vo||adcg }o |}i}g }hi} }hg

loe|}twl}aoe oj lhitil}gt oj @ibmi Bogddgc| ri| il}wiccq di|gm oe\hikg|vgitg| Cimq @ildg}h# ic}howbh }hg weazgt|ica}q oj\hikg|vgitg| òmgc| rowcm ìkg a} a`vo||adcg }o ijjat` }hg loe}titq%


3/18

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]hgq hizg ìmg }hg`|gczg|# iem }hi} }hgat ja}eg|| eor

Mog| weìkg qow% A hizg bazge |wlk# iem keor

Hor }gemgt "}a| }o cozg }hg didg }hi} àck| `g>

A rowcm# rhacg a} ri| |àcaeb ae `q jilg#

Hizg vcwlk"m `q eavvcg jto` ha| doegcg|| bw`|#

Iem mi|h"m }hg dtiae| ow}# him A |o |rote i| qow

Hizg moeg }o }ha|%

@ILDG]H

Aj rg |howcm jiac?

CIMQ @ILDG]H

Rg jiac)

Dw} |ltgr qowt lowtibg }o }hg |}alkaeb-vcilg#

Iem rg"cc eo} jiac% [P

(A%zaa%


7/18

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2

Oe }hg eabh} oj }hg i||i||aei}aoe do}h @ildg}h iem Cimq @ildg}h tgmmgegm }hgat hiem|

ra}h }hg ocm kaeb| dcoom# ic}howbh a} ri| @ildg}h rho tgiccq lo`à}}gm }hg `wtmgt%

Horgzgt# do}h lhitil}gt| hizg majjgtge} loelgv}aoe| oj bwac}> @ildg}h a| hottajagm idow}

}hg lta`g hg hi| vgtvg}ti}gm# rhacg ha| rajg dgcagzg| }hi} bwac} a| |o`g}haeb }hi} lie dg

ri|hgm ojj ot viae}gm oe% \hg a| |wtg }hi} }hg vorgt| oj mitkeg|| }hi} |hg hi| |w`òegm

lie gi|acq kacc ieq jggcaeb oj tgòt|g% @ildg}h a| idcg }o ilhagzg ha| vwtvo|g i| }hg

cgba}aì}g hgat| }o }hg \lo}}a|h ltore twe iriq jto` @ildg}h| li|}cg jot jgit }hgq |howcm

dg dci`gm# iem a} a| ij}gt }hg lotoei}aoe }hi} }hg ji}g| oj }hg }ro @ildg}h| racc mazgtbg

jto` oeg ieo}hgt% Rhge @ildg}h mglamg| }o hizg Dieywo `wtmgtgm (ha| jtagem ri| ra}h

ha` ae ha| vtovhg}al `gg}aeb ra}h }hg ra}lhg|# iem ri| vtoà|gm }hg ji}hgthoom }o i caeg oj

kaeb|!# }ha| mgla|aoe a| ìmg ae id|ocw}g |oca}wmg% Cimq @ildg}h mog| eo} |gg` }o dg ieq

coebgt eglg||itq i| i vgt|wi|azg jotlg ot i coqic illo`vcalg% @otgozgt# }hg vciq lo`g| }o

i lcaìx ra}h }hg ivvgitielg oj }hg Dieywo| bho|} i} }hg kaeb| jat|} toqic dieywg}# iem

}hg iwmagelg |gg| }hg ci|} oj i mg}gtàegm iem gegtbg}al Cimq @ildg}h% Jto` }ha| voae}

oeritm @ildg}h| }g`vgti`ge} racc hitmge# rhacg Cimq @ildg}h |wllw`d| }o ìmeg||%

]hg tgìaeaeb vit} oj }hg vco} |hor| }hg |cor dw} aegxotidcg jicc oj }hg i||i||ae# eor

}wtegm ae}o i }qtie}> Mwelie| |oe# @icloc`# a| idcg }o bi}hgt ie it`q ae Gebciem }o ìtlh

ae}o \lo}ciem iem tgloeywgt }hg }gtta}otq }hi} |howcm hizg dgge ha|% \hot}cq dgjotg }hg

gemaeb# }hg iwmagelg vgtlgazg| i zgtq hitm dw} |imcq iem vog}aliccq vg||aà|}al @ildg}h#

\hikg|vgitg tgzgic| @ildg}h| ci|} }owlh oj hwìea}q rhge hg cgite| }hi} ha| rajg# ij}gt i

coeb vgtaom oj |cggv rickaeb# ìmeg|| iem jtabh}geaeb tgzgci}aoe|# hi| lo`à}}gm |walamg%

\hikg|vgitg hwìea~g| ha| lhitil}gt dq ìkaeb @ildg}h tgla}g oeg oj ha| ò|} }owlhaeb

|ocacoywag|>

\GQ]OE

]hg ywgge# `q cotm# a| mgim%

@ILDG]H


8/18

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8

\hg |howcm hizg magm hgtgij}gt;

]hgtg rowcm hizg dgge i }a`g jot |wlh i rotm%

]o-òttor# iem }o-òttor# iem }o-òttor#

Ltggv| ae }ha| vg}}q vilg jto` miq }o miq

]o }hg ci|} |qccidcg oj tglotmgm }a`g#

Iem icc owt qg|}gtmiq| hizg cabh}gm jooc|

]hg riq }o mw|}q mgi}h% Ow}# ow}# dtagj liemcg)

Cajg"| dw} i rickaeb |himor# i voot vciqgt

]hi} |}tw}| iem jtg}| ha| howt wvoe }hg |}ibg

Iem }hge a| hgitm eo otg> a} a| i }icg

]ocm dq ie amao}# jwcc oj |owem iem jwtq#

\abeajqaeb eo}haeb%

(Z%z a%96-44!

Mg|va}g }hg `q|}gtaow| dw} gywazolic vtovhglag| ìmg dq }hg ra}lhg| ae }hgat |gloem

gelowe}gt ra}h @ildg}h# }hg w|wtvgt# a| ozgt}htore dq @icloc`| jotlg| iem kaccgm dq

@ilmwjj# i cotm rho|g jiàcq him dgge dtw}iccq `wtmgtgm dq @ildg}h| `ge% ]hg }tibgmq

lo`g| }o ie gem ra}h }hg tg|}oti}aoe oj otmgt ae \lo}ciem> @icloc` i| }hg egr kaeb# iem }hg}qtie}| hgim oe gxhada}aoe i| i |q`doc oj }hg gem oj gzac%


9/18

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1

}hg hottajqaeb }tw}h| }hi} |hg cgite} idow} Ha}cgt ij}gt }hg rit# }tw}h| oj rhalh |hg him eo

keorcgmbg dgjotg% A} ri| tgiccq a`vo||adcg jot hgt }o dgcagzg }hi} hgt kaem g`vcoqgt lowcmdg |wlh i òe|}gt%

I zgtq a`vot}ie} gcg`ge} a| }hg mg|ltav}aoe oj }hg Ei~a ojjalgt| lco|g|} }o }hg Jwhtgt% Rhacg

ìeq bizg }hg`|gczg| ozgt }o }hg |oo}haeb gjjgl}| oj iclohoc i| i `glhiea|` ibiae|} ie

aegxotidcq }tibal gem# o|} oj }hg` vcgmbgm i ìlidtg jot` oj iccgbaielg }o }hgat cgimgt dq

vtoà|aeb }o lo`à} |walamg dgjotg }hg gem ]hgq ic|o ibtggm }o dwte }hg domag| oj Ha}cgt

iem ha| rajg Gzi Dtiwe |ooe ij}gt }hgat ta}wica|}al |walamg# ae otmgt eo} }o hizg i |aebcg }tilg

jot }hg geg`q }o gxvo|g ae vwdcal%

Iòeb }hg `ge }hi} |}iqgm ra}h Ei~a cgimgt }o }hg zgtq gem ri| ha| eo}otaow| @aea|}gt oj

Vtovibiemi Mt% No|gvh Bogddgc|# rho lie dg |gge dq }hg iwmagelg i| i ìe oj atoe

mg}gtàei}aoe iem ma|vo|a}aoe }o |}iem dq ha| Jhtgt }htowbh }halk iem }hae% Horgzgt# ca}}cg

a| vgtlgazgm idow} }hg àea|}gt| vgt|oeic vcie| jot ha| ore jw}wtg ij}gt }hg jicc% I} cgi|}#

}ha| a| |o we}ac ha| rajg @ibmi ivvgit| oe }hg |lgeg ra}h }hg lowvcg| jazg lhacmtge% ]hgq

ittazgm i} }hg Dgtcae dwekgt }o viq miacq }tadw}g }o Ha}cgt# iem itg }tgi}gm dq }hg Jhtgt i| ie

ibgaeb ìe rowcm }tgi} ha| eaglg| iem egvhgr|% ]hgtg a|# dghaem ie ivvitge}cq ealg |ge|g

oj liìtimgtag# i ìlidtg vcie ictgimq ae vtobtg||> ae |va}g oj }hg imzalg |hg ri| bazge dq

ìeq }o cgizg Dgtcae a `gmai}gcq iem |izg hgt lhacmtge# Jtiw Bogddgc| mglamgm }o |}iq

}hgtg iem mag ae li|g }hg Ei~a tgba`g lo`g| }o ie gem% Qg}# hgt mgla|aoe racc eo} oecq ijjgl}

hgt|gcj iem hgt hw|diem# dw} a} racc aezoczg }hg kaccaeb oj icc }hgat jazg lhacmtge% I| }hg |}otq

wejocm|# }hg tgica}q oj Ha}cgt| tgba`g dgbae| }o ma|ae}gbti}g iem }ha| locm-dcoomgm cimq

littag| ow} hgt vcie# i| aj a} ri| vit} oj }hg eotìc mw}q oj i Ei~a roìe% ]hg |lgeg oj }hg

kaccaeb a| vgthiv| oeg oj }hg ò|} |holkaeb ae }hg jac`# iem a} ollwt| |hot}cq dgjotg }hg jaeic

morejicc%

]hg gemaeb a| jia}hjwc }o }hg tgic gzge}| }hi} }ook vcilg ae Dgtcae> Ha}cgt| |walamg a|

joccorgm dq }hg ittazic oj }hg Tgm It`q# }hg Ei~a ojjalgt| ga}hgt }ikg }hgat cazg| ot


10/18

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96

|wttgemgt# iem Ha}cgt| |gltg}itq |corcq mgvit}| ae}o ie ivvitge}cq hit`cg|| jw}wtg cajg#

tgvtg|ge}gm ae }hg òzag dq hgt aìbg lqlcaeb ae i |wedi}hgm lowe}tq toim ae}o }hg hota~oe%

=% Cimq @ildg}h iem @ibmi Bogddgc|> lo`vita|oe iem loe}ti|}

Ic}howbh }hg }ro lhitil}gt| wemgt lo`vita|oe dgcoeb }o lo`vcg}gcq majjgtge} vgtaom| oj

ha|}otq# }hgq |gg` }o |hitg |o`g |aàcita}ag| ìqdg rot}h cookaeb ae}o% ]o dg|} gxvcotg

|aàcita}ag| iem majjgtgelg| jazg viti`g}gt| oj lo`vita|oe itg |wbbg|}gm>

=%9% \aebcgeg|| oj vwtvo|g

Ae }hg jat|} vcilg }hg }ro lhitil}gt| wemgt lo`vita|oe |hor i zgtq lcgit za|aoe oj }hgat

ia`|% Ae }hg li|g oj Cimq @ildg}h# a} a| zgtq lcgit jot }hg iwmagelg }o |gg }hg |cor

ìewjil}wtg oj i vcie% ]hi} vcie racc wemgt eo latlw`|}ielg dg ic}gtgm> |hg racc eo} vgtà}

a}% Wecakg Cimq @ildg}h# hgt hw|diem hi| }hg i`da}aoe dw} vgthiv| eo} }hg lowtibg }o

lo`à} }hg hottam i||i||aei}aoe% ]hgtg lo`g| i ò`ge} rhge hg |gg`| }o bo dilk oe ha|

otabaeic rotm iem }gcc| ha| rajg }hi} }hgq racc vtolggm eo jwt}hgt ae }ha| dw|aeg|| (A%za%I} }ha| ò`ge}# Cimq @ildg}h mog| eo} hg|a}i}g }o ivvgic }o i rhocg it|geic oj thg}otal }o

loezaelg @ildg}h }hi} hgt vcie ri| }o dg }hg oecq lowt|g oj il}aoe }o joccor% I| ri|

accw|}ti}gm ae }hg ae}tomwl}aoe |hg ivvgic| }o gzgtq vo||adcg tg|owtlg @ildg}h| cozg jot

hgt# gzge ha| zataca}q }o rae @ildg}h ozgt }o hgt vcie% Hgt tow}g mog| eo} imà} ieq

vo||adcg mgzai}aoe%

\aàcitcq# @ibmi Bogddgc| a| zgtq lcgit idow} }hg `gieaeb oj cajg ij}gt }hg gem oj }hg ]hatm

Tgalh% Ae |gzgtic loezgt|i}aoe| }hi} |hg hi| ra}h |o`g oj }hg Jwhtgt| `ge# |hg tgjw|g| }o

illgv} }hg at imzalg }o cgizg Dgtcae a``gmai}gcq }o |izg hgt jiàcq iem hgt|gcj jto` }hg

aegxotidcg morejicc% \hg lcgitcq |}i}g| }hg |hg oecq }o |gg hgt lhacmtge btor ae }hg |olaic

|g}}aeb }hi} hgt Jwhtgt mtgi`} oj% Ae i maicobwg ra}h hgt jtagem Icdgt}# |hg dcwe}cq gxvtg||g|

hgt tgi|oe| dghaem hgt vcie>


11/18

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99

@IBMI BOGDDGC\

Icdgt}# A lie"} |}iem a} ieqòtg%

ICDGT]

Rhq moe"} qow cgizg ra}h }hg lhacmtge# @ibmi?

@IBMI BOGDDGC\

Cgizg? Iem bo rhgtg?

ICDGT]

A lie ittiebg jot qow }o dg }ikge }o \lhriegergtmgt dq ditbg% Qow lie hamg we}ac gzgtq}haeb"| ozgt% A}

roe"} dg coeb eor ieqriq%

@IBMI BOGDDGC\

A }howbh} idow} a}% @q lhacmtge lieeo} btor wv ae i rotcm ra}how} Ei}aoeic \olaica|`%

ICDGT]

]haek idow} a}% ]hg lhacmtge hizg i tabh} }o i jw}wtg%

@IBMI BOGDDGC\

Aj Ei}aoeic \olaica|` mag|# }hgtg racc dg eo jw}wtg%

ICDGT]

A lie"} dgcagzg qow tgiccq rie} }hi}%

@IBMI BOGDDGC\

Bo eor%

A} a| vtgla|gcq i} }ha| ò`ge} }hi} }hg iwmagelg vgtlgazg| }hi} hgt vcie ri| ìmg% Ic}howbh#

}hgtg itg eo maicobwg| ae }hg jac` |horaeb hgt hw|diem| vo||adcg tg}til}aoe# }hg matgl}ot

ìkg| i zgtq i zgtq |wd}cg w|g oj bg|}wtg iem jilaic gxvtg||aoe }o |wbbg|} }hi} No|gvh

Bogddgc| mog| eo} |gg` ge}atgcq tgimq }o illgv} }hi} icc ha| jazg lhacmtge itg }o dg vw} }o

mgi}h dgjotg }hgat |walamg% Jtiw Bogddgc| |aebcgeg|| oj vwtvo|g a| ltq|}ic-lcgit%


12/18

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94

Wecakg Cimq @ildg}h# |hg mog| eo} }ikg vcgi|wtg ae }hg jw}wtg tg|wc}| oj hgt vcie# eot mog|

|hg vgtlgazg ra}how} ieq |ge|g oj bwac}% Aemggm# do}h @ibmi iem hgt hw|diem lo`à}|walamg# iem vw}}aeb hgt lhacmtge }o |cggv a| |a`vcq vit} oj hgt rhocghgit}gmcq Ei~a

lo`à}`ge}% ]hgtg racc eo} dg ieqoeg ot ieq}haeb }hi} racc mitg ovvo|g hgt vcie%

=%4% Ralkgmeg|| iem Locm-dcoomgmeg||

I| tgbitm| ralkgmeg|| iem locm-dcoomgmeg|| a} a| vo||adcg }o ijjat` }hi} }hg|g

lhitil}gta|}al| itg |hitgm dq do}h lhitil}gt|% Cimq @ildg}h dgbae| }o geza|aoe }hg kaccaeb

oj Mwelie i| |ooe i| hgt hw|diem ittazg| ae }hg li|}cg% ]ha| a| icc }hg òtg |o rhge |hg a|

}ocm }hi} kaeb Mwelie a| loàeb }o |}iq i| }hg @ildg}h| bwg|} }hi} gzgeaeb% Rhge }ocm dq

hgt hw|diem }hi} }hg kaeb a| cgizaeb }hg joccoraeb miq# |hg mog| eo} hg|a}i}g }o w|g i zgtq

mitk `g}ivhot }o |wbbg|} i vcie ictgimq ìmg>

CIMQ @ILDG]H

O# egzgt

\hicc |we }hi} òttor |gg)

Qowt jilg# q }hieg# a| i| i dook rhgtg `ge

@iq tgim |}tiebg ì}}gt|% ]o dgbwacg }hg }a`g#

Cook cakg }hg }a`g; dgit rgclo`g ae qowt gqg#

Qowt hiem# qowt }oebwg> cook cakg }hg aeeolge} jcorgt#

Dw} dg }hg |gtvge} wemgt"}% Hg }hi}"| loàeb

@w|} dg vtozamgm jot> iem qow |hicc vw}

]ha| eabh}"| btgi} dw|aeg|| ae}o `q ma|vi}lh;

Rhalh |hicc }o icc owt eabh}| iem miq| }o lo`g

Bazg |ocgcq |ozgtgabe |riq iem i|}gtmo`%

(A%z%:2-22!


13/18

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9 |hg racc jat|} vw} }hg`

}o |cggv dq jotlaeb }hg` }o }ikg i |}toeb |cggvaeb |qtwv }o ci}gt vw}# rhge }hgq itg icc |}acc

i|cggv# }hg voa|oe zaic| ae|amg hgt lhacmtge| òw}h|% Cakg Cimq @ildg}h# @ibmi

Bogddgc| ralkgmeg|| cag| ae }hg jil} }hi} |hg keor| gxil}cq rhi} |hg a| moaeb%

Imma}aoeiccq# |hg a| i| locm-dcoomgm i| Cimq @ildg}h% ]hg ci}}gt eo} oecq hi| }o loezaelg

hgt hw|diem locmcq iem jat`cq# dw} ic|o eggm| }o bo }o }hg il}wic |lgeg oj }hg lta`g }o

tg}wte }hg mibbgt| }hi} @ildg}h à|}ikgecq dtowbh} }o }hg lowt}qitm% Jtiw Bogddgc|# ae i

|aàcit riq# |gg`| }o dg }hg oecq otlhg|}ti}ot oj }hg gzac vcie% ]hg jac` mog| eo} vtozamg

`wlh |vokge }gx} dw} }hg |gywgelg oj aìbg| |horaeb i |}weegm No|gvh Bogddgc| cg}| }hg

iwmagelg lcgitcq |gg rho|g vcie a} ri|%

=% }hg ò`ge} }hi} |hg tgim| }hg cg}}gt }hi} hgt

hw|diem hi| |ge} hgt# |hg ictgimq |gg| @ildg}h i| }hg jw}wtg kaeb oj \lo}ciem% Horgzgt# a}


14/18

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9=

a| ae}gtg|}aeb }o eo}g }hi} hgt i`da}aoe a| di|gm oe ie ilhagzg`ge} }hi} racc bcotajq hgt

hw|diem iem eo} hgt|gcj% ]hg iwmagelg egzgt hgit| Cimq @ildg}h gxvtg|| ieq jggcaeb| ojhivvaeg|| idow} hgt jw}wtg |}i}w| i| i kaeb| rajg> |hg racc mo a} icc jot @ildg}h# ot ow} oj

|o`g |}tiebg vgt|oeica}q ma|otmgt }o dg ma|lw||gm ci}gt%

Zgtq |aàcitcq# @ibmi Bogddgc| i`da}aoe a| eo} btowemgm oe hgt ore vgt|oeic |wllg||>

@ibmi| @ildg}h a| }hg Jhtgt# eo} hgt tgic hw|diem% \hg racc dg i jwcjaccgm ò}hgt aj |hg

|gg| hgt lhacmtge btor ra}hae }hg ]hatm Tgalh% Qg}# }hg lo`vcali}ot }hi} dtaeb| idow} hgt

morejicc a| }hg lgt}iae}q }hi} }hg ]hatm Tgalh a| |ooe loàeb }o ie gem% Hgt i`da}aoe

ltw|hgm; }hgtg a| oecq oeg }haeb cgj} }o mo> kacc hgt lhacmtge iem lo`à} |walamg ra}h hgt

hw|diem% Wecakg Cimq @ildg}h# @ibmi Bogddgc| lta`g a| eo} bgegti}gm dq i bocmge

jw}wtg ihgim% Ic}howbh i`da}aoe a| vtg|ge} ae do}h lhitil}gt|# a} a| ìeajg|}gm }htowbh }hg

mtgi` oj i jw}wtg ltore ae }hg \lo}}a|h }tibgmq# iem dq i lo`vcg}gcq co|} accw|aoe ae }hg

li|g oj @ibmi Bogddgc|%

=%=% @i|lwcaea}q iem moàeielg

Ae imma}aoe }o }hg ò}azi}aoe| }hi} ìkg }hg|g lhitil}gt| g`ditk oe i vit}alwcit lowt|g oj

il}aoe# a} |howcm dg a`vot}ie} }o od|gtzg }hi} do}h |}it} jto` i di|al vci}jot` oj jgàe aea}q%

Qg}# a} ìq dg od|gtzgm }hi} Cimq @ildg}h iem @ibmi Bogddgc| }gem }o joccor vi}}gte|

}hi} ìq dg loe|amgtgm mgzaie} jto` |olaiccq illgv}gm bgemgt |}iemitm|%

Cimq @ildg}h mgjaea}gcq |hor| i ìtkgm ì|lwcaeg i}}a}wmg }oritm| hgt hw|diem iem }hg

boic| }o dg ilhagzgm% ]hg iwmagelg lie |gg# jto` }hg dgbaeeaeb oj }hg vciq we}ac ij}gt

Dieywo| mgi}h# i |}toeb iem moàeggtaeb vgt|oeica}q% Cimq @ildg}h racc eo} iccor

ieq}haeb }o |}iem dg}rgge hgt iem hgt vcie|% A} a| }ha| ì|lwcaeg i}}a}wmg }hi} vtil}aliccq

vw|hg| @ildg}h ae}o i rajg- cakg tocg# iem ìkg| ha` vi||azgcq illgv} ha| rajg| mal}i}g|% Ae

i hw|diem-cakg ìeegt |hg |oo}haebcq }gcc| @ildg}h>

CIMQ @ILDG]H


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97

Oecq cook wv lcgit;

]o ic}gt jizowt gzgt a| }o jgit>

Cgizg icc }hg tg|} }o `g%

(A%z%21-89!

Jwt}hgtòtg# |hg ovgecq i|k| }hg jotlg| oj mitkeg|| }o we|gx hgt (A%z%=:!# rhalh a| i lcgit

ìeajg|}i}aoe oj hgt eggm }o biae zataca}q ae otmgt }o a`vo|g hgt moàeielg% ]ha| a| mwcq

ilkeorcgmbgm dq @ildg}h rhge hg gxlcia`|>

@ILDG]H

Dtaeb jot}h ge-lhacmtge oecq;

Jot }hq wemiwe}gm `g}}cg |howcm lo`vo|g

Eo}haeb dw} ìcg|%

(A%zaa%89-8

]hg li|g oj @ibmi Bogddgc| a| `wlh òtg |wd}cg }hie }hi} oj Cimq @ildg}h% Wecakg Cimq

@ildg}h# Jtiw Bogddgc| a| jat|} |gge dq }hg iwmagelg i| i zat}wow| ò}hgt oj jazg lhacmtge%Ic}howbh |hg egzgt |hor| i btgi} mgic oj }gemgteg||# a} a| zgtq majjalwc} i} ie gitcq |}ibg }o

jotg|gg }hg vcie }hi} cag| hammge ae ha| àem% I| }hg jac` wejocm|# hgt vgt|oeica}q dglo`g|

òtg lcgitcq za|adcg% Hicjriq }htowbh }hg jac`# a} a| gi|agt }o vgtlgazg }hi} }hg |aea|}gt vcie

|hg hi| mgza|gm a| hgt ore rotk# iem }hi} ca}}cg dq ca}}cg |hg racc biae lo`vcg}g loe}toc oj

}hg |a}wi}aoe% Horgzgt# gzge i} }ha| |}ibg# iem keoraeb rhi} |hg a| idow} }o mo# |hg a|

loebti}wci}gm dq }hg Jhtgt# iem aeeolge}cq (ot vgthiv| ò|} lqealiccq! tg|voem| ae }hg

joccoraeb riq>

HA]CGT

Qow"tg }hg dtizg|} o}hgt oj }hg Tgalh%

@IBMI BOGDDGC\

Jhtgt# qow img g }hg hivvag|} roìe ae Bgtìeq%


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9:

Oe }hg o}hgt hiem# No|gvh Bogddgc| vi||azgcq |}iem| dghaem hgt |}toeb-raccgm rajg#joccoraeb hgt i| i rajg rowcm joccor i hw|diem% Oecq# }ha| vi||azg jabwtg a| eo cg|| }hie

Ha}cgt| ò|} vorgtjwc àea|}gt# rhalh lcgitcq |hor| }hg mgbtgg oj ì|lwcaea~i}aoe ae

@ibmi| vgt|oeica}q> a} mgjaea}gcq |gg`| }hi} |hg hgt|gcj hi| mglamgm }o vw} icc hgt lhacmtge

}o |cggv# vo||adcq ra}h eo tgbitm jot hgt hw|diem| zagr|% Ij}gt icc a} a| @ibmi Bogddgc|

rho ijjat`| }hi} eo cajg a| vo||adcg ij}gt }hg gem oj }hg ]hatm Tgalh# eo} No|gvh%

=%7% Coqic}q

A} a| aemggm eo} |a`vcg }o mg}gl} ot }tilg Cimq @ildg}h| coqic}ag|# ic}howbh a} àbh} |gg`

lcgit }hi} |hg a| i jia}hjwc joccorgt oj hgt hw|diem% ]ha| a| ivvitge}cq |o# i| |hg a| cookaeb

jotritm }o @ildg}h| ittazic ae }hg li|}cg ae otmgt }o ma|lw|| i vcie ictgimq ìmg dq hgt

(iem gzamge}cq }howbh} idow} dq @ildg}h i| rgcc!% Horgzgt# a} |howcm dg eo}gm }hi} coeb

dgjotg }hg `wtmgt oj Mwelie# Cimq @ildg}h ivvgit| }o dg i |cizg }o hgt ore vtocgv}al

aìbaei}aoe# ie aìbaei}aoe }hi} jotlg| hgt }o hgcv ì}gtaica|g rhi}gzgt |hg hi| ictgimq

geza|aoegm% Ae}gtg|}aebcq# }ha| v|qlhocobalic loema}aoe dtaeb| hgt iriq jto` @ildg}h# iem

}hg iwmagelg a| eor welgt}iae i| }o rhgtg Cimq @ildg}h| coqic}ag| itg vcilgm% I| }a`g

bog| dq# hgt wehgic}hq jaxi}aoe dglo`g| lcgitgt i| hgt coqic}q }o ie i`da}aow| eodcgìe a|

btimwiccq od|lwtgm%

]hg li|g @ibmi Bogddgc| a| eo cg|| |a`vcg }hie }hi} oj Cimq @ildg}h% Ic}howbh |hg mog|

hizg i hw|diem |hg a| vtaìtacq jia}hjwc }o hgt Jhtgt }o }hg gx}ge} oj ìkaeb hgt ge}atg cajg

iem hgt jiàcq| mgvgem oe Ha}cgt% ]hg Jhtgt iem }hg ]hatm Tgalh itg }hg oecq

gcg`ge}| }hi} ì}}gt iem |hg egtzow|cq ri}lhg| }hg|g }ro gcg`ge}| ma|ae}gbti}g# keoraeb

}hi} }ha| racc ge}iac hgt ore ma|ae}gbti}aoe% @ibmi Bogddgc|# wecakg Cimq @ildg}h# hi| i

dcaem jia}h ae Ha}cgt iem rot|hav| ha` cakg i Bom% Oelg hg t cgimgt a| boeg# eo}haeb ae hgt

cajg hi| ieq `gieaeb%


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92

7% Loelcw|aoe|

Ae loelcw|aoe# iem ae tg|voe|g }o }hg vtaìtq jolw|# a} ìq dg vo||adcg }o ijjat` }hi} Cimq

@ildg}h iem @ibmi Bogddgc| aemggm gxhada} i |wtvta|aeb ew`dgt oj |aàcita}ag|% Ae }hg

jat|} vcilg# do}h ìeajg|} i lcgit |aebcgeg|| oj vwtvo|g ae hgt |aea|}gt vcie% \gloemcq# }hg|g

ro`ge itg locm-dcoomgm iem ralkgm ae }hgat il}aoe|# dq }hg bgegtic òtic |}iemitm| oj

}hgat |olao-ha|}otalic ò`ge}% ]hatmcq# a} lie gi|acq dg |gge }hi} ega}hgt oj }hg` |gg`| }o

vwt|wg ie i`da}aoe oj hgt ore# di|gm oe jotg|gge vgt|oeic |wllg||% Jowt}hcq# do}h

lhitil}gt| ivvgit }o mgzai}g jto` }hg |}iemitm| oj jgàeaea}q oj }hgat ibg# |aelg }hgq tgzgic

i ìtkgmcq ì|lwcaeg dghizaowt% Ci|}cq# Cimq @ildg}h iem @ibmi Bogddgc| |gg` }o dg

}twcq coqic }o }hg ]hieg oj Bcià| iem }o }hg Bgtìe Jhtgt tg|vgl}azgcq# ic}howbh |o`g

aemali}ot| lie dg vgtlgazgm }hi} }hg lo`vcgxa}ag| oj Cimq @ildg}h| vgt|oeica}q vtodidcq

eggm i `wlh mggvgt v|qlhoieicq}al gxvcoti}aoe# ow}|amg }hg |lovg oj }hg vtg|ge} vivgt%

Ae tgbitm }o }hg |gloemitq jolw|# a} rowcm dg a`vo||adcg }o i||gt} }hi} }hg loe|}twl}aoe oj

lhitil}gt oj @ibmi Bogddgc| ri| il}wiccq di|gm oe \hikg|vgitg| Cimq @ildg}h# bazge

}hi} }hg |aàcita}ag| gxvcotgm rowcm eo} zicami}g |wlh ie ozgti`da}aow| loelcw|aoe% Oe }hg

o}hgt hiem# }hgtg a| eo lcgit gzamgelg oj i lo`vcg}g id|gelg oj \hikg|vgitaie aejcwgelg| ae

Ocazgt Hatlhdagbgc| jac`% Mt \i`wgc Nohe|oe (la}gm ae Eg|da} 4667! a| tgvot}gm }o hizg

oelg |}i}gm>

[\hikg|vgitgP hi| dgge aà}i}gm dq icc |wllggmaeb rta}gt|; iem a} ìq dg mowd}gm

rhg}hgt jto` icc ha| |wllg||ot| òtg ìxa`| oj }hgotg}alic keorcgmbg# ot òtg

twcg| oj vtil}alic vtwmgelg lie dg loccgl}gm }hie hg icoeg hi| bazge }o ha| lowe}tq

Hgelg# }hg weazgt|ica}q oj \hikg|vgitg| òmgc| rowcm ìkg a} a`vo||adcg }o ijjat` }hi}

}hg |}toeb ae}gt}gx}wic vtg|gelg oj }hg Gebca|h vog} a| eo} }tilgidcg ae ieq ca}gtitq rotk

rta}}ge ij}gt ha| miq%


18/18

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98

:% Tgjgtgelg|

Hatlhdagbgc# O% (Matgl}ot! (4667!%Mgt We}gtbieb% [MZMP% Bgt`ieq> ]tie|gwtovi%

Co}}# D% (Gm%!% (9126!% ]hg ]tibgmq oj @ildg}h dq Raccai` \hikg|vgitg (Egr \rie

\hikg|vgitg!% Egr Qotk> Ri|haeb}oe \ywitg Vtg||%

Cwmorqk# G%J%L% (91:4!% Wemgt|}iemaeb \hikg|vgitg% Li`dtambg> Li`dtambg Weazgt|a}q

Vtg||%

Eg|da}# G% (4667!% Dgiw}ajwc \}otag| jto` \hikg|vgitg% [oecaegP Iziacidcg i}> h}}v>// rrr%

rotcmramg|lhooc% otb/ cadtitq/ dook|/ca}/ |hikg|vgitg/

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Mariela Zapata Paper Final Version[1][2]