Upload
marie-bourguignon
View
173
Download
2
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
KENAF, A POTENTIAL ALTERNATIVE AND MULTI-PURPOSES BIOMASS CROP
Yield, Morphology, Composition, and Quantity and Quality of Pyrolysis Products from Kenaf Grown in Iowa
Iowa State University
Marie Bourguignon, Department of Agronomy
Ken Moore, Department of Agronomy
Robert Brown, BRT Department
ASA-CSSA-SSSA ConferencesLong Beach, CA
November 3rd, 2014
What we know about Hibiscus cannabinus?
FIBER
FEED
FUEL
Bast
Core
? ?
What we do NOT know about kenaf?
• Annual multi-purposes crop
• Similar to tree: high content in cellulose and hemicellulose
• High biomass potential and high heat of combustion
• Alternative land use, other than corn and soybean biodiversity!
• Carbon sequester potential
• No disease issues in northern latitude but no viable seed development
Why kenaf could be an alternative crop ?
1. Highlight the kenaf varieties that lead to optimal yield in Iowa
2. Highlight the kenaf varieties that lead to optimal fiber morphology and quality in Iowa
3. Evaluate the potential of bast and core fibers of selected kenaf varieties as biorenewable resource for energy or fuel
Main Goals of this Inter-Disciplinary Project
• 8 varieties: ‘Dowling’, ‘Everglade 41’, ‘Everglade 71’, ‘Gregg’, ‘PF2’, ‘SF459’, ‘Tainung 2’, ‘Whitten’
• RCBD with 4 replications, 2004 – 2007
• SAS 9.3, proc glm
Material and Methods
OBJECTIVE I : Highlight the kenaf varieties that lead to optimal yield in Iowa
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108
Dowling Everglades 71 Gregg SF459 Everglades 41 Whitten Tainung 2 PF2
201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208
Gregg SF459 Dowling Everglades 41 Tainung 2 Whitten Everglades 71 PF2
301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308
Tainung 2 PF2 Dowling Everglades 71 Gregg Everglades 41 Whitten SF459
401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408
Everglades 71 Dowling Whitten PF2 Tainung 2 Gregg SF459 Everglades 41
Yield (kg/ha) Population (plant/a)
P-value 0.0005 <.0001
2004 8037 (c) 64180 (d)
2005 10969 (a) 158611 (a)
2006 8651 (c) 91647 (c)
2007 10072 (b) 131935 (b)
http://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/climodat/index.phtml?network=IACLIMATE&station=IA0200&report=17
Results: Yield, Population and Climate
OBJECTIVE I : Highlight the kenaf varieties that lead to optimal yield in Iowa
MonthJa
nuar
y
Febru
ary
Mar
chApr
ilM
ay
June Ju
ly
Aug
ust
Sep
tem
ber
Octob
er
Nov
embe
r
Dec
embe
r
Avera
ge T
em
pera
ture
(o
F)
0
20
40
60
80
Cum
ula
tive P
recip
itation (
In)
0
5
10
15
20
252004
2005
2006
2007
30 years long-termTemperature
Precipitation
Results: Yield and Population
OBJECTIVE I : Highlight the kenaf varieties that lead to optimal yield in Iowa
Dowlin
g
Everg
l41
Everg
l71
Gre
ggPF2
SF459 T2
Whitt
en
Yie
ld (
kg
/ha
)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000Variety: p-value = 0.013
AB ABCBC
BC
D
CD
A
BC
Results: Morphology
P-value 2004 2005
Stem Diameter 0.0364 14.4 cm 12.4 cm
Leaf:Stem 0.0041 0.47 0.38
The morphology and chemical composition of kenaf were influenced by year and variety factors, but in different ways.
OBJECTIVE II : Highlight the kenaf varieties that lead to optimal fiber morphology and quality in Iowa
Results: Morphology
OBJECTIVE II : Highlight the kenaf varieties that lead to optimal fiber morphology and quality in Iowa
Dow
ling
Eve
rgl4
1
Eve
rgl7
1
Gre
ggPF2
SF45
9 T2
Whitt
en
Ste
m H
eig
ht
(cm
)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300Variety: p-value = 0.0300
Dow
ling
Eve
rgl4
1
Eve
rgl7
1
Gre
ggPF2
SF45
9 T2
Whitt
en
Co
re:B
as
t R
ati
o
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5Variety: p-value = 0.0003
Results: Chemical Composition
OBJECTIVE II : Highlight the kenaf varieties that lead to optimal fiber morphology and quality in Iowa
Lig
nin
C
om
po
sit
ion
(%
)
0
20
40
60
80
Cellu
lose
Co
mp
osit
ion
(%
)
0
20
40
60
80
Dow
ling
Eve
rgl4
1
Eve
rgl7
1
Gre
gg
PF2
SF45
9
T2 Whitt
en
Hem
icellu
lose
Co
mp
osit
ion
(%
)
0
20
40
60
80 Bast
Core
Bast: p-value = 0.0011Core: p-value = NS
Bast: p-value = NSCore: p-value = 0.0023
Bast: p-value = NSCore: p-value = NS
OBJECTIVE III : Evaluate the potential of bast and core fibers of 5 selected kenaf varieties as biorenewable resource for energy or fuel
Material and Methods • 5 varieties: ‘Dowling’, ‘Everglade 41’,
‘Gregg’, ‘Tainung 2’, ‘Whitten’, ‘Tainung 2’
• Bast, Core
• 2004, 2005
• Micro-pyrolyzer-GC-FID:• Column UA 1701
• 40 °C for 3 min 250 °C for 6 min
OBJECTIVE III : Evaluate the potential of bast and core fibers of 5 selected kenaf varieties as biorenewable resource for energy or fuel
Results: Quality & Quantity of Bio-Products
Time (Minutes)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Co
un
ts
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000ABCDEF
I
J
GH
KL
OPQ
R
S
T
U
V
W
MN
Time (Minutes)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Co
un
ts
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000ABEF
H
KL
Q
W
M
OBJECTIVE III : Evaluate the potential of bast and core fibers of 5 selected kenaf varieties as biorenewable resource for energy or fuel
Results: Quality & Quantity of Bio-Products
• Most of the time, core produced more of these compounds than bast
• Dramatic for peak K
Peaks
A B E F H K L M Q W
Co
un
ts
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000Bast
Core
Stem Component: p-value < 0.05
OBJECTIVE III : Evaluate the potential of bast and core fibers of 5 selected kenaf varieties as biorenewable resource for energy or fuel
Results: Quality & Quantity of Bio-Products
• All varieties vary in terms of quantity of A and Q compounds
• What are those compounds? Are they valuable for bioenergy? Economically?
Year * Variety: p-value < 0.05
A Q
2004 2005 2004 2005
Co
un
ts
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000Dowling
Everglades 41
Gregg
Tainung 2
Whitten
• Yield: Tainung 2, Dowling, Everglades 41 seem to be the most promising
• Quality and quantity of fibers:• Stem height and core:bast ratio are variety dependent
• Best for Tainung 2 and Whitten
• Pyrolysis products:• Some clear differences between core and bast
• Less clear differences between varieties
• More mass spectrometry work to do!
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
• Dr. Ken Moore & his team:• Roger Hintz
• Trish Patrick
• Jérémie Bouriot
• Dani Wilson, Pedro Infanteand Zaib Muhammad
• Dr. Robert Brown & his team
• Ryan Smith
• Rajeeva Thilakaratne
• Kwang Kim
• Committee• Dr. Sotirios Archontoulis
• Dr. Andrew Lenssen
• Dr. Douglas Stokke
• Dr. Ben Goff
THANK YOU!
Questions?
Iowa State University
Marie Bourguignon, Department of Agronomy