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Biodiversity Offsets A tool for Environmental Management and Biodiversity Conservation. Marianne Darbi, IÖR Dresden TOP Biodiversity Conference, 3-4 June 2010, Larnaca. 1/27. Outline. Background Characteristics of Biodiversity Offsets Kinds of Biodiversity Offsets a) Mandatory - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Biodiversity Offsets – a tool for Environmental Management and Biodiversity ConservationIÖR Dresden, Germany, Marianne Darbi, TOP Biodiversity Conference, 3-4 June, Larnaca
Marianne Darbi, IÖR Dresden
TOP Biodiversity Conference, 3-4 June 2010, Larnaca
Biodiversity OffsetsA tool for Environmental Management and Biodiversity Conservation
1/27
Biodiversity Offsets – a tool for Environmental Management and Biodiversity ConservationIÖR Dresden, Germany, Marianne Darbi, TOP Biodiversity Conference, 3-4 June, Larnaca
Outline
1. Background
2. Characteristics of Biodiversity Offsets
3. Kinds of Biodiversity Offsets
a) Mandatory
b) Voluntary
4. Criticism
5. Potentials
6. Conclusion
2/27
Biodiversity Offsets – a tool for Environmental Management and Biodiversity ConservationIÖR Dresden, Germany, Marianne Darbi, TOP Biodiversity Conference, 3-4 June, Larnaca
1. Background
3/27
Biodiversity Offsets – a tool for Environmental Management and Biodiversity ConservationIÖR Dresden, Germany, Marianne Darbi, TOP Biodiversity Conference, 3-4 June, Larnaca
1. Land Use Change and Land Take
Urban sprawl and settlement
Intensification of agriculture and abandonment of traditional land management
forms
Infrastructure
2. Emission of pollutants e.g. increased use of pesticides and fertilizers
3. Overexploitation:
Tourism
Forestry
Fisheries
4. Invasive Species
5. Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Emission
Driving Forces for ongoing Biodiversity Loss
4/27
Biodiversity Offsets – a tool for Environmental Management and Biodiversity ConservationIÖR Dresden, Germany, Marianne Darbi, TOP Biodiversity Conference, 3-4 June, Larnaca
Need to restore Biodiversity
5/27
blabla Global Biodiversity Outlook 2006:
Increasing pressure on Species and Habitats
Biodiversity Loss
Value of Biodiversity for Human Wellbeing:
Economy and Society depend on nature and landscape
Mankind depends on products and services that Biodiversity provides
Beside conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity RESTORATION is a key principle to stop biodiversity decline.
Biodiversity Offsets – a tool for Environmental Management and Biodiversity ConservationIÖR Dresden, Germany, Marianne Darbi, TOP Biodiversity Conference, 3-4 June, Larnaca
2. Characteristics of Biodiversity Offsets
6/27
Biodiversity Offsets – a tool for Environmental Management and Biodiversity ConservationIÖR Dresden, Germany, Marianne Darbi, TOP Biodiversity Conference, 3-4 June, Larnaca
What are Biodiversity Offsets?
7/27
“Biodiversity Offsets are conservation
activities intended to compensate for the
residual, unavoidable harm to biodiversity
caused by development projects” ten Kate et al. 2004
“Biodiversity offsets seek to ensure that
unavoidable adverse environmental impacts
of development are counterbalanced by
environmental gains” Escorcio Bezerra 2006
Biodiversity
= Variety of species and
ecosystems as well as
genetic diversity
Polluter pays principle
Biodiversity Offsets – a tool for Environmental Management and Biodiversity ConservationIÖR Dresden, Germany, Marianne Darbi, TOP Biodiversity Conference, 3-4 June, Larnaca
Mitigation Hierarchy
8/27
Follow subsequent steps:
Step 1: avoid or prevent negative impacts on biodiversity
Step 2: address unavoidable impacts through minimization and
rehabilitation measures
Step 3: establish compensation measures („Biodiversity Offsets“) as a last
resort for residual adverse impacts: restitution or compensation payment
Biodiversity Offsets – a tool for Environmental Management and Biodiversity ConservationIÖR Dresden, Germany, Marianne Darbi, TOP Biodiversity Conference, 3-4 June, Larnaca
Functional and Spatial Equivalence
9/27
spatial characteristics:
functional characteristics:
OnOn-Site Compensation
OffOff-Site Compensation
InIn- Kind Compensation
Out ofOut of- Kind Compensation
Biodiversity Offsets – a tool for Environmental Management and Biodiversity ConservationIÖR Dresden, Germany, Marianne Darbi, TOP Biodiversity Conference, 3-4 June, Larnaca
Problem of Time Lag:
Aggregated Offsets: provision or concentration of compensation areas and measures
Problem of Sustainability
Monitoring and Follow Up to assure the effectiveness and long-term success of Biodiversity Offsets
Timing and Aggregated Offsets
10/27
Full Compensation
RestorationResidual Impact
Impact
Biodiversity Offsets – a tool for Environmental Management and Biodiversity ConservationIÖR Dresden, Germany, Marianne Darbi, TOP Biodiversity Conference, 3-4 June, Larnaca
MandatoryBiodiversity Offsets
VoluntaryBiodiversity Offsets
3. Kinds of Biodiversity Offsets
11/27
Biodiversity Offsets – a tool for Environmental Management and Biodiversity ConservationIÖR Dresden, Germany, Marianne Darbi, TOP Biodiversity Conference, 3-4 June, Larnaca
Mandatory Biodiversity Offsets
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Environmental Impact Assessment
German Impact Mitigation Regulation
US Wetland Mitigation Banking
Biodiversity Offsets – a tool for Environmental Management and Biodiversity ConservationIÖR Dresden, Germany, Marianne Darbi, TOP Biodiversity Conference, 3-4 June, Larnaca
German Impact Mitigation Regulation
13/27
Impact Mitigation Regulation (“Eingriffsregelung”) is the major landscape conservation instrument to
address mitigation and compensation for impacts from developments and projects in Germany:
entered into force as part of the Federal Nature Conservation Act 1976
comprehensive approach (for all impacts, on all scales, not restricted to specific areas)
2002 and 2009 amendments to the Federal Nature Conservation Act: loosening of spatial and
functional connection between impact and compensation
compensation pools: provision and bundling of compensation sites and measures
Biodiversity Offsets – a tool for Environmental Management and Biodiversity ConservationIÖR Dresden, Germany, Marianne Darbi, TOP Biodiversity Conference, 3-4 June, Larnaca
Voluntary Biodiversity Offsets
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In contrast to Mandatory Biodiversity Offsets, Voluntary Biodiversity Offsets are implemented without prior obligation, in response to the growing public pressure on corporations and
governments to demonstrate that they are addressing the environmental impacts of their activities.
Biodiversity Offsets – a tool for Environmental Management and Biodiversity ConservationIÖR Dresden, Germany, Marianne Darbi, TOP Biodiversity Conference, 3-4 June, Larnaca
The business case for Biodiversity Offsets
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License to operate
Access to land and resources, acceleration of licensing procedures, avoidance of costly delays, influence on
emerging environmental regulation and policy
Reputation Good PR, enhanced reputation and „social license to operate“, better relationship with local communities, governmental regulators, environmental groups and
other stakeholders
Access to capital
Higher standards of international financial and funding institutions
Efficiency Management of social and environmental risks and liabilities
New markets Competitive advantage as „First mover“
Biodiversity Offsets – a tool for Environmental Management and Biodiversity ConservationIÖR Dresden, Germany, Marianne Darbi, TOP Biodiversity Conference, 3-4 June, Larnaca
Business and Biodiversity Offset Program
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Partnership of: companies, scientists, NGOs, government agencies,
research institutes and financial institutions
Focus on: compensation for impacts on biodiversity
Aim to: mainstream concept of „No Net Loss“ of biodiversity into
development projects
Results of Phase 1 (2004-2009): Biodiversity Offset handbooks
Website: http://bbop.forest-trends.org
Biodiversity Offsets – a tool for Environmental Management and Biodiversity ConservationIÖR Dresden, Germany, Marianne Darbi, TOP Biodiversity Conference, 3-4 June, Larnaca
4. Criticism of Biodiversity Offsets
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Biodiversity Offsets – a tool for Environmental Management and Biodiversity ConservationIÖR Dresden, Germany, Marianne Darbi, TOP Biodiversity Conference, 3-4 June, Larnaca
License to trash
18/27
When is an offset appropriate?
Distinguish between
offsettable and not
offsettable impacts
Criteria: irreplaceability,
vulnerability etc.
Need to define thresholds
Biodiversity Offsets – a tool for Environmental Management and Biodiversity ConservationIÖR Dresden, Germany, Marianne Darbi, TOP Biodiversity Conference, 3-4 June, Larnaca
How to ensure equivalence between impact and offset?
Problem to measure and value biodiversity
Different „currencies“
Indirect and cumulative impacts
Multitude of existing evaluation
and balancing methods
Comparing apples and oranges
19/27
Biodiversity Offsets – a tool for Environmental Management and Biodiversity ConservationIÖR Dresden, Germany, Marianne Darbi, TOP Biodiversity Conference, 3-4 June, Larnaca
How long lasts perpetuity?
20/27
Duration of impacts vs. Duration of offsets
Short and long-term impacts
Temporary and permanent impacts
Criteria: reversitbility, feasibility etc.
In practice different timeframes
are applied
Biodiversity Offsets should last
as long as the impairment
persists
need for Follow Up
Biodiversity Offsets – a tool for Environmental Management and Biodiversity ConservationIÖR Dresden, Germany, Marianne Darbi, TOP Biodiversity Conference, 3-4 June, Larnaca
Shift of responsibility
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What are the physical and financial compensation means used for?
Negative use: MERE use for the
management and maintenance
of existing protected areas
Biodiversity Offsets should not
replace Conservation and other
obligations of governmental bodies
(Nature Conservation Authorities etc.)
Biodiversity Offsets – a tool for Environmental Management and Biodiversity ConservationIÖR Dresden, Germany, Marianne Darbi, TOP Biodiversity Conference, 3-4 June, Larnaca
5. Potentials of Biodiversity Offsets
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Biodiversity Offsets – a tool for Environmental Management and Biodiversity ConservationIÖR Dresden, Germany, Marianne Darbi, TOP Biodiversity Conference, 3-4 June, Larnaca
Trading up
23/27
Preference for „in kind“ offsetting
However sometimes not feasible
or not effective
Trading up: substituting a less
valuable asset by an asset that
is more valuable in terms of
either its quality or quantity
Biodiversity Offsets – a tool for Environmental Management and Biodiversity ConservationIÖR Dresden, Germany, Marianne Darbi, TOP Biodiversity Conference, 3-4 June, Larnaca
Landscape Level Planning and Green Networks
24/27
Small sites can require a disproportionate effort of management
and sometimes not prove to be efffective
Landscape and habitat pattern
Advantages of Aggregated Offsets
and Banking: Compensation Pools
and Mitigation Banks are effective
instruments to implement Biodiversity
Offsets with a minimum of land
consumption, bureaucracy and
costs and a maximum of nature
conservation value
Biodiversity Offsets – a tool for Environmental Management and Biodiversity ConservationIÖR Dresden, Germany, Marianne Darbi, TOP Biodiversity Conference, 3-4 June, Larnaca
6. Conclusion
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Biodiversity Offsets – a tool for Environmental Management and Biodiversity ConservationIÖR Dresden, Germany, Marianne Darbi, TOP Biodiversity Conference, 3-4 June, Larnaca
What is the role of Biodiversity Offsets in the future?
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Business/MarketRegulation/Government
People/Society
Biodiversity Offsets
Biodiversity Offsets – a tool for Environmental Management and Biodiversity ConservationIÖR Dresden, Germany, Marianne Darbi, TOP Biodiversity Conference, 3-4 June, Larnaca
Thank you for your attention!
Leibniz Institute of Ecological and Regional Development Marianne Darbi
Weberplatz 1 Fon: 0049 351 463 42356
01217 Dresden Fax : 0049 351 4679 212
www.ioer.de E-Mail: [email protected]
27/27
What would you do with this? And with this?