Maria I of Portugal

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Maria I of PortugalFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Maria I" redirects here. For other uses, seeMary I.

For other people of the same name, seeMaria of Portugal.

Maria I

D. Maria I;Miguel Antnio do Amaral, 1777

Queen of Portugal and the Algarveslater

Queen of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and

the Algarves

Reign 24 February 1777 20 March 1816

Predecessor Joseph I

Successor John VI

Regent John, Prince Regent(17921816)

Spouse Peter III of Portugal
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details...

Issue

Jos, Prince of Brazil

John VI of Portugal

Infanta Mariana Victoria

Full name

Maria Francisca Isabel Josefa Antnia Gertrudes Rita Joana

House House of Braganza

Father Joseph I of Portugal

Mother Mariana Victoria of Spain

Born 17 December 1734

Ribeira Palace,Kingdom of Portugal

Died 20 March 1816 (aged 81)

Rio de Janeiro,Kingdom of Brazil

Burial Estrela Basilica, Lisbon, Portugal

Religion Roman Catholic

Maria I (English: Mary I) (17 December 1734 20 March 1816) wasQueen of Portugal,Brazil,and

the Algarves. Known as Maria the Pious (in Portugal), orMaria the Mad (in Brazil), she was the first

undisputedQueen regnantof Portugal. Her reign would be a noteworthy one. WithNapoleon's

European conquests, her court, then under the direction of Prince Dom Joo, the Prince Regent,

moved to the then Portuguese colony of Brazil. Later on, Brazil would be elevated from the rank of a

colony to that of a Kingdom, the Kingdom of Brazil, with the consequential formation of the United

Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.

Contents

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1 Early life

o 1.1 Growing up with the Marquis

2 Reign

o 2.1 Down with Pombal

3 Mental deterioration

4 Napoleonic Wars

o 4.1 Transfer to Brazil

5 Death and Legacy

6 Titles, Honours, and styles

o 6.1 Titles and Styles

o 6.2 Honours

7 Marriage and Issue 8 Ancestry

9 See also

10 Bibliography

11 References

12 External links

Early life[edit]

D. Maria Francisca,Princess of Beira,Duchess of Barcelos;Pavona; 1739.

Maria was born at theRibeira Royal PalaceinLisbon. Maria was baptized Maria Francisca Isabel

Josefa Antnia Gertrudes Rita Joana. On the day of her birth, her grandfather, KingJoo V ofPortugal, created her thePrincess of Beira. She was the eldest of all her siblings.
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ria_I_of_Portugal#Down_with_Pombalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal#Reignhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal#Growing_up_with_the_Marquishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal#Early_life


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When her father succeeded to the throne in 1750 asJos I, Maria became his heiress presumptive

and was given the traditional titles ofPrincess of BrazilandDuchess of Braganza.

Growing up with the Marquis[edit]

Maria would grow up in a time when her father's government and country were dominated completely

by the firstMarquis of Pombal. Her father would often retire to theQueluz National Palacewhich was

later given to Maria and her husband.

The Marquis took control of the government after the terrible1755 Lisbon earthquakeof 1 November

1755, in which around 100,000 people lost their lives; the palace of her birth was also destroyed in

the disaster.

After the earthquake, her father was often uncomfortable at the thought of staying in enclosed

spaces and later hadclaustrophobia. The king later had a palace built in Ajuda, away from the city

centre. This palace became known as Real Barraca de Ajuda (Royal Complex at Ajuda) because it

was made of wood. The family would spend much time at the large palace and it was the birthplace

of Maria's first child. In 1794 the palace burned to the ground andAjuda National Palacewas built in

its place.

In 1760 Maria married her uncle Pedro, younger brother of her father Jose I. They had six children, of

whom the eldest surviving son succeeded Maria as Joo VI on her death in 1816.

Reign[edit]

Maria Francisca Isabel, Princess of Brazil;Francisco Vieira de Matos, 1753.

In 1777, she became the first undisputedqueen regnant of Portugal and the Algarves. With Maria's

accession, her husband became king as Peter III. Despite Peter's status as king and the nominal
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joint reign, the actual regal authority was vested solely in Maria[citation needed]

as she was the lineal heir

of the Crown; also, as Peter's kingship was iure uxoris only, in the event of Maria's death, his reign

would cease, and the Crown would pass to Maria's descendants. However, Peter would predecease

his wife. Maria is considered as having been a good ruler in the period prior to her madness.

Down with Pombal[edit]

Her first act as queen was to dismiss the popularSecretary of State of the Kingdom, theMarquis of

Pombal, who had broken the power of the reactionary aristocracy via theTavora affair, partially

because of Pombal's Enlightenment, anti-Jesuit policies.

Noteworthy events of this period were Portugal's membership of theLeague of Armed

Neutrality(July 1782) and the 1781 cession ofDelagoa BayfromAustriato Portugal.

Queen Maria suffered from religious mania andmelancholia. This acute mental illness (perhaps due

toporphyria, which also may have taintedGeorge III of the United Kingdom) made her incapable of

handling state affairs after 1792.[1]

Mental deterioration[edit]

Her madness was first officially noticed in 1786 when Maria had to be carried back to her apartments

in a state of delirium. The queen's mental state became increasingly worse. In May 1786 her

husband died; Maria was devastated and forbade any court entertainments.

According to a contemporary[who?]

the state festivities resembled religious ceremonies. Her state

worsened after the death of her eldest son (and heir-apparent), aged 27, from smallpox, and of her

confessor, in 1791.

In February 1792, she was deemed as mentally insane and was treated byFrancis Willis, the same

physician who attended George III of the United Kingdom. Willis wanted to take her to England, but

that was refused by the Portuguese court. Maria's second son (eldest surviving) and new heir-

apparent,John, took over the government in her name, even though he only took the title of Prince

Regent in 1799.[2]

When the Real Barraca de Ajuda burnt down in 1794, the court was forced to move to Queluz, where

the ill queen would lie in her apartments all day and visitors would complain of terrible screams that

would echo throughout the palace.

Napoleonic Wars[edit]
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Portrait of the Queen Dona Maria I with a Crown,Giuseppe Troni, 1783.

In 1801, the Spanish Prime Minister,Manuel de Godoy, Prince of the Peace, invaded Portugal with

backing fromNapoleon. He was later forced to abandon the campaign that same year. Though the

Spanish ceased their invasion, theTreaty of Badajozon 6 June 1801 forced Portugal to

cedeOlivenaand part ofGuyanato Spain. This cession is not recognized by the present

government and Portugal officially considers those territories to still be Portuguese.

The refusal of the Portuguese government to join theContinental Blockadeagainst Britain

culminated in the 1807 Franco-Spanish invasion led byGeneral Junot.

The ultimate Napoleonic plan for Portugal was to split it into three sections. The northern parts of

Portugal, from the Douro to the Minho, would become the Kingdom of Northern Lusitania, and its

throne was promised toKing Carlo Lodovico II of Etruria. TheAlentejo ProvinceandKingdom of the

Algarvewould be put together to form the Principality of the Algarves, of which Spanish Prime

Minister Manuel de Godoy would be sovereign. The remaining portion of Portugal would have been

directly ruled by France.

Transfer to Brazil[edit]

Main article:Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil

At the urging of theBritishgovernment, on 29 November 1807, the entireBraganzadynasty decided

to flee toBrazilto establish a Cortes-in-exile, in thePortuguese Viceroyalty of Brazil.

Along with the Royal Family, she was transported aboard thenauPrncipe Real. During her move

from the Royal palace to the docks she was heard screaming throughout the trip, in the middle of the

crowd and in the carriage. The Queen'sdementiawas so great that she feared that she was going to

be tortured or robbed during her movement by her servants.
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Dona Maria I, Queen of Portugal; Jos Leandro de Carvalho, 1808.

In January 1808, Prince Regent Joo and his court arrived inSalvador da Bahia. After his arrival and

persistence by local aristocracy and the British, the Prince Regent signed a commercial regulation

that opened commerce between Brazil and friendly nations, which in this case represented England.

This important law broke the colonial pact that, until then, only allowed Brazil to maintain direct

commercial relations with Portugal.

On 1 August 1808, the British GeneralArthur Wellesley(laterDuke of Wellington) landed a British

army in Lisbon and thus initiated thePeninsular War. Wellesley's initial victory over Junot

atVimeiro(21 August 1808) was wiped out by his superiors in theConvention of Cintra(30 August

1808).

Nevertheless, Wellesley (now Lord Wellington) returned to Portugal on 22 April 1809 to recommence

the campaign. Portuguese forces under British command distinguished themselves in the defence of

thelines of Torres Vedras(18091810) and in the subsequent invasion of Spain and France.

In 1815, Prince Regent Joo government elevated Brazil to the status of a kingdom, and Maria I was

proclaimed the Queen of theUnited Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. When Napoleon

was finally defeated in 1815, Maria and her family remained in Brazil.

Death and Legacy[edit]

Incapacitated, Maria lived in Brazil for eight years, always in an unhappy state. In 1816, the Queen

died at the Carmo Convent inRio de Janeiroat the age of 81. After her death, Prince Regent Joo

was acclaimed the King of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves and had her body was returned to
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Lisbon, and interned in a mausoleum in theEstrela Basilica(Portuguese:Basilica da Estrela), that

she had helped found.

Maria is a greatly admired figure in both Brazil and Portugal, due to the tremendous changes and

events that took place during her reign. In Portugal, she is celebrated as a strong female figure. Herlegacy shines at Portugal'sQueluz National Palace, a baroque-roccoco masterpiece that she helped

conceive. A large statue of her stands in front of the palace, and apousadanear the palace is named

in her honour. A large marble statue of the Queen was erected at thePortuguese National Libraryin

Lisbon, by the students of Joaquim Machado de Castro.

In Brazil, she is admired as a key figure in the eventual independence of Brazil. It is during her reign,

though acted through her son's regency, that many of the institutions and organizations in Brazil

were created. These institutions were the precursors to their modern day equivalents and granted

large degree of power to the Brazilian colonials. While she is often called A Louca (the Crazy) inBrazil, Brazilian and Portuguese historic scholars hold her in high esteem.

Titles, Honours, and styles[edit]

Royal styles of

Maria I of Portugal

Reference style Her Most Faithful Majesty

Spoken style Your Most Faithful Majesty

Alternative style Ma'am

Titles and Styles[edit]

Main article:List of titles and honours of the Portuguese Crown

17 December 1734 31 July 1750Her Royal HighnessThe Princess of Beira, Duchess of

Barcelos

31 July 1750 24 February 1777Her Royal Highness The Princess of Brazil, Duchess of

Braganza
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24 February 1777 16 December 1815Her Most Faithful MajestyThe Queen of Portugal and

the Algarves

16 December 1815 20 March 1816Her Most Faithful MajestyThe Queen of the United

Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves

The official styling from her accession till 1815 was:

By the Grace of God, Maria I, Queen of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa,

Lady of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India,

etc

With the creation of the Kingdom of Brazil, her style changed to:

By the Grace of God, Maria I, Queen of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves, of

either side of the sea in Africa, Lady of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of

Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India, etc.

Honours[edit]

As Queen of Portugal, Maria was Grand Mistress of the following Portuguese Orders:

Order of Christ

Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz

Order of Saint James of the Sword

Order of the Tower and Sword

Marriage and Issue[edit]

Maria married her uncle,Infante Pedro of Braganzaon 6 June 1760. At the time of their marriage,

Maria was 25 and Pedro was 42. Despite the age gap, the couple had a happy marriage. Peter

automatically became co-monarch (as Pedro III of Portugal) when Maria ascended the throne, as a

child had already been born from their marriage. The couple had six children and a stillborn baby.

Name Birth Death Notes

Jos, Prince

of Brazil

20 August

1761

11

September

1788

Jos Francisco Xavier de Paula Domingos

Antnio Agostinho AnastciomarriedInfanta

Benedita of Portugaland had no issue. His

death lead to his younger brother becoming

heir-apparent and later king.

Joo de

Bragana

20 October

1762

20 October

1762

Joo was a still born baby, born at theAjuda

National Palace.
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Joo

Francisco de

Bragana

16

September

1763

10 October

1763

Joo Francisco de Paula Domingos Antnio

Carlos Cipriano was born at theAjuda

National Palace.

Joo VI13 May

1767

10 March

1826

Joo Maria Jos Francisco Xavier de Paula

Lus Antnio Domingos RafaelmarriedCarlota

Joaquina of Spainand had issue. He wasKing

of Portugaland TitularEmperor of Brazil.

Mariana

Victoria de

Bragana

15

December

1768

2

November

1788

Maria Ana Vitria Josefa Francisca Xavier de

Paula Antonieta Joana Domingas

Gabriela marriedInfante Gabriel of Spainand

had issue.

Maria

Clementina

de Bragana

9 June 177427 June

1776

Maria Clementina Francisca Xavier de Paula

Ana Josefa Antnia Domingas Feliciana

Joana Michaela Julia de Bragana was born

at theQueluz National Palace.

Maria Isabel

de Bragana

12

December

1766

14 January

1777

Maria Isabelwas born at theQueluz National

Palace.

Ancestry[edit]

[show]Ancestors of Maria I of Portugal

See also[edit]

List of mentally ill monarchs

Bibliography[edit]

Cheke, Marcus (1947).Carlota Joaquina, Queen of Portugal. London, England: Sidgewick &

Jackson.

Benevides, Francisco da Fonseca.Rainhas de Portugal: Estudo Historico - Volume I. Lisbon,

Portugal: Typographia Castro Irmo.

Benevides, Francisco da Fonseca.Rainhas de Portugal: Estudo Historico - Volume II. Lisbon,

Portugal: Typographia Castro Irmo.

Gomes, Laurentino(2007).1808 How a mad queen, a coward prince and a corrupt court

fooled Napoleon and changed the History of Portugal and Brazil. Planeta. (Portuguese)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajuda_National_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajuda_National_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajuda_National_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajuda_National_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_VIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlota_Joaquina_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlota_Joaquina_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlota_Joaquina_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlota_Joaquina_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Mariana_Victoria_of_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Mariana_Victoria_of_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Mariana_Victoria_of_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Mariana_Victoria_of_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infante_Gabriel_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infante_Gabriel_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infante_Gabriel_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queluz_National_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queluz_National_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queluz_National_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queluz_National_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queluz_National_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queluz_National_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal?veaction=edit&vesection=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal?veaction=edit&vesection=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal?veaction=edit&vesection=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal?veaction=edit&vesection=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal?veaction=edit&vesection=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal?veaction=edit&vesection=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mentally_ill_monarchshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mentally_ill_monarchshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal?veaction=edit&vesection=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal?veaction=edit&vesection=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal?veaction=edit&vesection=15http://books.google.ca/books?id=cPrxpypP7XYC&pg=PA203&dq=exile+miguel+portugal&hl=en&ei=ATKVTJvAC9DeOIWw7KMK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=miguel&f=falsehttp://books.google.ca/books?id=cPrxpypP7XYC&pg=PA203&dq=exile+miguel+portugal&hl=en&ei=ATKVTJvAC9DeOIWw7KMK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=miguel&f=falsehttp://books.google.ca/books?id=cPrxpypP7XYC&pg=PA203&dq=exile+miguel+portugal&hl=en&ei=ATKVTJvAC9DeOIWw7KMK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=miguel&f=falsehttp://play.google.com/books/reader?id=GAgrAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&hl=enhttp://play.google.com/books/reader?id=GAgrAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&hl=enhttp://play.google.com/books/reader?id=GAgrAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&hl=enhttp://play.google.com/books/reader?id=6hsrAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&hl=enhttp://play.google.com/books/reader?id=6hsrAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&hl=enhttp://play.google.com/books/reader?id=6hsrAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&hl=enhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentino_Gomeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentino_Gomeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1808_(book)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1808_(book)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1808_(book)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1808_(book)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1808_(book)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1808_(book)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1808_(book)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1808_(book)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentino_Gomeshttp://play.google.com/books/reader?id=6hsrAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&hl=enhttp://play.google.com/books/reader?id=GAgrAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&hl=enhttp://books.google.ca/books?id=cPrxpypP7XYC&pg=PA203&dq=exile+miguel+portugal&hl=en&ei=ATKVTJvAC9DeOIWw7KMK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=miguel&f=falsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal?veaction=edit&vesection=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mentally_ill_monarchshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal?veaction=edit&vesection=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal?veaction=edit&vesection=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queluz_National_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queluz_National_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queluz_National_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infante_Gabriel_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Mariana_Victoria_of_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Mariana_Victoria_of_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Mariana_Victoria_of_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlota_Joaquina_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlota_Joaquina_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_VIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajuda_National_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajuda_National_Palace


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References[edit]

1. ^History of Portugal: Pamphlet Collection. CUP Archive, 1937. Accessed

September 2012.

2. ^History of Portugal: Pamphlet Collection. CUP Archive, 1937. Accessed

September 2012.

External links[edit]

Media related toMaria I of Portugalat Wikimedia Commons

Maria I of Portugal

House of Braganza

Cadet branch of theHouse of Aviz

Born: 17 December 1734Died: 20 March 1816

Regnal titles

Preceded by

Joseph I

Queen of Portugal and the

Algarveslater

Queen of the United Kingdom of

Portugal, Brazil, and the

Algarves17771816

withPeter III(17771786)

Succeeded by

John VI

Portuguese royalty

Preceded by

Maria Barbara

Princess of Beira

Duchess of Barcelos17341750 Succeeded by

JosephPreceded by

Joseph

Princess of Brazil

Duchess of Braganza17501777
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Documents

Maria I of Portugal