Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Early MARC
• MARC developed by Library of Congress 1966; MARC developed by Library of Congress 1966;
MARC II and UK MARC developed in 1968 MARC II and UK MARC developed in 1968 (UK MARC has more subfields)(UK MARC has more subfields)MARC II > LC MARC > US MARC > MARC21MARC II > LC MARC > US MARC > MARC21IFLA developed UNIMARC IN 1973IFLA developed UNIMARC IN 1973Many features were improvement on MARCMany features were improvement on MARC
• Record structure (ISO 2709) remained static Record structure (ISO 2709) remained static
UNIMARC: origins
• Joint project: Library of Congress, British Lib., Joint project: Library of Congress, British Lib., National Library of Canada to develop an National Library of Canada to develop an interpretative manual to improve consistency interpretative manual to improve consistency of UNIMARC as international exchange formatof UNIMARC as international exchange format
• Conversions developed between US MARC Conversions developed between US MARC and UNIMARC and UK MARC and UNIMARCand UNIMARC and UK MARC and UNIMARCUNIMARC adopted by countries as a national UNIMARC adopted by countries as a national exchange format: e.g. China, France, Italy, exchange format: e.g. China, France, Italy, Japan, Portugal, South Africa, USSR, Japan, Portugal, South Africa, USSR, YugoslaviaYugoslavia
MARC or UNIMARC?
• In 1997 LC changed policy: In 1997 LC changed policy: – renamed US MARC > MARC21renamed US MARC > MARC21
UNIMARC would not be used as international UNIMARC would not be used as international exchange formatexchange format
• Australia (1991), New Zealand and UK (2004) Australia (1991), New Zealand and UK (2004) national libraries change from national format national libraries change from national format (e.g.UK MARC) to US MARC / MARC21 (e.g.UK MARC) to US MARC / MARC21
Changes
• UNIMARC continued to be used in most UNIMARC continued to be used in most countriescountries– France, Italy, Portugal, Slovenia and neighbours France, Italy, Portugal, Slovenia and neighbours
(COBISS’s COMARC), Russia (RUSMARC), Greece, (COBISS’s COMARC), Russia (RUSMARC), Greece, China, Japan, TaiwanChina, Japan, Taiwan
• South Africa, Czech Republic and Slovak South Africa, Czech Republic and Slovak Republic moved to MARC21Republic moved to MARC21
MARC and cataloguing codes
• Bibliographic exchange formats depend on cataloguing codes for their data element definition
• UNIMARC hospitable to ISBD related formats• MARC21 hospitable to AACR > RDA (Resource
Discovery and Access)• UNIMARC in process of implementing RDA
Other definitions used in UNIMARC
• Standard numbers, ISBN, ISMN, ISSN• Authority records (UNIMARC/A)• Classification schemes• National practices (UNIMARC)
UNIMARC features
– More logical structure (zoned)• 0xx Standard Numbers• 1xx Coded data• 2xx ISBD data• 3xx Notes• 4xx Linking data• 5xx Title Access points• 6xx Subject data• 7xx Name access points• 8xx National usage
Granularity of subfields
Title field MARC21 v. UNIMARC
• 245 14$aThe printer's manual$h[microform] /$cby Caleb Stower ; with a new introduction by John Bidwell. The printer's companion / by Edward Grattan ; with a new introduction by Clinton Sisson.
• 200 10$aThe printer's manual$bmicroform$fby Caleb Stower$gwith a new introduction by John Bidwell$cThe printer's companion$fby Edward Grattan$gwith a new introduction by Clinton Sisson
Coded data
• UNIMARC: Many different fields• 100 General Processing Data
101 Language of the Item102 Country of Publication or Production105 Coded Data Field: Textual materials, Monographic106 Coded Data Field: Textual materials – Physical Attributes110 Coded Data Field: Continuing Resources115 Coded Data Field: Visual Projections, Videorecordings and
Motion Pictures116 Coded Data Field: Graphics117 Coded Data Field: Three-dimensional artifacts and realia
Coded data: MARC
• 006 - Fixed-Length Data Elements - Additional Material Characteristics
• 007 - Physical Description Fixed Field • 008 - Fixed-Length Data Elements
• Character Position BK CF MP MU CR VM MX 00-05 Date entered on file ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
• 06 Type of date/Publication status ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
UNIMARC governance
• IFLA Core activity led by National Library of Portugal
• Permanent UNIMARC Committee: 9 members from different countries plus UK plus LC/OCLC
• Anyone can make suggestions via members• Meets formally once per year
UNIMARC Guidelines
1. Guidelines for Using UNIMARC for Component Parts (May 1999)
2. Guidelines for Using UNIMARC for Microforms (May 1999) 3. Guidelines for Using UNIMARC for Older Monographic Public
ations (Antiquarian) (April 1998)
4. UNIMARC Minimal Level Record (Feb. 1999) 5. Multi-level Description: Encoding Options for UNIMARC
(Feb. 1999) 6. Electronic Resources (Aug. 2000) 7. Music (July 2005) 8. Serials and Other Continuing Resources (October 2006)
Use of MARC in internet age
• Key library management systems implement UNIMARC (ISO 2709)
• Import bibliographic records via Z39.50• Bibliographic records sent in file from
bookseller corresponding to book invoice• Records created by cataloguers where not
available externally
Exchange format record structure
• ISO 2709 adopted as international standard in 1973 (based on magnetic tape structure)
• MarcXML / MarcXchange, XML not ISO 2709<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?> -<collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim">-<record> <leader>01142cam 2200301 a 4500</leader> <controlfield tag="001">92005291</controlfield> <controlfield tag="003">DLC</controlfield> <controlfield tag="005">19930521155141.9</controlfield> <controlfield tag="008">920219s1993 caua j 000 0 eng</controlfield> -<datafield tag="010" ind1="" ind2="“> <subfield code="a">92005291</subfield> </datafield>- <datafield tag="020" ind1="" ind2="“> <subfield code="a">0152038655 :</subfield> <subfield
code="c">$15.95</subfield> </datafield>
MarcXchange
• ISO 25577: MarcXchangehttp://www.loc.gov/standards/iso25577/ISO_DIS_25577__E_.pdf
• Contains UNIMARC examples
New XML formats
• MODS: Metadata Object Description Schema– Rich but not too rich metadata format– DL projects, archiving websites, OAI
• METS: schema for containing digital data objects with their metadata
• See standards showcase, ALA 2006 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/mods-mets-ala/mods-mets-ala.html
Future of MARC formats
• XML is more exchangeable on the WWW• Despite XML alternatives, records are
transferred via traditional ISO 2709 between suppliers and library management systems– Commercial reasons (easier to control)– Inertia (why change a system if it works)– Inflexibility of ISO 2709 helps
Future of UNIMARC
• Similar reasons as general reasons for MARC• Extensive use in various countries• Support from IFLA• Sources of records are being extended
Thank you!
