MARATHI FIRST LANGUAGE

_m`-_amR>r10

_amR>r àW_ ^mfm nmR>çnwñVH$MARATHI FIRST LANGUAGE

B`Îmm XhmdrB`Îmm XhmdrB`Îmm XhmdrB`Îmm XhmdrB`Îmm Xhmdr

2015

KARNATAKA TEXT BOOK SOCIETY (R.)No.4, 100 Feet Ring Road, Banashankari 3rd Stage,

Bengaluru - 560 085

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PREFACEThe Textbook Society, Karnataka has been engaged in producing new text-

books according to the new syllabi which in turn are designed on NCF – 2005 since June2010. Textbooks are prepared in 12 languages; seven of them serve as the media ofinstruction. From standard 1 to 4 there is the EVS, mathematics and 5th to 10th there arethree core subjects namely mathematics, science and social science.

NCF – 2005 has a number of special features and they are:

· connecting knowledge to life activities

· learning to shift from rote methods

· enriching the curriculum beyond textbooks

· learning experiences for the construction of knowledge

· making examinations flexible and integrating them with classroom expe-riences

· caring concerns within the democratic policy of the country

· making education relevant to the present and future needs.

· softening the subject boundaries- integrated knowledge and the joy oflearning.

· the child is the constructor of knowledge

The new books are produced based on three fundamental approaches namely.

Constructive approach, Spiral Approach and Integrated approach

The learner is encouraged to think, engage in activities, master skills and compe-tencies. The materials presented in these books are integrated with values. The newbooks are not examination oriented in their nature. On the other hand they help thelearner in the all round development of his/her personality, thus help him/her become ahealthy member of a healthy society and a productive citizen of this great country, India.

The most important objectives of teaching language are listening, speaking, read-ing, writing and reference work. These skills have been given a lot of importance in all thelanguage textbooks. Along with the inculcation of these skills, fundamental grammar, op-portunities for learners to appreciate beauty and imbibe universal life values have beenintegrated in language textbooks. When learners master these competencies, they wouldstop studying textbooks for the sake of passing examinations. In order to help learnersmaster these competencies, a number of paired and group activities, assignments andproject work have been included in the textbooks. It is expected that these activitieswould help learner master communicative skills. Ultimately, it is expected that students

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master the art of learning to learn and make use of these competencies in real life. Text-books for students X have a special significance. As any other new textbook they helplearners’ master skills and competencies and at the same time there is going to be a publicexamination based on them.

The Textbook Society expresses grateful thanks to the chairpersons, writers,scrutinisers, artists, staff of DIETs and CTEs and the members of the Editorial Board andprinters in helping the Text Book Society in producing these textbooks. A few works ofsome writers and poets have been included in these textbooks. The textbook society isextremely grateful to them for giving their consent for the inclusion of these pieces in thetextbooks.

Prof G S Mudambadithaya Nagendra Kumar Coordinator Managing DirectorCurriculum Revision and Textbook Preparation Karnataka Textbook Society®Karnataka Textbook Society® Bengaluru, KarnatakaBengaluru, Karnataka

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nwñVH$mMo A§Va§J

{dÚmWu / {ejH$ ~§YyZmo !

XhmdrgmR>rMo àW_ ^mfm _amR>r (_m` _amR>r) nwñVH$ Vww_À`m hmVr XoVmZm Amåhmbm Iyn AmZ§XhmoV Amho. XhmdrMo ho nmR>çnwñVH$ V`ma H$aVmZm Amåhmbm nwadboë`m Aä`mgH«$_mMm AmYma AmåhrKoVbm Amho.

nmR>`nwñVH$mMr aMZm "ZdrZ amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ YmoaU 2005' À`m AmYmao Ho$br Amho.

_amR>r gm{hË` g_¥Õ Am{U àM§S> Amho. gm{hË`mÀ`m gd© àH$mam§Mo à{Vq~~ nmR>çnwñVH$mVC_Q>dUo H$R>rU Amho. Varhr {d{dY àdmh, àH$ma, H$mbI§S> `m§Mo à{V{Z{YËd H$aUmao JÚ-nÚ-doMo`m nwñVH$mV g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho.

XhmdrMo df© åhUOo e¡j{UH$ àdmgmMm d Am wî`mMmhr _hËdmMm Q>ßnm! Ë`mgmR>rnarjm_§S>imH$Sy>Z KoVë`m OmUmè`m narjogmR>r OmñV àíZ XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. OmoS>`m Owidm,n`m© {ZdS>m `mgmaIo àíZ {Xbo ZmhrV. {ejH$ d {dÚmÏ`mªZr Ago àíZ ñdV…M V`ma H$amdoV.

OmJ{VH$ nmVirda ^maVmMr à{Vð>m {Z_m©U H$aUmè`m ì`pŠV¨Mm n[aM` ìhmdm åhUyZ M[aÌ,ì`pŠV{MÌ, AmË_M[aÌmMm g_mdoe Ho$bm Amho.

eŠ` VodT>o g§X ©, Q>rnm, eãXmW© XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. VWm{n {ejH$m§Zr _yi nwñVH$d BVa gwM{dbobo g§X © {_idyZ Aä`mgmdoV åhUOoM, Ë`m§Mo AÜ`mnZ n[aUm_H$maH$ hmoB©b.

nmR> {ZdS>Vm§Zm ñÌr-nwéf g_mZVm, gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m, n`m©daU, d¥jg§dY©Z, Aä`mgmgmR>rMoH$ï>. `m Jmoï>tMm {dMma Ho$bm Amho. VgoM {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m Om{Udm gd© ~mOy§Zr g_¥Õ ìhmì`mV hmÑ{ï>H$moZhr Amho. Ë`m_YyZ è {_idm`Mo Agob Va erb d H$ï>mbm n`m© Zmhr hm _wÔm AYmoao{IVìhmdm hr BÀN>m.

_amR>r ^mfoMr na§nam Ü`mZmV `mdr åhUyZ g§Vgm{hË`, n§{S>VrH$mì`, {da{hUr, _wŠVN>§X `m§Mmg_mdoe Ho$bm AgyZ Ë`mV AJXr n{hbo _amR>r nwñVH$ "{ddoH$qgYw' _Yrb doÀ`m§Mm g_mdoehr Ho$bmAmho. d àmMrZ Adm©MrZ JÚ `m§Mmhr g_mdoe Amho.

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`m nwñVH$mMr H$m{R>Ê`nmVir 8 dr 9 drÀ`m nwñVH$mnojm WmoS>r A{YH$ R>odUo ^mJ hmoVo.VWm{n eãXmW©, Q>rnm `m§À`m ghmæ`mZo AÜ`mnZ gwH$a hmoB©b Aer Anojm Amho. ewÕboIZgwYmaÊ`mgmR>r "ho eãX AgoM {bhm' `mVyZ hm ewÕboIZ gwYmaÊ`mMm Aëngm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho.

EHy$U Amnbo nmR>çnwñVH$ gw§Xa, {dídmgmh© d n[anyU© ìhmdo `mgmR>r Amåhr à`ËZ Ho$boAmhoV. VWm{n Aä`mgH$m§Zr H$mhr gwYmaUm gwM{dë`mg Ë`m ñdmJVmh© R>aVrb.

{dÚmÏ`mªZmo! Vwåhmbm, d {ejH$m§Zm hr "_m`_amR>r' AmdS>br Va l_ gmW©H$s bmJbo, AgodmQ>ob. ho nwñVH$ V`ma H$aVmZm d[að> emgH$s` A{YH$mar `m§Zr Amåhmbm gd©Vmonar ñdmV§Í` {Xbo.Ë`m~Ôb Ë`m§Zm YÝ`dmX !

Amnbo CVmao, H${dVm g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mg Á`m§Zr nadmZJr {Xbr Ë`m boIH$, àH$meH$,g§nmXH$ `m§Mohr Am^ma.

AÜ`j

AnUm© e§H$a nQ>dY©Z

-nmR>çnwñVH$ {Z{_©Vr _§S>i

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Text Book CommitteeChairperson :

Smt. Aparna S. Patwardhan, Asst. Teacher, Jadhavaji Anandji Vidyalaya, Tal.Athani, Dist. Belagavi

Members :

1. Shri Shivaji N. Bhadavankar, , Retd. Head Master, Kudremani High School, Kudremani,Tal.Dist. Belagavi.

2. Shri Madhukar M. Lohar, Asst. Teacher, The Valkart Academy, Gokak Falls, Gokak,Dist. Belagavi

3. Shri Shashikant B. Gurav, Asst. Teacher, Sanmati Vidyamandir, Sidnal,

Tal. Chikodi, Dist. Belagavi

4. Shri Shailesh R. Dani, ,Asst. Teacher, Shri Hari Vidyalaya, Ugar Khurd,

Tal. Athani, Dist. Belagavi

Scrutinizer :

Dr. Vinod Gayakwad, Professor & Chairman, Rani Channamma University, Vidya Sangam,NH-4, Belagavi.

Artist :

Shri Prakash S. Naik , Drawing Teacher, S.A.P. Vidyamandir, Kanagala, Tal. Hukkeri,Dist. Belagavi.

Chief Co-ordinator :

Prof. G. S. Mudambadithaya, Co-ordinator, Curriculum Revision and Text BookPreparation, Karnataka Text Book Society, Bengaluru, Karnataka.

Chief Advisors :

Shri Nagendra Kumar, Managing Director, Karnataka Text Book Society,Bengaluru.

Shri Panduranga, Deputy Director, (Incharge) Karnataka Text Book Society, Bengaluru .

Programme Co-ordinator :

Smt. Jayalakshmi C.D, ADPI, Karnataka Text Book Society, Bengaluru - 85

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AZwH«$_{UH$mJÚ

A. nmR>mMo Zmd gm{hË` àH$ma boIH$ / bo{IH$m n¥ð> H«$.H«$.

1. AZ§VeŠVr na_oídé àmMrZ JÚ Ho$gmo~mg 1

2. dgB©Mm doT>m ~Ia H¥$îUmOr{dZm`H$ gmohZr 5

3. {dÚmÏ`mªZmo, OmJ¥V ìhm! d¡Mm[aH$ S>m°. ~m~mgmho~Am§~oS>H$a 10

4. ZmoH$a? N>o! _mbH$ {dZmoXrH$Wm qM.{d.Omoer 14

5. _ZmMo qnOao bKw{Z~§Y AZ§V H$mUoH$a 21

6. OnmZr ñÌr àdmg dU©Z B§Xÿ gmH«$sH$a 25

7. {hado gm§JmVr b{bV boI JwbOma 31

8. h{H$H$V X{bV H$Wm Ho$ed _olm_ 37

9. dmQ>Ur J«m_rU H$Wm am.a§. ~moamS>o 43

10. H«$m§{VÁ`moVr gm{dÌr~mB© EH$nmÌr ZmQ>ç gwf_m Xoenm§S>o 50

11. AmB© g_OyZ KoVmZm AmË_H$WZ CÎm_ H$m§~io 57

12. ñdaJ§Jm ì`pŠV{MÌ g§Ü`m Xoenm§S>o 63

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AZwH«$_{UH$mnÚ

A. H${dVoMo Zmd gm{hË` àH$ma H$dr/ H$d{`Ìr n¥ð> H«$.H«$.

1.I) B{V Jwê${eî`g§dmXo àmMrZ nÚ _wHw§$XamO 70

II) n¡b Vmo Jo H$mD$ H$moH$Vmho àmMrZ nÚ kmZoída 75

2. épŠ_UrMo lrH¥$îUm§g nÌ n§{S>Vr H$mì` Za|Ð 78

3. ^bm OÝ_ hm! bmdUr(AmÜ`mpË_H$) emhra am_Omoer 84

4. nmhþUo {dS>§~Z Ho$edHw$_ma 88

5. JmD$ Ë`m§Zm AmaVr {d yVr Jm¡ad èd§V 93

6. `m ^maVmV ~§Yw md Xoe^{º$na g§V VwH$S>moOr 98

7. n¥ÏdrMo ào_JrV ào_H${dVm Hw$gw_mJ«O 102

8. gËH$ma {ZgJ© H${dVm _§Joe nmS>JmdH$a 107

9. H$m`m _mVrV J«m_rU H${dVm {dÇ>b dmK 112

10. YaU X{bV H$mì` X`m ndma 117

11. gwÝ`m {VÀ`mhr Xmhr {Xem ñÌr g_ñ`màYmZ AZwamYm nmQ>rb 121

12. _mÂ`m _mhoambm bmoH$gm{hË` AkmV 126

ì`mH$aU, boIZ, 131

eãXg§J«h 152

Aer IyU Agboë`m H${dVm nmR>m§VamgmR>r AmhoV.

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nmR>-1 … AZ§VepŠV: na_oídéHo$gmo~mg

n[aM` :Ho$gmo~mg C\©$ Ho${eamO ~mg (Voamdo eVH$)

_hmZw md n§WmVrb ho Á oð> J«§WH$ma, g§ñH¥$V n§{S>V. _hmZw md n§WmMo Xþgao AmMm ©. ZmJXodmMm ©`m§Mo nÅ>{eî`. Ë`m§À`m gyMZodéZ Ho$gmo~mg `m§Zr _amR>rV J«§WaMZm Ho$br. n§WmMo VmpËdH$ A{Yð>mZ Ñ‹T>~Z{dÊ`mV Ë`m§Mo `moJXmZ AgyZ, _hmZw md gm{hË`mV Ë`m§Zr _mobmMr â Q>mH$br Amho."lr MH«$YamoŠVgyÌnmR>', "_y{V©àH$me', "bmn{UH$', "Ñï>m§VnmR>', "JwT>o' `m Ë`m§À`m _amR>rVrb J«§W aMZm. VgoM"aËZ_mbmñVmoÌ', "kmZH$bm{ZYrñVmoÌ' "Ñï>m§VñVmoÌ' `m g§ñH¥$V aMZm Ë`m§Zr Ho$ë`m AmhoV.

_hmZw md n§WmMo g§ñWmnH$ lr MH«$Yañdm_r `m§Zr brimM[aÌmV Ñï>m§V H$WoÀ`m énmV Omo CnXoeHo$bm. Ë`mVrb Ñï>m§Vm§Mo g§H$bZ Ho$gmo~mg `m§Zr B.g. 1285 À`m gw_mamg "Ñï>m§VnmR>' `m J«§WmV Ho$bo.àW_ gyV« Ë`mZ§Va Ñï>m§V Am{U eodQ>r Xmï>mª{VH$ Agm `m J«§WmVrb aMZmH«$_ Amho. Ñï>m§VH$Wm_wion§WmVrb JhZ VËdkmZ gd©gm_mÝ`m§gmR>r gmono Pmbo Amho.

`m CVmè`mV na_oída ñdénmMo dU©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r g_n©H$ Ñï>m§V {Xbm Amho. hm Ñï>m§V S>mo_oJ«m_oWo ñdm_rZr åhmBª Q>mg gm§{JVbm.

hm CVmam {dZm`H$ bú_U ^mdo `m§À`m "_hmamï´> gmañdV' `m J«§WmVyZ KoVbm Amho.

(_yë` - kmZ, CËgwH$Vm)

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gyÌ - gd©ko ^{UVb|… AZ§VepŠV… na_oídé… gH$im§grhr {ZíM o ì`dñWm H$[aVr… &&1&&

Ñï>m§V - Jmdm§ hñVr Ambm… V¡§ OmË §Y hñVrV| nmhm| Jobo… EHo$ nmdmo Xo{Ibm… EH|$ gm|S> Xo{Ibr… EH|$H$mZw Xo{Ibm… EHo$ nmR>t Xo{Ibr… EHo$ nmoQw> Xo{Ib|… EH|$ nw§g Xo{Ib|… _J EHw$_oH|$gr g§dmX{V… hm ao Vwdm§hñVr Xo{Ibm… nmdmo Xo{Ibm Vmo Ûo hñVr Im§~mgm[aIm… & gm|S> Xo{Ibr Vmoo Ûo hñVr _wgimgm[aIm…

H$mZw Xo{Ibm Vmo Ûo hñVr gwnmgm[aIm…& nmR>r Xo{Ibr Vmo Ûo hñVr q^Vrgm[aIm…& nmoQw> Xo{IboVmo Ûo hñVr H$moWio m gm[aIm…& nw§g Xo{Ibo Vmo Ûo hñVr IamQ>| m gm[aIm…& Eog| EH$_oH$mCamooYr{V…Vo m§_Ü | S>moigw Ago…& Vmo Ûo hm hñVrMm EHo$Hw$ Ad odw hmo o… na hñVr Zmoho…& Ed§ Ad odt wº$ VmohñVr…&&Xmï>mª{VH$ - V¡g| Oo m§gr Oo eŠVr àH$mebr Ago Vmo {V o epŠVV| na_oídé Ûo… km{Z`m Ago Vmo Ûoho B©ídamMr EHo$H$s epŠV hmo o… na… na_oídé… Zmoho… Eogm epŠV wº$ Vmo na_oídé…&&3&&

eãXmW© d Q>rnm :hñVr - hÎmr OmË §Y - OÝ_mnmgyZ A§Y ny§g - eonyQ> ^{UVbo - åhUmbogd©k - lrMH«$Ya ñdm_r Ñï>m§V - XmIbm, CXmhaU nmdmo - nm` _wgi - YmÝ` gS>Ê`mMo

EH$ gmYZ Camo{YVr - AmnboM åhUUo Iao åhUyZ dmX K>mbUoQ>rn :XmîQ>mªpÝVH$ åhUOo Ñï>m§VmMo VmËn © qH$dm gma. (darb H$WoMo)à_mU _amR>rV AW© … lr MH«$Ya ñdm_r åhUmbo,gyÌ …""Á`mMm Omo AZw d Agob Vgm Vmo ~mobVmo. AZ§V epŠV_mZ Agbobm na_oída gJù`m§gmR>r{df`ì`dñWm H$arV AgVmo''Ñï>m§V … JmdmV hÎmr Ambm AgVm Ë`mbm nhm`bm OÝ_m§Y bmoH$ Jobo. EH$mZo nm` nm{hbm. EH$mZogm|S> nm{hbr. EH$mZo H$mZ nm{hbm. EH$mZo nmR> nm{hbr. EH$mZo nmoQ> nm{hbo. EH$mZo eonyQ> nm{hbo._J Vo EH$_oH$m§Zm {dMmé bmJbo "Aao Vy hÎmr nm{hbmg. Va Vmo H$gm Amho?' Á`mZo nm` nm{hbmË`mZo åhQ>bo, "hÎmr Im§~mgmaIm!' gm|S> nm{hbobm åhUmbm, "_wgimgmaIm' H$mZ nm{hbobm åhUmbm"hÎmr gwnmgmaIm!' nmR> nm{hbr hmoVr Vmo åhUmbm, "hÎmr q^VrgmaIm!' Á`mZo nmoQ> nm{hbo hmoVo VmoåhUmbm, "hÎmr H$moWù`mgmaIm!' eonyQ> nmhUmam åhUmbm, "IamQ>çmgmaIm!' Aem arVrZo VoEHo$_oH$m§g {damoY H$éZ AmnboM åhUUo Iao åhUV hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m_Ü o EH$OU S>moig hmoVm. VmoåhUmbm, ""hm hÎmrMm EH$ EH$ Ad`d Pmbm. hm gJim hÎmr Zìho. Aem gd© Ad`dm§Zr wŠVVmo hÎmr hmo .''Xmï>m©pÝVH$ (VmËn ©):Aem àH$mao Á`mbm Or eŠVr àH$mebr, Ë`m eŠVrbmM Vmo na_oída _mZVmo.kmZr _Zwî` _mÌ åhUVmo H$s hr na_oídamMr EH$ EH$ eŠVr hmo , nU na_oída Zìho. Aem gd©eŠVr§Zr wŠV Agm na_oída AgVmo.

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ñdmÜ`m`à.1 Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

(1) hÎmrbm nmhÊ`mgmR>r H$moU Jobo?

(2) gm|S> nmhUmè`mg hÎmr H$gm dmQ>bm?

(3) eonyQ> nmhUmè`mg hÎmr H$emgmaIm dmQ>bm?

(4) gdmªgmR>r {df`ì`dñWm H$moU H$aVmo?

(5) hÎmr gwnmgmaIm Ago H$moUË`m A§Ymbm dmQ>bo?

à.2 Imbrb dmŠ`mV [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX âm.

(1) nm` nmhUmè`m Am§Yù`mbm hÎmr .............. gmaIm dmQ>bm.

(2) "nmoQ>' nmhUmè`mg hÎmr .............. gmaIm ^mgbm.

(3) hÎmr q^VrgmaIm Ago .............. nmhUmam åhUmbm.

(4) gd©k åhUOo ............... hmo .

(5) Am§Yù`m§Zm hÎmrMo Iao ñdén .............. Zo g_OmdyZ gm§{JVbo.

à.3 n{hë`m OmoS>rVrb g§~§Y AmoiIyZ {Vgè`m nXmer OwiUmam eãX {bhm.

(1) hÎmrMm nm`… Im§~mgmIm : : hÎmrMr eonyQ> : ...............

(2) åhmBª Q> : MH«$Yañdm_r : : Ho$gmo~mg… ...............

à.4 Imbrb àíZm§Mr VrZ Vo Mma dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

(1) S>moig _Zwî` Am§Yù`m§Zm H$m` åhUmbm?

(2) `m H$WoMo VmËn © H$moUVo?

(3) Am§Yù`m§Zr hÎmrMo dU©Z H$go Ho$bo Amho?

à.5 g§X^m©gh ñnï>rH$aU H$am.

(1) ""OmË §Y hñVrV| nmhmo Jobo''

(2) ""Vmo Ûoo hm hñVrMm EHo$Hw$ Ad odw hmo o''

(3) ""AZ§Veº$s na_oídé… gH$im§grhr {ZíM o ì`dñWm H$[aVr…''

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à.6 Imbrb àíZmMo gmV Vo AmR> AmoirV CÎma {bhm.

(1) `m H$WoMm gmam§e Vw_À`m eãXmV {bhm.

^mfmä`mg

(1) Imbrb gm_m{gH$ eãXm§Mm {dJ«h H$éZ àH$ma AmoiIm.

AZ§VeŠVr, gd©k, na_oída.

(2) Imbrb eãXm§Mm g§Yr {dJ«h H$éZ àH$ma AmoiIm.

OmË §Y, na_oída.

CnH«$_ :

Vw_À`m {ejH$m§H$SyZ _hmZw md n§Wm~Ôb A{YH$ _m{hVr {_idm.

hm CVmam ZmQ>çénmV Vw_À`m dJm©V gmXa H$am.

ewÕboIZ :

nwT>rb eãX AgoM {bhm.

A§Hw$[aV AË`mYw{ZH$ A{V[aŠV

Ag{hîUwVm AX²{dVr` AZwgaU

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nmR>-2 … dgB©Mm doT>mH¥$îUmOr {dZm`H$ gmohZr

n[aM` :

H¥$îUmOr {dZm`H$ gmohZr (1784-1854) `m§Zr "noeì`m§Mr ~Ia' hm EH$_od J«§W {b{hbmAmho. CÎma noedmB© nm{hboë`m Am{U g_H$mbrZ amOH$maUmV dmdaboë`m `m _m{hVJmamZo noedoHw$bmMrhr OrdZJmWm AmË_r`VooZo d g_agVoZo {b{hbobr Amho. ~Ia dmL_`mbm B{VhmgmV Añgb gmYZmMmXOm© Zgbm Var H$mhr à_mUmV Vo B{Vhmgmer gwg§JV AgVo. `mVrb {MÌXeu dU©Zo, a§JrV Am»`m{`H$mdoJimM ZmQ>çmZw d XoVmV. `m nmR>mMm àH$ma "~Ia dmL²_`' AgyZ "noeì`m§Mr ~Ia' `m _YyZ hm nmR>{ZdS>bm Amho.

(_yë` - bT>mD$d¥Îmr)

{M_mOr Amßnm H$moH$UnÅ>rbm ñdmarbm {ZKmbo. Vo H$moH$UmV òD$Z Vim, Kmogmim,Ad{MVJS>, {~admS>r, H$aZmim, aodX§S>m, ~obmnya, gmîQ>r Agm _wbwI Amnbo H$~OmV AmUyZ AmnbmA§_b MmbVm Ho$bm. nwT>o _wbwI H$m~rO H$amdm Aem ~oVmZo OmD$Z dgB©bm bmJbo. VoWo A§_bq\$a§½`m§Mm Voìhm OmD$Z eh {Xbm. na§Vw {H$„m g_wÐmV. EH$ Am§J IwîH$sbm. Ë`mg_`r Aßnmgmho~`m§Ur OhmOo V`ma H$ê$Z Ama_ma O_dyZ g_wÐmVyZ bT>mB©Mm CÚmoJ Ho$bm. VrZ df} dgB© ^m§S>br.{H$„m hñVJV hmoVm {XgV Zmhr; _Zwî` \$ma H$m_mg Ambo. ZD$ bmI ~m§JS>r \w$Q>br. bT>mB©Mm_moR>m àg§J Ho$bm. na§Vw {H$„m hñVJV hmoVm {XgV Zmhr. {M_mOr Amßnm `m§Mm Va {H$„m KoÊ`mMm{ZíM` _moR>m. Voìhm gd© gaXma Amnbo O_m H$éZ Ë`mObm Aßnmgmho~ ~mobbo H$s, ""{H$„m hñVJVhmoV Zmhr `mOH$[aVm _Obm Vmo\o$Mo Vm|S>r ~m§YyZ _mPo S>moHo$ Var {H$„`mV nmS>mdo Zmhr Va {H$„m¿`mdm'' V|ìhm gd© gaXma `m§Ur Amßnmgmho~mg gm§{JVbo H$s ""Omo Amnbm {ZíM` Pmbm VmoM Zo_Am_Mm Amho na§Vw H$mhrVar {H$„`mVrb oX g_Oë`m{edm` {H$„m hñVJV hmoUo H$R>rU''. `mgmR>r`mMm {dMma H$ê$Z H$mhr Var _gbV H$mT>br nm{hOo. _JM Xþgam {dMma {H$„m KoÊ`mMm R>ady.AmYr {H$ëë`mVrb oX AmUmdm.

Voìhm gdmªZr {dMma H$ê$Z I§S>moOr _mUH$a `m§gr JwamIr H$ê$Z Ë`m§Ur {H$ëë`mV OmD$ZJwao amId`mMr MmH$ar nVH$abr. amoO {H$ëë`mV OmD$Z bmoH$m§Mr Jwao Mmamd`mg Ý`mdr, Am{U{\$ê$Z {H$ëë`mV nmdVr H$amdr, Agm H«$_ _mUH$a `m§Ur Mmb{dbm. Xþgao Am§OwaH$a n§MH$ieogwVma gaXma hmoVo, Ë`m§Ur gwVmaH$m_ H$amd`mg {H$ëë`mV Omdo Am{U bmoH$m§À`m Kar gwVmaH$m_ H$amdo.Xþ„~mOr _moao gaXma hmoVo, Ë`m§Ur H$mgmanU nËH$ê$Z amoO {H$ëë`mVrb bmoH$m§Mo ~m`H$m§g {H$ëë`mVOmD$Z ~m§JS>çm ^éZ ~mhoa oV Omdo.

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`m à_mUo {VKm§Zr {H$ëë`mMm oX AmUë`mda Amnbo bîH$amVyZ gwé§J IUyZ, {H$ëb`mMo~wéOmImbr gwé§J ZoD$Z, Ë`m§V Xmê$Mo ~wYbo ^éZ ~Îmr {Xbr. Voìhm Vmo ~wéO CS>mbm. Vmo _mJVrOmJMo OmJr ~wéO ~gbm. Z§Va Xþgam gwé§J nmS>md`mg H$m_ Mmb{dbo. Ë`mg_`r {H$ëë`mVrb{\$a§Jr `mMr ~m`H$mo OhmOmV ~gyZ ~mhoa {ZKmbr. Vo nmhÿZ gaH$maMr OhmOo YmdyZ {\$a§½`m§Mo OhmOY[abo Am{U Ë`m ~m`H$mog lr_§Vm§H$S>o Am{Ubr d Vr ~hþV XoIUr d éndmZ hmoVr åhUyZ lr_§VmgXmI{dbr Ë`m§Ur nmhÿZ Amnbo bmoH$m§g ~mobbo H$s ""hr H$embm Yê$Z A{Ubr?'' Ago ~mobyZ {VbmgmS>r Mmoir ZogdyZ gmoSy>Z {Xbr. Voìhm Vr _mKmar OmD$Z Amnbo Zdè`mg {VZo dV©_mZ gm§{JVboH$s, ""Vwåhr Ë`m§er H$emgmR>r ^m§S>Vm? Vmo nwÊ`dmZ Amho. _r VoWo Jobo AgVm _bm dmH$S>o Ñï>rZonm{hbo XoIrb Zmhr, Voìhm Ë`mer bTy>Z è oB©b Ago {XgV Zmhr, d Vwåhmg XþgaoH$Sy>Z Hw$_H$hroV Zmhr'' Agm {VUo CnXoe Ho$bm. `mOH$[aVm J{b_m§er g„m H$ê$Z, ñZoh R>odyZ, Amnbo

IQ>ë`mgwÕm {ZKyZ Omdo. `m à_mUo R>aë`mda {\$a§Jr `m§Ur lr_§V `m§OH$S>o ~mobUmam nmR>dyZ VhHo$bm H$s, ""Am_Mo nXar H$maHy$Z AmhoV Ë`m§Mm gm§ mi H$amdm, Am{U Amåhmg AmR> {XdgmMr_wXV Úmdr. åhUOo Amåhr Amnbm ga§Om_ KoD$Z OmVmo Am{U {H$„m Vw_Mo hdmbr H$aVmo'' Ë`mOdê$ZAmßnmgmho~ `m§Ur H$~yb H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo nXaMo H$maHy$U hmoVo, Ë`m§gr Xagmb 36 én o d n§Yam_U^mV `mà_mUo XoD$ Ë`m§OH$S>o H$m_H$mO gm§JUma Zmhr d Vo Vw_Mo OmVrMo bmoH$mg {~Jma gm§JUmaZmhr'' Ago R>aë`mda {\$a§Jr `m§Ur Amnbr gd© dñV^md, gmao IQ>bo, Amnbo OhmOmV ^ê$Z{H$ëë`mVyZ {ZKyZ Jobo. nwT>o Amßnmgmho~ `m§Ur {H$ëë`m§V {eê$Z ^Jdo Po§S>o {H$ëë`mdaVr MT>{dbo.dgB©Imbr Zdbjm§Mm _wbwI hmoVm {VVŠ`m _wbwImMm A§_b MmbVm Ho$bm. Agm JwOamWnmdoVmoA§_b ~gdyZ lr_§V Amßnmgmho~ _mKmar KoD$Z dgB©da _w $m_ Ho$bm. VoWo Amë`mZ§Va bT>mB©V bmoH$OI_r Pmbo hmoVo. Ë`m§g {H$Ë oH$m§g nmb»`m {Xë`m d {H$Ë oH$m§g Jmd BZm_ {Xbo. {H$Ë oH$m§gO{_Zr {Xë`m. ~mbnadoer nS>boë`m bmoH$m§Mr Mmb{dbr. Á`mg g§VVr ZìhVr Ë`m§Mr ZmZmnadoerMmb{dbr. Agm gmam ~§Xmo~ñV H$ê$Z e§H$amOr Ho$ed \$S>Ho$ `m§OH$S>o dgB© gagw m gm§{JVbm. Agm~§Xmo~ñV H$ê$Z lr_§Vm§Mr ñdmar nwÊ`mg oD$Z, ~mOramd gmho~ `m§g gmam _OyH$a gm§JyZ, gmVmè`mgOmD$Z emhÿ _hmamO `mg oQy>Z, _wbwI ga Ho$bm. hm _OHy$a emhÿ_hmamOm§g gm§JyZ {M_mOr AmßnmnwÊ`mg Ambo.eãXmW© d Q>rnm :

ñdmar -AmH«$_U A§_b - dM©ñd, Vmã`mV AgUo ~mobUmam - _Ü`ñW _wbwI -àXoe {\$a§Jr-nmoV©wJrO eh XoUo -AmH«$_U H$aUo IwîH$s -O{_Zrdarb _mJ© Ama_ma -Zm¡Xb ^m§S>Uo - wÕ H$aUo dgB© - hm R>mUo {OëømVrb wB©H$moQ> {H$„m hm 1536 gmbrnmoV©wJrOm§Zr ~m§Ybm. Vmo XmoZeo df} Ë`m§À`mM Vmã`mV hmoVm. ZD$ bmI ~m§JS>r \w$Q>Uo - wÕmVAZoH$ nwéf _aU nmdUo hñVJV hmoUo - qOH$Uo oX - ahñ` _gbV - wŠVr H$mgmanU -~m§JS>çm âÊ`mMm ì`dgm` ~wYbo - am§OU gwé§J - O{_ZrV bm§~, é§X, Imob IUUo dV©_mZ- ~mV_r Hw$_H$ - g¡Ý`mMo ghmæ` IQ>bo - Hw$Qw>§~mg{hV n§Yam _U ^mV - 900 {H$bmo Vh- ~mobUr, H$ama dñV^md- XmJXm{JZo Ab§H$ma gagw m gm§JUo- gw oXma åhUyZ Zo_Uo

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Q>rnm… {M_mOr Aßnm -~mOramdmMm YmH$Q>m ^mD$. `mZo H$moH$UKmQ> Am{U {H$Zmè`mda _amR>r gÎmoMm ^Jdm

\$S>H$dV R>odbm. Vim, Kmogmim - VioKmogmio, Ad{MVJS>, {~admS>r ho {H$„o _amR>çm§Zr {gÔrH$Sy>Z qOHy$Z KoVbo.

d H$aZmio, ~obmnwa, aodX§S>o, gmîQ>r (R>mUo) hm ^mJ nmoV©wJrOm§nmgyZ KoVbm.VrZ df} dgB© ^m§S>br - dgB© hm R>mUo {OëømVrb {H$„m 1536 gmbr nmoV©wJrOm§Zr ~m§Ybm VmoXmoZeo df} Ë`m§À`mM Vmã`mV hmoVm B. g. 1737 Vo 1739 `m H$mimV _amR>`m§Zr dgB© KoÊ`mMoà`ËZ Ho$bo (AIoa 17 _o 1739 bm {H$„m KoVbm.)

Am§OyaH$a - J§JmOr ZmB©H$ AmUyOyaH$a `m§Zr {M_mOrAmßnmg dgB©À`m _mo{h_oV ghmæ` Ho$boË`m~Ôb AmUyOya (Vm. {^d§S>r, {O. R>mUo) ho Jmd BZm_ {_imbo.

I§S>moOr _mUH$a - noeì`m§Zr H$moH$UmV Ho$boë`m bT>m`mV hm Amnë`m namH«$_mZo à{gÕrgAmbm. Ë`mÀ`m em¡ m©~Ôb Iadbr (Vm. _mUJmd, {O. am`J‹S>) `m Ë`mÀ`m amhË`m Jmdmgh AmUIrH$mhr Jmdo BZm_ {_imbr.

{\$a§½`mMr ~m`H$m o - hm àg§J {edH$mimVrb H$ë`mUÀ`m gw oXmamÀ`m gwZog {edmOramOm§ZrMmoir ~m§JS>r H$ê$Z nmR>dyZ {Xbo. Ë`m àg§JmMr AmR>dU H$ê$Z XoVmo.

nmb»`m - eya gaXmam§Zm nmbIrV ~gÊ`mMm {Xbm OmUmam _mZ.~mbnadoer - bT>mB©V _aU nmdboë`m g¡{ZH$m§À`m _wbm§À`m g§JmonZmgmR>r {Xbobm ~¡R>m nJma,

O_rZ BË`mXr.ZmZm nadoer - b‹T>mB©V _aU nmdboë`m g¡{ZH$m§À`m g§§§V{VhrZ nËZrg {VÀ`m {Zdm©hmnwaVm {Xbobm

nJma, O_rZ BË`mXr.emhÿ _hmamO `m§g oQy>Z - dgB©À`m doT>`mMr hH$sH$V {M_mOrÀ`m Vm|Sy>Z àË`j EoH$Ê`mMr

N>. emhÿ§Mr BÀN>m hmoVr VWm{n {M_mOr Aßnm§Mr àH¥$Vr Imbmdbobr Agë`mZo àË`j oQ>Ê`mEodOrgmar hH$sH$V Ë`m§Zr nÌmZo H$i{dbr.

~mOramdgmho~ - (1720 Vo 1740) ~mimOr {dídZmWMm nwÌ. Wmoabo ~mOramd noedod amD$ åhUyZ n[a{MV. g§ mOr nwÌ emhÿÀ`m nXar hm namH«$_r noedm hmoVm.ñdmÜ`m` :

à.1 Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.(1) {M_mOr Aßnm H$moUË`m ñdmarbm {ZKmbo?(2) dgB©da H$moUmMm A§_b hmoVm?(3) dgB©Mm {H$„m H$moR>o hmoVm?(4) dgB©Mm {H$„m KoÊ`mgmR>r Aßnmgmho~m§Zr {H$Vr df} à`ËZ Ho$bo?

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(5) I§S>moOr _mUH$aZo H$moUVo H$m © nËH$abo?

(6) {H$ëë`mV gwVmaH$m_ H$aÊ`mg H$moU Jobo?

(7) {\$a§½`mMr ~m`H$mo H$er hmoVr?

(8) dgB©_Ü o {H$Vr bmImMm _wbwI hmoVm?


(1) {H$„m g_wÐmV EH$ A§J .............. bm.

(2) {H$ëë`mVrb .............. g_Oë`m{edm` {H$„m KoUo AdKS>.

(3) oX AmUë`mda {H$ëë`mÀ`m ~wéOmImbr .............. Zobm.

(4) Ago ~mobyZ {\$a§½`mÀ`m ~m`H$mog ............... ZogdyZ gmoSy>Z {Xbo.

(5) Vwåhmg XwgarH$Sy>Z .............. oV Zmhr.

(6) Amåhmbm .............. {Xdgm§Mr _wXV Úmdr.

(7) Amßnmgmho~ `m§Zr {H$ëë`mV {eéZ .............. MT>{dbo.

(8) bT>mB©Vrb OI_r bmoH$m§Zm .............. {Xë`m.

(9) bT>mB©V nS>boë`m bmoH$m§Mr .............. Mmb{dbr.

(10) {M_mOrAßnm gmVmè`mg OmD$Z .............. Zm oQy>Z Ambo.

à.3 Imbrb àíZm§Mr XmoZ Vo VrZ dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

(1) {M_mOrAmßnm§Zr H$moH$UmV H$moUH$moUVm _wbwI qOH$bm?

(2) {M_mOrAßnm§Zr H$moUVm {ZíM` Ho$bm?

(3) gd© gaXmam§Zr {M_OrAmßnm§Zm H$m` gm§{JVbo?

(4) {\$a§½`mMr ~m`H$mo nmhÿZ lr_§V H$m` åhUmbo?


(1) {\$a§½`mMr ~m`H$mo Zdè`mbm H$m` åhUmbr?

(2) {\$a§½`mZo VhmV H$m` gm§{JVbo?

(3) bT>mB©Vrb OI_r bmoH$m§gmR>r d BVam§gmR>r lr_§Vm§Zr H$m` Ho$bo?

à.5 Imbrb àíZm§Mr nmM Vo ghm dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

(1) _mUH$a, Am§OyaH$a Am{U _moao gaXmam§Zr H$m` Ho$bo?

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(2) bT>mB©V OI_r Pmboë`m§Mr H$miOr H$er KoVbr OmB©?

(3) {\$a§½`mZo lr_§Vm§H$S>o H$moUVm Vh Ho$bm?


(1) ""_Obm Vmo\o$À`m Vm|S>r ~m§YyZ _mPo S>moHo$ Var {H$ëë`mV nmS>mdo.''

(2) ""Vwåhr Ë`m§er H$emgmR>r ^m§S>Vm§? Vmo nwÊ`dmZ Amho.''

(3) ""Am_Mo nXar H$maHy$Z AmhoV Ë`m§Mm gm§ mi AmnU H$amdm.''

à.7 Imbrb àíZm§Mr gmV Vo AmR> dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

(1) dgB©Mm {H$„m KoÊ`mgmR>r {M_mOrAßnm§Zr H$moUH$moUVo à`ËZ Ho$bo?

(2) dgB©À`m {H$ëë`mVrb oX OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r H$moUrH$moUr H$go à`ËZ Ho$bo?

^mfmä`mg :(1) Imbrb dmH²$àMmam§Mm AW© gm§JyZ dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$am.

H$m~rO H$aUo, eh XoUo, hñVJV hmoUo, hdmbr H$aUo.

(2) Imbrb dmŠ`mVrb H$mi AmoiIm.

(1) {M_mOr Aßnm H$moH$UnÅ>rbm ñdmarbm {ZKmbo.

(3) Imbrb dmŠ`mVrb AYmoao{IV eãXmMr {d^ŠVr AmoiIm.

(1) {M_mOr Aßnm nwÊ`mg Ambo.

(2) _mPo S>moHo$ {H$ëë`mV nmS>mdo.

CnH«$_ :{edmOr amOm§À`m doir ~{hOu ZmB©H$ hm CÎm_ hoa hmoVm Ë`mMr _m{hVr {_idm.

"eWuZ§ amÁ` amIb§' ho H$°ßQ>Z ~obdbH$a `m§Mo nwñVH$ dmMm.

{d{dY ObXþJmªMr {MÌo O_dyZ _m{hVr {bhm.

ewÕboIZ :nwT>rb eãX AgoM {bhm.

_wÐm§{H$V Zm_m§{H$V aoIm§{H$V

eãXm§{H$V g§a{jV AZgy`m

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nmR>-3 … {dÚmÏ`mªZmo, OmJ¥V ìhm !S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a

n[aM` :

S>m°. ^r_amd am_Or Am§~oS>H$a (1891-1956) - ñdV§Ì ^maVmÀ`m n{hë`m _§{Ì_§S>imV H$m`Xo_§Ìr,^maVr` KQ>ZoMo {eënH$ma, X{bVm§_Ü o ñdËdmMr OmUrd {Z_m©U H$aUmao H«$m§{VH$maH$ _hmnwê$f.Am wî`â kmZgmYZm H$ê$Z H$m`XoemñÌ, AW©emñÌ, g_mOemñÌ B. kmZ emIm§da Ë`m§Zr à wËd{_i{dbo. X{bVm§À`m CÞVrgmR>r Ë`m§Zr Amnbo OrdZ g_{n©V Ho$bo. ^maV gaH$maZo Ë`m§Zm "^maVaËZ'`m nwañH$mamZo gÝ_m{ZV Ho$bo. "_yH$Zm`H$', "OZVm' `m {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mo Vo g§ñWmnH$ hmoVo. VgoM "hÿdoAa {X eyÐmO'?, "Wm°Q>g² Am°\²$ nm{H$ñVmZ', "~wÕ A°ÊS> {hO Yå_' ho J«§W Ë`m§Zr {b{hbo. `m nmR>mMmàH$ma "d¡Mm[aH$ {Z~§Y Amho'.

hm nmR> åhUOo 1938 gmbr nwUo oWrb AH$amì`m Añn¥í`-{dÚm{W©g§_obZmV S>m°.Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Ho$boë`m AÜ`jr` ^mfUmMm g§nm{XV ^mJ Amho.

(_yë` - {ejUào_)

{dÚmÏ`mªZmo ! _mPo Am wî` gÜ`m IoS>çmnmS>çmVrb A{e{jV, AS>mUr, Owb_mZo ÌñV Pmboë`mbmoH$m§Mt JmèhmUr EoHy$Z Vr {ZdmaÊ`mÀ`m IQ>nQ>rV OmV Amho. Ë`m_wio {dÚmWu dJm©H$S>o Ogo bjÚmd`mg nm{hOo {VVHo$ XoÊ`mg Adga gmnS>V Zmhr, nU Ë`m_wio _r {dÚm{W©dJm©H$S>o Xwb©j H$aVmoAgm H$mhtMm g_O Pmbm Amho. _mPo n{hbo X¡dV {dÚm hmo . {dÚo{edm` _mUgmbm em§VVm Zmhr.Am{U _mUwgH$shr Zmhr. {dÚm hr _hmgmJamgmaIr Amho. Vr gdmªZm AdJV Pmbr nm{hOo. ~wÕmZoEH$Xm åhQ>bo Amho H$s ~wÕ Y_© hm ewÕ Y_© Amho. oWo oX^md Zmhr. l_U, {^jw, ~«m÷U, §Jr_J Vo H$moUrhr AgmoV. Ogo `_wZm, J§Jm, ~«÷nwÌm, JmoXmdar ZXr H$moUVrhr Agmo. Vr Amnë`màm§VmVyZ gmJamV Jobr H$s Ë`m§M§ nmUr EH$ Pmb§. _J ho nmUr `_wZoMo H$s JmoXmdarMo ho gm§JVm`m`M§ Zmhr. _mPm g§K _hmgmJamMm Amho. Á`mà_mUo _mUyg OJm`Mm Agbm Va AÞmMrAmdí`H$Vm AgVo. VerM {dÚoMrhr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. kmZm{edm` _mUyg H$mhrhr H$ê$ eH$UmaZmhr.

AmO {hÝXþñWmZmV hOmamo bmImo {Zaja AmhoV. _rhr Anma doXZm, Ìmg gmogyZ {dÚm g§nmXZHo$br Amho. åhUyZM _bm {dÚoMo ^ §H$a doS> Amho. AmO _mÂ`mOdi 20,000 nwñVHo$ AmhoV. AmhoVH$m H$moUmH$S>o Aer nwñVHo$? Omo _Zwî` nwñVH$m§da ào_ H$arb VoìhmM Vmo {dÚoMm Iam nwOmar hmoB©b. _r{dÚoMr nyOm 24 Vmg H$aVmo.

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_mPo Xþgao X¡dV {dZ` Amho, _r H$moUmMr `mMZm Ho$br Zmhr. _mP§ Ü oo Ag§ hmoV§ H$s _mP§ nmoQ>âb§ nm{hOo, Am{U _mÂ`m bmoH$m§Mr godm Ho$br nm{hOo. Ë`m_wio nmo dmS>rÀ`m ZmŠ`mdaÀ`m 18 d 50Z§~aÀ`m ImobrV _r H$Ê`m^mV Am{U ^mH$ar Im„r Am{U g_mOgodm Ho$br. nU ^mar nJmamÀ`mZmoH$arH$S>o dibmo Zmhr.

VgoM AmË_{dídmgmgmaIr Xþgar X¡dr eŠVr Zmhr. Ë`m_wioM _r Zoh_r åhUV AgVmo H$s _rOo H$arZ Vo hmoB©b. AWm©V _r ho gd© AmË_{dídmgmda Adb§~yZ åhUV AgVmo. hr _mPr K_|S> Zmhr.H$maU Ë`mdoir _w§~B©À`m {S>nmQ>©_|Q>À`m MmirV Xhm \y$Q> bm§~, Xhm \y$Q> ê§$X Aem ImobrV AmB©-~mn-^md§S>o `m§À`mgh amhÿZ EH$ n¡emÀ`m KmgboQ> Vobmda Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho. AZoH$ g§H$Q>m§Zm _r Vm|S> {XboAmho. Vo `m AmË_{dídmgmÀ`m Omoamda! B§½b§S>_Ü o AgVmZm Á`m Aä`mH«$_mbm 8 df} bmJVmV VmoAä`mg _r 2 df} 3 _{hÝ`mV èñdr VèhoZo nwam Ho$bm. ho H$aÊ`mgmR>r _r 21 Vmg Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho.AmO Mmirer CbQy>Z Jobr Var 24 Vmgm§n¡H$s 18 Vmg IwMuda ~gyZ H$m_ H$arV AgVmo. nU {M_yQ>âVnH$sa, {gJaoQ>g² `m§Mr `m d`mVgwÕm _bm JaO ^mgV Zmhr. åhUyZM _r åhUVmo H$s XrKm}ÚmoJ d H$ï>H$aÊ`mZoM èàmßVr hmoVo.

{dÚmÏ`mªZmo..! {dÚo~amo~a Am_À`mV erb nm{hOo. erbm{edm` {dÚm \w$H$mMr Amho. _rAm wî`mV H$moUmMr \$gdUyH$, AmË_{gÕrgmR>r nmn Ho$bobo Zmhr. {dbm`VoV OmD$Zhr _r H$gb§hrì`gZ Ho$b§ Zmhr. {dÚm ho eó Amho. EImÚmOdi {dÚoM§ eñÌ Agob d Vmo erbdmZ Agob,Va Ë`m`moJo Vmo EH$mMo g§ajU H$arb. Va VmoM Bg_ erb Zgob Va {dÚoÀ`m eñÌmZo Xwgè`mMmKmV H$arb. {dÚm hr VbdmargmaIr Amho. na§Vw {VMo _hËd {Vbm YmaU H$aUmè`mda Adb§~yZamhrb H$maU AS>mUr _mUyg H$moUmbm \$gdy eH$V Zmhr. nU {eH$ë`m gdaboë`m bmoH$m§À`m{R>H$mUr H$moUmg H$go \$gdmdo d Ë`mgmR>r bmJUmam wpŠVdmX AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Iè`mMo ImoQ>o,ImoQ>çmMo Iao Vo ^mgdy eH$VmV. b~mS>r H$aÊ`mg MmVw © d ~wÕr bmJVo. na§Vw MmVw © d ~wÕr{hbm gXmMmamMr AWm©V erbmMr OmoS> {_imbr Va Vmo b~mS>r, \$gdm\$gdr H$ê$ eH$Uma Zmhr.åhUyZ {eH$ë`m gdaboë`m bmoH$m§V erbmMr AË §V Oê$ar Amho. erbm{edm` {eH$bobo bmoH$ {ZnOybmJbo Va g_mOmMm, amï´>mMm Zme Amho. åhUyZ erbmMr qH$_V {ejUmnojm A{YH$ Amho. åhUyZ{dÚmÏ`mªZmo! Vw_À`m Ü`mZr Ambo AgboM H$s, {ejUmnojm erbmMr qH$_V A{YH$ Amho.

eãXmW© d Q>rnm :

JmèhmUr - VH«$mar {ZdmaUo - gmoS>{dUo, Zï> H$aUo Adga - doi AdJV hmoUo - {_idUo,gmÜ` hmoUo {Zaja - AS>mUr, {b{hVm-dmMVm Z oUmam K_o§S>> - Jd©, VmR>m XrKm}ÚmoJ - gVVAä`mg AWdm H$m_ gXmMma - Mm§Jbo dV©Z, Mm§Jbr dmJUyH$ AmË_{gÕr - ñdmW©

Q>rn : nmo dmS>r - _w§~B©Vrb EH$ ^mJ

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ñdmÜ`m` :

à.1 Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

(1) {dÚm H$emà_mUo Amho?

(2) Am§~oS>H$am§Zr {dÚm H$er g§nmXZ Ho$br?

(3) _mUyg {dÚoMm nwOmar Ho$ìhm hmoB©b?

(4) X¡dr eŠVr H$moUVr?

(5) Am§~oS>H$am§Zr 24 Vmgmn¡H$s {H$Vr Vmg Aä`mg Ho$bm?

(6) bmoH$m§Zm H$moU \$g{dVo?


(1) AmO _mÂ`mOdi .............. nwñVH§$ AmhoV.

(2) _mP§ Xþga§ X¡dV Amho .............. .

(3) AZoH$ g§H$Q>m§Zm _r Vm|S> {Xbo Vo .............. Omoamda.

(4) {ejUmnojm ............... A{YH$ _hËdmMo Amho.

(5) {eH$bo gdabobo bmoH$ .............. {edm` {ZnOy bmJbo Va amï´>mMm Zme Amho.


(1) dgB©Mm doT>m : ~Ia dmS²>_` : : {dÚmÏ`mªZmo OmJ¥V ìhm : ...............

(2) {dÚmÏ`mªZmo OmJ¥V ìhm : {ejUào_ : : dgB©Mm doT>m : ...............


(1) {dÚm _hmgmJamgmaIr Amho åhUOo H$m`?

(2) Xþgè`m X¡dVm~Ôb Am§~oS>H$am§Zr H$m` åhQ>bo Amho?

(3) XrKm}ÚmoJ d H$ï> H$aÊ`mZo è àmßV hmoVo åhUOo H$m`?

(4) AmË_{dídmgmZo Am§~oS>H$am§Zr H$m` {_i{dbo?

à.5 Imbr {Xboë`m àíZm§Mr CÎmao nmM Vo ghm dmŠ`m§V {bhm.

(1) {dÚogmR>r Am§~oS>H$am§Zr H$moU H$moUVo H$ï> KoVbo?

(2) Am§~oS>H$am§Mo Ü o H$moUVo hmoVo?

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(3) AZoH$ g§H$Q>m§Zm Am§~oS>H$am§Zr H$emÀ`m Omoamda Vm|S> {Xbo?

(4) "erb' `m JwUm~Ôb Am§~oS>H$a H$m` åhUVmV?


(1) ""Anma doXZm d Ìmg gmogyZ _r {dÚm g§nmXZ Ho$br.''

(2) ""Á`m Aä`mgH«$_mbm 8 df] bmJVmV, Vmo _r 2 df} 3 _{hÝ`mV nyU© Ho$bm.''

(3) ""àË oH$ Bg_mV àW_ erb Agmdo.''

(4) ""XrKm}ÚmoJ d H$ï> H$aÊ`mZoM è àmá hmoVo.''

à.7 Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao gmV Vo AmR> dmŠ`mV {bhm.

(1) {dÚo~Ôb Am§~oS>H$a H$m` åhUVmV?

(2) {dÚm, {dZ`, AmË_{dídmg d erb `m§Zm Am§~oS>H$am§À`m OrdZmV H$moUVo ñWmZ Amho?

^mfmä`mg :

(1) g§Yr gmoS>dm - gXmMma, {Zaja.

(2) gm_m{gH$ eãXm§Mm {dJ«h H$ê$Z àH$ma AmoiIm - _hmgmJa, XrKm}ÚmoJ, {Zaja, è{gÕr, AmË_{gÕr, gmYZgm_wJ«r

(3) Ab§H$ma AmoiIm -

(1) {dÚm hr _hmgmJamgmaIr Amho.

(2) {dÚm ho eñÌ Amho.

CnH«$_ :

{ejUmgmR>r bmb~hmXÿa emñÌr, AãXþb H$bm_ `m§Zr H$moUH$moUVo H$ï> KoVbo Ë`mMr _m{hVr{_idm.

YZ§O` H$sa `m§Zr {b{hbobo S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mo M[aÌ dmMm.

ewÕboIZ :


_¥Ë w§O` Ñ{ï>jon Y¥nX

V¥Vr` D$hmnmoh Amerdm©X

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nmR>-4 … ZmoH$a ?, N>o, _mbH$!qM.{d. Omoer

n[aM` :

qMVm_U {dZm`H$ Omoer (1892-1963) gwà{gÕ _amR>r {dZmoXr boIH$. nwUo oWo OÝ_, nmbr^mfoMm{deof ì`mg§J. Ama§ r {ejU ImË`mV _mÜ`{_H$ {ejH$, nwT>o ZmoH$arÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo ~S>moXm oWo dmñVì`.nmbr, B§J«Or Am{U _amR>r {df`mMo AÜ`mnZ. 1928 Z§Va ~S>moXm gaH$maMo XßVaXma. "gh{dMma' `m{Z`VH$m{bH$mMo g§nmXH$. "Ea§S>mMo Jwèhmi', "{M_Uamdm§Mo MèhmQ>', "nwÝhm EH$Xm {M_Uamd',"AmogmS>dmS>rMoXod', "dm`\$imMm_im', BË`m{X {dZmoXrH$Wmg§J«h à{gÕ. {M_Uamd Am{U Jw§S>`m^mD$ho XmoZ _mZgnwÌ Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m gm{hË`mVyZ bmoH${à` Ho$bo.

_mUgm§À`m ñd^mdmMo EHo$H$ Bagmb Z_wZo g_mOmV Amnë`mbm nhm`bm {_iVmV. AgmM EH$Z_wZm `m {dZmoXr H$WoV nmhÿ m.

hr H$Wm "AmUIr {M_Uamd' `m nwñVH$mVyZ g§nm{XV H$éZ KoVbr Amho.

(_yë` - ñd^mdXmof, {dZmoX {Z{_©Vr)

_mÂ`m gm¡.Mr Vã oV AMmZH$ {~KS>ë`m_wio Amåhr ñd §nmH$ H$aÊ`mg EH$m d`ñH$a ~mB©Mr{ZdS> Ho$br. Vr ~mB© R>a{dboë`m {Xder gH$mir AmR>À`m gw_mamg ~¡bmÀ`m N>H$S>`mVyZ Am_À`mXmamer Ambr. N>H$S>`mV XmoZ Q´>§H$m Am{U gVa§OrV ~m§Ybobr N>mZXmaer diH$Q>r ~¡R>H$sda ~m§YbobrhmoVr. nwT>ë`m Q´>§Ho$da bmH$S>r M>m¡H$Q>rV ~g{dbobmnmÊ`mMm IwOm Am{U _Yë`m diH$Q>rda ~mOmMr noQ>rAm{U _mJë`m Q´>§Ho$da AmOr~mB© {damO_mZ Pmë`mhmoË`m. Ë`m§Zr nmonQ>mMm {nVir qnOam, KÅ> YéZ R>odbmhmoVm Am{U S>mì`m ~JboV AmdiyZ Yaboë`m ~moŠ`mMoS>moHo$ Ë`m S>mì`m hmVmZo Hw$admirV hmoË`m. Am_À`mXmamV N>H$S>m Wm§~bm.

N>H$S>odmë`mÀ`m _XVrZo _r gm_mZ KamVAmUyZ R>o{dbo. nmonQ> nmhÿZ _wbm§Zm AmZ§X Pmbm Am{UVr Ë`mÀ`m qnOè`m^modVr Ioiy bmJbr. ~moH$m EH$mH$monè`mV ~gyZ {ZÐmgwI AZw dy bmJbm. AmOr~mBªZrZimer hmVnm` YwVbo d OodU KamV \$VH$b _méZhþehþe H$arV Ë`m ~gë`m. _wbo ""AmOr~mB© Amë`m'',

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Ago AmoaSy> bmJbr. Ë`m§Zm amJmdyZ Ë`m åhUmë`m, ""H$m` ~mB©, MmdQ> nmoa§ AmhoV hr? _r H$m` åhmVmar-{~Vmar Amho, AmOr~mB© åhUyZ ¿`m`bm? _bm H$mHy$ åhUV Om nU Oa H$m AmOr~mB© åhQ>bV§ VaOiVm {ZImam bmdrZ {O obm''.

H$mhr doi hme-hþe Pmë`mda Ë`m gm¡.bm åhUmë`m, ""H$mD$VmB©, Vw_À`m BW§ eodm H$am`bm_r Amë o Amho Iar; nU _mPm WH$dm OmB©n ªV _mPrM ào_eodm Vwåhr Ho$brV Va ~a§ hmoB©b. WmoS>m noebQ>r _bm H$éZ {XbmV H$s bmJboM nhm H$m_mbm!''

ZmoH$amÀ`m øm n{hë`m gbm_rZo _r gX© hmoD$Z Jobmo. _mÂ`mÀ`mZo amhdoZm, åhUmbmo ""AhmoH$mHy$~mB©, hr AmOmar Amho åhUyZ Vwåhmbm ~mobmdb§ AZ² VwåhrM CbQ> {Vbm H$m_ gm§JVm? VoMhmgmIaoM§ gm_mZ Amho. Vwåhr Amnë`m hmVm§Zr H$éZ ¿`m.''

_¡ZmZo AmB©À`m gm§JÊ`mdéZ H$mHy$~mB©g Mhm H$éZ {Xbm. Vmo T>mogyZ Ë`m åhUmë`m, ""_rnmM {_{ZQ>§ am_oídabm OmD$Z oVo. _¡Zm~mB©, XmoZ bmH$S>§ noQ>dyZ ^mVmM§ AmYU R>odm. nwT>b§ H$m_H$am`bm _r hOa AmhoM''.

ZD$ dmObo Var H$mHy$~mBªMo am_oída Xe©Z g§nbo Zmhr. {~Mmè`m _¡ZmZo Vm§Xÿi d¡abo, gm¡.Zo ^mOr {Mabr, _moê$Zo VmH$ Ho$bo. _r hr Am§Kmoi Ho$br, amKy Va {~Mmam bhmZM. nU gdmªZrAmnmnbo nar _ohZVrbm gwédmV Ho$br. Voìhm H$moR>o H$mHy$~mB© Ymnm Q>mH$sV Amë`m. Xhm dmOVmAm_Mr OodUo H$er~er CaH$br. H$mhr H$ƒo Va H$mhr H$anbobo, H$mhr Ohmb {VIQ> H$a H$mhrgm\$ AiUr AÞ ImD$Z Amåhr CR>bmo. Xþnmar dm_Hw$jrZ§Va H$mHy$ nwÝhm ~mhoa Joë`m.

g§Ü`mH$mir gmV dmOon ªV ~mBªMm nÎmm ZìhVm. H$mHy§$Mr dmQ> nmhÿZ H§$Q>miboë`m gm¡. ZoH$ÊhV H$ÊhV nmH${gÕr Ho$br. Am_Mr OodUo Pmbr. BVŠ`mV H$mHy$ Amë`m Am{U noQ>r KoD$Z ÔZåhUy bmJë`m.

Amåhr nmH$J¥hmÀ`m Xmamer C o amhÿZ nmhÿ bmJbmo. H$mHy§$Zr Amnbm {~N>mZm ngabm hmoVm.g_moa noQ>r KoD$Z Ë`m Vr dmO{dÊ`mV Am{U Jm`ZmV JH©$ hmoD$Z Joë`m hmoË`m. Ë`m§À`m Im§ÚmdaË`m§Mm AmdS>Vm nmonQ> {damO_mZ Pmbobm hmoVm Am{U ~moH$mo~m _mbH$sUrbm IoQy>Z nhþS>bo hmoVo.Amåhmbm nmhÿZ noQ>r Wm§~dyZ Ë`m åhUmë`m, ""Amßnm, amoO amÌr KQ>H$mâ ÔZ H$aÊ`mMr _mPrMmb Amho. Vwåhmbm Ìmg hmoV Agob Va _r Amnb§ _ZmVë`m _ZmV H$arZ''.

""ÔZ Am{U ^moOZ EdT>M§ Vwåhmbm H$aVm oV dmQ>V§? _¡Zm MdVmiyZ åhUmbr.

ÔZ g§në`mda H$mHy§$Mr ZmQ>çJrV gwé Pmbr. ZmQ>H$m§À`m nÚmdë`m§Mo AmdV©Z g§nVm g§nVmamÌrMo ~mam dmObo. gH$mir ghm dmOVm CRy>Z _r nmhVmo Vmo H$mHy$ Xma gVmS> CKSy>Z ~mhoa Joboë`mhmoË`m Am{U ~mhoaÀ`m Amogarda dmiV KmVbobr Am_Mr {MaJwQ>| Zm{her Pmbobr {XgV hmoVr. _J _rMhm Ho$bm. _¡ZmZo nmUr Vmndb§. AmR>mÀ`m gw_mamg hmVmV VmåhU-{Zam§OZ KoVbobr H$mHy§$Mr ñdmarSw>bV Sw>bV KamH$S>o naV Ambr.

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""H$m` H$mHy$, nm{hboV H$m {H$Vr dmObo?'' gm¡. Zo amJmZo {dMmabo. ""Pmbo AgVrb gmVgdmgmV. KS>`mimMr ~Q>H$sU ìhm`bm _r H$mhr _mñVa Zmhr Va H$maHy$Z Zmhr bmJyZ Joë o. AmYrnmoQ>mo~m AZ² _J {dR>mo~m AemVbr hr R>_mH$mHy$ Zmhr ~a§ H$m! H$mH$S> AmaVrbm JobV| Vwier ~mJoV.{VWyZ naV oV Amho. Vo OmD$ Úm; nU _mÂ`mH$[aVm Mhm R>odbm H$s Zmhr _¡ZmVmB©?'' {Z:g§H$moMnUoH$mHy§$Zr Mm¡H$er Ho$br.

""Amåhr Vwåhmbm H$m_mbm R>odb§ Amho H$m Vwåhr Amåhmbm?'' gm¡ m½`dVrZo {MSy>Z àíZ Ho$bm.

""Ahmo H$mD$VmB©, XodmY_m©bm H$gbm Vw_Mm AS>Wim? CbQ> _mÂ`m H$mH$S> AmaVrM§ AY©nwÊ`Vwåhmbm bmJob. Ë`mVyZ _bm Vw_À`m BW naH§$ Ag§ _wirM dmQ>V Zmhr. _J _¡ZmVmBª H$Sy>Z KmoQ>â Mhm_m{JVbm Va Ë`mV {~KS>b§ Hw$R>§? _r {Vbm ZmVrgmaIrM g_OË o'' H$mHy$ åhUmë`m Am{U _¡ZmZo{Xbobm Mhm KQ>mKQ> {nD$Z MwbrnwT>o \$VH$b _méZ ~gë`m.

"_¡ZmVmB©, _bm Oam bmH$S>§, KmgboQ> {Z AmJnoQ>r AmUyZ Úm ~a§, {dñVd Kmbm`bm,' H$mHy§$ZrAmO©{dbo. _¡Zm "_r Zmhr Om' åhUyZ niyZ Jobr.

""_J AmOr~mB© Vwåhr hmo H$embm?'' gm¡. Zo amJmdyZ {dMmabo. "_bm Hw$Ur AmOr~mB© åhQ>boboInV Zmhr Ag nm{hë`m§XmM gm§{JVb§ Zmhr H$m Vwåhmbm? H$mHy$ åhUmb Va _r H$m_mda amhrZ.{Za§OZ~wdm§À`m _R>mV Va _bm gJù`mOUr "g§JrV H$mHy$' åhUVmV. Vo Agmo _ob§, AÞ {eOdyZ Úm`M§VodT>§ H$m_ _mP§ Amho. ~mH$s gJi§ Vwåhr Ho$b§ nm{hOo. gVamdoim D$R>~g H$aVmZm _mPr H§$~a oVoXþIyZ!'' AmOr~mB©.

""_J AmOr~mB© åhUdyZ ¿`m`Mr H$m bmO dmQ>Vo?'' Ago {dMméZ _moéZo VoWyZ ni H$mT>bm.

gm¡. Zo H$mHy§$Zm bmH$S>o, Vm§Xÿi, nrR> {Xbo, ^mOr {MéZ {Xbr, _rR>_gmbm H$mTy>Z {Xbm Am{UH$mHy§$Zr gmS>oXhm dmOon ªV nmH${gÕr Ho$br. Amåhr Oodmd`mg ~gbmo. gm¡. dmTy> bmJbr. ^mV ImÊ`mVAm_Mo bj Amho Ago nmhÿZ H$mHy§$Zr Vn{H$arMr S>~r ~mhoa H$mTy>Z Ë`mVrb {M_yQ>â nyS> ZmH$nwS>çmVH$m|~br. XmoZ nim§Zr "AmH²$N²>' Agm AmdmO H$mTy>Z Ë`m§Zr Omo \$dmam CS>{dbm Ë`mÀ`m `moJo ^mOr,nmoù`m Am{U ^mV `m gd© AÞmda CXH$qgMZ Pmbo. AWm©V dmT>boë`m AÞm{edm` AmUIr AÞImÊ`mMr Amåhmbm H$moUmbmM BÀN>m Pmbr Zmhr Am{U Amåhr AY©nmoQ>rM CR>bmo.

Xþnmar Amåhr ~gbmo hmoVmo VoWo oD$Z H$mHy$ åhUmë`m ""CÚm EH$mXer Amho, _m{hV Amho Zm?''

""Amåhmbm H$moUmbm EH$mXer Zmhr''

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""Vwåhmbm Zgbr Var _bm Amho Zm? _r gJirH$S>o emoYyZ nm{hb§. Va XmUo, gm~wXmUo AmUIrIOya AmUyZ R>odm åhUOo Pmb§!''

""BVHo$ {OÞg nwaVrb H$m?'' _r Cnamo{YH$ ñdamV {dMmabo. CnamoY Ü`mZmV Z Amë`mMr~VmdUr H$arV H$mHy$ åhUmë`m, ""BVH§$ nwîH$i Pmb§. {bQ>aâ XÿY OmñVr AmUm`bm _r Jd‹ù`mbmgm§JyZ R>odbM§ Amho. _mPr H$mhr EH$mXer {Z XþßnQ> Imer AemVbr JV Zmhr''.

H$mHy§$Mo EH$mXer nwamU Mmby AgVm AmogardéZ _moR>m JbH$m EoHy$ Ambm. Am_À`m dg§VHw$Í`mZo H$mHy§$À`m ~moH$mo~mda h„m MT>{dbm hmoVm. Vo nmhÊ`mg ^modVmbr _wbo Jmoim Pmbr. Vmo Jm|JmQ>EoHy$Z EH$mXerMm H$m ©H«$_ ~mOyg R>oD$Z earamMm Vmob gm§ mirV H$mHy$~mB© Amogarda YmdVM Joë`mdg§VmÀ`m VmdS>rVyZ Ë`m§Zr ~moŠ`mMr gwQ>H$m Ho$br Am{U Ë`mbm Hw$admirV Ë`m åhUmë`m, ""{dR>çm,~mim VwPm nwZO©Ý_M Pmbm åhUm`bm haH$V Zmhr. H$m` ~mB© Var {~Mmè`mMo hmb Pmbo AmhoV! _oë`mHw$Í`mZ§ ZIm§Zr Amoa~mSy>Z VwP§ aJV H$mT>b§ Amho''!

gaVoeodQ>r H$mHy§$Zr Amåhmbm {Zdm©UrMm g§Xoe {Xbm H$s Amåhr Hw$Í`mbm Var KmbdyZ {Xb§nm{hOo AWdm H$mHy§$Zm Var H$m`_Mr aOm {Xbr nm{hOo. EH$mXerÀ`m {Xder Amnë`mbm ~mH$sÀ`m_§S>itMm ñd §nmH$ H$aÊ`mg \w$agV Zmhr Ago H$mHy§$Zr ñnï> gm§{JVbo. _¡Zm AmO Oam AñdñWM hmoVr.Am{U gm¡.Mm aŠVXm~ \$maM dmT>bm hmoVm, Ë`m_wio _moé Am{U amKy øm§À`m _XVrZo {nR>bo mV H$aÊ`mMo_r R>a{dbo. Cnmg Agë`mZo H$mHy§$Mo gmodio Iw§Q>rbm AS>Hy$Z am{hbobo hmoVo. Ë`m ñZmZmbm Joë`m AgVmamKyZo _mÂ`m H$mZmV gm§{JVbo, "H$mb H$mHy§$Zr bmoÊ`mMm Jmoim S>ã`mV KmbyZ Vmo gmodù`mÀ`mJmR>moS>çmV bndyZ R>odbobm Amåhr nm{hbm', Ë`mdéZ H$mHy§$Mo gmodio Iw§Q>rdéZ Amåhr H$mTy>Z nm{hbo,Ë`mV ~m§YyZ R>odbobo Am_Mo ~aoMgo {OÞg H$mTy>Z KoVbo Am{U CJmM V_mem ZH$mo åhUyZ _wH$mQ>`mZoJmR>moS>o VgoM naV R>odyZ {Xbo.

Amåhr {nR>bo mV Im„m. _oOdmZrg _mJo gmaUmam H$mHy§$Mm Cndmg g§nbm Am{U AmO ~wYdmaAgë`mZo Am_À`m _wbm§H$[aVm ZmQ>H$mMo \w$H$Q> nmg AmUÊ`mMo {Z{_Îm H$éZ Ë`m MmbË`m Pmë`m.

H$mHy$ OmVmM _moé d amKyZo Ë`m§Mm qnOam CKS>bm Am{U _¡ZmZo dmO{dÊ`mg noQ>r H$mT>br.H$mHy§$Mm nmonQ> qnOè`mÀ`m ~mhoa oD$Z _wbm§Zr {Xboë`m noéMm g_mMma KoV hmoVm. VmoM ~moH$mo~m§Mr ñdmarEH$X_ àH$Q> hmoD$Z Ë`mZo Amnbr EH$mXer _moS>br. _wbo ewH²$ewH²$ H$arV H$mR>çm KoD$Z ~moŠ`mÀ`m _mJobmJbr. na§Vw Ë`m àmUm§{VH$ AmH«$moe H$aUmè`m nmIambm nH$Sy>Z ~moH$m n{bH$S>rb KamÀ`m H$m¡bmamdaMTy>Z Jobm. WmoS>çm doimZo naV Amë`mda eyÝ`n§Oa nmhÿZ H$mHy§$Zr Omo AmH$m§V _m§S>bm Ë`mMo dU©Z H$aUoH$R>rU Amho. ""Jobm J ~mB© _mPm amKy!' _mÂ`m gmoZybm H$mimZ§ AmoTy>Z Zobm. AmVm _r Ë`mbm Hw$R>o nmhÿ!Aao _mÂ`m amKdm !''

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Am_À`m {d¿Zg§Vmofr eoOmè`m-nmOmè`m§Zm dmQ>bo, Am_Mm {ÛVr` nwÌ aKwZmW (amKy)H¡$bmgdmgr Pmbm H$s H$m`? åhUyZ Vo Am_À`m KamH$S>o Ambo, nU amKy åhUOo nmonQ> Jobm Ago OoìhmË`m§Zm H$imbo Voìhm Vo naV Jobo. nmd©Vr H$mHy$ Va ñnï>M åhUmë`m, ""{dZmH$maUM Amåhmbm hobnmQ>mnS>bm!''

VodT>çmV H$mHy§$Mr ZOa gmodù`mÀ`m JmR>moS>çmH$S>o Jobr. ""_mP§ JRw>S>§ bhmZ Pmbob§ {XgV§Amho! H$moUr H$mhr H$mTy>Z Va Zmhr KoVb§?'' Ago åhUV Ë`m§Zr JmR>moS>o H$mTy>Z gmoS>bo. ""ho H$m` ~mB©!_mÂ`m JmRw>S>çmVbm bmoÊ`mMm S>~m H$m` Pmbm?'' Ë`m amJmZo åhUmë`m. "Amåhr Am_Mm H$mTy>Z KoVbm'_¡ZmZo CÎma {Xbo. Ë`m gaer H$mHy$ CgiyZ Joë`m, ""EdT>g§ _ob§ bmoUr Vo H$m` AZ² Ë`mÀ`mH$[aVmgmoodù`mbm {edU§ Vo H$m`? Zob§ H$mHy§$Zr odTg§ bmoUr åhUyZ Ë`m§Mr MmoamgmaIr VnmgUr H$am`bmH$embm hdr?''

""nU Am_À`m Z H$iV H$embm KoVbV§?'' amKyZo _Ü oM Vm|S> Iwngbo.

""Vwåhr Var _mP§ gmodù`mM§ JmR>moS>§ _mÂ`m Z H$iV H$embm CKSy>Z nm{hbV§? {\$Q>§\$mQ>Pmbr'' - H$mHy$.

Jwédmar gH$mir H$mHy§$À`m ~moŠ`mZo XþYmÀ`m nmVoë`mV Vm|S> KmVbo Am{U _moéZo Ë`mÀ`m nmR>rV{H«$Ho$Q>Mr `ï>r OmoamZo KmVbr. Voìhm H$mHy§$Zr AmH$menmVmi EH$ H$éZ gmoS>bo. Vo nmhÿZ Pmë`m {Xdgm§MmnJma XoD$Z AmåhrM H$mHy§$Zm H$m`_Mm am_am_ R>moH$bm.

eãXmW© d Q>rnm :

N>H$S>m - gm_mZ dmhÊ`mMm bhmZJmS>m {MaJwQ>§ - dñÌ, qMYr d¡aUo - AmYUmÀ`m nmÊ`mVVm§Xÿi dJ¡ao AmoVUo gmodio- nyOoÀ`m doir Zogmd`mMo hbHo$ aoe_rdñÌ ~Q>H$sU- Xmgr AiUr- ~oMd ~JboV - H$mIoV H$ÊhUo - {dìhiUo AmdV©Z - nwÝhm nwÝhm åhUUo {Z…g§H$moMnUo- Z bmOVm KmgboQ> - am°Ho$b AmO©{dUo- {dZ{dUo JbH$m - Jm|Yi {Zdm©UrMm - AIoaMm

eyÝ` n§Oa- [aH$m_m qnOam \w$agV - gdS `îQ>r - {H«$Ho$Q>Mr ñQ>§n {dÜZg§Vmofr -Xþgè`m§À`mXw…ImV AmZ§X _mZUmao am_am_ R>moH$Uo - H$m`_Mr aOm XoUo.

Q>rn :

Vwier~mJ - nwÊ`mVrb EH$ ì`mnmar noR>

ñdmÜ`m` :

à.1 Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

(1) boIH$mZo ñd §nmH$mgmR>r H$moUmMr {ZdS> Ho$br?

(2) H$mHy$~mBªZm Mhm H$moUr H$éZ {Xbm?

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(3) H$mHy$ H$moUmÀ`m Xe©Zmbm Joë`m hmoË`m?

(4) {Za§OZ~wdm§À`m _R>mV H$mHy§$Zm H$m` åhUV hmoVo?

(5) ~moŠ`mZo Amnbr EH$mXer H$er _moS>br?

(6) H$mHy§$Zr H$moUVm {Zdm©UrMm g§Xoe {Xbm?

(7) boIH$mÀ`m Hw$Í`mMo Zmd H$m` hmoVo?

(8) ~wYdmar H$mHy$~mB© H$moR>o Joë`m?

(9) H$mHy§$Mm AmH$m§V nmhÿZ eoOmè`mnmOmè`m§Zm H$m` dmQ>bo?

(10) H$mHy§$Zr gmodù`mÀ`m JmR>moS>`mV H$m` bndyZ R>odbo hmoVo?

à.2 Imbrb dmŠ`mV [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX {bhm.

(1) AmOr~mBªZr .............. {nVir qnOam KÅ> YéZ R>odbm hmoVm.

(2) _¡Zm~mB© XmoZ bmH$S>§ noQ>dyZ .............. M§ AmYU R>odm.

(3) ÔZ§ g§në`mda H$mHy§$Mr .............. gwé Pmbr.

(4) _moé Am{U amKy `m§À`m _XVrZo ............... H$aÊ`mMo _r R>a{dbo.

(5) AmYr nmoQ>mo~m AZ² .............. AemVbr hr R>_mH$mHy$ Zmhr ~aH$m.

(6) H$mHy§$Zr gmS>oXhmn ªV .............. Ho$br.

(7) {dR>çm~mim VwPm .............. Pmbm åhUm`bm haH$V Zmhr.

(8) _mPr H$mhr EH$mXer {Z .............. AemVbr JV Zmhr

(9) Ë`m .............. AmH«$moe H$aUmè`m nmIambm nH$Sy>Z ~moH$m n{bH$S>ë`m KamÀ`mH$m¡bmamda MTy>Z Jobm.

(10) ~mooŠ`mZo XþYmÀ`m nmVoë`mV Vm|S> KmVbo Am{U _moéZo Ë`mÀ`m nmR>rV ..............

OmoamZo KmVbr

à.3 Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao VrZ Vo Mma dmŠ`mV {bhm.

(1) _wbm§Zr "AmOr~mB©' åhUyZ hmH$ _maVmM H$mHy$ amJmZo H$m` åhUmë`m?

(2) boIH$mbm d Ë`m§À`m Hw$Qw>§q~`m§Zm OodU gmoSy>Z AY©nmoQ>r H$m CR>mdo bmJbo?

(3) boIH$ nmH$J¥hmÀ`m XmamV C o am{hë`mda Ë`m§Zm H$moUVo Ñí` {Xgbo?

(4) boIH$mZo H$mHy§$Zm H$m`_Mm am_am_ H$m R>moH$bm?

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à.4 Imbr {Xboë`m àíZm§Mr CÎmao nmM Vo ghm dmŠ`m§V {bhm.

(1) boIH$mÀ`m Kar H$mHy§$Mo AmJ_Z H$go Pmbo?

(2) H$mH$S>AmaVrhÿZ naV Amë`mda H$mHy§$Zr boIH$mÀ`m nËZrbm H$moUVo CÎma {Xbo?


(1) ""ÔZ Am{U ^moOZ EdT>M§ Vwåhmbm H$aVm oV§ dmQ>V§.''

(2) ""_J AmOr~mB© åhUdyZ ¿`m`Mr H$m bmO dmQ>>Vo?''

(3) ""{dR>çm, ~mim VwPm nwZO©Ý_M Pmbm åhUm`bm haH$V Zmhr.''

(4) ""Amåhr Vwåhmbm H$m_mbm R>odb§ Amho H$m Vwåhr Amåhmbm?''

à.6 Imbrb àíZmMo gmV Vo AmR> dmŠ`mV CÎma {bhm.

(1) boIH$mZo H$mHy§$Zm H$m_mdéZ H$mTy>Z H$m Q>mH$bo? g{dñVa {bhm.

^mfmä`mg :

(1) Imbrb dmH²$àMmamMm AW© gm§JyZ dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$am.

{damO_mZ hmoUo, hobnmQ>m nS>Uo, H¡$bmgdmgr hmoUo, AmH$m§V _m§S>Uo,AmH$menmVmi EH$ H$aUo, am_am_ R>moH$Uo.


nmH${gÕr, kmZàH$me, CXH$qgMZ, _rR>_gmbm, {ZÐmgwI, {d¿Zg§Vmofr, H$mH$S>AmaVr,

nÚmdbr, eyÝ` n§Oa, eoOmarnmOmar.

CnH«$_ :

X._m. {_amgXma `m§Mo "_mÂ`m ~mnmMr n|S>' ho nwñVH$ {_idyZ dmMm.

EImXr {dZmoXr H$Wm {ZdSy>Z dJm©_Ü o "H$WmH$WZ' H$am.

ewÕboIZ :


nrS>m erf©H$ nr`yf

MrS> JrV H$sVu

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nmR>-5 … _ZmMo qnOao- AZ§V H$mUoH$a

n[aM` :AZ§V AmË_mam_ H$mUoH$a (1905-1980) nwamoJm_r {dMmagaUrMo H$dr d boIH$. "Mm§XamV' d BVaH${dVm, {dS>§~Zo, {ZgJ© dU©Zna H${dVm, H$moù`m§À`m OrdZmdarb JrVo, {b{hbr AmhoV. "{MÌm',"Amem' B, gmßVm{hH$m§Mo g§nmXH$ hmoVo. Ë`mZr qenbo Am{U _moVr. "VwQ>bobo Vmao', "{nH$br nmZo', hobKw{Z~§Y g§J«h d "YwŠ`mVyZ bmb Vmè`mH$S>o', "Am_Mr _mVr Am_Mo AmH$me' hr àdmg dU©Zo VgoM"OmJË`m N>m`m', "_moa{ngo', "énoar dmiy' ho H$Wm g§J«h d "{Z{eH$m§VmMr Zdar' ho ZmQ>H$ {b{hbo Amho.`m§Zr 1957 À`m gm{hË` g§_obZmMo AÜ`jnX yf{dbo hmoVo.

Amnë`mbm EImXr dñVy dm {df` gmYm dmQ>Vmo, nU boIH$ Ooìhm Ë`m dñVyH$S>o AWdm{df`mH$S>o nmhVmo Voìhm Ë`mbm Ë`m_Ü o EImXm _m¡{bH$ {dMma gmnS>Vmo. Vgm N>ÌrgmaIm gmYm {df`,Ë`mVyZ n[apñWVrÀ`m qnOè`mV gmnSy>Z _mZdmMo ì`pŠV_Ëd IwaQ>V Mmbbo Amho ho gm§{JVbo Amho, H$goVo `m bKw{Z~§YmV nmhÿ. hm bKw{Z~§Y "CKS>çm {IS>Š`m' `m g§J«hmVyZ {ZdS>bm Amho.

(_yë` - ì`pŠV_Ëd {dH$mg)`m nmdgmù`mÀ`m gwédmVrbm _r ~mam ê$n`m§Zm EH$ N>Ìr {dH$V KoVbr. hmo hmo, ~mam ê$n`m§Zm

N>Ìr. gmÜ`m N>Í`m§Mrhr qH$_V `m {XdgmV nÝZmg gmR> ê$n o Amho. \$ma H$m`, OwÝ`m ~mOmamV XoIrbdrg n§Mdrg ê$n`mImbr N>Ìr {_iV Zmhr, Am{U ~mam ê$n`m§V _bm N>Ìr {_imbr Var H$er? `mM§nwîH$im§Zm AmíM © dmQ>ob. BVam§Mr JmoîQ> H$embm? OwÝ`m ~mOmamVë`m Ë`m XþH$mZXmambmhr _r "Vr' N>Ìr{ZdS>br Voìhm AmíM © dmQ>bo. AmYr EH$ JmoîQ ñnîQ>M >gm§JyZ Q>mH$bobr ~ar. nmdgmù`mV N>ÌrdmnaÊ`mÀ`m _r {déÕ Amho. nU eodQ>r N>Ìr ¿`m`MrM Ag§ R>adb§. Voìhm OwÝ`m~mOmamV Jobmo Am{UAJXr H$_rV H$_rMr N>Ìr _bm XmId§ åhUyZ Ë`m XþH$mZXmambm gm§{JVb§. Xhm-~mam ê$n o qH$_VrÀ`mXmoZ-Mma Mm§Jë`m N>Í`m Ë`mZ§ XmI{dë`m Ë`mn¡H$s EH$ _r KoUma hmoVmo, BVŠ`mV H$monè`mVë`m EH$mN>ÌrH$S>o _mP§ bj§ Job§.

"Ë`m N>ÌrMr qH$_V H$m`?' _r {dMmab§. "~mam ê$n o gmho~' Vmo åhUmbm, "nU Vr KoD$ ZH$mVwåhr. g§~§Y nmUr A§Jmda oB©b ~Km'.

"nU Vo H$monè`mV Oo H$mhr Amho Vr N>Ìr Amho Zm? Am{U CKSy>Z XmoZ Mma {Xdg S>moŠ`mda YaVmoB©b Zm?'

"hmo', Vmo åhUmbm, "nU gmho~'._r ~mam ê$n o Ë`mÀ`m A§Jmda Q>mH$bo, Am{U Vr N>Ìr KoD$Z Ambmo. Aem VèhoZo _r ~mam

ê$n`m§Zm N>Ìr KoVbr, BVH$M§ Zìho, Va Á`m CÔoemZo AmnU nmdgmù`mV N>Í`m KoVmo, Vmo CÔoehr AJXr

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g§nyU©nUo g\$b Pmbm. OwÝ`m ~mOmamVë`m Ë`m XþH$mZXmambmhr _r "Vr' N>Ìr {ZdS>br V|ìhm AmíM ©dmQ>bo. N>Ìr KoÊ`mMm CÔoe nmdgmù`mV ñdV…Mm nmÊ`mnmgyZ ~Mmd H$aU§ hm Amho, Ag§ nwîH$im§ZmdmQ>V§. nU Vr Ho$di ñdV…Mr \$gdUyH$ Amho. N>Ìr {edm` AmnU nmdgmV {OVHo$ {ÔVmo {VVHo$M,qH$~hþZm ~aoM doim WmoS>o A{YH$M N>Ìr AgVmZm {ÔVmo. Ë`m{edm` Vr hadbr, _moS>br, CS>mbr,qH$dm CbQ>r Pmbr åhUOo ZmZm àH$maMm _ZñVmn hmoVmo, Vmo doJimM. N>Ìr KoÊ`mV Amnbm Iam CÔoe"H$m hmo, {ÔVgo MmbbmV? N>Ìr Zmhr dmQ>V§?' Ag§ Hw$Ur {dMmé Z o, qH$dm {ÔV Mmbboë`mH$S>oBVa bmoH$, "H$moU doS>m hm!' Aem AWm©Z§ Q>H§$_H§$ nmhVmV, Vg§. AWm©V Vo ñdV… N>Ìr AgyZhr {ÔVMAgVmV, - AmnUmH$S>o Hw$Ur nmhÿ Z o, hmM hoVy AgVmo. _r Oo åhQ>b§ H$s Vo N>Ìr ZmdmM§ ~mam ê$n`m§M§H$mhr Var {dH$V KoD$Z _mPm CÔoe AJXr g§nyU©nUo g\$b Pmbm; Vmo `mM AWm©Z§. Ia§ gm§Jm`M§ åhUOoAmnU ñdV…H$[aVm N>Ìr _wirM KoV Zmhr. Vmo gd© IQ>mQ>mon Xþgè`m§H$[aVm AgVmo.

_bm dmQ>V§, eooH$S>m ZìdX Q> o$ Jmoï>r AmnU AemM Ho$di Xþgè`mH$[aVm H$arV AgVmo. hmH$aVmo, åhUyZ Vmo H$aVmo, Vmo H$aVmo åhUyZ {Vgam H$aVmo Am{U _J gd©MOU Vr Jmoï> H$ê$ bmJVmV.IamoIa AmnUmbm Ë`m Jmoï>rMm H$mhr Cn`moJ Amho qH$dm {VÀ`mnmgyZ AmnUmbm H$mhr gwI Amho `mMmHw$UrM {dMma H$aV Zmhr. åhUOo _mP§ åhUU§ Ag§ Zmhr H$s _mUgmZ§ ñdV…nwaV§ nmhmd§, Xþgè`m§Mm _wir{dMmaM H$ê$ Z o. CbQ> _r Ag§ åhUoZ H$s Xþgè`mbm gwI hmoV Agob Va AmnU WmoS>§ Xþ…Ihr ghZH$am`bm haH$V Zmhr. nU AZoH$ Jmoï>r AmnU H$aVmo, H$s Á`m, nmgyZ AmnUmbm gwI§ ZgVM§, nUXþgè`mbm Ë`mMm H$mS>rBVH$m Cn`moJ ZgVmo. Oo Xþ…I An[ahm © Amho qH$dm Oo Xþ…I ghZ Ho$ë`m_wioBVam§Zm H$mhr gwI hmoUma Amho, Vo ghZ H$aU§ R>rH$, nU H$mhr EH$ H$maU ZgVmZm CJmM ñdV…À`m{OdmMm H$m|S>_mam H$am`Mm åhUOo H$m`? EH$m_mJyZ EH$ IÈ>`mV CS>`m Q>mH$Umè`m _|T>çm Am{U _mUg§`m§À`mV \$aH$ Vmo H$m` am{hbm _J?

n[apñWVrMo qnOao VmoSy>Z Q>mH$ë`m{edm` _mZdmMr _wŠVr hmoV Zmhr åhUVmV. gm_m{OH$,Am{W©H$, amOH$s` haEH$ VèhoÀ`m {n§Oè`mV _mZdr ì`pŠVËd IwaQ>V Mmbb§ Amho, Am{U ho qnOaoVm~S>Vmo~ VmoSy>Z \$moSy>Z Q>mH$bo nm{hOoV `mM e§H$mM Zmhr, nU EH$m B§J«Or åhUrV åhQ>ë`mà_mU§XmZY_m©Mr gwédmV Á`mà_mU§ ñdV…À`m KamnmgyZM ìhmdr, Ë`mà_mU§ `m OmJ{VH$ H«$m§VrMmhr àma§_ZmMo qnOao VmoSy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mnmgyZ ìhmdm ho CÎm_. _moR>_moR>r _mUg§ _moR>_moR>`m H«$m§Ë`m H$aVmhoV Vmon ªVAmnë`mgma»`m N>moQ>çm _mUgm§Zr "N>Ìr, N>ßna _wXm©~mX!' BW§nmgyZM gwadmV H$am`bm H$m` haH$VAmho? Am{U Vo {H$Vr gmon§ Amho nmhm, {heo~M H$ê$Z XmI{dVmo. nmdgmim AX_mgo Mma _{hZoåhUOo EH$eodrg {Xdg AgVmo. n¡H$s \$ma Va gmR> {Xdg nmD$g nS>Vmo. åhUOo Cabo gmR> {XdgË`mVyZ Vrg {Xdg Var amÌrMm nS>Vmo. am{hbo Vrg {Xdg. Vmohr H$mhr gmaIm nS>V Zmhr. AmnUKamVë`m KamV qH$dm H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUr AgVm {ZXmZ n§Yam Var {Xdg Var nmdgmMo OmVmV. åhUOo\$ŠV n§YamM Cabo, WmoS>m {P_ {P_ nmD$g Agbm Va OmVmòVm Hw$R>§Var PmS>mImbr qH$dm EImÚmH$monè`mV nmM {_{ZQ>§ Wm§~yZ AmnU ghO Z {ÔVm Kar oD$ eH$Vmo, Ago gmV {Xdg Var OmVmV.AmVm AmR>M {Xdg am{hbo. AmnU Om`bm-`m`bm Am{U OmoamMm nmD$g nS>m`bm, Agm `moJm`moJ

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\$ma Va Mma doim oVmo. Mma _{hÝ`mVyZ Ho$di Mma doim N>ÌrMm AmnUmbm Cn`moJ hmoVmo, Am{U BVŠ`mOmoamÀ`m nmdgmV AmnU N>Ìr AgyZhr {ÔVmoM. Am{U Varhr AmnU dmQ>ob Vr qH$_V XoD$Z N>Ìr{dH$V ¿`m`Mr `mVm`mV H$m` H$aVmo, Vr hadë`mda gwñH$mao H$m` gmoS>Vmo, Vr CS>më`mda {VÀ`m_mJyZ{MIbnmÊ`mVyZ doS>çmgmaIo YmdVmo H$m`, Am{U Vr CbQ>r Pmë`mda âañË`mV doS>çm-dmH$S>çm CS>`mH$m` _maVmo! N>o! N>o! nwT>ë`m dfmªnmgyZ ""N>Ìr _wXm©~mX!''.

eãXmW© d Q>rnm :

_ZñVmn - _Zmbm hmoUmè`m `mVZm/Xþ…I H$m|S>_mam hmoUo - CKS>nUo Z gm§JVm oUoAn[ahm © - ZmB©bmO haEH$ - àËòH$ `mVm`mV - Ìmg IwaQ>Uo - dmT> Iw§Q>UoH«$m§Vr - AMmZH$ hmoUmam ~Xb gwñH$mam - Cgmgm>

Q>rnm : bKw{Z~§Y …- gmÜ`m gmÜ`m {df`mVyZ boIH$mZo dmMH$m§er _maboë`m Jßnm!. bKw{Z~§Ymbm

H$moUmVmhr {df` dÁ © ZgVmo. boIH$mÀ`m A§Va§JmV CR>bobo {dMmam§Mo Va§J d Ë`mnmgyZdmMH$m§Zm {_iUmam AmZ§X Ago bKw{Z~§YmMo ñdén. `mMo OZH$ Zm.gr. \$S>Ho$ hmo . VobKw{Z~§Ymbm "JwOJmoîQ>' åhUV.

ñdmÜ`m` :

à.1 nwT>rb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

(1) boIH$mZo nmdgmù`mÀ`m gwê$dmVrbm {H$Vr ê$n`mbm N>Ìr {dH$V KoVbr?

(2) boIH$ H$moUË`m Jmoï>rÀ`m {dê$Õ Amho?

(3) _mZdmÀ`m _wŠVrgmR>r H$m` Ho$bo nm{hOo?

(4) XmZ-Y_m©Mr gwédmV H$moRy>Z ìhmdr?

(5) nwT>À`m dfm©nmgyZ boIH$ H$moUVo Am§XmobZ H$aUma AmhoV.?

à.2 Imbrb dmŠ`mVrb [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX {bhm.

(1) boIH$mZo nmdgmù`mÀ`m .............. N>Ìr {dH$V KoVbr.

(2) boIH$mZo .............. _YyZ N>Ìr {dH$V KoVbr.

(3) eoH$S>m .............. Jmoï>t AmnU Xþgè`mH$[aVm H$arV AgVmo.

(4) ............... Mo qnOao VmoSy>Z Q>mH$ë`m {edm` _mZdmMr _wŠVr hmoV Zmhr.

(5) nmdgmim AX_mgoo.............. {Xdg AgVmo.

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à.3 nwT>rb àíZm§Mr CÎmao VrZ-Mma AmoirV {bhm.

(1) XþH$mZXmambm AmíM © H$m dmQ>bo?

(2) "H$monè`mVrb N>Ìr Kody ZH$m' Ago XþH$mZXma boIH$m§Zm H$m åhUmbm?

(3) "N>Ìr AmnU Xþgè`mgmR>r KoVmo' Ago boIH$ H$m åhUVmo?

(4) _ZmMo qnOao H$moU H$moUVo AmhoV?

à.4 Imbrb àíZmMo CÎma nmM-ghm dmŠ`m§V {bhm.

(1) nmdgmù`mMm {heo~ boIH$mZo H$gm KmVbm Amho?


(1) ""nU Vr KoD$ ZH$m Vwåhr, g§~§Y nmUr A§Jmda oB©b ~Km!''

(2) ""nU Vo H$monè`mV Oo H$mhr Amho Vr N>Ìr Amho Zm?''

à.6 nwT>rb àíZmMo CÎma gmV Vo AmR> dmŠ`mV {bhm.

(1) `m bKw{Z~§YmVyZ _mZdr _ZmÀ`m H$moUË`m àd¥Îmr XmI{dë`m AmhoV?

^mfmä`mg :

(1) {dê$ÕmWu eãX {bhm.

g\$b, IwaQ>Uo, Xþ…I

CnH«$_ :

(1) Zm.gr. \$S>Ho$ `m§À`m Hw$_ma{_Ìhmo & nwñVH$mVrb bKw{Z~§Y {_idyZ dmMm.

(2) _.Zm. AXd§V `m§Mm "{ZgJ© Am{U Amåhr' hm bKw{Z~§Y {_idyZ dmMm.

ewÕboIZ :


gágy`© {dÚmÜ``Z à{Vq~~

gyVnwÌ {dn ©ñV ì wËnËVr

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nmR>-6 … OnmZr ñÌrB§Xÿ gmH«$sH$a

n[aM` :

B§Xÿ {XZH$a gmH«$sH$a (1923-1963) gm_m{OH$ H$m`©H$Ë`m© Am{U H$Wmbo{IH$m. Ë`m§Mo "{ZimB©',"AnyVu', "_moha' ho H$Wmg§J«h AmhoV. "gmn{eS>r' hm EH$m§{H$H$m g§J«h. "nyd}À`m n[agamV' ho àdmgdU©Z Amho. gm_m{OH$ ^mZ R>odyZ ^modVmbÀ`m OrdZmMo aoIrd AZ gw~moY e¡brV {MÌU H$aUo hrB§Xÿ gmH«$sH$a `mÀ`m boIZmMr d¡{eï> o AmhoV.

nma§n[aH$ ~wOaonUm ~mOyg R>odyZ AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ñÌrZo gd©joÌmV YrQ>nUo dmdabo nm{hOo AgoB§Xÿ gmH«$sH$a `m§Zm dmQ>Voo. OnmZ_Yrb _hm wÕmoÎma H$mimVrb ñÌr_Ü o ho n[adV©Z Ë`m§Zm Vrd«VoZoOmUdbo.

gm_m{OH${MÌU hm `m àdmgdU©ZnaboIZmMm EH$ KQ>H$ òWo R>iH$nUo àH$Q> PmbmAmho. hm nmR> "nyd}À`m n[agamV' `m àdmgdU©ZmVyZ{ZdS>bm Amho.

(_yë` - Hw$Vyhb)

OnmZr ñÌr JmoS>, bmKdr, embrZ, hgar.^mfoV ~mobVm Zmhr Amb§, Var Vr hgè`mS>moi`m§Zr Vw_M§ ñdmJV H$arb. Hw$R>ë`mhr hm°Q>obmVOm, nmhþÊ`m§Mr `WmpñWV ga~amB© H$aÊ`mVhm°Q>obÀ`m _mb{H$Ur AJXr JT>boë`m AgVmV.OUy ga~amB© H$aU§ EdT>M§ Ë`m§M§ Or{dVH$V©ì`!AWm©V "Q>rngmR>r Ë`m ho gd© H$arV ZmhrV. H$maUOnmZ_Ü o "Q>rn KoUo' ho H$_rnUmMo g_OVmV.qhXþñWmZmV Img _mOKamV qH$dm ñd`§nmH$KamVXS>bobm hm embrZnUm gm_m{OH H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZH$aUma§ OnmZ ho n¥ÏdrVbmdaM§ EH$_od amï´> Agob.

BVahr ~hþVoH$ gd© joÌmV OnmZr ñÌrM§gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ Am{U amOH$s` OrdZhr \$ma

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nwT>mabobo Amho. ~mhoaMm gd© H$ma^ma OdiOdi {VÀ`mM hmVmV Amho. Q´>°_ H§$S>ŠQ>a, ~g H§$S>ŠQ>a,XþH$mZmVrb {dH«o$Ë`m, hm°Q>ob_Yrb dmT>nr, {bßQ>_Z dJ¡ao {H$Ë oH$ joÌo OUy Img pñÌ`m§MrM amIrd AerAmhoV. ~yQ>nm°bre Am{U Ho$g H$mnÊ`mÀ`m Y§ÚmVgwÕm ~è`mM pñÌ`m AmhoV.

18 nmgyZ 30 dfmªÀ`m ~hþVoH$ A{ddm{hV _wbr da gm§{JVboë`m Y§ÚmV H$m_ H$arV AgVmV.ñdV…À`m b¾mgmR>r n¡gm O_m H$am`bm Ë`m§Zm bmO dmQ>V Zmhr. CbQ> OrdZ_mZ dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r ømgd© Jmoï>r Amnë`mbm Ho$ë`mM nm{hOoV Aer Ë`m§Mr lÕm Amho. H$nS>o Ywdm`Mo §Ì, Q>o{bpìhOZ,Q>o{b\$moZ KamV AgbmM nm{hOo Agm Ë`m§Mm hÅ> Amho. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m b¾mÀ`m AJmoXa n¡emMr VaVyXH$ê$Z R>odrV AgVmV.

EH$Xm _r OnmZÀ`m n[afXoH$[aVm Jobo hmoVo. Ë`mdoir Xa MmaAmR> {Xdgm§Zr Amåhm à{V{ZYtZmAmgnmgÀ`m {Za{Zamù`m Jmdm§V ZoÊ`mV oB©. Voìhm nwîH$iXm AmJJmS>rVyZ _r àdmg Ho$bm. JmS>rÀ`mS>ã`mVë`m H±${Q>Z_Ü ohr 18 Vo 19 dfmªÀ`m _wbr H$m_ H$arV hmoË`m. hm°Q>ob MmbdU§, H$n {dgiU§,S>ã`mV OodUmMo H$mJXr S>~o {dH$U§, dJ¡ao hbH$s g_Obr OmUmar H$m_§! VgoM amÌrÀ`m JmS>çm§VyZgwÕm A{Ve` {Z © nUm§Z§ hr gmar H$m_§ H$aUmè`m h`m Vê$U _wbr nmhÿZ _bm amÌrMm àdmggmo~Vr{edm` Z H$aUmè`m gw{e{jV qhXr _Ü`_d`rZ pñÌ`m§Mr AmR>dU Pmbr. nmb©_|Q> _Ü o VrZdoim{ZdSy>Z Amboë`m {_gog H$_rOIm±, øm gmoe°{bñQ> njmÀ`m EH$m à^mdr H$m ©H$VuMr _r _wbmIVKoVbr. _r _mPm àíZ Ë`mZm {dMmabm ""øm VéU _wbtZm Ag§ EH$Q>§ ahm`Mr ^rVr Zmhr dmQ>V?

""Vw_Mm àíZM _bm g_OV Zmhr!''

""_mP§ åhUU§, amÌr EH$Q>§ amhm`Mr ^rVr!''

Am_À`m XoemV Aer ^rVr AmVm ApñVËdmV am{hbr Zmhr, añË`mV CJrMM KmoQ>miV C § amhÿZ_wbtMr Moï>m H$aU§... qH$dm Ë`m§Zm H$mhr Ìmg XoU§ ho {Zê$ÚmoJr àH$ma OnmZ_Ü o Vwåhmbm Hw$R>oMAmT>iUma ZmhrV. CbQ> _wbr ZmoH$ar Z H$aVm KamV ~gy bmJë`m VaM Ë`m§Mr Moï>m hmoB©b.

Ë`m§À`m øm CÎmamZ§ _r _ZmVë`m _ZmV gX©M Pmbo. nwT>§ H$m` ~mobmd§ ho _bm gwMoZm. EHo$ H$mirqhXr pñÌ`m§nojm AJXr _mJo, JmofmV dmdaUmè`m øm OnmZr pñÌ`m BVŠ`m H$em nwT>maë`m? øm H$moS>`mMm_r _ZmerM {dMma H$arV am{hbo. Voìhm H$_rOIm± hgV hgV åhUmë`m ""\$ma AmíM © dmQ>b§ AgobZmhr Vwåhmbm! nU Vwåhmbm _mhrV Amho. Vrg Mmirg dfmªnydu Am_Mr H$m` pñWVr hmoVr Vo! AmåhrAJXr A§YmamV hmoVmo Ago åhQ>bo Var Mmbob. Am_Mr hr nS>H$s A§Ymar Ka§ XmoZ Y¸$`mV nma CISy>ZnS>br. EH$ åhUOo 1819 gmbr Pmbobm yH§$n Am{U Xþgam {hamo{e_mda 1945 gmbr Pmbobm ~m±~h„m! hr XmoZ _hm^`mZH$ g§H$Q>§ Am_À`m àJVrbm gd©ñdr H$maUr yV AmhoV. KamMm AmYmaM ZmhrgmPmë`mda Amåhmbm añË`mda `mdM bmJb§. d ñdV…À`m nm`m§da C o amhÊ`mIoarO JË §Va am{hb§ Zmhr.

H$_rOIm±À`m à`ËZm_wio Xþgè`m {Xder _r Ë`m§À`m ~amo~a pñÌ`m§À`m EH$m Šb~À`m nmQ>ubmJobo. Q>mo{H$Amo_Yë`m EH$m \$°eZo~b hm°Q>ob_Ü o hr nmQ>u hmoVr. H$mhr à{V{ð>V nwê$f_§S>irhr ømg_ma§ mbm hOa hmoVr. _Ü`^mJr qnJnm±JgmaI§ Iyn _moR>§>, bm§~Q>, Q>o~b hmoV. XmoÝhr H$monè`mV PJPJrV

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àH$memV _moR>_moR>o H$°_oao ñQ>±S>da C o Ho$bo hmoVo. Q>o~bmda gd© ImÚ nXmW© d no o H$bmnyU© nÕVrZo _m§S>brhmoVr. _Ü`^mJr bmD$S>ñnrH$ahr hmoVm. hOa Agboë`mV amOH$Ý`m, à{gÕ ZQ>r, Jm{`H$m, H$d{`Ìr,H$mX§~arH$ma, bKwH$Wmbo{IH$m Aem pñÌ`m hmoË`m. _bm Ë`m§Mr Vm|S>AmoiI ìhmdr åhUyZ H$_rOIm±Zr_bm ~mobmdb§ hmoV§. Ë`m amOH$Ý`m BVŠ`m Z_« hmoË`m H$s amOH$Ý oMm {X_mI Ë`m§À`m dmJÊ`m ~mobÊ`mVA{O~mV {XgV ZìhVm.... Q>mo{H$Amo_Yrb _mÂ`m _w $m_mV _r ~KVm oB©b. VodT>çm pñÌ`m§À`m g§KQ>ZmnmhÿZ KoVë`m. `m g§KQ>Zm Q>mo{H$AmonmgyZ Iyn bm§~ A§Vamda hmoË`m.

Ë`mn¡H$s gdm©V _hËdmÀ`m g§KQ>Zm åhUOo "_Xg© w{Z`Z' Am{U "hmD$g dmBìhO w{Z`Z'. àW__r "_Xg© w{Z`Z'À`m AÜ`jm§Zm oQ>m`bm Jobo. EH$m _moR>çm VrZ _Obr B_maVrV Amåhr {eabmo.n{hë`m _Oë`mda _Xg© w{Z`ZM§ Am°{\$g hmoV§. Xþgè`m _Oë`mda nmbH$m§Mr g§ñWm Am{U {Vgè`m_Oë`mda {ejH$m§À`m g§KQ>ZoM§ Am°{\$g. _Xg© w{Z`ZÀ`m AÜ`jm 70-75 dfm©À`m hmoË`m. nU Ë`m§MmCËgmh _mÌ Xm§S>Jm hmoVm. _bm Ë`m§À`m Mohè`mda Abm¡{H$H$ V¥ßVr OmUdbr. Zmdmdê$Z dmQ>b§ hr g§ñWmHo$di _mVm§Mr _mJ©Xe©H$ Agob. Ver Vr AmhoM. Am{U 1945 gmbr {hamo{e_mda ~m±~ h„m PmbmVoìhm AZoH$ Ka O_rZXmoñV Pmbr. {H$Ë oH$ g§gma Ywirbm {_imbo. XoemVrb Vê$U nwê$fm§Mr g§»`mH$_r Pmbr. AmB©~mnm{dZm, KamXmam{dZm nmoaH$s Pmbobr XrZdmUr _wb§ XmamoXma qhSy> bmJbr. Ë`m_wbm§Zm Aml` XoÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo `m g§ñWoMr ñWmnZm Pmbr.

Xþgar g§ñWm "hmD$g dmBìhO' (J¥{hUr_§S>i), `m g§ñWoMr ñWmnZm 1948 gmbr Pmbr. `mg§ñWoMo H$m_ nmhÿZ _r ^mamdyZ Jobo Am{U Amåhr Iyn _mJo AmhmoV ho OmUdbo; I§Vhr dmQ>br. `m J¥{hUr_§S>imMr IyU åhUOo bmH$S>mMm _moR>m hmV! _mVr_mob hmoV Mmbboë`m amï´>mÀ`m ajUmgmR>r I§~ranUonwT>o Ambobm hmV! Ë`mgmR>r àW_ `m J¥{hUtZr dJ©Ur O_dyZ XoU½`m {_idyZ ñdV…Mr ghm _Obr B_maV~m§Ybr Amho. `m B_maVrÀ`m àË oH$ _Oë`mda EHo$H$ {df`mMm dJ© MmbVmo nwînaMZm, hñVì`dgm`,AmhmaemñÌ, J¥haMZm, ñd §nmH$ h`m§Mo dJ© BWo MmbVmV. VgoM Amnb§ OrdZ_mZ H$g§ gwYmaVm oB©b.~mOmahmQ> H$gm H$amdm, ZH$br dñVynmgyZ gmdY H$go ahmdo, Amnë`mbm {_iUmè`m n¡emV ~OoQ> H$goV`ma H$amd§, `mM VÁkm§H$Sy>Z kmZ {Xb§ OmV§, oWrb 5ì`m _Oë`mda EH$ à`moJemim Amho. VoWodñVw§_Yrb ogi CnH$aUm§À`m ghmæ`mZo Vnmgbr OmVo. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`mM§ EH$ ñQ>±S>S>© R>adb§ OmV§ d Á`mdñVwV ogi gmnS>ob d {OMm ^md _§S>imZo R>a{dë`mnojm dmT>bobm gmnS>bm Va Ë`mda gmd©{ÌH$~{hîH$ma Q>mH$bm OmVmo. ømVyZ OrdZmon`moJr dñVy XÿY, Vyn, H$mnS> `m§Mrhr H$gyZ nmhUr Ho$br OmVoAm{U hm ~{hîH$ma BVH$m O~aXñV AgVmo H$s `m bmH$S>r hmVmg_moa gaH$ma MimMim H$mny bmJV§,Ë`m_wio OnmZr XþH$mZmV gMmoQ>rM AmT>iVo. `m g§ñWoÀ`m 207 emIm Xoeâ ngaë`m AmhoV. `m g§ñWoZogaH$mada EdT>r _moR>r gÎmm JmOdbr Amho. Ago H$m_ Xþgè`m Hw$R>ë`mhr XoemVë`m pñÌ`m H$aV AgVrbAg§ dmQ>V Zmhr.

Aem gmoÁdi, embrZ, {Z © OnmZr ~mB©Mm, ñÌr åhUyZ A{^_mZ dmQ>bm!

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eãXmW© d Q>rnm :

bmKdr> - ào_i embrZ - Z_« ga~amB© H$aUo - AmXam{VÏ` H$aUo {Z © - YrQ>{ZéÚmoJr - H$m_ Zgbobo gX© hmoUo - gwÞ hmoUo Abm¡{H$H$ - VoOñdr V¥ár - g_mYmZ

O_rZ XmoñV hmoUo - g§nyU© Zme hmoUo

Q>rnm : qnJ nm±J …- qnJnm±J B.g. 1800 _Ü o wamonmV N>moQ>m M|Sy> Am{U Jmob bmH$S>r ~°Q> KoD$Z

S>m`qZJ Q>o~bmda hm Ioi Ioibm OmB©. Z§Va goë wbmB©S>Mm ~m°b dmnéZ d ~°Q>da a~amMo H$ìhaKoD$Z Ioiy bmJbo. 1926 _Ü o amï´>r` Q>o~bQ>o{Zg Agmo{gEeZMr ñWmnZm Pmbr. 1950 Vo 60`m H$mimV OnmZ_Ü o 1960-1970 _Ü o MrZ_Ü ohr hm Ioi Ioibm OmD$ bmJbm. 1980nmgyZ `mMm g_mdoe Am°{bqnH$ _Ü o H$aÊ`mV oD$Z Vmo Ioi OJà{gÕ Pmbm.

ñdmÜ`m` :

à.1 Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao EH$m dmŠ`mV {bhm.

(1) OnmZr ñÌr H$er Amho?

(2) OnmZr ñÌr H$moUH$moUË`m joÌmV nwT>mabobr Amho?

(3) OnmZr pñÌ`m§Mr H$moUVr lÕm Amho?

(4) OnmZr pñÌ`m§Mm H$moUVm hÅ> AgVmo?

(5) bo{IHo$Zo H$_rOIm±Zm H$moUVm àíZ {dMmabm?

(6) OnmZr VéU _wbtMr Moï>m Ho$ìhm hmoVo?

(7) OnmZ_Yrb gdm©V _hËdmMr g§ñWm H$moUVr Amho?

(8) "hmD$g dmBìhO' `m g§ñWoMr ñWmnZm Ho$ìhm Pmbr?

(9) KamMm AmYma Zï> Pmë`mda OnmZr bmoH$m§Zm H$m` H$amd§ bmJb§?

(10) A{ddm{hV OnmZr Vê$UtMm H$moUVm hÅ> AgVmo?

à.2 Imbrb dmd`mVrb [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX {bhm .

(1) qhXþñWmZmV ñd §nmH$ KamVrb .............. gm_m{OH$ H$aUma OnmZ ho EH$_od amï´>.

(2) OnmZ_Ü o .............. H$_rnUmMo g_OVmV.

(3) OnmZr A{ddm{hV _wbr .............. AJmoXa n¡emMr VaVyX H$ê$Z R>odVmV.

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(4) H$_rOIm± øm ............... njmÀ`m H$m ©H$Ë`m© hmoË`m.

(5) Amåhr AJXr .............. hmoVmo Ag§ åhQ>b§ Var Mmbob.

(6) Q>mo{H$`mo_Yrb EH$m .............. hm°Q>ob_Ü o nmQ>u hmoVr.

(7) amOH$Ý oMm {X_mI Ë`m§À`m .............. A{O~mV {XgV ZìhVm.

(8) J¥{hUr _§S>imMr IyU åhUOo .............. .

(9) OnmZr XþH$mZmV .............. AmT>iVo.

(10) "hmD$g dmBìhO' `m g§ñWoÀ`m OnmZâ .............. emIm AmhoV.


(1) _ZmMo qnOao : CKS>çm {IS>Š`m : : OnmZr ór : ...............

(2) 1819 : OnmZ_Ü o yH§$n : : 1945 : ...............

(3) AZmW _wbm§Zm _XV : _Xg© w{Z`Z : : J¥{hUtZm _XV : ...............


(1) OnmZr {ñÌ`m H$moUH$moUVr H$m_o H$aVmV?

(2) OnmZ_Ü o H$moUVo {ZéÚmoJr àH$ma AmT>iV ZmhrV?

(3) amÌrÀ`m doirgwÕm OnmZr {ñÌ`m H$moUH$moUVr H$m_o H$aVmV?

(4) OnmZÀ`m àJVrbm H$moUË`m XmoZ Jmoï>r H$maUr yV hmoË`m?

(5) Šb~À`m nmQ>uV H$moUH$moU {ñÌ`m Amë`m hmoË`m?


(1) ""Am_À`m XoemV Aer ^rVr AmVm ApñVËdmV am{hbr Zmhr.''

(2) ""Amåhr AJXr A§YmamV hmoVmo.''

(3) ""amOH$Ý oMm {X_mI Ë`m§À`m dmJÊ`m~mobÊ`mV {XgV ZìhVm.''

(4) ""~{hîH$ma BVH$m O~aXñV AgVmo H$s gaH$ma MimMim H$mnV§.''

à.6 Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao nmM Vo ghm> dmŠ`mV {bhm.

(1) H$_rOIm±À`m g_doV Pmboë`m {ñÌ`m§À`m Šb~ nmQ>uMo dU©Z H$am.

(2) "_Xg© w{Z`Z' `m g§ñWoMr _m{hVr {bhm.

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à.7 Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao gmV Vo AmR>> dmŠ`mV {bhm.

(1) "hmD$g dmBìhO' `m g§ñWoMr _m{hVr {bhm.

(2) `m nmR>mÀ`m AmYmao "OnmZr ñÌr' `mda Q>rn {bhm.

^mfmä`mg :

(1) Imbrb gm_{gH$ eãXm§Mm {dJ«h H$ê$Z g_mg AmoiIm

Or{dVH$m ©, ñd §nmH$Ka, {Zê$ÚmoJr, H$m ©H$Vu, H$mX§~arH$ma, amOH$Ý`m, nwînaMZm,AmhmaemñÌ, J¥haMZm, à`moJemim, OrdZmon`moJr, Vm|S>AmoiI, H$bmnyU©, {Z ©J¥{hUr_§S>i, H$m ©H$Vu, nwînaMZm.

(2) g§ wŠVdmŠ` H$am.

(1) BVa ~hþVoH$ joÌmV OnmZr ñÌrM§ OrdZ nwT>mabobo Amho.

(2) ~mhoaMm gd© H$ma^ma {VÀ`mM hmVmV Amho.

CnH«$_ :

"{MZr _mVr' ho _rZm à y `m§Zr {b{hbobo MrZMo àdmgdU©Z dmMm.

AmYw{ZH$ Hw$Qw>§~nÕVrVrb DIO (S>~b BÝH$_ dZ² H$sS>) Am{U DIN (S>~b BÝH$_ Zmo H$sS>)`m g§H$ënZm§Mm AW© {ejH$m§H$Sy>Z g_OmdyZ ¿`m.

ewÕboIZ :


Jmofdmam A_mZwf OÝ_ y_r

CÞ`Z qgh VWm{n

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nmR>-7 … {hado gm§JmVrJwbOma

n[aM` :

g§nyaZ qgJ (1936-) ho H$dr, JrVH$ma, ZmQ>H$H$ma, {MÌnQ> {Z_m©Vo. {X½Xe©H$ AmhoV. "JwbOma' `mZmdmZo qhXr Am{U CX©y ^mfoV boIZ Ho$bo Amho. Mmirg dfm©hÿZ A{YH$ H$mi {MÌnQ>m§gmR>r boIZ Ho$boAmho. "_oao AnZo', "Am±Yr', "_m¡g_', "n[aM`', "BOmOV' d AZoH$ {MÌnQ>m§gmR>r JrVboIZ Ho$bo Amho.Ë`m§Zr Hw$gw_mJ«Om§À`m H${dVm§Mm {hÝXr d CX©ÿV "Hw$gw_mJ«OH$s MwZr gwZr ZJ_|' `m ZmdmZo AZwdmX Ho$bmAmho. Ë`m§Zm 2002Mm gm{hË` AH$mX_rMm nwañH$ma {_imbm Amho VgoM Ë`m§Zm 2004Mm "nÙ yfU'nwañH$ma {_imbm Amho. JrVboIZmgmR>r J«°_r, Am°ñH$a A°dmS>© {_imbo Amho. 2014 gmbMm "XmXmgmho~\$miHo$' nwañH$mahr Ë`m§Zm {_imbm Amho. `m nmR>mV Ë`m§Zr PmS>mMo Am{U _Zwî`mMo ZmVo {H$Vr ÑT> Amhoho gm§{JVbo Amho. `m d¥jm§Zm Vo Amnbo gm§JmVrM g_OVmV. `m nmR>mMm àH$ma b{bV boI AgyZ"F$Vwa§J' ({XdmirA§H$) `mVyZ {ZdS>bm AgyZ "g{dVm Xm_bo' `m§Zr _yi boImMm AZwdmX Ho$bm Amho.

(_yë` - d¥jào_)

H$moQ>çdYr dfmªnydu n¥Ïdr gy m©nmgyZ AbJ Pmbr Vr hiy hiy W§S> hmoV Jobr. {VÀ`mda Or_mVr Ambr VrVyZM nwT>o ZdrZ Ord OÝ_mbm Ambo. gwadmVrbm `m OJmV OÝ_mbm Ambobm Ord åhUOodZñnVr. _J hiy hiy CËH«$m§Vr hmoV _mZdmMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr. åhUOo n{hbr dZñnVr ho EH$ Q>moH$ _mZbo,Va _Zwî` ho gmIirMo Xþgao Q>moH$ Amho. Ë`m_wio _bm dmQ>Vo _mUyg hm PmS>m- gmaIm Amho, D$Z, gmdbr,W§S>r, CîUVm `m gJù`m§Mm Ogm PmS>m§da n[aUm_ hmoVmo, VgmM Vmo _mUgm§dahr hmoVmo. AmgnmgÀ`m

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dmVmdaUm_wio _mUgmMm ñd^md ~XbVmo. Ë`mMm aŠVXm~gwÕm ~XbVmo. Ë`m_wio PmS>mer Amnb§ \$manydunmgyZM H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ ZmV§ Amho Ag§ _bm dmQ>V§, åhUyZ _Zwî` hm XoIrb EH$ PmS>M Amho.

qnni hm nwamVZ d¥j. Am_À`m nyd©Om§gmaImM Amho. Ë`mVbo aoUy ho _mZdr earamVrb aoUy§er{_iVo OwiVo AmhoV. åhUyZM qnnimMm àË oH$ Ad`d Am¡fYrÀ`m qH$dm BVa Hw$R>ë`m énmV Amnë`mhmVr oVmo. Aem `m qnnimbm Amnë`m nyd©Om§Zr XodmM§ ñdén {Xb§ Amho. Ë`mÀ`m^modVr nma ~m§YbmAemgmR>r H$s, Ë`mM§ ajU hmoB©b. Ë`mÀ`m N>m oV dmQ>gê$bm XmoZ KQ>H$m S>moH$§ Q>oH$Vm oB©b. bhmZnUrAmåhm _wbm§Mm AmdS>Vm Ioi hmoVm Vmo åhUOo qnnimMr nmZ Jmoim H$am`Mr Am{U Ioi Ioim`Mm "bo_bmB© ~\©$, bo _bmB© ~\©$' Ag§ AmoaS>V Amåhr ImoQ>m ImoQ>m Hw$ë\$sdmbm hmoV Agy. nmZmM§ XþH$mZ hmhrAm_Mm AmdS>Vm Ioi hmoVm. Voìhm qnnimMr nmZM§ Am_À`m _XVrbm `m`Mr. Ë`m§ZmM AmåhrImoQ>mImoQ>m H$mV-MwZm bmdyZ IoimVbo {dS>o V`ma H$aV Agy.

_mP§ ~mbnU {X„rV Job§. Amåhr {X„rVrb "amoeZAmam' `m J„rV ahmV Agy. {VWo Amåhr_wb§ doi {_iob Voìhm {dQ>rXm§Sy>, ZmhrVa {H«$Ho$Q> IoiV Agy. Agm PmS>m§Mm Am_À`m Am wî`mV àdoeVa \$ma nyduM Pmbm hmoVm. PmS>mda MT>m`M§, Am§~o, noé, Om§ i§ VmoS>m`Mm Va Am_Mm N>§XM hmoVm.PmS> åhUOo Am_Mr XmoñV_§S>irM! Ë`mVbr ~arMer PmS>§ _mÂ`mM d`mMr hmoVr. H$mhr _mÂ`mhÿZ _moR>rVa H$mhr bhmZ! Amåhr EH$mM Hw$Qw>§~mVbo AmhmoV Ago _bm dmQ>o.

AmO Ë`m PmS>m§Mr AmR>dU åhUyZ _r N>moQ>rer ~mJ Ho$br Amho. Ë`mVrb PmS>m§H$S>o nmhVmZm_mP _Z yVH$mimV CSy>Z OmV§ Am{U AmR>dU hmoVoo bhmZnUrÀ`m EH$m Om§ imÀ`m PmS>mMr. Ë`mPmS>mImbr Amåhr Ioibmo, Vo PmS> åhUOo Am_À`m bhmZnUrMm Jmadm! Ë`m PmS>mImbr AmåhrIoibmo bhmZmMo _moR>o Pmbmo. EImÚm d`ñH$a ì`ŠVrà_mUo Vo PmS> Amåhmbm dmQ>V Ago. Ë`mPmS>mImbr _mPr AmB©, eoOmaÀ`m ~m`H$m ~gm`À`m. XþnmaÀ`m doir CÝhmÀ`m Pim _maV Voìhm Amåhr_wb§ `m PmS>mÀ`m gmdbrV JmoQ>`m IoiV Agy. â XþnmaM§ D$Z {X„rV YmoH$mXm`H$M hmoV§. åhUyZ KaMr_mUg§ Voìhm ~mhoa nmR>dm`bm V`ma ZgV. nU _J Om§ irÀ`m gmdbrV IoiVmo Ag§ H$~yb Ho$b§ H$s,AmB© ~mhoa nmR>dV Ago. OUy H$mhr AmOmo~m§OdiM IoiVmo , Amho Ë`mM§ bj Ag§ {ZYm©ñV dmQ>V Ago,Ë`m PmS>mOdi Amåhmbm! Vo PmS> A{Ve` ngabob§ hmoV§. OUy H$mhr XmoÝhrH$S>o hmV ngê$Z Amerdm©XXoV Vo PmS> C § hmoV§!

AmOhr _mP§ ZmV§ `m PmS>m§er Amho. nwîH$i H${dVm {bhë`m AmhoV _r PmS>m§da! PmS>m§À`mg§JVrV _r IwbVmo. Ë`m§À`mOdi _bm Iyn Iyn em§V dmQ>V§. Ab_Vmg, Jwb_mohmoa, ~m§~yM§ dZ, H$SyqZ~Ago AZoH$ d¥j {à` AmhoV _bm. ~m§~yÀ`m dZmVbm dmam "gmo§ gmo§ ' Agm eri KmbV oVmo OUy H$mhrVmo "gmB© gmB©' Ag XodmM§ Zmd KoVmo Amho Ago dmQ>Vo. hr ~m§~yMr PmS>§ Zm Iyn Iyn df© ~m§~y XoVmV h`m~m§~yÀ`m dZmMm Zme ìhm`Mr doi oVo VoìhmM ~m§~ybm \w$b§ oVmV åhUo!

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H$Sw>qZ~mÀ`m nm§T>è`m {ndiga \w$bm§Zm nmhÿZ H$dr e¡b|Ð `m§M JmU§ AmR>db§.

""{_bm h¡ {H$gr H$m Pw_H$m R>§S>o R>§S>o hao Zr_ Vbo!'' H$SyqZ~mMr nm§T>ar {ndir N>moQ>r N>moQ>r \w$boåhUOo Pw_Ho$M! (bm|~Vr H$U©\w$boM)

_mÂ`m Kamg_moa N>moQ>g§ Amdma Amho. XmoZ IwÀ`m© _mdVrb EdT>r {hadi _r VoWo _wÔm_ OmonmgbrAmho. \$mQ>H$mOdi Jwb_mohmoa bmdbm`, Ë`mÀ`m^modVr N>moQ>g§ Hw§$nU KmVb§ Amho. ho PmS> _moR>§ hmoVm§Zm`mMr {deof H$miOr ¿`mdr bmJVo. AmVm Vo Iyn N>mZ dmT>b`. Xadfu bmbobmb _wHw$Q> KmbyZ Ë`mÀ`m\w$bm§À`m nè`m _mÂ`m A§JUmV CVaVmV.

_mÂ`mH$S>§ EH$ PmS> Amho. amIrZo {Xbob§! ~aoM {Xdg Pmbo hmoVo Ë`mbm bmdyZ. nU Vo H$mhr_moR>§> hmoV ZìhV§! Amåhr bj XoV hmoVmo, IVnmUr KmbV hmoVmo, _J Ag§ H$m? _J amIr åhUmbr ""ZwgV§VodT>§M Zmhr Ë`m PmS>mer ~mobb§ nm{hOo Am_Mr ~§Jmbr na§nam Amho''. PmS>m§~amo~a ~mobÊ`mMr!Ë`mÀ`mer ~mobb§ nm{hOo, ~mobbm ZmhrV Va Vo H$g§ dmT>ob? bhmZ _wbm§gmaI§ AgV§ Ë`mM§!''

_J _r Ë`mÀ`mer ~moby bmJbmo Am{U IamoIaM Vo PmS> dmTy> bmJb§. AmVm Va N>mZ {dembd¥jM Amho Vmo ! amIr AOyZ H$Yr Ambr Va Ë`mÀ`mer ~mobVo. Ë`mÀ`mnmer ~gVo. Vmo d¥j amIrMmAmho, {VZo {Xbm` åhUyZ Vmo _bm {à` Amho.

_mÂ`m ~mJoV EH$ _mog§~rM PmS> Amho. VgM nm§T>è`m Mmâ`mMhr PmS> Amho. Mmâ`mM§ PmS>_moR>§ Pmb§ H$s Ë`mMr Hw$R>brhr \$m§Xr qH$dm nmZ VmoS>b§ H$s, {VWyZ XwYmgmaIm nm§T>am MrH$ {ZKVmo åhUyZË`m PmS>mbm _r "~S>r _m±' Ag§ Zmd {Xb`. `m PmS>mMr J§_V åhUOo \w$b§ Ambr H$s, nmZo Jm`~!Am{U nmZ§ oVmV Voìhm \w$bm§Mm nÎmm ZgVmo Vmo nmZm\w$bm§Mm bn§S>md nmhVm§Zm Iyn _Om oVo. dmQ>Vo~S>r_m±À`m A§JmIm§Úmda Ë`m nmZm\w$bm§M§ ~mJS>U§ Mmby AgV§.

`m ~mJoV _r nn`m bmdë`m AmhoV. VrZdoim \$i {Xb§ H$s ho PmS> _aV§. O§JbmVbmnmZJirMm _mog_ n{hbm` H$m H$Yr Hw$Ur? nmZ§ JiVmV Am{U Amnbm {hadm a§J Q>mHy$Z bmb {ndù`m,Ho$ear a§JmMr Aer H$mhr CYiU H$aVmV; H$s ~KVmZm ^mZ hanyZ OmV§. ~hmdm bmb, Am{U {MZmad¥j_§S>ir Amnë`m nhmS>r ^mJmV Aer a§JmMr XmQ>r H$aVmV H$s a§Jr~ra§Jr H$nS>o KmbyZ hr Hw$R>brVardamVM Mmbbr Amho! _mÂ`m ~mJoV EH$ ~Xm_mM§ PmS> Amho. Ë`mMr nmZ bmb hmoV hmoV _mÂ`m{hadirda nS>VmV. _r Jƒrdê$Z nmhVmo. Voìhm M§Ðhr {ndiga Ho$gar Pmbobm. Ag§ dmQ>b§ H$s hm gwÕmAmVm {nH$ë`m nmZmgmaIm Q>nH$Z² _mÂ`m {hadirda nS>ob.

PmS>§ _bm \$ma AmdS>VmV. {ZgJm©da _r nwîH$i H${dVm {b{hë`m AmhoV PmS> M¡VÝèrbAgVmV. ZwgV§ PmS>m§H$S>o nm{hb§ Var _Z Cëh{gV hmoV§. àdmgmbm {ZKVmZm _r nhmQ>obmM {ZKVmo.Ë`mdoiMm {ZgJ© _bm _mohdyZ Q>mH$Vmo. gy © CJdV AgVmo. nmIam§Mr gH$mi Va Ho$ìhmM Pmbobr AgVo.añË`mÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOybm AdVr ^dVr AgUmar PmS> nmhVm nmhVm àdmg H$gm g§nyZ OmVmo Vo H$iVZmhr !

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eãXmW© d Q>rnm : gm§JmVr - {_Ì, gmo~Vr

CËH«$m§Vr - gmdH$me hmoV OmUmam ~Xb {ZYm©ñV - {ZpíM¨V, H$miOr Z H$aVm_mog_ - F$Vy nma - H$Å>m Hw$ë\$s - H$mS>rbm bmdboë`m ~\$m©Mm JmoS> JmoimnwamVZ - OwZo aoUy - noer Jmadm - W§S> OmJm na§nam - ê$T>r, nÕV^mZ hanUo - ñdV…bm {dgaUo {hadi - _wÔm_ dmT>{dbobo _D$ JdV - bm°Z

M¡VÝèrb - CËgmh, AmZ§X XoUmar dmda - _moH$ir OmJm nmZJi - PmS>m§Mr nmZo JiUo

Q>rnm :

amIr - gwà{gÕ qhXr A{^ZoÌr,

e¡b|Ð - gwà{gÕ qhXr JrVH$ma,

~hmdm - EH$ d¥j `mbm {ndirY_H$ \w$bo bmJVmV,

A_bVmg - `mMo d¥j \$ma _moR>o AgVmV `mbmM "KZ~{hS>m' Ago åhUVmV. `m d¥jmgH$mirbm§~Q> \$io bmJyZ Vr PmS>mda bm|~V AgVmV

{MZma - W>§S> àXoemV AmT>iUmam gy{MnUu d¥j

ñdmÜ`m` :


(1) n¥Ïdrda Ord Ho$ìhm OÝ_mbm Ambo?

(2) _mUyg H$moUmà_mUo Amho?

(3) nyd©Om§Zr qnnimbm H$emMo ñdén {Xbo Amho?

(4) boIH$mMo ~mbnU H$moUË`m J„rV Jobo?

(5) Om§ imMo PmS> boIH$mbm H$emà_mUo dmQ>Vo?

(6) PmS>m§À`m g§JVrV boIH$mbm H$go dmQ>Vo?

(7) ~m§~yÀ`m dZmVrb eri H$m` åhUVo Ago boIH$mg dmQ>Vo?

(8) ~§Jmbr na§nam H$moUVr?

(9) nm§T>è`m Mmâ`mg boIH$mZo H$m` åhQ>bo Amho?

(10) nnB©Mo PmS> Ho$ìhm _aVo?

(11) ~m§~ybm \w$bo Ho$ìhm oVmV?

(12) boIH$ àdmgmg Ho$ìhm {ZKVmV?

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(1) AmgnmgÀ`m dmVmdaUm_wio _mUgmMm .............. ~XbVmo.

(2) .............. Mm àË oH$ Ad`d Am¡fYrÀ`m énmV Amnë`m hmVr oVmo.

(3) qnnim^modVr .............. ~m§YVmV.

(4) Amåhr gJio ............... AmhmoV Ago dmQ>Vo!

(5) Om§ imMo PmS> åhUOo .............. hmo .

(6) AmOhr _mP§ .............. PmS>mer Amho.

(7) OUy H$mhr Vmo .............. Ag XodmM§ Zmd KoVmo Ago dmQ>Vo.

(8) à»`mV H$dr .............. `m§M§ JmU§ Amho.

(9) H$Sw>qZ~mMr nm§T>ar {ndir \w$b§ .............. à_mUo {XgVmV.

(10) Agm Vmo .............. bn§S>md nmhVm§Zm Iyn _Om oVo.


(1) "_Zwî` EH$ PmS>' Ago boIH$mg H$m dmQ>Vo?

(2) boIH d Ë`m§Mo {_Ì bhmZnUr H$moUH$moUVo Ioi IoiV?

(3) Om§ imÀ`m PmS>mbm boIH$ Jmadm H$m åhUVmV?

(4) boIH$mZo Jwb_mohmoamMr H$miOr H$er KoVbr?

(5) ~m§~yÀ`m PmS>mbm \w$bo Ho$ìhm oVmV?

(6) amIrZo {Xbobo PmS> dmT>V H$m ZìhVo?

(7) nmZJirÀ`m _mog_mV H$moUVr damV MmbVo?


(1) _mUyg PmS>mgmaIm AgVmo åhUOo H$m`?

(2) Om§ imÀ`m PmS>m~Ôb boIH$mÀ`m H$moUH$moUË`m AmR>dUr AmhoV?

(3) Mmâ`mÀ`m PmS>mbm boIH$ ""~S>r _m±'' H$m åhUVmV? Ë`mMr J§_V H$moUVr?

(4) O§JbmV nmZJirÀ`m {XdgmV H$moUVo Ñî` {XgVo?

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(1) ""nwîH$i H${dVm {bhë`m AmhoV _r PmS>m§da!''

(2) ""Vmo d¥j amIrMm Amho!''

(3) ""PmS>§ M¡VÝèrb AgVmV.''


(1) `m nmR>mV Amboë`m gd© d¥jm§Mr d¡{eï> o g{dñVa ñnï> H$am.

^mfmä`mg :

(1) Imbrb dmd`mVrb Ab§H$ma AmoiIm bjUo {bhm.

(1) PmS> åhUOo Am_Mr XmoñV_§S>irM!(2) Om§ imÀ`m PmS>mOdi IoiVm§Zm OUy AmOmo~m§Odi IoiVmo Ago dmQ>o!(3) H$Sy>qZ~mMr N>moQ>r N>moQ>r \w$bo åhUOo Pw_Ho$M!(4) M§Ðhr {nH$ë`m nmZmgmaIm Q>nH$Z² {hadirda nS>ob.

CnH«$_ :

lrH$m§V B§JirH$a `m§À`m "Amg_§V' `m nwñVH$mVrb ""~hmdm {Odm^mdmMm'', hm boI dmMm.

{Za{Zamù`m PmS>m§Mr {MÌo O_m H$éZ Ë`m§Mr _m{hVr {bhm.

`m nmR>mV ""MoVZJwUmoŠVr'' Ab§H$mamMr AZoH$ CXmhaUo Ambr AmhoV Vr emoYyZ Ë`mVrbgm¢X`© ñnï> H$am.

ewÕboIZ :


H$mVrd Om_rZ Xrnmdbr

nwZrV IaIarV Aíbrb

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nmR>-8 … h{H$H$Vàm. Ho$ed _olm_

n[aM` :

Ho$ed VmZmOr _olm_ (1937-2007) X{bV gm{hË` MidirVyZ 1960 Z§Va CX`mbm AmboboboIH$. H$Wm, H$mX§~ar, H${dVm, g_rjm B. dmL²_` àH$mamV boIZ Ho$bo Amho. "CËIZZ', "M[aÌ'ho H$mì` g§J«h, "IadS>', "YJmS>m' ho H$Wmg§J«h, "h{H$H$V', "OQ>m y' Am{U "nmoIaU' `m H$mX§~è`m{b{hë`m AmhoV. gm¢X`m©Mm emoY KoÊ`mMr d¥Îmr, qMVZerbVm d A§V_©wIVm hr Ë`m§À`m boIZmMrd¡{eï> o AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m AZoH$ nwñVH$m§Zm amÁèmgZmMo nwañH$ma {_imbo AmhoV.

Añn¥í`Vm hm _mZdVobm bmJbobm H$b§H$ Amho. _mZdm_mZdmV oX H$aUo ho A{Zï> AgyZË`m {déÕ AZoH$ g_mOgwYmaH$m§Zr Midir Ho$ë`m. {ejUm_wio hr Añn¥í`Vm g_mOmVyZ hÔnmaìhm`bm hdr hmoVr. H$m`ÚmZo Xÿa Pmbr, nU bmoH$m§À`m _ZmVyZ hr Añn¥í`Vm nyU©nUo Jobobr Zmhrhr dñVwpñWVr Amho. boIH$mbm Amboë`m Imbrb AZw dmVyZ ho nhm`bm {_iVo. hr H$Wm "h{H$H$V'`m H$Wmg§J«hmVyZ {ZdS>br Amho. `m nmR>mMm àH$ma "X{bVH$Wm' hm Amho.

(_yë` - XmhH$ dmñVd)

nwadUr narjm AmQ>monyZ Jobr hmoVr. {Xdg EH$mnmR>monmR> AmogaV hmoVo. nmZJirV PmS>mdéZnmZo JimdrV d dmdQ>irV {â{^ê$ bmJdrV, Vgm H$mi {Ja{\$aV ngma Pmbm hmoVm. Q´>§H$H$m°bZoZmJnyahÿZ {ZH$mb g_OyZ KoVbm. _r Am{U _mPo gmo~Vr XmoKohr gwQ>bmo hmoVmo. _bm Ano{jV Šbmghr{_imbm hmoVm.

_mPm gmo~Vr ehamnmgyZ n§Mdrg-Vrg _¡b Xÿa Agboë`m EH$m IoS>çmda AmS>~mOybm ahmVhmoVm. H$m°boOÀ`m {XdgmV Vmo AH$moë`mV Imobr KoD$Z ahm`Mm. AmVm gwÅ>r Agë`m_wio Vmo Amnë`mIoS>`mV hmoVm. Ë`mbm CÚm dV©_mZ nÌmV Ambobm {ZH$mb Hw$UmH$Sy>Z Var Ho$ìhm Var H$ibm AgVm.dV©_mZnÌo VoWo OmV ZgV Am{U {dÚnrR> AmJmD$ VmaIm Omhra H$aÊ`m~m~V \$mago OmJéH$ Zgë`mZoË`mMr A{ZpíMVrhr hmoVr. Ë`mÀ`m Jmdr OmD$Z `m`Mo Agm _r d MwbV^mdmZo ~oV R>adbm hmoVm.

_r nwÝhm am§Ho$bm bmJë`mMr ~mV_r EoHy$Z ZwH$Ë`mM {_b_YyZ naVboë`m ZmZrbm AmZ§XPmbm hmoVm. H$mQ>Š`m AmUyZ {VZo Mwbrda _bm JwimMm JmoS> Mhm H$éZ {Xbm hmoVm. XÿYdmë`mMmAOyZ nÎmm Zgë`mZo _r Vmo H$mimM Mhm KemImbr CVadbm. VrZ Mma {Xdg AmVm AmåhrAH$moë`mV oUma Zmhr Ago gm§JyZ Amåhr V`marbm bmJbmo hmoVmo.

{_Ì _mÂ`mH$S>o Aä`mgmbm, Pmonm`bm d ~è`mM doim Oodm`bmhr Agm`Mm, Ë`mMm Am{U

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Ë`mÀ`m d{S>bm§Mm {H$Vr {Xdgm§Mm Ë`m§À`m Jmdr oÊ`mMm AmJ«h hmoVmM. AmZ§XmMr ~mV_r KoD$ZAMmZH$ Ë`m§Zm AmíM`m©Mm JmoS> Y¸$m XoÊ`mMm _Zgw~m Amåhr Ho$bm hmoVm.

IoS>`mV Ë`m§À`mH$S>o nmQ>rbH$s hmoVr. ^bo _moR>o dmS>odOm Ka hmoVo. ânya eoVO_rZ, _io,~mJmB©V _w~bH$ XÿYXþ Vo, ImÊ`m{nÊ`mMr ZwgVr M§Ji hmoVr. Vo {Xdg hþaS>`mMo hmoVo. Ë`mdmñVì`mV H$amd`mÀ`m AmZ§XmMm AmamIS>m S>moŠ`mV V`ma hmoVm. AË §V gm_mÝ` n[apñWVrVOJUmè`m Amåhmbm Ë`mÀ`mH$S>Mo ho XmoZ VrZ {Xdg Eoíd`m©Mo R>aUma hmoVo. øm Yw§XrVM Am_À`mgm`H$btZr ~mimnya nmR>r_mJo Q>mHy$Z dmS>oJmdMm añVm nH$S>bm hmoVm.

bdH$a nmoMVm `mdo åhUyZ Amåhr H$ÀÀ`m gS>Ho$Mm {Zamon KoVbm hmoVm. Zmhr Var VoWonmoMm`bm eodQ>n ªV Mm§Jbr dmQ> ZìhVrM. AmS>ì`m añË`mZo, Cä`m {nH$m§_YyZ ZmJ_moS>r OmUmè`mnm§XUrÀ`m gJamgJamZo Amåhr {ZKmbmo hmoVmo. YwirMm IH$mUm ZmH$mV KwgV hmoVm. nm§XUrÀ`m_Ymo_Y dmT>boë`m H$mQ>oar PwSw>nm§Zm bmJboë`m d§JUmZo Am_Mo H$nS>o Am{U AdVma XadoemgmaImPmbm hmoVm. Ho$ìhm Var EImXo PwSy>n ñnmoH$_Ü o AS>_S>o. \$S²>a²a² Agm M_ËH$m[aH$ AmdmO hmoB©.gm`H$b n§ŠMa hmoD$ Z o åhUyZhr Onmdo bmJo. JmdmOdi nmoMbmo Voìhm H$mimoI XmQ>bm hmoVm.

JmdmV àdoe Ho$bm. Hw$Í`m§Zr w§Hy$Z Jmd S>>moŠ`mda KoVbm hmoVm. Am§Mim§Zm PQ>Umè`mdmgam§À`m Xm§S>JmB©_wio Kw§Jam§Mm Vmb~Õ ZmX EoHy$ oV hmoVm. H$S>~m ImV Agboë`m ~¡bm§À`mad§WmMm ~marH$ M_M_mQ> H$mZmda nS>V hmoVm. àË oH$ KamÀ`m JmoR>çmOdiyZ OmVmZm _ÀN>am§MmWdm JwUJwUmQ> H$éZ dmVmdaU KwgiyZ H$mT>V hmoVm. H$mhr H§${XbmÀ`m dmVr _moR>çm Pmë`m hmoË`m.

{dMmanyg H$aVm EH$XmMo Ka emoYyZ H$mT>bo. Xmamer nmoMbmo. OmoamV gmX KmVbr. EH$Xm-XmoZXm, Xþgè`m hmHo$bmM dmS>`mÀ`m _moR>`m XmamMm àM§S> AS>ga H$mT>ë`mMm AmdmO Ambm. {_Ì~mhoa Ambm hmoVm. Ë`mbm {VWoM A{^Z§XZ H$éZ ~mV_r {Xbr. Cä`m Cä`m {_R>r _maÊ`mÀ`m Am{U

oQ>rÀ`m AmoKmV gm`H$b ñQ>±S> bmdbobr Zgë`mZo {VZo bmoQ>m§JU KmVbo. Ë`m_wio Iyn OmoamMmAmdmO Pmbm hmoVm. {_ÌmMo dS>rbhr ~mhoa Ambo hmoVo. Z_ñH$ma M_ËH$ma Pmbo. OwO~r {dMmanygPmbr. hmVmnm`mda nmUr KoD$Z, H$nS>o ~XbyZ Amåhr {Zdm§V Jßnm _maV ~gbmo hmoVmo.

AmoQ>çmdaM VS>d KmVbm hmoVm. {Zù`m {Za « AmH$memV AÜ`m©nojm _moR>m M§Ð T>Jm§ZmMwMH$maV, \$gdrV gaH$V hmoVm. AmH$me {ndù`mOX© Vmè`m§Zr AmoW§~bo hmoVo. _Z àgÞ H$aUmarXþYmÀ`m gm`rgmaIr XmQ> em§VVm gd©Ì ngabr hmoVr. {Zdm§V Am{U doYH$ dmVmdaU. KÅ> XþYmMmJmoS> Mhm Ambm. AZoH$ AmR>dUr {ZKmë`m. Jßnm§Zm a§J âV hmoVm. AmR> gmS>o AmR>Mm gw_ma hmoVm.IoS>çmVbr hr {ZOm-{ZOrMr, {dlm§VrMr doi. gH$mir ewH«$mer n¡O _méZ H$m|~S>`mbm eh XoVCR>mdo bmJVo. eoU_yV H$mTy>Z PmSy>Z JmoR>m b»I H$amdm bmJVmo. AmMim§Zm nmUr bmdyZ YwdyZ YmamH$mT>mì`m bmJVmV. {nÊ`mgmR>r Xmì`mMr dmgao gmoS>mdr bmJVmV. ~¡bJwao nmÊ`mYwÊ`mbm ZXrdaH$mT>mdr bmJVmV. Zm§JamMr V`mar H$am`Mr AgVo. MQ>UrMm R>oMm Am{U ^mH$arMr ~oJ_r

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H$aÊ`mgmR>r Kadmbrbm KmB© H$amdr bmJVo. ømgmR>r IynM doi bmJVmo. åhUyZ gJù`m IoS>`mVamÌhr bdH$a hmoVo Am{U {Xdghr bdH$a CJdVmo. Hw$Í`mMo w§H$Uo, Jwam§M| ~|~Q>Uo, Jù`mVë`m K§Q>mMmAmdmO, EImÚm {H$a{H$è`m _wbmMm gáH$mVbm gya qH$dm ^bË`m doiog a§JmV Ambobo ^m§S>U`m§Mrhr øm gJù`m KQ>H$mV â nS>V AgVoM.

amÌrÀ`m OodUmMm Am_Mm ~oV P¸$ O_bm hmoVm. gJio D$ZD$ZrV hmoVo. XJS>m§À`m MwbrdaaQ>aQ>dbobo KÅ> {nR>bo, Viboë`m ^monir {_aÀ`m, ÁdmarMr nmonS>oXma _wbm`_ ^mH$ar. ~ogZmÀ`mC§S>`mda AYm© ß`mbm Vmndbobo OdgmMo Vob AmoVbo Jobo. OodU ânya Pmbo hmoVo. S>moù`m§da PmnS>oD$ bmJbr hmoVr. {_ÌmMo dS>rbhr H$mhr doi Jßnm _maV ~gbo hmoVo. _J XmoKohr ~mnboH$ KamV

Jobo. A§WéUmda _r AmH$me Ý`mhmirV bmoiV hmoVmo. ^mD$ Va n|JiyZ Jobm hmoVm.

X~ë`m AmdmOmV Hw$O~wO EHy$ oV hmoVr. EH$ hr eãX ñnï> ZìhVm. H$mhrVar H$moUrVarhbŠ`m AmdmOmV Odinmg ~mobVo Amho. EdT>o OmUdV hmoVo. _r CJmMM BH$S>o {VH$S>o nm{hbo hmoVo.^mD$ Va a§JmV oD$Z KmoaV hmoVm. VmañdamV Hw$R>o Var Hw$Ìo Ho$H$mQ>V aS>V hmoVo.

WmoS>çm doimV {_Ì nwÝhm Ambm Am{U ""{\$éZ oD$ Mb'' åhUmbm. _r åhQ>bo, "Vy Om'Ë`mZo A{YH$M AmJ«h Yabm. åhUyZ _r hr Ë`mÀ`m~amo~a ~mhoa nS>bmo.

CKS>m _mi. H$mQ>o~ZmVyZ oUmam ZXrdabm W§S> dmam. ~amMdoi ~mobV ~gbmo. {_Ìmbm H$m`gm§Jm`Mo Amho Vo ñnï> hmoV ZìhVo. Ë`mMm H$mhr Var KmoQ>mim Amho, Ago OmUdV hmoVo. hiyhiyJßnm§Zm Ë`mhr Ñï>rZo AmH$ma Ambm. "Vy AMmZH$ oÊ`mEodOr _bm H$idb§ AgVg§ Va _rM AmbmoAgVmo!' hoM dmŠ` {Vgè`m§Xm {_Ì åhUmbm hmoVm.

"Aao! nU _r Ambmo Va {~KS>b§ Hw$R>§? _r VoM CÎma d¡VmJVM nwÝhm {Xbo hmoVo.

"Vg§ Zmhr ao nU hm Jmd.....AS>mUr bmoH$....! Ë`mZo dmŠ` AÜ`m©daM gmoS>bo hmoVo'

EH$X_ _bm H$mhr Var MQ>H$Z OmUdbo. AÜ`m©jUmV S>>moŠ`mV {dMmamMr H$adV Ja©H$Z{\$abr. _r Vo ZmH$maÊ`mMm IQ>mQ>mon H$arV AgVmZm ~mobyZhr Jobmo....

"~m~m ao _hmam§Mm {dQ>mi Va Pmbm Zmhr Zm?' Vmo H$mhrM ~mobbm Zmhr. _mPm CËgmhH$i§OyZ Jobm hmoVm. Ë`mMm ñda éÓ Pmbm hmoVm. AmdmO KmoJabm hmoVm. aS>doë`m eãXmV VmoåhUmbm, ""H$g§ g_OyZ gm§Jmd VoM H$iV Zmhr. g»»`m ^mdmZ§ Ho$b Zgob EdT>§ ào_ VwÂ`m nmgyZ_bm {_imb§. _mÂ`m AmB©Zo OÝ_mVhr H$Yr {Xb§ Zmhr BVŠ`m AmñWoZo ZmZrZ§ _mÂ`mH$S>o bj§ {Xb§.d{S>bmhÿZ OmñV ZmZm§Zr _Oda _m`m Ho$br, Var nU-H$mH$m§Zm Jmddmë`m§Mm YmH$ dmQ>Vmo, nmQ>bmZ§MAg H$mhr Ho$ë`mM§ H$ib§ Va JmdmVbo bmoH$ Ka dmirV KmbVrb''.

Vmo ~mobV hmoVm. nañna {damoYr ^mdZm§À`m MH«$sdmXimV _r Jwa\$Q>bmo hmoVmo.

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""_mPr enW Amho Vwbm! Kar H$mhr ~moby ZH$mog! nadm _rM oVmo {VH$S>o hámâ!'' {_ÌJ`md`m H$arV hmoVm. "Mb {ZKy m!' Amåhr naVbmo hmoVmo.

gH$mir Mhm, Ý`mhar Pmbr H$s ghmÀ`m AmV Amåhr ~mhoa nS>bmo Va ~ao hmoB©b, Ago Ë`mZo_bm gm§{JVbo hmoVo. "Vy o Va Ia§ nwT>ë`m AmR>dS>`mV gH$miMo _J ~Ky!' Ë`mbm åhQ>bo hmoVo. Vmo KamVJobm hmoVm.

^mdmÀ`m _ZJQ>r KS>`mimV gmS>o AH$am dmOyZ Jobo hmoVo. _mPr Pmon nyU© ~onÎmm Pmbr hmoVrn§Yam {_{ZQ>o VS>dmda nmbWm nS>bmo. ~mhoa OmD$Z EH$ \o$ar _mabr. S>moio KÅ> {_Q>bo nm` nmoQ>mer KoVbo.Pmon oV ZìhVr. Iw§Q>mù`mdaMo H$nS>o, H$monè`mVbo ~yQ> Am{U H$moZmS>çmV R>odbobr gm`H$b XþéñVrÀ`mgm_mZmMr {nedr CMbbr. gm`H$b AbJX CMbbr Am{U dmS>`mnmgyZ n§Yam-drg nmdbmda ZoD$ZR>odbr. ^mdmMrhr gm`H$b VerM ~mhoa AmUbr Am{U OmoaOmoamV hbdyZ Ë`mbm CR>dbo. hmH$ EH$Xmhr_mabr Zmhr. Ë`mZo "hÿ§!' åhQ>bo H$s Vm|S>mda Vidm R>oD$Z AmdmO XS>nyZ Q>mH$V hmoVmo. nmM-gmV {_{ZQ>mVVmo OmJm Pmbm. Ë`mbm Jßn ahm`bm gm§JyZ _r Imbr IoMbo. Ë`mbm dmQ>bo, gmnM {ZKmbm H$s H$m`!Ë`m_wio Ë`mMr Pmon EH$X_ nimbr. _r Ë`mbm H$nS>o ~Xbm`bm gm§{JVbo. VS>dmMr KS>r Ho$br Am{UImbr CVabmo. Amåhr naVbmo hmoVmo. EH$Xm nm{hboë`m Ë`mM añË`mZo _mKmar Mmbbmo hmoVmo!.

eãXmW© d Q>rnm :

Q´>§H$H$m°b - XÿaÜdZrÛmao naJmdr Úmd`mMm g§Xoe gmo~Vr - {_Ì dmñVì` - amhUo nm§XUr -eoVm_YyZ OmUmar Aé§X nm`dmQ> OwO~r - {H$aH$moi VS>d - OmO_, MQ>B© b»I H$aUo - ñdÀN>H$aUo {~N>m`V - A§WéU H$i§OUo - H$mid§S>Uo _Zgw~m - ~oV ad§W H$aUo - MKiUo Am§Mi - JmB©Mo ñVZ ~oJ_r - V`mar PmnS> - n|J Xadoer - AñdbmMo Ioi H$aUmam _Zwî`

ewH«$ - nhmQ>o CJdUmam Vmam Xmd§ - OZmdamÀ`m Ji`mV ~m§Ym`Mr Xmoar éÕ hmoUo - ^éZ oUo

AS>ga - XmamMm AS>Um

AmoQ>m - KamnwT>rb H$Å>m

ñdmÜ`m` :


(1) boIH$ H$moUVr narjm nmg Pmbo hmoVo?

(2) boIH$mMm gmo~Vr H$moR>o ahmV hmoVm?

(3) boIH$mZo H$moUVm ~oV R>adbm?

(4) ZmZrbm AmZ§X H$m Pmbm?

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(5) boIH$mMm AdVma XadoemgmaIm H$m Pmbm?

(6) gm`H$bZo bmoQ>m§JU H$m KmVbo?

(7) IoS>`mV Kadmbrbm H$emMr ~oJ_r H$amdr bmJVo?

(8) ~mhoa gmo~Vrbm Joë`mda {_ÌmZo boIH$mbm {Vgè`m§Xm H$moUVo dmŠ` EoH$dbo?

(9) boIH$mÀ`m gm`H$brZr H$moUË`m JmdmMm añVm nH$S>bm?

(10) {_ÌmZo boIH$mbm Ho$ìhm ~mhoa nS>Ê`mg gm§{JVbo?

à.2 Imbrb dmŠ`mVrb [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX {bhm .

(1) AmH$me .............. Vmè`m§Zr AmoW§~bo hmoVo.

(2) boIH$mMm {_Ì H$m°boOÀ`m {XdgmV .............. Imobr KoD$Z amhm`Mm.

(3) YwirMm .............. ZmH$mV KwgV hmoVm.

(4) gH$mir ............... er n¡O _méZ.............. bm eh XoV CR>mdo bmJVo.

(5) .............. À`m C§S>`mda Vmndbobo OdgmMo Vob AmoVbo.

(6) ............. Zm PQ>Umè`m dmgam§À`m Xm§S>JmB©_wio .............. Mm Vmb~Õ ZmX EoHy$oV hmoVm.

(7) H$mH$m§Zm .............. Mm YmH$ dmQ>Vmo.

(8) gm_mÝ` n[apñWVrV OJUmè`m Amåhmbm Ë`m§À`mH$S>Mo ho XmoZ VrZ {Xdg ..............Mo R>aUma hmoVo.

(9) Q´>§H$H$m°bZo .............. hÿZ {ZH$mb g_OyZ KoVbm.

(10) AMmZH$ Ë`m§Zm AmíM`m©Mm JmoS> Y¸$m XoÊ`mMm .............. Amåhr Ho$bm hmoVm.


(1) {_ÌmH$S>o amhÊ`mMo {Xdg Eoíd`m©Mo H$m R>aUma hmoVo?

(2) OodUmMm H$moUVm ~oV Ho$bm hmoVm?

(3) boIH$mZo H$moUVm _Zgw~m Ho$bm hmoVm?


(1) boIH$mÀ`m gm`H$b àdmgmMo dU©Z H$am.

(2) JmdmV àdoe Ho$ë`mda boIH$mbm H$moUVo Ñí` {Xgbo?

(3) IoS>`mV amÌhr bdH$a hmoVo Am{U {Xdghr bdH$a CJdVmo Ago H$m åhQ>bo Amho?

(4) boIH$mMm CËgmh H$m H$i§OyZ Jobm?

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à.5 g§X^m©gh ñnï>rH$aU H$am.(1) ""Vy AMmZH$ oÊ`mEodOr _bm H$idb§ AgVg§ Va _rM Ambmo AgVmo.''

(2) ""Vy o Va Ia§ nwT>ë`m AmR>dS>çmV.''

(3) ""VrZ Mma {Xdg AmVm Amåhr AH$moë`mV oUma Zmhr.''

à.6 Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao gmV Vo AmR>> dmŠ`mV {bhm.(1) boIH$mZo {_ÌmÀ`m Jmdr OmÊ`mMm ~oV H$m R>adbm?

(2) {_ÌmÀ`m Kar boIH$mMm nmhþUMma H$gm Pmbm?

(3) amVmoamV boIH$ d Ë`mMm MwbV^mD$ {_ÌmÀ`m KamVyZ naV H$m {ZKmbo?

^mfmä`mg :(1) Imbrb AmoirVrb Ab§H$ma AmoiIyZ bjUo gm§Jm.

(1) nmZJirV PmS>mdéZ nmZo JimdrV d dmdQ>irV {â{^é bmJmdrV Vgm H$mi{Ja{\$aV ngma Pmbm hmoVm.

(2) _Z àgÞ H$aUmar XþYmÀ`m gm`rgmaIr XmQ> em§VVm ngabr hmoVr.(3) S>moŠ`mV {dMmam§Mr H$adV Ja©H$Z {\$abr.

(2) Imbrb gm_m{gH$ eãXm§Mm {dJ«h H$éZ àH$ma AmoiIm.~mnboH$, XÿYXþ Vo, MwbV^mD$, ~¡bJwao, H$mQ>o~Z, MH«$sdmXi

(3) Imbrb dmŠ`m§Mo {_l dmŠ` H$am.OodU ânya Pmbo hmoVo. S>moù`mda PmnS> oD$ bmJbr hmoVr.

(4) Imbrb dmH²$àMmam§Mm AW© gm§JyZ dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$am.~oV H$aUo, gmX KmbUo, eh XoUo, J`md`m H$aUo, dmirV KmbUo, ê$Õ hmoUo.

CnH«$_ :e§H$aamd IamV `m§Mr "H$mi' ({Q>Q>drMm \o$am) hr XþîH$mir n[apñWVrVë`m _mUgm§MrEH$ H$Wm Amho; Vr dmMm.

lr._._mQ>o `m§Mo "Cno{jVm§Mo A§Va§J' ho nwñVH$ {_idyZ dmMm.

ewÕboIZ :nwT>rb eãX AgoM {bhm.

emar[aH$ àmUm§{VH$ gm§gm[aH$

_mZ{gH$ _m{bZr {Z:ídmg

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nmR>-9 … dmQ>Uram.a§. ~moamS>o

n[aM` :

amdgmho~ a§Jamd ~moamS>o (1940 -) `m§Mr H$Wm J«m_rU OrdZmda AmYmabobr Amho. J«m_rU OrdZ,J«m_rU ì`pŠVaoIm. Ë`m§À`m H$Wm d ì`Wm `mMo gwaoI {MÌU Ë`m§À`m H$Wm§VyZ Ho$bobo Amho. J«m_rUOrdZmVrb C{Udm, VoWrb Xm[aÐ` `m~Ôb dmQ>Umar I§V {R>H${R>H$mUr OmUdVo. Ë`m§Mr ^mfm J«m_rU_mVrV OÝ_br d dmT>br Am{U Ë`m_wio Ë`m ^mfoVrb gd© bH$~r, Ë`mVrb am§JS>onUm VgmM JmoS>dmË`m§À`m H$WoV AmT>iVmo. åhUyZM Ë`m§Mr H$Wm _ZmV Ka H$ê$Z amhVo. "_miamZ', "~moidU',"_iUr' B. H$Wm g§J«h à{gÕ AmhoV. "_iUr' `m H$Wmg§J«hmbm d "nmMmoim' `m bKwH$mX§~arbm_hmamï´> emgZmMm nwañH$ma {_imbobm Amho.

"dmQ>Ur' hr J«m_rU H$Wm Ë`m§À`m "_iUr' `m H$Wm g§J«hmVyZ KoVbr Amho. dmQ>Ur hm{ZË` OrdZmVrb àg§J `mV AmíM © Ago H$mhr Zmhr. nU {ZOud _mb_Îmo~amo~aM AmB©~mnm§MrdmQ>Ur H$aÊ`mMm H$ê$U àg§J `m H$WoV d{U©bm Amho.

(_yë` - gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m)

H$mR>rÀ`m AmYmamZ§ A§JmMm Vmob gmdarV JUmVmË`m dmS>`mÀ`m nm`è`m MT>bo. VodT>`mZ§hrË`m§Zm A{Ve` X_ë`mgmaI§ dmQy> bmJb§. {deofV… ImoH$ë`mMr C~i Imbr ~gmd`mg ^mJ nmS>Vo

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H$s H$m`; Aer Ë`mZm ^rVr nS>br nU Vg§ Pmb§ Zmhr. ImoH$ë`mMr Vr C~i VodT>`mdaM§ X~br, Ë`m§ZmWmoS>§> ~a§ dmQ>b§. H$mR>rdaMm ^ma Ë`m§Zr A{YH$M dmT>{dbm. bQ>bQ>Umar nmdb§ H$mR>rbm OIS>rV VoMmby bmJbo. ñdV…À`m MmbÊ`mda AmVm Amnbm Vm~m Ambobm Amho Ag§ {XgVmM Ë`m§Zr g_moanm{hb§. CgmÀ`m MmoWè`mda _mem ~gmì`mV Ë`mà_mU§ Amogarda _mUg§ ~gbr hmoVr. JUmVmË`m§MrMmhÿb> bmJVmM gdmªÀ`m ZOam {VH$S>§ dië`m. Ag§ H$mhr KS>ob `mMr Ë`m§Zm H$mbM H$ënZm AmbrhmoVr. Ë`m_wio Amogarda _mUg§ O_ë`mM§ qH$dm Ë`m§Mm ZOam§M§ Ë`m§Zm H$mhrM dmQ>b§ Zmhr. OUy H$mhrAmnU Ë`m JmdMoM Zmhr Ag§ XmIdrV Vo Amogarda Ambo Am{U EH$m ~mOybm ~gyZ am{hbo. gdmªÀ`mZOam bon {Xë`mdmZr AmUIrhr Ë`m§Zm {MnH$boë`m hmoË`m Vo H$mhr Var {dMmaVrb, H$m|S>boë`m~mobÊ`mbm dmQ> \w$Q>ob Ag§ gdmªZm dmQ>V hmoV§. nU Vgm A§XmO {XgoZm Voìhm Xod~m nmQ>rb åhUmbo.

""VmË`m, nmoa§ dmQ>Ur H$am`Mr åhUm`boV''

JUmVmË`m§Zr ZOa CMbbr, pñWa ZOaoZ§ gdmªZm Ý`mhmib§. AmImS>`mV CVaë`mdmZr XmoK§^mD$ EH$_oH$m§H$S>§ nmhmV ~gbo hmoVo. Wmoaë`mMr ~m`H$mo XmamÀ`m AmVrb ^mJmV C^r hmoVr.YmH$Q>rZ§ H$UJrMm AmS>mogm KoVbm hmoVm. {VMr ZOa _mÌ gmaIr {â{âV hmooVr VmË`mMr ~m`H$monmoVoam \o$H$mdm Ver EH$m H$monè`mV ~gbr hmoVr {VMr _mZ gmaIr hmbV hmoVr. EH$m nm`mMm JwS>Km{VZ§ C^m Ho$bm hmoVm d Ë`mÀ`m ^modVr XmoÝhr hmVm§Mr _mi {VZ§ Q>mH$br hmoVr. AmogardaMmbboë`m àH$mamer {VMm H$mhr g§~§Y Amho Ag§ {VÀ`m Mohè`mdê$Z dmQ>V ZìhV§. Ë`m§Zr ho gma§nmhÿZ KoVb§. Jmoï>r H$moUË`m Wambm Amboë`m AmhoV `mMm A§XmO Ho$bm. dmQ>UrMm hm Kmoi Joë`mghm _{hÝ`mnmgyZ KamV Mmby hmoVm. KamVë`m H$Q>H$Q>r A{YH$M dmT>V hmoË`m. H$Yr eoVmVbr H$m_§Imoi§~yZ amhV hmoVr Va H$Yr Myb ~§X nS>V hmoVr. AmR> {Xdgm§nmgyZ Va K>amVbr Ywg\y$g A{YH$MdmT>br hmoVr. `mnojm dmQ>Ê`m hmoU§ A{YH$ Mm§Jb§; Ag§ Ë`m§M§ _V ~Zb§ hmoV§ Am{U åhUyZM VoåhUmbo.

""H$am`M§ Va H$am åhZmd§ dmQ>Ê`m. Ë |À`mM _ZmV Vg§ Agë`mda å`m Var H$m`H$aUma?''

""Vñ`m dmQ>Ý`m Pmë`mV VmË`m, \$H$ñV gdmb hm oVmo Vwåhm XmoJm§M§ H$g§ H$am`M§?''

""_bm H$m` {dMmaVmd, H$g§ H$am`M§ Vo Vw_mbm H$iV ÝhmB© H$m?''

JwaH$mdë`mZr YmH$Q>m åhUmbm "Am_mbm _mon H$iV§, na Vw_À`m _ZmV H$m` hm` Vo gm§JmH$s AJmoXa'

""VrZ dmQ>Ý`m H$am gmè`mÀ`m, XmoJm ^mdm§À`m dmQ>Ý`m AmZ² Am_m Zdam ~m`H$moMr EH$dmQ>Ur...''

Ë`m§M§ ~mobU§ g§nÊ`mÀ`m AmVM YmH$Q>m åhUmbm, ""Vo ÝhmB© O_m`M§, _wimVM b§JmoQ>râO_rZ {_idyZ R>odbr`m Ë`mV ~r VrZ dmQ>Ý`m H$am`mÀ`m åhZë`mda Imbr H$m` èhm`b§''.

JUmVmË`m ì`{WV Pmbo. hm Kmd Ë`m§À`m {Oìhmar Pm|~bm. YmH$Q>`mZ§ b§JmoQ>râ O{_ZrMm

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AZoH$Xm C„oI Ho$bm hmoVm. dñVwV… gÎmmdrg EH$a O_rZ åhUOo AmOÀ`m H$mimV H$_r ZìhVr. {edm`Ë`mVbr {Zåå`mÀ`mda O_rZ JUmVmË`m§Zr ñdV… H$_mdbobr hmoVr Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr H$ï>m§Mr V_m~miJbr ZìhVr. qH$dm H$Yr hm¡g_m¡O Ho$br ZìhVr. Ag§ AgVmZm YmH$Q>`mZ§ Ë`m§Mm Agm hoQ>miUrZoC„oI H$amdm ho Ë`m§Zm _wirM AmdS>b§ Zmhr. CgiyZ Vo ~mobbo.

"å`m _mon b§JmoQ>râ {_i{dbr, na Vwåhr {H$Vr {_i{dVmV Vo ~Ky H$s AmVm'.

hm {df` A{YH$ dmTy> Z o åhUyZ Xod~m nmQ>rb åhUmbm.

""VmË`m, CJ§ H$m "{eù`m H$T>rbm D$V§ AmZVmd§?' Amnë`m åhmoa§ H$m` dmTy>Z {R>db§ ~Jm H$sAmJmoXa''.

""å`m AmZbm H$m {eù`m H$T>rV D$V? Odm Vdm hm Amg§M ~mobVmo, Am_M§ H$m` AmVm Pmb§Job§, na øoZ Xmdmd§ H$_dyZ _J ~mobmd§ Am_mbm'' ""H$ñ`mbm CJ§ Vo CJirV ~gVmd, dmQ>Ý`mM§ H$m`H$am`M§ Vo gm§Jm AJmoXa''.

""H$m` H$am`M§ Vo Vw_mbm H$iV ÝhmB© H$m? H$am`À`m Va VrZ dmQ>Ý`m H$am. øm XmoKm ^mdm§À`mXmoZ dmQ>Ý`m AmZ²² Am_Mr {Vgar dmQ>Zr''

YmH$Q>m Vm~S>Vmo~ Cgibm åhUmbm, ""Vo ÝhmB© O_m`M§. VrZ dmQ>Ý`m Ho$ë`mda èhm`bM H$mÀm_mbm? Pmb§M Va boH$mÀ`m ~amo~arZ§ dmQ>Zr _mJm`bm Vw_mbm Var ~a§ {Xg§V H$m?''

JUmVmË`m§Mm Moham amJmZ§ VmR>abm. Yma MT>boë`m AmdmOmV Vo åhUmbo.

""boH$mÀ`m ~amo~arZ§ dmQ>Zr _mJZ§ _bm ~a§ {XgV ÝhmB© ho Ia§, ~mn {OVm hm` Vda dmQ>Ý`m H$aZ§Vw_mbm ~a§ {XgV§ H$m?''

Wmoabm BVH$m doi Imbr _mZ KmbyZ ~gbm hmoVm, hmVmVë`m AS>{H$Î`mZ§ ZI§ IaS>rV hmoVm.

JUVmË`m§Zr Ag§ gm§JVmM Vmo åhUmbm.

""Vo EH$ Ia§ Pmb§ VmË`m. na dmQ>Zr KoD$Z Vwåhr H$m` H$aZma hm`? Vw_mbm Zm H$ñQ> ìhm`MoÝhmB©V, Zm gmoVm H$m_Y§Xm `m`Mm ÝhmB©, _J Xþgè`mMr âVr H$m` åhUyZ H$aVmd§?''

""_§J _ZmV Var H$m` hm` Vw_À`m? XmoZ dmQ>Ý`m H$ê$Z Am_Mr H$m` gmo bmdm`Mm BMma hm`Vw_Mm?''

‹""Am_r H$m` Vw_mbm CKS>`mda nS>m åhZb§ ÝhmB©. Vw_r EH$ OZmH$S>§> èhmdm, _m` EH$OZmH$S>§èhmB©b''.

""åh§Or Am_À`m~r dmQ>Ý`m H$am`À`m åhZm H$s. Mm§Jb§ hm` ~m~m. Ob_ {Xbobm nm§J \o$S>bmAm_Mm. bB© ~a§ dmQ>b§ Am`Hy$Z''.

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""H$mhr Var {deof ~m~ gdmªZm g_OmdyZ Úmdr Ë`mà_mUo YmH$Q>m ~mobbm'' AmgM hm` ~JmVmË`m§M§ Am_r EH$mXr Jmoï> H$am`bm Omdr Va VmË`mbm Ë oV bJoM dmH$S>§ {XgV§ H$am`M§ Va H$g§Am_r?

VmË`m g§VmnmZ§ ^S>H$bo. amJmZ§ WaWaV åhUmbo, ""H$m` dmH$S>§ {Xgb a§ Vwbm? Ob_ {Xboë`m_m`~mnmÀ`m dmQ>Ý`m H$am`bm {ZJmbmd. øm hmVmdab§ Ë`m hmVmda Pobb§ Vw_mbm, na Ë`mM hmVmMr\$maH$V H$am`bm {ZJmbm`!''.

VmË`m§Zm ImoH$ë`mMr C~i Ambr. à`ËZ H$ê$Zhr Ë`m§Zm C~i AmdaVm oB©Zm. h¡amU Pmë`mJVË`m§Mr AdñWm Pmbr. XmoKmhr ^mdm§À`m Mohè`mda Ìm{gH$nUm ngabm. OmdmOmdm§Zr Vm|S>§> {\$a{dbr.VmË`m§Mr nËZr AñdñW Pmbr. {VMr ~w~i§ hby bmJbr. AIoa {Vbm ~gdoZm. EH$m hmVmV {VZ§ amIKmVbobr PmH$Ur KoVbr d nm`mdê$Z _moQ>marM§ MmH$ Joboë`m Hw$Í`mdmZr IwaS>V Vr VmË`m§À`m OdiAmbr. N>mVrVbm ~oS>H$m VmË`m§À`m Vm|S>mV Ambm. PmH$UrÀ`m amIoda VmË`m§Zr Vmo ~oS>H$m Q>mH$bm.VodT>`mZ§M Ë`m§Mm Ord Km~amKw~am Pmbm. Ë`m§À`m Mohè`mda Km_mMm Wa C_Q>bm. N>mVr _moH$ir hmoVmMË`m§Zm ~a§ dmQ>b§. {dbjU WH$dm Amë`mdmZr Vo ~gyZ am{hbo. VmË`m§Mr nËZr nwÝhm IwaS>V {ZKmbr.S>moio {_Qy>Z Amnë`m OmJoda ~gyZ am{hbr.

WmoS>m doi Hw$UrM H$mhr ~mobb§ Zmhr. AmVm AmnUM§ ~mobb§ nm{hOo Ag§ dmQy>Z Xod~m nmQ>rbåhUmbm.

""VmË`m, XmoJm boH$mH$S>§ èhm`bmM åh§Or Amnbr ~r dmQ>Zr Pmbr Amg§ H$g§ Vw_rg_OrVmd?''

AmnbmM hoH$m Mmb{dU§ \$mag§ Mm§Jb§ Zmhr Am{U AmnU {H$Vrhr hoH$m Mmb{dbm Var Amnboho XmoKhr boH$ Vmo _wirM Mmby XoUma ZmhrV ho bjmV KoV JUVmË`m åhUmbo.

""~Jm ~m~m, Vw_À`m Ü`mÝ`mbm `rb Vg§ H$am Am_r H$m` AmVm Zgë`mVM O_m Pmbmd§''

VmË`m Ag§ ~mobbo Voìhm gdmªZmM g_mYmZ dmQ>b§. AmVm Caboë`m Jmoï>rMm VS>H$m\$S>H$s{ZH$mb bmdmdm åhUyZ Xod~m nmQ>bmZ§ {dMmabo.

"_J H$g§ gmonmZamd, Vw_r VmË`mZbm g§~miVmd H$m H$mHy$Zbm g§~miVmd?'

Wmoabm KmB©KmB©Z§ åhUmbm,

""VmË`mZbm g§~miVmo H$s å`m, EìhS>§ Ë oZr _mÁ`mnm`r Ho$b§ Va g§~mim`bm Vo H$m` OS> hm`rVH$m _bm?''

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BVH$m doi Vm|S>mbm {_Å>r _mê$Z ~gbobr YmH$Q>`mMr ~m`H$mo åhUmbr,

""ìh` H$s Vw_mbm Hw$Q>bo Vo OS> ìhm`bm. eoVmMr amIU H$arV Vo amV{Xdg amZmV nS>boV Ýhd§H$m. EH$ JS>r Am`VmM dmMVmo. Am{U Vr Zdè`mH$S>§ diyZ åhUmbr, ""Vw_r H$m` Am`Hy$ ZH$m d§ Ë |M§.am§JË`m boH$amdmZr AmË`m~m`M§ ~Jmd§ bmJV§, _mÁ`mZ§ H$m` Vo ~JZ§ ìhm`M§ ÝhmB©. å`m _mÁ`mboH$am~mim§M H$arV ~gy H$m AmË`m~m`M§ H$arV ~gy?''

Wmoabr hr {VÀ`mda VS>H$br, åhUmbr.

""Vw_mbm H$am`M§ ÝhmB© Va _J å`m Var H$ñ`mbm H$ê$? å`m Var H$m` JwÎm§ KoVb§` H$mAmË`m~m`M§ H$am`M§?''

""_§J Ë |À`m~r H$am dmQ>Ý`m. gm gm åh`Zo ¿`m \$moSy>Z. Á |À`mH$S>§ øm gm åh`Ý`mV_m_mgm~ AmgVob Ë`m§À`mH$S>§ bJoM Xþgè`m gm åh`Ý`mV AmË`m~m`. Vw_mbm~r Vmo gmog ZJ H$sAm_mbm~r Vmo gmog ZJ§''

XmoKm Omdm§M§ ~mobU§ S>mJÊ`m {Xë`mdmZr JUmVmË`m§Zm Pm|~V hmoV§. Ë`m§M§ _ñVH$ ~Kra Pmb§hmoV§. Ag§ H$mhr EoH$Ê`mMr Amnë`mda doi oB©b Ag§ Ë`m§Zm H$YrM dmQ>b ZìhV§. JUmVmË`m§Zr~m`H$moH$S> nm{hb§. {VMm Moham ~mohabm hmoVm. {VMr _mZ A{YH$M doJmZ§ hmbV hmoVr d S>moù`mVyZnmÊ`mMo W|~ {R>~H$V hmoVo. JUmVmË`m ì`{WV Pmbo. ~mOybm nS>bobr H$mR>r Ë`m§Zr hmVmV KoVbr.{VÀ`mda gmam ^ma Q>mH$sV Vo CR>bo. Ë`m§Zm CR>VmZm nmhÿZ Xod~m nmQ>bmZ§ {dMmab§.

""Hw$R>§ {ZJmbmd§ VmË`m?'' AdgmZ Joë`mJV VmË`m åhUmbo, ""nS>Vmo Oam {VH$S>ë`mImobrV''.

dmQ>Ý`mMm eodQ> H$ê$ZM _J§ Om`M§ ìhV§. Am_mbm~r hbm`bm ~a§ nS>b§ AgV§''

""AmVm ~gbmM hmd Va H$am H$s dmQ>Ý`m''.

""dmQ>Ý`m H$m` AmVm Pmë`mVM O_m hm`rV. \$H$ñV Vw_M§ H$g H$am`M§ Vo gm§Jm''.

EH$ Imob {Z…ídmg Q>mH$sV JUVmË`m åhUmbo, Am_mbm dmQ>Zr ZJ§ H$m XmoZ OmJr XmoJm§ZrèhmZ§ ZJ§. Am_r Zdam-~m`Hy$ EH$ OmJrM èhmZma hm`.

""_J nmoQ>mnmÝ`mM§ H$g§ H$aVmd?''

""Úmdr dmQ>br Va gmbmMr AmS>grar Úmdr, Ýhm`Va ImD$ _mob_Owar H$ê$Z''.

BVH§$ ~mobyZ H$mR>rda ^ma Q>mH$sV JUmVmË`m ImobrÀ`m {XeoZo Mmby bmJbo. Am{U M{H$VPmë`mJV gJio Ë`m§À`mH$S>o nmhmV am{hbo. åhmVmarÀ`m {Ôboë`m ~w~wimda _mÌ Aly§Mm XmQ> nS>XmgwQ>bm hmoVm.

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eãXmW© d Q>rnm :

C~i - R>gH$m A§XmO - AX_mg Amogar - gmonm, nS>dr AmImS>m - Hw$ñVr IoiÊ`mMr OmJmdmQ>Ur - {d^mJUr (d{S>bm§À`m _mb_ÎmoMr {d^mJUr) H$UJr - YmÝ` R>odÊ`mMr doVmMr C§M

Q>monbr Kmoi - KmoQ>mim \$H$ñV - \$ŠV gdmb - àíZ Ywg_wg - AmVë`m AmV oUmamamJ, XaS>mdUo - ^rVr XmI{dUo ì`{WV - Xþ…Ir hmoUo {Oìhmar Pm|~Uo - _Zmbm bmJUo {Z_m-AYm© V_m - H$miOr hm¡g_m¡O - BÀN>mnyVu hoQ>miUr H$aUo - {VañH$ma H$aUo {eù`m H$T>rbmD$V - JVH$mimVrb Jmoï>r CH$ê$Z H$mT>Uo {OVm - {Od§V _m` - _mVm bB© -\$ma nm§J \o$S>Uo- CnH$ma \o$S>Uo g§VmnmZ ^S>H$Uo - amJmZo {MS>Uo h¡amU hmoUo - ~oOma hmoUo Ord Km~amKw~amhmoUo - ^rVr dmQ>Uo WH$dm - X_ bmJUo VS>H$m\$S>H$s - AMmZH$ {ZH$mb - {ZU©` Am`Vm- ghOM JwÎmm KoUo - R>oH$m KoUo S>mJÊ`m XoUo - MQ>Ho$ XoUo _ñVH$ ~{Ya hmoUo - S>moHo$ gwÝZ§hmoUo Moham ~mohaUo - Moham H$mid§S>Uo AdgmZ OmUo -Yra Zmhrgm hmoUo AmS>gar - YmÝ`_moOÊ`mMo OwZo _mn, 2 {H$bmo.

ñdmÜ`m` :


(1) VmË`mÀ`m Kar n§M_§S>ir H$m O_br hmoVr?

(2) XmoKo ^mD$ EH$_oH$m§H$S>o H$go nmhmV ~gbo hmoVo?

(3) VmË`mZr {H$Vr dmQ>Ê`m H$aÊ`mg gm§{JVë`m?

(4) YmH$Q>`mZ§ VmË`m§À`m O{_ZrMm H$moUË`m eãXmV CboI Ho$bm?

(5) VmË`m§À`m H$moUË`m ~mobmZo gdm©Zm g_mYmZ dmQ>bo?

(6) XmoKm Omdm§M§ ~mobU§ JUmVmË`m§Zm H$go Pm|~V hmoVo?


(1) H$mR>rÀ`m AmYmamZ§ A§JmMm Vmob gmdarV .............. dmS>`mÀ`m nm`è`m MT>bo.

(2) VmË`mMr ~m`H$mo .............. \o$H$mdm Ver EH$m H$monè`mV ~gbr hmoVr.

(3) D$gmÀ`m MmoWè`mda _mem ~gmì`mV Ë`m à_mU§ ............. da _mUg§, ~gbr hmoVr.

(4) dmQ>UrMm hm Kmoi Joë`m ............... _{hÝ`mnmgyZ KamV Mmby hmoVm.


(1) JUmVmË`mZm H$moUË`m Jmoï>rMr H$ënZm Ambr hmoVr?

(2) dmQ>UrÀ`m KmoimZo KamV H$m` KS>V hmoVo?

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(3) VmË`m§Zr {H$Vr EH$a O_rZ H$er H$_dbr hmoVr?

(4) _wbm§Zr AmB©~mnm§~Ôb H$moUVm {ZU© KoVbm hmoVm?


(1) VmË`m§Zm YmH$Q>`m _wbmMm H$m amJ oV hmoVm?

(2) {Vgar dmQ>Ur Hw$Ur _m{JVbr? H$m?


(1) ""VmË`m CJ§ H$m {eù`m H$T>>rbm CV AmZVmd.''

(2) ""å`m Var H$m` JwÎm§ KoVb` H$m''?

(3) ""_§J nmoQ>mnmÝ`mM§ H$g§ H$aVmd''?


(1) VmË`m§À`m KamV Ywgnyg H$m dmT>br hmoVr? Ë`mda Ë`mZr H$moUVm Cnm` gwM{dbm?

(2) eodQ>r JUmVmË`m§Zr H$moUVm {ZYm©a ì`ŠV Ho$bm? H$m?

^mfmä`mg :

(1) Imbrb dmH²$àMmam§Mm AW© gm§JyZ dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$am.

{Oìhmar Pm|~Uo, hoQ>miUr H$aUo, {eù`m H$T>rbm D$V oUo,JwÎm§ KoUo, nm§J \o$S>Uo

Imbrb eãX AmOÀ`m _amR>rV {bhm.

Vñ`m, \$H$ñV, å`m, _mon, OdmVdm, H$í`mbm, _mJZ§, _§J, Ob_, Am_r Vw_r, Ýhm`

CnH«$_ :

""dmQ>Ur EH$ emn'' `m {df`mda MMm© H$ê$Z {Z~§Y {bhm.

""EH$Ì Hw$Qw>§~ `mo½` H$s A`mo½`'' `m {df`mda MMm© H$am.

ewÕboIZ :


dralr {dg{derV Aew^

~{hîH¥$V à{V{ð>V CÕma

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nmR>-10 … H«$m§{VÁ`moVr gm{dÌr~mB©gwf_m Xoenm§S>o

n[aM` :

gwf_m à^mH$a Xoenm§S>o (1955) _yiÀ`m àm`mo{JH$ a§J y_rÀ`m H$bmH$ma AmhoV. gm{dÌr~mB© \w$bo`m§À`m OrdZH$m`m©da g§emoYZ H$ê$Z ho M[aÌZmQ>ç {b{hbo d ZmQ>H$mnojm hm "EH$nmV«r' doJim àH$maH$am`Mo R>a{dbo. AmVmn ªV `m ZmQ>`mMo 2500 à`moJ Pmbo AmhoV. "E{e`Z ZmB©Q²>g' Ûmao naXoemVhr`mMo à`moJ Ho$bo AmhoV. Ë`m~Ôb Ë`m§Zm _hmamï´> gaH$maMm "gm{dÌr~mB© \w$bo' nwañH$ma {_imbm Amho.VgoM g§V {ñÌ`m§darb "~`mXmaCKS>' `m ZmQ>H$mbm "_hmamï´> \$m¢S>oeZMm nwañH$ma' {_imbm Amho.IoS>o>JmdmVrb {ñÌ`m§À`m "~MVJQ>' `m g§H$ënZogmR>r 23 df} H$m © Ho$bo Amho. Ë`mgmR>r "_wŠVmB©MrnmD$bdmQ>' ho _m{gH$ Mmb{dbo Amho.

hm nmR> "ìh`, _r gm{dÌr~mBª' `m EH$nmÌr ZmQ²>`mVyZ {ZdS>bm AgyZ Ë`mV gm{dÌr~mBªM§b¾, {ejU, {e{jH$m d eodQ>Mm \w$ë`m§À`m àoV`mÌo ~amo~a {Q>Q>d§ KoD$Z OmUmè`m gm{dÌr~mB© `mKQ>Zm AmhoV.

`m nmR>mMm àH$ma ""EH$nmÌr à`moJ'' hm Amho. Ë`mÛmam OUy gm{dÌr~mB© Amnë`mer ~mobVAmhoV.

(_yë` - g_mOH$ë`mU, {Zð>m)

1) Z_ñH$ma,

AmO Vw_À`mg§J§ ~mobmdg§ dmQ>V`m, Am_M§OJZ§, Amåhr H$m` Ho$b§ Vo CbJSy>Z gm§Jmdg§dmQ>V`m. å`m Va Ë o§Mr ~m`Hy$ Pmbr AZ²V|À`m H$m_mV H$dm Jwa\$Qy>Z Jobmo ho Ü`mZmVMZm` Amb§ ~Km. AmVm ~Jm _r OÝ_mbmAmbmo Vr Zm`JmdmV. gmVmam {OëømÀ`mI§S>mim VmbwŠ`mVb§ "Zm`Jmd', {VWë`mZodmgo nmQ>bm§Mr Wmoabr boH$ _r. _r Mmadgm©Mr Pmbr Vdm Am` åhUm`Mr ""^mH$arQ>mH$m`bm {eH$m AmVm, _moR>r Pmbrg Zìh§Vy, H$maQ>o! AmVm bJrZ H$am`bm hd§ VwP§''Vda XmXm§Zr~r BMma Ho$bmdVm H$m nmoarM§

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bJrZ H$am`M§ åhÿZ. AmZ nwÝ`mÀ`m \w$ë`m§À`m _wbmer _mO§ bJrZ R>adb§. AmVm _bm H$m` R>md§ hoeoQ>Or H$g§ hm oV Vo? bJrZ Pmb§ na gmga _bm H$Xr naH§$ Zm` dmQ>b§. EH$ Va gmga ho "VwP§ Ia§Ka' ho H$m`_M§ EoH$ë`mb§. Ë`mV _m_§Or bB© Mm§Jbo ìhV§. gmJaJmoQ>o Ioim Zm`Va H$mMmH$dS>`mMm S>md_m§S>m, bB© ào_mZ§ hmH$ _méZ H$m_ gm§Jm`Mo. Am_M§ eoQ>Or _mVwa gXm emi§V _íJwb Agm`M§. Ë`m§Mrhr>@@ _moR>m_moR>mbr nwñVH§$, Amãã`mg dmMm`M§-{bdm`M§.

hm, _bm Ë`mñZr eoQ>Or åhZZ§ bB©M AmdS>m`M§ eoQ>Or åh§Or H$gm ê$~m~Xma- {X_mImMm_mZyg dmQ>Vmo. Ë`m§M§ _¡Îma~r g_Úm OmVr Ya_mM ìhV§.

_r Ka AmdarV ìhVr g_Xm nwñVH$m§Mm ngmam H$mT>bmdVm. Ka ZrQ>ZoQ>H§$ R>odm § hd§M H$s- VodT>`mV eoQ>Or Amb§ {VW§.

""AmJ-AmJ _mOr nwñVH$ H$embm H$mT>brg?''

""AmÎmm? PmS>bmoQ> H$am` ZJ§?''

""_mO§ nmZ Job§ ~K nwñVH$mM§.''

""ho ¿`m, nmZ H$m H$m` Vo''

""H§$M nmZ ìhV§'?

""AmVm _bm H$m` R>md§ H$§M nmZ Vo? na odS§> H$m` hm` Vo?''

""AmJ§ hr M[aÌ hm oV ho ~J {edmOr _hmamOm§M§ M[aÌ ømo Ë`m§Mm \$moQy> AmZ ho dm°qe½Q>ZM,ømo Ë`mMm \$moQy>''

""ìh`, Vw_mñZr {bdVm oV§, Vw_r~r {bdmb Aer nwñVH§$?''

""{bdrZ H$s'' ""_bm dmMm`m {eH$dmb?'' ""{eH$drZ H$s!''

...........

Mma XmoZ Xrg Job§ Z² eoQ>Or ZJabm Job§. VW§ gXm{ed Jmod§S>o èhmV ìhV§. {eH²$eZmMmàgma ho oH$M Iyi S>moŠ`mV. Jmod§S>o ^mdOr Ë`mñZr {KD$Z H§$À`m emiV Jobo. {VV§ Hw$Zr "\$ama'ZmdmMr _Sw>>_ emim {eH${dV ìhVr. ho XmoK§ Job§ H$g§ {eH$dmd§, H$m` {eH$dmd§ ho BMmam`bm.

Vo Kar Amb§ VoM nmQ>r nwñVH$ noZerb KoD$Z, å`m§ Amnbr ^mH$è`m H$ê$Z Myb AmdaVìhVr, Mwbrbm nmoVoa§ H$am`M§ åhZV hmoVr V Vo Amb§- Moham bB©- CËgmhmV, VoOrV, hmV-nm`YyV _bm hmH$ _mam` bmJb§. åhZb§. ""Amë | Amë o ^mH$a Pmbr`m, H$mbdZ~r Pmb`m''.

Va åhZ§. ""OodZ ZJ, Vy o''

åhZb§ - ~`m ~`m, AmO H$m` Pmb` eoQ>OrZm§? hmV âmâm YwD$Z ^mBa Ambo Våhmoa nmQ>r nwñVH$m§Mm ngmam, åhZb§ - ""H$m`?''

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""ho ~K''

""~{KVb§, na H$m` h o?''

""ìh` AmVm {e{H$dZmam` _r''

""H$m`''?

""dmMm`m-{bdm`m''

""Hw$Zmbm''?

""Vwbm''

""H$m`? Vw_r dmMVm Vg§ dmMm`m `rb²? "eoQ>Or' åhÿZ?''

""ìh`!'' Vo hgm`mM bmJbo.

Ë`mZr nmQ>r KoVbr AmZ²² {bdb§. ""eo-Q>-Or'' AmZ² åhZ§ {Jad AmVm. _r bmOZ§ Mya Pmbo.åhUb§ H$m` ømo Zdam! V§ åhZ§ - ""{Jard AmVm''....

H$-I-J-K

V-W-X-Y dobm§Q>r, CH$ma, nmT>§, {hgo~, g_X§ {eH$bo

\w$S>§ _r nwÝ`mÀ`m emiV {eH$dm`m Jobo {e{jH$m åhZyZ !

................

2) emi§bm {eH$dm` Job§ H$s {IS>Š`mZ åhmoa _mZg§ C^r èhm`Mr. KmZ KmZ {eì`m Úm`Mr, daS>m`Mr.emiV Joë`m Joë`m Xma§ {IS>Š`m ~§X H$am`m gwédmV Ho$br. ~§X Imoë`mV ZrVr~moYdmMZ ~oarO-dOm~mH$s H$aZ§, yJmobmMr _m{hVr. _amR>`m§Mm B{Vhmg gm§JZ§ Aer. H$m_§ Mmbbr ìhVr, Va ~mhoaeoQ>Or _hma-_m§JdmS>`mV Om`M§ Ë`m§Zm {ejZmM§ _hËd gm§Jm`M§!

""EH$ eyÐ ~mB© {e{jH$m åhUyZ {eH$dm`bm bmJbr. _hm^ §H$a!''

""_mObo ho eyÐ!''

bmoH$ Ag§ åhZm`m bmJb§

bB© MMm©! ~mB©_mZyg {eH$dV§ . Hw$Zr N>oS> H$mT>m` bmJb§. Hw$Zr ~mOyZ Om`Mm-Ww§H$m`Mm. Hw$ZråhmoaZ§ AmS>dm `m`Mm-ImH$am`Mm. Ad§ bJrZ Pmbobr _r ~m`, Ord YmH$YwH$~r H$am`Mm... EH$ Xrg_mJ-åhmoa§ MmaXmoZ O_b§- Mmar ~mOyZr _bm Am{S>db§. nmoQ>mV IÈ>m nS>bm _mÂ`m. _r Jn C^rèhmBbr, H$m` H$amd§? Ord EH$dQy>Z da Ho$b Vm|S>>, AmZ gwì`m©bm Z_ñH$ma H$éZ åhUb§-"Úodm, å`m§Amnb§ H$V©ì` H$aVr`m.... Úod Vwåhmbm j_m H$amo, Vw_M ^b§ H$amo''. AmZ² ÚodmÀ`m, h|À`m ZmdmMm_ZmV On H$am` bmJbo. _wH$mQ> g_X§ ~mOybm Pmb§. _mVwa emi§bm Jobo Var _mOm Ord WmS²>-WmS²> CS>VìhVm. _J _mVa Xþgè`m {Xgm nmgZ§ _mÂ`m g§J eoQ>OtZr EH$ {enmB© Úo mbm gwédmV Ho$br.

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AmVm bhþOr~wdm _m§J Am{U amU~m _hma nmoamnmoatZm emi§bm AmUm`m bmJb§, VgM§ _bm~rgmo~V H$am`m bmJb§ añË`mZ§…-

...............

3) Ë`m {Xgr g_mOmMr ~¡R>H$ CaH$br. g_Xr _mZg§ Kar Jobr. S>m°. Kmobo, ggmZo eoQ>Org§J~mobV hmoVr. ~mobVm ~mobVm eoQ>OtZm nH$fmKmVmMm PQ>H$m Ambm. earamMr COdr ~mOy bwirnS>br. S>m°. Kmoë`mZr bJoM Am¡fY§ gwê$ Ho$br. WmoS>§ ~a§ Pmë`mda, Vemhr AdñWoV S>mì`m hmVmZo{bhÿZ AY©© am{hbob§ "gmd©O{ZH$ gË`Y_©' ho ~mB©_mZgm§Mr Wmoadr gm§JUma nwñVH$ {bhÿZ nyU© Ho$bo.

eoQ>OtMr Vã~oV ê$Qy>IyQy>M Mmbbr hmoVr. g_X g_X-bmoH${hVdmXr, n§{S>Vm a_m~mB© oQ>m`myZ Jobr. ""_mPm H$mi Odi Ambm'' gmaI§ åhUm`M§. AmZ EH$ Xrg S>m°. Kmobo Ambo Vo h§~aS>m

\$moS>VM! AmZ _hm`mÌoMr V`mar gwê$ Pmbr. Ë`m§Zm Ýhm`mMr oi Ambr Vdm _hmX~m ^mdOr,~m~m ^mdOr AmS>d§ Amb§. ""OmoVr~m Am_M§ ^mD$~§X Vdm Ë`m§À`m edmg Am_r Im§Xm XoZma''

S>m°. Kmobo åhUmb§ ""VmË`m§Zt Vg§ hmoD$ Z XoÊ`m~Ôb ~Omdb§ ''""èd§Vm Am_Mm Zm`. Vdm arVrZ§ {Q>Q>d§ Yé, eH$V Zm`, A¾r {XD$ eH$V Zm`, A¾r

Am_rM XoZma''. dmX dmT>V Mmbbm. Vdm EH$ _r jU BMma Ho$bm. S>moi§ nwgb§ åhZb§.""Wm§~m, å`m hm` {OÎmr. AmVm ZJm {eH$dy _bm arV-^mV''.AmZ VmS>VmS> MmbV Ë |À`mnmer Ambo, nm`m nS>bo. AmZ åhmoa hmoD$Z {Q>Q>d§ CMbb§,

åhZb§ ""Mbm''. JOmZZ-èd§Vm Vo YmdV Odi Amb§-~mOyZ§ Mmbm`m bmJb§._r Mmby bmJbo. EHo$H$m hþ§XŠ`m ~amo~a EHo$H$ AmR>dUr gm§S>V ìhË`m. b¾, Ë |M {eH$dU§,

Am_Mr emim, H$merMm nmoaJm èd§Vm, {nÝ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMm hm¡X, Jwbm_{Jar nwñVH$, eyÐm§M§ ~moS>vJ,~mbhË`m à{V~§Y J¥h, _¥Ë wnÌ, gËèmoYH$ g_mO. AZ² D$a ^ê$Z Ambm OZy åhUmbm, Vy ~r Ag§MH$m_ H$aV _¥Ë ybm gm_moao Om! _r åhZmbo-""O` gË`! Am{X gË`! O` gË` Am{X gË`!''eãXmW© d Q>rnm :

Jwa\$Q>Uo - Jw§VyZ OmUo Aãã`mg - Aä`mg BMma - {dMma AY…nVZ hmoUo - XOm© KgaUoYa_gwYmaH$ - Y_©gwYmaH$ a§Obo Jm§§Obo - Jar~ bmoH$, {nS>rV bmoH$ gmim - emimM§Mb - AMni hbH$„moi - Jm|Yi Vamg - Ìmg e~wX - eãX, dMZQ>Hw$a§ - S>moHo$ OrÎmr - {Od§V {Q>Q>d§> - àoVmnwT>o hmVmV Yabobo A¾r Agbobo _S>Š`mMo

qeH$moio n§VmoOr - {ejH$, _mñVa Ord haIUo - AmZ§{XV hmoUo

Q>rnm : EH$ nmÌr à`moJ … _amR>r ZmQ>H$m§À`m B{VhmgmV EH$m _mUgmZoM ZmQ>H$ H$am`Mohr g§H$ënZm, doJdoJù`m ì`pŠV§Mo ~mobUo, A{^Z`mVyZ, AmdmOmVyZ XmI{dUo.`m _Ü o nydu gwhm{gZr _wiJm§dH$a OwZr ZmQ>H§$ gmXa H$arV. nwT>o nw.b.Xoenm§S>o(Agm _r, Agm _r), bú_U Xoenm§S>o, (dèhmS> {ZKmb` b§S>Zbm) h`m§Mo à`moJ hmoD$bmJbo.

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èd§V … H$mer ZmdmÀ`m ~«m÷U {dYdm ñÌrMm _wbJm. Ë`m ~«m÷U ñÌrbmgm{dÌr~mB©Zt Aml` {Xbm. nwT>o Ë`mbm Ë`m§Zr XÎmH$ KoVbo. èd§V nwT>o S>m°ŠQ>a Pmbm.

Jwbm_{Jar … Añn¥í`Vm hr _mUgm§ZrM {Z_m©U Ho$br, ho g§dmX énmZo gm§JUmam_.\w$ë`m§Zr {b{hbobm J«§W.

{nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMm hm¡X … CÝhmù`mV {nÊ`mgmR>r nmUr gwÕm {_iUo H$R>rU.Ë`mdoir Añn¥í`m§gmR>r Amnë`m KamVrb {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mÀ`m hm¡X Á`mo{V~m§Zr IwbmHo$bm hmoVm.

gËèmoYH$ g_mO … 1873 gmbr. _. \w$ë`m§Zr ""B©ída EH$M Amho'' OmVr_mUgm§Zr Ho$ë`m, bmoH$m§Zm gË` H$m` Vo H$imdo `mgmR>r hm g_mO ñWmnZ Ho$bm.`m gËèmoYH$ g_mOmV\}$ Ë`mZr ^Q>Or{edm` b¾§ bmdbr.

eyÐm§Mo ~moS>vJ … gm{dÌr~mB© Am{U Á`mo{V~m§Zr eyÐm{VeyÐm§À`m _wbm§gmR>r ~moS>vJH$mT>bo. 25-30 _wbo Ë`m {R>H$mUr amhV AgV. 1877À`m XþîH$mimV Ë`m ~moS>vJmV2000 _wbo Oodm`Mr.

~mbhË`m à{V~§YH$ J¥h … nwéfm§H$Sy>Z \$gdë`m Joboë`m pñÌ`m§gmR>r gm{dÌrÁ`mo{V~m§Zr ho J¥h gwé Ho$bo. d ""H$mio nmUr Q>miÊ`mMm Cnm`'' Aem Om{hamVrN>mnyZ Ë`mV {b{hb§ H$s \$gboë`m ~m`H$m§Zr Á`mo{Vamd JmoqdXamd \w$bo `m§Mo KaroD$Z ~mi§§V hmoD$Z Omdo. Ë`m§Mo Zmd Jwá R>odbo OmB©b. n§T>anya, dmB©, Zm{eH$ Aem

VrW©joÌmÀ`m {R>H$mUr `m Om{hamVr bmdë`m hmoË`m.

_¥Ë wnÌ … AmOn ªV AmnU Ho$bobo H$m © Amnë`m _mJo Mmbmdo åhUyZ _. \w$ë`m§Zr"_¥Ë wnÌ' Ho$bo. Amnë`m níMmV Amnbm dmag èd§VmM Amho ho {b{hbo d Amnë`mà_mUoM èd§VmZo Jm§Oboë`m eyÐ, A{VeyÐm§Zm _mZdÐmohr ~«m÷Um§À`m H$MmQ>`mVyZgmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r Am wî` IM© H$amdo d C^`Vm§À`m _¥Ë wZ§Va gd© {dYr "gËèmoYH$'nÕVrà_mUo èd§VmZo H$amdo. Agohr {b{hbo.

n§{S>Vm a_m~mB© : (1858-Vo 1922) a_m~mB© AZ§V S>m|Jao. `m§Mo dS>rb ñÌr{ejUnwañH$V} hmoVo. b¾mZ§Va Ë`m {~«Q>Zbm {eH$Ê`mg Joë`m. naV Amë`mda Ë`m§Zrg§ñH¥$V_Ü o àmdrÊ` {_i{dbo. H$bH$Îmm w{Zìh{g©Q>rZo "g§ñH¥$V n§{S>Vm' hr nXdrË`m§Zm {Xbr. g§ñH¥$V_YyZ _amR>r AZwdmXmgmR>r "gañdVr' hr nXdr Ë`m§Zm {_imbr.Amnë`m {eî`d¥ÎmrMm Cn`moJ Ë`m§Zr qhXÿ n[aË`ŠVm§gmR>r Ho$bm. 1881 gmbr "Am ©_{hbm g^m' ñWmnZm Ho$br. qhXÿ {dYdm, A§Y, AZmW pñÌ`m§gmR>r ""emaXm gXZ''hr g§ñWm ñWmnbr. 1919 gmbr ""H¡$ga-E-qhX'' hr nXdr Ë`m§Zm {_imbr.

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S>m°. Kmoobo … _hmË_m \w$ë`m§Mo ghH$mar d \$°{_br S>m°ŠQ>a.

AÊUmgmho~ {MniyUH$a, _mQ>>o, {^S>o, ggmZo n§{S>V-ho \w$ë`m§Mo ghH$mar hmoVo.

bmoH${hVdmXr … Jmonmi h[a Xoe_wI EH$ {dÛmZ d gm_m{OH$ H$m ©H$V}.

ñdmÜ`m` :


(1) gm{dÌr~mBªMm OÝ_ H$moUË`m Jmdr Pmbm?

(2) gm{dÌr~mBªMo b¾ H$moUmer Pmbo?

(3) gm{dÌr~mB© Amnë`m nVrZm H$moUË`m ZmdmZo g§~moYV?

(4) \w$ë`m§Zr dmMyZ XmI{dVmo åhQ>ë`mda gm{dÌr~mBªZm H$m` dmQ>bo?

(5) \w$ë`m§Zr ZJahÿZ H$m` AmUbo?

(6) njmKmV Pmë`mdahr \w$bo `mZr H$moUVo nwñVH$ {b{hbo?


(1) gm{dÌr~mBªÀ`m d{S>bm§Mo Zmd .............. Ago hmoVo.

(2) Xþgè`m {XdgmnmgyZ \w$ë`m§Zr gm{dÌr~mB© ~amo~a .............. Úm`bm gwédmV Ho$br.

(3) eoQ>Or åh§Or H$gm .............. {X_mImMm _mZyg dmQ>Vmo .

(4) AmO nwÝ`mÀ`m .... _mO§ bJrZ R>adb§.

(5) Omo{V~m Am_M§ .............. Vdm Ë |À`m ............... Am_r Im§Xm XoUma.

(6) èd§Vm Am_Mm Zm` Vdm [aVrZ§ Vmo............. Yê$ eH$V Zm`.

(7) O` gË` .............. .


(1) \w$bo emioV H$em àH$mao _íJwb Agm`Mo?

(2) gm{dÌr~mB© Mma dfmªÀ`m Pmë`m Voìhm Ë`m§Mr AmB© H$m` åhUmbr?

(3) Á`mo{V~m§Zr gm{dÌr~mB©Zm H$em VèhoZo {eH${dbo?

(4) emioVyZ oVmZm gm{dÌr~mBªMr dmQ> AS>{dUmè`m§Zm Ë`mZr H$m` CÎma {Xbo?

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(1) gm{dÌr~mB© {e{jH$m åhUyZ emioV OmD$ bmJë`mda bmoH$m§Zr H$moUË`m à{V{H«$`mXem©{dë`m?

(2) Amnë`m _¥Ë wnÌmV Á`mo{V~m \w$b|Zr H$m` {b{hbo hmoVo?

(3) \w$ë`m§Zr ""gmd©O{ZH$ gË`Y_©'' ho nwñVH$ H$em AdñWoV {b{hbo?


(1) ""_mP§ nmZ Job§ ~K nwñVH$mM§.''

(2) ""_mPm H$mi Odi Ambm.''


(1) gm{dÌr~mB© Iè`m AWm©Zo ghY_©Mm[aUr H$em hmoË`m, Vo g{dñVa {bhm.

(2) n{VÀ`m _¥Ë wZ§Va {Q>Q>d§ KoD$Z OmVmZm gm{dÌr~mBªZm H$moUH$moUË`m Jmoï>t AmR>dV hmoË`m?

^mfmä`mg :

(1) Imbrb gm_m{gH$ eãXm§Mm {dJ«h H$ê$Z g_mg AmoiIm - H$mMmH$d‹S>`m, gË`Y_©,_¥Ë wnÌ, gËèmoYH$.

CnH«$_ :

S>m°. AmZ§Xr~mB© Omoer `m§À`m OrdZmdarb lr.O. Omoer `m§Mo "AmZ§Xr Jmonmi'ho nwñVH$ dmMm.

"{h_mb`mMr gmdbr' ho dg§V H$mZoQ>H$a `m§Zr {b{hbobo ZmQ>H$ dmMm.

ewÕboIZ :


lo`ñH$a e¡{Wë` do{ï>V

aoIrd _¡ÌrU nma§n[aH$

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nmR>-11 … AmB© g_OyZ KoVmZmCÎm_ H$m§~io

n[aM` :

CÎm_ _méVr H$m§~io (1956)-"gH$mi' _mÜ`_ g_yhmMo _w»` g§nmXH$ åhUyZ H$m ©aV AmhoV. Ë`m§Zr"lmÕ', "AñdñW', "Zm`H$', `m H$mX§~è`m, "a§J_mUgm§Mo' "H$Wm _mUgm§À`m' "H$mdio Am{U _mUg§'"naË`m, Z {XgUmar bT>mB©' ho H$Wm g§J«h, VgoM "XodXmgr' Am{U "Z¾nyOm', "^Q>Š`m§Mo b¾'"Hw§$^_oim, A{Zï> àWm' ho g§emoYZna J«§W VgoM "OmJ{VH$sH$aUmV _mPr H${dVm', "Zm{eH$m VyEH$ gw§Xa H${dVm' "nmMì`m ~moQ>mda gË`' ho H${dVm g§J«h Am{U "AmB© g_OyZ KoVm§Zm' d "dmQ>VwS>dVmZm' hr AmË_H$WZo VgoM "WmoS>g§ doJi§', "{Va§½`mVyZ Jobm ~mn' hr b{bV nwñVHo$ {b{hbrAmhoV. Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ J«§WmMo g§nmXZ Ho$bo Amho "AmB© g_OyZ KoVm§Zm' `m nwñVH$mMo H$ÞS> B§J«Ord ~«ob {bnrV énm§Va Pmbo Amho. `m§Zr 2010 gmbr "R>mUo' oWo Pmboë`m gm{hË` g§_obZmMoAÜ`jnX yf{dbo hmoVo.

`m nmR>mMm àH$ma AmË_H$WZ AgyZ hm nmR> "AmB© g_OyZ KoVmZm' `m nwñVH$mVyZ {ZdS>bmAmho.

`m nmR>mV à{VHy$b n[apñWVrV boIH$mZo Amnë`m AmB©g H$go g_OyZ KoVbo Vo nmhÿ mV.

(_yë` - _mV¥_{h_m)

àg§J 1 : gmVdrV Ooìhm _r emioV n{hbm Ambmo Voìhm _r CS>çm _maVM Kar Ambmo hmoVmo... nU KarAmŠH$m, Hw$R>§ hmoVr? Vr Va amoOJmambm Jobr hmoVr. H$Yr EH$Xm {Vbm hr ~mV_r gm§JoZ Ag§ Pmb§ hmoV§._r C§~aR>çmda ~gyZ {VMr dmQ> nmhÿ bmJbmo. {Xdg _mdiVrbm Joë`mda Vr Ambr S>moŠ`mda \$m§Úm§Mm^mam KoD$Z ^mam S>moŠ`mda R>odyZM Vr AmoaS>br, ""nmUr AmUbg§ H$mKmoQ>m`bm?

_r åhUmbmo ""AJ§ ^mam Va Imbr Q>mH$. Vwbm AmZ§XmMr ~mV_rgm§JVmo'', Vr åhUmbr ""H$gbr ~mV_r? ^mam dmhÿZ S>moŠ`mbm H$S>Ambm`. EH$OU OiUmM§ Zmd H$mT>V Zmhr, EH$Q>r AmB© {H$Vr _ab§ `mMmH$moUr {dMma H$arV Zmhr S>moŠ`mV \$Ur KmVbr H$s Ho$gm§Mm nw§OH$mMhmVmbm oVmo ''.

Am¸$m ~S>~S>V hmoVr. ~S>~S>VM {VZ§ ^mam Imbr Q>mH$bm. _r{VÀ`mOdi OmD$Z åhUmbmo, ""AJ§ _r gmVdrbm n{hbm Ambmo Iyn

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Iyn _mH©$ {_imbo AmhoV''.

Am¸$mZ§ EH$ XrK© ídmg KoVbm. a§Y«ma§Y«mV ì`mnyZ am{hbobo dfm©Zwdfm©Mo H$ï>M OUy {VZ§ ~mhoaQ>mH$bo.

""~a§ Pmb§ nmg Pmbmg ~m~m. AmVm EH$ H$a. MQ>H$Z nmUr KoD$Z o AmS>mM§. Vmo n ªV _r^mOr {ZdS>Vo. Myb noQ>dVo''

Am¸$mZ§ _mÂ`m èmM§ W§S> ñdmJV Ho$ë`mgmaI§ dmQ>V hmoV§. _r H$mhrM ~mobbmo Zmhr. nmÊ`mMrKmJa, Xmoa KoVbm. MwbrVbr amI ~mhoa H$mT>Vm H$mT>Vm Vr åhUmbr ""~aUrVbr {M_yQ>â gmIa Vm|S>mVQ>mH$, Am{U hmo, {M_yQ>âM Ko, CÚm VwÂ`m ~mbm MhmgmR>r R>od''.

_r {Z_yQ>nUo gmIa Vm|S>mV Q>mH$br. KmJa Am{U Xmoa KoD$Z AmS>mÀ`m {XeoZo Mmby bmJbmo.Am¸$m BVH$s CXmg H$er? boH$amÀ`m èmMm {Vbm AmZ§X H$m dmQ>V Zgob Am{U dmQ>V AgobVa Vr ì`ŠV H$m H$aV Zgob? Im§ÚmdaMr _moH$ir KmJa àíZm§ZrM âë`mgmaIr dmQ>m`bm bmJbr.nmUr H$mT>m`Mm Xmoa bm§~ hmoD$Z AmUIr AmoP§ dmT>ë`mgmaI§ dmQ>m`bm bmJb§. H$m dmJV AgobAer Am¸$m...{dMma H$aV H$aVM AmS>mda nmohmoMbmo. Imob Imob Agboë`m AmS>mV KmJa gmoS>br;~i EH$dQy>Z Vr da H$mT>br. KamÀ`m {XeoZo Mmby bmJbmo. Amnbm nmoQ>mnmÊ`mMm àíZ ì`dpñWV{_Q>bm AgVm Va Am¸$mZ§ AmZ§X ì`ŠV Ho$bm AgVm H$m? {VMr gmar VmH$X {VM§ gma§ ~i^mH$arÀ`m bT>mB©VM IM© hmoV Zgob H$m? AmZ§X ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r {VÀ`mH$S>o ~iM§ Zgob H$m?

nmUr Am{U àíZm§M§ AmoP§ KoD$Z Kar naVbmo. KmJa Imbr R>odbr Xmoa Iw§Q>rbm AS>H$dbm,Am¸$m ^mH$è`m WmnV hmoVr. {dñVdmda ^mOy bmJbr H$s gwdmg `m`Mm. nU H$m` Cn`moJ? ^mH$arVa XrS>M {_iUma hmoVr. namVrV ^mH$ar WmnVm WmnVm åhUmbr ""H$m ao AmVm nwT>À`m {ejUmbmbB© IM© oB©b H$m?''

àíZ {dMmaVmZm {VMm Moham J§ ra Pmbm hmoVm _r H$mhrM CÎma {Xb§ Zmhr. Vg§ VrMåhUmbr ""Aao nmg Pmbmg nU VwÂ`m nwT>À`m {ejUmM§ H$m` H$am`M§. nwT>À`m IMm©M§ H$m`H$am`M§. `m qMVoZ§ Koab` _bm, Vy Va {eH$bm nm{hOog. VwÂ`m_wioM Am_M§ Zer~ COmS>Uma,nU IMm©M§ H$m` H$am`M§? _Owar dmT>V Zmhr. nmD$g nS>V Zmhr, bmoH$ _wbImda MmbboV _Owarbm.nU Vy H$miOr H$é ZH$mog Vy erH$. AmUIr am~oZ _r''

Am¸$m J§ raM hmoV hmoVr. _r gmVdrV nmg Pmë`mMm AmZ§X Vr H$m ì`ŠV H$aV ZìhVr,ho _bm g_Om`bm bmJb§. _r Am¸$m{df`r bJoM J¡ag_O H$ê$Z KoVmo. _r {Vbm g_OyZ ¿`m`bmhd§. nU H$g§ hoM H$iV ZìhV§. _r åhUmbmo, ""Vy H$miOr ZH$mo H$ê$g. _r am`~mJbm ~mo{S>ªJmVOm`M§ R>>adb` {VW§ OodU _mo\$V, amhU§ _mo\$V, Am{U {ejUhr _mo\$V {_iV§. am`~mJbm Om`bmhrn¡go bmJUma ZmhrV. H$maU MmbV OmB©Z _r, S>moŠ`mda Q´>§H$ KoD$Z, Vy H$miOr H$ê$ ZH$mog.''

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_mP§ EoHy$Z {Vbm Yra Ambm. hmVmVbr ^mH$ar Vì`mV Q>mH$V Vr åhUmbr ""~m~m Wimo~m_mÂ`m nmoamÀ`m H$m_mV è Xo Vwbm Zmai XoB©Z.'' Wimo~m ZmdmÀ`m _mimdaÀ`m Xodmda {VMm{dídmg hmoVm, nU _mPm _mÌ ZìhVm. amÌ§{Xdg am~Umè`m Am{U Ag§»` doim nmUr {nD$ZM yH$_maUmè`m _mÂ`m AŠH$mÀ`m _XVrbm H$moUVoM Xod oV ZìhVo. CbQ> Xodm§ZmM Zmai Z¡doÚ bmJVAgo. XodmMm {df` KoD$Z _r H$Yrhr {VÀ`mer dmX KmVbm Zmhr.

_r {Xdgm ñdßZ nhmV Ago. _bm Mm§Jbr ZmoH$ar bmJob _r Am¸$mbm BVH§$$ ^mar bwJS>§ KoB©Z,BVH§$ ^mar bwJS>§ KoB©Z H$s gmao ~KV amhVrb. _r AÊUmbm MmH$arVyZ _wŠV H$aoZ, _r Am¸$mbm_mÂ`mH$S>o R>odoZ. {Vbm H$gbm H$gbm Ìmg hmoD$ XoUma Zmhr. Im`M§ Am{U {Zdm§V ~gm`M§. _rñdV…gmR>r Ka ~m§YoZ Iyn H$ï> H$aoZ. ñdßZm§Mr EH$ O~aXñV _m{bH$m S>moù`mg_moa C^r ahm`Mr `m{XdmñdßZmV Am¸$m ^mar qH$_VrÀ`m ZD$dmar bwJS>`mV {Xgm`Mr. {VMm Moham hgam dmQ>m`Mm. amoOjUmjUmbm CJdUma§ qMVoM§ O§Jb {VÀ`m Mohè`mdê$Z g§nbobo {Xgm`M§.

_mÂ`m AmB©M§ Zmd Bb§Xm, H$moëhmnya {OëømMr hÔ {OW§ g§nVo Ë`m {IÐmnya JmdmÀ`m Odi"{eaJwßnr' ho "AWUr' VmbwŠ`mVrb Am_M§ Jmd, A¸$mMo _mhoa. Am¸$mM§ b¾ Pmb§ Am{U AÊUm(dS>rb) aOm g§në`mZo naV {_ëQ´>rV Jobo. AmVm Vo nwÝhm dfm©ZM§ naVUma hmoVo åhUyZ Am¸$m gmgar EH$XmoZ _{hÝ`mH$aVmM OmV Ago nU AmOmo~m§Zm hiy hiy A§XmO oD$ bmJbm hmoVm H$s Bb§Xm gmgar gwIrZmhr {VMm Zdam Xmé {nVmo, _maVmo `mM§ Ë`m§Zm dmB©Q> dmQ>o `m KamV {Xbr åhUyZ Vo ñdV…bm {eì`mÚm`Mo. nwT>o nwT>o Amåhm _wbm§nm`r {VM§ _mhoar OmU§hr ~§X Pmb§.

XménmB© Am¸$m AÊUmbm amoO {eì`m Úm`Mr, _ma Im`Mr. {Vbm dmQ>o H$s AÊUmZ§ XmégmoS>mdr, amoO H$m_mbm Omdo, n¡go {_idmdoV, g§gmamgmR>r dmnamdoV, nmoam§Zm {ej>UmgmR>r ÚmdoV.Ka ~m§Ymd§, nmoam§Zm H$nS>o ÚmdoV, nU AÊUmbm H$mhrM dmQ>V Zgo. Agm Am¸$m AÊUmMm g§gma!OUy gmn Am{U _w§JwgmM d¡a! {XdgmVZ§ Xhm doim Var Vr AÊUmbm ""Vy _aV H$m Zmhrg? H$embmOJVmog wB©bm ^ma hmoD$Z, Ag§ {dMmam`Mr.

àg§J 2: IamoIaM§ EH$ {Xdg _mPm AÊUm _aU nmdbm. n[apñWVrZo ì`mHw$i Pmbobr Am¸$m O{_ZrdaS>moH§$ AmnQy>Z AmH«$moe H$aV hmoVr. CR>Vm ~gVm AÊUmbm {eì`m XoUmar Am¸$m AmO doJù`mM énmV{XgV hmoVr. AmoR>mda {eì`m Agë`m Var H$miOmV Zdè`m{df`r Ana§nma ào_ Am{U lÕm AgbobremoH$_¾ AmŠH$m _bm ZdrZ hmoVr. _bm dmQ>b§ ~a§ Pmb§ Am¸$m gwQ>br, Zdè`mÀ`m g§H$Q>mVyZ. nUàË`jmV {VM§ OJM§ Ibmg Pmb§ hmoV§ ""Zdam Joë`mda H$m` Xþ…I hmoV§ Vo Ë`m am§S>_w§S> ~mB©bmM _mhrV.''Ag CÛr¾ hmoD$Z åhUm`Mr. Am_À`m ~amo~a ^m§S>U Pmb§ H$s bJoM {Vbm Amnë`m Zdè`mMr AmR>dUoB© ""dmKmgmaIm _mPm Zdam Jobm åhUyZ Vw_M§ ~mobU§ ImÊ`mMr doi _mÂ`mda Ambr,'' Aem eãXmV

Vr Amnë`m H$miOmV Imobda éVbobm Am{U H$Yrhr {dñ_aUmV Z OmUmam Amnbm Zdam ì`º$H$am`Mr. Aer _mPr Am¸$m, Am_À`mH$aVm COoS>dmQ>m KS>{dÊ`mgmR>r Am wî`â am~bobr, dV©_mZ Va

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{VZ§ Amåhm boH$am§gmR>r JhmU Q>mH$bm hmoVm. B{Vhmg Va {Vbm g_mO ì`dñWoZ§ ZmH$mabm hmoVm VrñdV…M§ ^{dî` boH$am§À`m ^{dî`mV ~KV hmoVr. AmO _mPo eãX gmaogmao {VZo Ho$boë`m bT>mB©VyZOÝ_mbm Ambo AmhoV {VZM _bm "CÎm_', ho Zmd {Xbo Am{U bT>, CÎm_ hmoÊ`mgmR>r AgM§ OUy VråhUV Agmdr!

eãXmW© d {Q>nm:

KmoQ>m`bm - ß`m`bm H$S> - doXZm nw§OH$m - JiUmao Ho$g a§Y« - {N>Ð ^mH$arMr bT>mB©- AÞ {_idÊ`m gmR>r Ho$bobo H$ï> _wbwI - naamÁ`, XÿaMm àXoe Wimo~m - J«m_rU Xod

bw§JS>§> - gmS>r (ZD$dmar) {XdmñdßZ - _ZmoamÁ` wB© - O_rZ CÛr¾ - d¡VmJ, MrS>{dñ_aU - {dga JhmU Q>mH$Uo - n¡emÀ`m _mo~Xë`mV dñVy R>odUo. BWo ñdV…M gwI Z nmhUoCOoS>dmQ>m - BVam§Zm COoS> XoÊ`mgmR>r dmQ> {Z_m©U H$aUo {Z^mdUo - AS>MUrVyZ _mJ© H$mT>Uogmn _w§JwgmMo d¡a - Z g§nUmao ^m§S>U

Q>rn : AWUr, am`~mJ - ~oiJmd {OëømVrb Jmdo.

ñdmÜ`m` :à.1 Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao EH$m dmŠ`mV {bhm.

(1) boIH$ AmB©bm H$m` åhUV Ago?

(2) Am¸$mMo _mhoa H$moUVo?

(3) g§Ü`mH$mir boIH$mZo AmB©bm H$moUVr ~mV_r gm§{JVbr?

(4) Am¸$mZo S>moŠ`mdê$Z H$m` AmUbo hmoVo?

(5) boIH$ nmg Pmë`m~Ôb AmB© H$m` åhUmbr?

(6) boIH$mbm amoO {H$Vr ^mH$ar Im`bm {_io?

(7) ^mH$ar WmnVm WmnVm AmB©Zo boIH$mg H$m` {dMmabo?

(8) AmB©Zo Wimo~mg H$moUVm Zdg Ho$bm?

(9) boIH$mMo dS>rb H$moR>o H$m_ H$aV hmoVo?

(10) Am¸$m AÊUmbm amoO d¡VmJyZ H$m` åhUV Ago?

(11) dS>rb dmaë`mZ§Va boIH$mbm H$m` dmQ>bo?

(12) AmB©bm B{Vhmg H$moUr ZmH$mabm hmoVm?

(13) AmB© Amnbo ^{dî` H$moR>o nhmV hmoVr?(14) boIH$mg AmB©Zo H$moUVo Zmd {Xbo?

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à.2 Imbrb dmŠ`mVrb [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX âm.

(1) AmB©Mr gmar VmH$X .............. bT>mB©VM IM© hmoV Ago.(2) bmoH$ .............. MmbboV _Owarbm.(3) dV©_mZ {VZ§ .............. JhmU Q>mH$bm hmoVm.(4) Zdam Joë`mda H$m` ............... hmoV Vo am§S>_w§S> ~mB©bmM _mhrV.(5) nU àË`jmV {VM§ ............... Ibmg Pmb§ hmoV§.(6) Am¸$m AÊUmMm g§gma OUy ............... d¡a.(7) _mÂ`m AmB©Mo Zmd ............... .(8) _mPo gmao eãX {VZ§ Ho$boë`m ............... OÝ_mbm Ambo AmhoV.(9) Ko Zmd Am{U ............... CÎm_ hmoÊ`mgmR>r.


(1) boIH$ ~mV_r gm§JVmo åhQ>ë`mda AmB© H$m` åhUmbr?

(2) AmB©Mm Moham J§ ra H$m Pmbm?

(3) nmUr AmUÊ`mg OmVm§Zm AmB© boIH$mg H$m` åhUmbr?

(4) AÊUmZo H$m` H$m` H$amdo Ago AmB©g dmQ>o?

(5) AmB©Zo boIH$mg H$moUVo AmídmgZ {Xbo?

(6) boIH$mZo AmB©g Vy H$miOr H$ê$ ZH$mog Ago H$m åhQ>bo?

(7) _mimdaÀ`m Wimo~mda boIH$mMm {dídmg H$m ZìhVm?

(8) AmOmo~m§Zm dmB©Q> H$m dmQ>o?

(9) AÊUm _aU nmdë`mda AmB©Mr AdñWm H$er Pmbr?

(10) boIH$m~amo~a ^m§S>U Pmë`mda AmB© H$m` åhUo?


(1) Amnbm _wbJm nmg Pmë`mMm AmZ§X Am¸$m H$m ì`ŠV H$ê$ eH$V ZìhVr?

(2) AmS>mdê$Z KmJa KoD$Z oVmZm boIH$ H$moUË`m àíZm§M§ AmoP KoD$Z Ambo?

(3) boIH$m~amo~a ^m§S>U Pmë`mda AmB© H$m` åhUo?

(4) boIH$ H$moUVo {XdmñdßZ nhmV Ago?

(5) AÊUm dmaë`mda AmB©Mo OJM Ibmg Pmbo hmoVo åhUOo H$m`?

(6) CÎm_ H$m§~io `m§Mm WmoS>Š`mV n[aM` {bhm.

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à.5 g§X^m©gh ñnï>rH$aU H$am.(1) ""~m~m Wimo~m _mÂ`m nmoamÀ`m H$m_mV è Xo.''(2) ""nwT>ë`m {ejUmbm bB© IM© oB©b H$m?''(3) ""Vy {eH$ ! AmUIr am~oZ _r.''(4) ""AmoR>mda {eì`m Agë`m Var H$miOmV Zdè`m{df`r ào_ lÕm Agbobr Am¸$m _bm

ZdrZ hmoVr.''(5) ""Vr ñdV…M§ ^{dî` boH$am§À`m ^{dî`mV ~KV hmoVr.''(6) ""dV©_mZ Va Amåhm boH$am§gmR>r {VZ§ JhmU Q>mH$bm hmoVm.''

à.6 Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao gmV Vo AmR>> dmŠ`mV {bhm.(1) Am¸$mbm AÊUm§Zr H$m` H$amdo Ago dmQ>V Ago? H$m?(2) nmR>mVrb XmoZ àg§JmVyZ boIH$mZo AmB©bm H$go g_OyZ KoVbo?

^mfmä`mg(1) Imbrb gm_m{gH$ eãXm§Mm {dJ«h H$éZ g_mg AmoiIm-dfm©Zwdf}, J¡ag_O,

amÌ§{Xdg, Ag§»`, {XdmñdßZ, jUmjUmbm, emoH$_½Z, {dñ_aU, COoS>dmQ>m,g_mOì`dñWm, a§Y«a§Y«§.

(2) Imbrb dmŠ`mVrb Ab§H$ma AmoiIyZ bjUo gm§Jm.(1) a§Y«ma§Y«mV ì`mnyZ am{hbobo H$îQ>M OUy {VZ§ ~mhoa Q>mH$bo.(2) Im§ÚmdaMr [aH$m_r KmJa àíZm§Zr âë`mgmaIr dmQ>br.(3) Am¸$m Am{U AÊUmMm g§gma•OUy gmn _w§JgmM§ d¡a!(4) dmKmgmaIm _mPm Zdam Jobm.(5) H$miOmV Imobda éVbobm ~mU Am{U H${Yhr {dñ_aUmV Z OmUmam Zdam

ì`ŠV H$am`Mr.CnH«$_… (1) Or.E. Hw$bH$Uu `m§Mr "\o$S>' hr H$W>m dmMm.

(2) S>m°. lram_ bmJy `m§Mo "b_mU' ho AmË_M[aÌ dmMm.ewÕboIZ…nwT>rb eãX AgoM {bhm.

CÁÁdb, ~{h_w©I, Ñí`, _hmoËgd

Xþ…ñdßZ, CËH$Q>, nm[aVmofH$

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nmR>-12 … ñdaJ§Jmàm. g§Ü`m Xoenm§S>o

n[aM` :

àm. g§Ü`m ì §H$Q>oe Xoenm§S>o (1958) Ama.nr.S>r. H$m°boO ~oiJm{d oWo _amR>r {d^mJ à_wI åhUyZH$m ©aV. ZmQ>çjoÌmV {X½Xe©Z, y{_H$m Am{U boIZH$m ©. "ZmQ>çm§Hw$a' `m g§ñWoMr ñWmnZm. "AOÝ_m',"Am{H«$V', "AH$pënV', "dm°O Am` am±J', `m EH$m§{H$H$m "AídXm' hr H$mX§~ar, "A§VñW' ho ZmQ>H$,"_mZdVmdmXr ~gdÊUm' (AZwdm{XV) "ñdaJ§Jm' (M[aÌ) Ago Ë`m§Mo boIZH$m © Amho. "A§VñW', `mZmQ>H$mg aËZm{JarÀ`m lra§J g§ñWoMm boIZ nwañH$ma H¥$.~. {ZHw§$~ nwañH$ma, Jmo._. Hw$bH$Uu nwañH$maË`m§Zm {_imbo AmhoV.

J§Jy~mB© hZJb qhXþñWmZr g§JrVmVrb EH$ AJ«JÊ` Zmd. {H$amUm KamÊ`mMr Jm`H$s Ë`m§ZrnaXoemVhr bmoH${à` Ho$br. Ë`m§À`m ~Ôb A{YH$ OmUyZ KoD$`m `m nmR>mVyZ.

hm nmR> "ñdaJ§Jm' `m nwñVH$mVyZ g§nm{XV H$éZ KoVbm AgyZ `mMm dmL²>_` àH$ma "ì`pŠV{MÌ'hm Amho.

(_yë` - {MH$mQ>r, Ü o {Zð>m)

J§Jy~mBªMm OÝ_ 5 _mM© 1913 `m {Xder YmadmS> oWrb ewH«$dma noR>oVë`m amhË`m Kar Pmbm.Vmo {edamÌrÀ`m AmXë`m {Xder Pmbm åhUyZ Ë`m§M Zmd "J§Jy' R>odb§. Ë`m§À`m AmB©Mo Zmd hmoVo A§~m~mB©.ñdam§Mm n{hbm g§ñH$ma J§Jy~mBªda KS>{dbm Vmo A§~m~mBªZrM. Ë`m ñdV… CÎm_ H$Zm©Q>H$s g§JrV JmV.AZoH$ b¾g_ma§ mVyZ Ë`m§À`m JmÊ`mMo Obgo hmoV. {H$amUmKamÊ`mMo g§ñWmnH$ AãXþb H$ar_ Im± `m§Zrhr A§~m~mBªMo JmUoEoH$bo hmoVo d Ë`m§Zm XmXhr {Xbr hmoVr. EH$Xm Vo Ambo AgVmZmJ§Jy~mB©hr A§~m~mBªÀ`m Odi ~gë`m hmoË`m. ""Vyhr JmVog dmQ>V§?''Ë`m§Zr J§Jy~mBªZm {dMmabo. J§Jy~mBªZr _mZ hbdbr. ""_J, Jm ~KyH$mhr Var'' Im± gmho~ åhUmbo. J§Jy~mBªZr bJoM Ë`m§Zm EH$ nXåhUyZ XmI{dbo. EdT>`mí`m ZmOyH$ _wbrMm Vmo AmdmO Am{U T>§JnmhÿZ Im± gmho~ CX²Jmabo. ""~hþV AÀN>m ~oQ>r! A~ Iy~ ImZm Am¡a~hþV JmZm''. bhmZnUr J§Jy~mBªZm Vmb g_OV Zgo. Ë`mgmR>rA§~m~mB© Ë`m§Zm amJdV ""Vwbm Q>>mi {ÔV KmbyZ Ë`mM§ nmUrnmOb§ nm{hOo. åhUOo Vmb g_Oob''. Ag§ Ë`m J§Jy~mBªZm Zoh_r

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åhUV. J§Jy~mBªMm qhXwñWmZr g§JrVmH$S>o Agbobm H$b nmhÿZ A§~m~mBªZrhr Ë`m§Zm qhXwñWmZr g§JrVmMoM{ejU XoÊ`mMo R>a{dbo. EdT>oM Zìho Va Amnë`m H$Zm©Q>H$s g§JrVmMm g§ñH$ma J§Jy~mBªda hmoD$ Z o åhUyZAmnbo JmUohr Ë`m§Zr Wm§~{dbo.

Aem EH$m gwaob CXamVyZ Xþgam EH$ gwaob gya {Z_m©U hmoV hmoVm. \w$bV hmoVm.

d`mÀ`m gmVì`m dfu YmadmS>À`m amï´>r` {dÚmb`mV J§Jy~mBªZm XmIb H$aÊ`mV Ambo.J§Jy~mBªZr Xoeào_mMo YS>o oWoM {Ja{dbo. ~|Ðo _mñVa _wbm§À`m emioMo _w»`mÜ`mnH$ hmoVo. Vo ñdV… CÎm_H$dr Am{U g§JrVmMo OmUH$ma hmoVo. bhmZnUr ~|Ðo _mñVam§Mr em~mgH$s Am{U ào_mMr Wmn nmR>rdanS>br åhUOo J§Jy~mBªZm àmoËgm{hV Pmë`mgmaIo dmQ>o.

amï´>r` {dÚmb`mV AZoH$ _moR>o _moR>o gm{hpË`H$ Am{U amOH$maUr oV. oWoM J§Jy~mBªZr {Q>iH$m§Zmnm{hbo. amï´>r` emioV "d§Xo_mVa_²' Am{U ^maV_mVoMo dU©Z AgUmar àmW©Zm Ago. gaH$mar emioV Om°O©n§M_ Am{U qH$J _oar `m§Mm Jm¡ad AgUmar JmUr åhQ>br OmV. gaH$mar emioVrb àmW©Zm J§Jy~mBªZmAmdS>V Zgo, nU Amnë`m emioVrb àmW©Zm _mÌ Ë`m _ZmnmgyZ JmV. Vr àmW©Zm åhUOo "d§Xo_mVa_'ho JrV hmo .

J§Jy~mBªÀ`m ~mbnUmVrb gdm©V _hËdmMr KQ>Zm åhUOo ~oiJm{d H$m±J«og. ~oiJm{dbm H$m±J«ogMoA{YdoeZ âUma Am{U _hmË_m Jm§Yr Ë`m A{YdoeZmMo AÜ`j hmoUma `m ~mV_rZo gmè`m n[agamVMM¡VÝ` ngabo hmoVo. 1924À`m ~oiJm{d H$m±J«og A{YdoeZmMo ñdmJV JrV J§Jy~mB© Am{U Ë`m§À`memioVrb BVa {dÚm{WªZtZr {_iyZ JmÊ`mMo R>abo. Jm§YrOtZm nhm`bm {_iUma, amï´>r` H$m±J«ogMo ZooVonhm`bm {_iUma `mMm J§Jy~mBªZm AmZ§X Pmbm. Ë`mdoir Ë`m§Mo d` AdKo 11 dfm©Mo hmoVo. nUñdmV§Í`mMo ~miH$Sy> Ë`m§Zm d§ena§naoZoM bm^bo hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m KamÊ`mVM Xoe^ŠVr hmoVr. åhUyZMH$m±J«ogÀ`m A{YdoeZmV Amnë`mbm ñdmJVJrV JmVm oUma `m H$ënZoZo J§Jy~mB© ^mamdyZ Joë`m.

ñdmJVJrV {eH${dÊ`mgmR>r _¡gyé EH$ _mñVa AmUÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. ñdmJVJrV ~gbo Am{Ugmar _§S>ir ~oiJm{d H$m±J«oggmR>r ~oiJm{dbm Ambr. H$m ©H«$_ gwé Pmbm Voìhm ì`mgnrR>mda Jm§YrOr,Zohê$, _hå_XAbr OrZm, J§JmYa Xoenm§S>o Aer ~S>r ~S>r _§S>ir ~gbobr hmoVr. J§Jy~mBªMo öX` YS>YSy>bmJbo, nU ñdmJVJrV BVHo$ CÎm_ Pmbo H$s àË`j Jm§YrOtZr Ë`m§Zm em~mgH$s {Xbr. Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§À`mJmÊ`mMo ^` dmQ>V ZìhVo. Amnë`m OmVrdéZ Amnbm An_mZ hmoB©b Ago ^` Ë`m§À`m _ZmV hmoVo. H$maUË`m§Mr OmV hmoVr J§Jm_V. J§Jm_V åhUOo H$moir qH$dm ZmdmS>r. YmadmS>_Ü o AgVmZm Ë`m§Zr `mMmAZw d KoVbm hmoVm. nU BWo _mÌ Ë`m§Zm H$moUrM N>oS>bo Zmhr H$s Ë`m§Mm nmUCVmamhr Ho$bm Zmhr.J§Jy~mB©$ OodUmÀ`m n§ŠVrV Km~éZ Imbr _mZ KmbyZ ~gë`m hmoË`m. bmoH$ Amnbr OmV {dMmaVrbAmnë`mbm n§ŠVrVyZ CR>dVrb Ago ^` Ë`m§Zm dmQ>V hmoVo nU Vgohr KS>bo Zmhr. CbQ> hr KQ>ZmXrK©H$mi Ë`m§À`m ñ_aUmV AmZ§X XoV am{hbr.

Z§Va hþ~irbm H¥$îUmMm © hþbJya `m§À`mH$S>o Ë`m§Mo g§JrV {ejU gwé Pmbo. J§Jy~mBªMm AmdmO A{Ve`nmVi ZmOyH$ Am{U ~marH$ hmoVm H$s Ë`m JmD$ bmJë`m H$s Ë`m§Mm Kgm XþIy bmJo, nU Ë`m§Zr JmUo

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Wm§~dbo Zmhr. S>m°ŠQ>am§Zr Q>m°pÝgëgMo Am°naoeZ H$aÊ`mg gm§{JVbo. AmVm Jù`mda eñÌ{H«$`m H$am`Mr.ho EoHy$Z gmaoM Km~abo.

eodQ>r Am°naoeZ Pmë`mda H$mhr {Xdg Ë`m§Zr {dlm§{V KoVbr Am{U nwÝhm JmD$ bmJë`m nUË`m§Mm AmdmO g§nyU© ~XbyZ Jobm hmoVm Vmo nwéfr Pmbm hmoVm nU Ë`m_wio J§Jy~mB© IMë`m ZmhrV hrX¡dr XoUJr Amho. Ago _mZyZ {OÔrZo [a`mO H$aV am{hë`m nwT>o H$mhr H$maUmñVd H¥$îUmMm © hþbJya `m§Mr{eH$dUr ~§X Pmbr. Voìhm Hw§$XJmoi oWo gdmB© J§YdmªÀ`mH$S>o J§Jy~mB© g§JrVmMo {ejU KoD$ bmJë`m.Aem àH$mao "{H$amUm' KamÊ`mÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>rV Ë`m§Zr nXmn©U Ho$bo. Hw§$XJmoimV Voìhm drO ZìhVr. JmdbhmZ AmOy~mOybm eoVrdmS>r Iyn. gmVbmM A§Yma nS>o. amÌ \$ma Pmbr H$s gdmB© J§Yd© ^r_goZZmgm§JV. ""H§$Xrb KoD$Z Om Am{U `m§Zm JmS>rV ~gdyZ `m''. ^maVaËZ ^r_goZ Omoer Am{U S>m°. J§Jy~mB©hZJb `m§Zr nwT>o Am wî`â ho ~{hU^mdmMo ZmVo AË §V ào_mZo Am{U AmXamZo {Z^mdbo.

IO©-[a`mOmMr gd` Jwê$OtZr J§Jy~mBªZm bmdbr. nhmQ>o CRy>Z IOm©Mm [a`mO XmoZ XmoZ VmgHo$bmM nm{hOo Agm Ë`m§Mm X§S>H$ hmoVm. H$mbm§VamZo gdmB© J§YdmªZr ZmQ>H$mV H$m_ H$aUo ~§X Ho$bo.Ë`m§Mm EH$ _wbJm AmOmar d _{V_§X hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m Am¡fYmonMmamgmR>r Vo hþã~ùirbmM oD$Z amhÿbmJbo. J§Jy~mBªZr Amnë`m KamVë`mM XmoZ Imoë`m Ë`m§Zm amhÊ`mgmR>r {Xë`m. OdiOdi n§Yamdf} J§Jy~mB© gdmB© J§YdmªH$S>o {eH$ë`m. JwéOtZr H$Yr JwéX{jUm _m{JVbr Zmhr. AmnU Ë`m§À`mgmR>rH$mhrVar Ho$bo nm{hOo åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr JwwéOtZm Amnbr _wbJr H¥$îUm {hbm {eH$dÊ`mMr {dZ§VrHo$br.Ë`mMr 50 ê$. \$s gwÕm Ë`m XoD$ bmJë`m. ""amhÊ`mgmR>r \w$H$Q> Ka {Xbog. AmVm hr \$s_r KoUma Zmhr''. Ago JwéOr åhUy bmJbo, nU J§Jy~mBªZr Ë`m§Mo EoH$bo Zmhr.

EH$Xm \$H$saßnm Hw§$XJmoi `m§À`m emioÀ`m dm{f©H$ g_ma§ mV J§Jy~mBªZm Jm`Mo hmoVo. g_moagdmB© J§Yd© ~gbobo nmhÿZ J§Jy~mBªMr AJXr Km~aJw§S>r CS>mbr. Ë`m VmZnwam R>odyZ niyZ Amë`m.nwT>o {H$Ë oH$ {Xdg gdmB© J§Yd© Vr AmR>dU H$mTy>Z J§Jy~mBªMr Moï>m H$aV, nU hiyhiy J§Jy~mBªMoJmUo XoeâM Zìho Va OJâ ngabo. hm Amnë`m JwéOtMm Am{U emaXm§~oMmM Amerdm©X AmhoAer J§Jy~mBªMr ^mdZm hmoVr.

hþã~ùir AZoH$ Y_m©Mo ñdm_r Am{U AmMm © _§S>ir oV AgV. J§Jy~mBªZm àíZ nS>o. ""Amnboñdm_r H$moU?'' EH$Xm Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m AmB©bm hm àíZ {dMmabm. ""AmnU emaXoMo CnmgH$ AmhmoVåhUyZ e¥§JoarMo e§H$amMm © hoM Amnbohr JwéOr AmhoV''. Ago A§~m~mBªZr Ë`m§Zm gm§{JVbo.

S>m°. dmJio ZmdmMo hZJb Hw$Qw>§{~`m§Mo EH$ ñZohr hþã~ùirV hmoVo. Ë`m§À`mH$S>o EH$Xm e¥§Joar_R>mMo e§H$amMm © Ambo AgVm S>m°ŠQ>am§Zr Ë`m§À`mgmR>r J§Jy~mBªMo JmUo R>odbo hmoVo. Vo EoHy$Z e§H$amMm ©BVHo$ à^m{dV Pmbo H$s J§Jy~mBªZm e¥§Joarg oD$Z JmÊ`mMm H$m ©H«$_ H$aÊ`mg gm§{JVbo, J§Jy~mBªZm AmZ§XPmbm; nU `moJ OwiyZ oV ZìhVm. AMmZH$ e¥§JoarVrb EH$m g§ñWoZoM J§Jy~mBªMo JmUo R>odbo. Ë`m e¥§JoargJoë`m. _R>m eoOmarM H$m ©H«$_ hmoVm. e§H$amMm © JmUo EoH$m`bm oD$Z ~gbo. H$m ©H«$_ AË §V a§Jbm.

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VmgmâmZo e§H$amMm © CR>bo. Ë`m§À`m nyOoMr doi Pmbr hmoVr, nU Ë`m§Zr J§Jy~mBªZm {Zamon {Xbm. ""_r

CR>Vmo. _mÂ`m nyOoMr doi Pmbr Amho nU JmUo Wm§~dy ZH$mog. XrS> Vmg Jm''. JmUo g§ndyZ XmoZ Vmgm§Zr

J§Jy~mB© CR>ë`m. bmoH$m§Zr JmÊ`mMr Iyn Vmar\$ Ho$br. J§Jy~mBªZm _R>mVyZ ~mobmdUo Ambo. Ë`m Joë`m Voìhm

e§H$amMm © åhUmbo ""\$ma gw§Xa godm Ho$brV emaXm§~oMr. g§JrV Am{U AÜ`mË_ `m§Mo ZmVo Anyd© Amho.

AOmoS> Amho. ñda ho B©ídamer g§dmX gmYÊ`mMo EH$ _hËdmMo _mÜ`_ Amho''.

e§H$amMm`mªZr Amnë`m AZw m`m§Zm ~mobmdbo Am{U gm§{JVbo ""Om emaXm§~oÀ`m A§JmdaMo EH$

dó {hbm Úm Am{U àgmX åhUyZ Xþgarhr EH$ gmS>r Mmoir Úm''.

Ë`m {Xder emaXm§~oMm Amerdm©X Iè`m AWm©Zo Amnë`mbm {_imbm Ago J§Jy~mBªZm dmQ>bo. EH$

_m¡{bH$ R>odm åhUyZ J§Jy~mBªZo Vo dó OnyZ R>odbo. H$Yr H$Yr Ë`m Vo ZogV qH$dm ZwgVoM H$mTy>Z H$nmir

bmdV.

J§Jy~mBªZr ^mdJrVo, ^pŠVJrVo Jm{`br ZmhrV. _r ""Oo JmVo Vo ^pŠV^mdmZo JmVo. Ago Ë`m

åhUV. {ó`m§À`m JmÊ`mbm Ë`m§Zr à{Vð>m'' {_idyZ {Xbr. _m_m daoaH$am§À`m "{dO`mMo b¾' `m

{MÌnQ>mV Ë`m§Zr y{_H$m Ho$br; nU Vo {díd Ë`m§Zm AmdS>bo Zmhr. g§JrV hmM Ë`m§Mm ídmg hmoVm Am{U

VmoM Ë`m§Mm Ü`mg hmoVm. Zonmi, nm{H$ñVmZ, A_o[aH$m, H$°ZS>m, \«$mÝg, O_©Zr Aem {d{dY XoemV Ë`m§Zr

{H$amUm KamÊ`mMr lr_§Vr nmoM{dbr. bmoH$m§Zrhr Ë`m§Zm S>moŠ`mda KoVbo. nÙ{d yfU, nÙ yfU, VmZgoZ

nwañH$ma, H|$Ðr` g§JrV ZmQ>H$ AH$mX_r nwañH$ma, _m{UH$aËZ, H$Zm©Q>H$ yfU, JmoXmdar nwañH$ma Ago

Ag§»` nwañH$ma Ë`m§Zm {_imbo. ghm {dÚmnrR>m§Zr Ë`m§Zm S>m°ŠQ>aoQ> XoD$Z Jm¡a{dbo. g§JrV gañdVr, g§JrV

g_«mkr, ^mmaVr` H§$R> Aem CnmYtZr Ë`m§Zm gÝ_m{ZV H$aÊ`mV Ambo.

21 Owb¡ 2009 amoOr gH$mir 7 dmOyZ 10 {_{ZQ>m§Zr hr ñdaJ§Jm n§MËdmV {dbrZ Pmbr.

_¥Ë wZ§Va Ë`m§Zr ZoÌXmZ Ho$bo. _aUmoÎma ZoÌXmZmMm g§H$ën Ë`m§Zr nyduM Ho$bm hmoVm. _mV¥F$U, JwéF$U

Am{U g_mOF$U gmè`mVyZ Ë`m _wŠV Pmë`m. wJm wJmVyZ Agm EImXmM Ord OÝ_mbm oVmo.

Am^mimEdT>m !

eãXmW© d Q>rnm :

Obgo - JmÊ`m, ~OmdÊ`mMr _¡\$b CXa - nmoQ> A{YdoeZ - g^m, ~¡R>H$

[a`mO - Vmbr_, Aä`mg, gamd X§S>H$ - {Z`_, n[anmR> VmZnwam - V§~moam

_m¡{bH$ - qH$_Vr Cnm{Y - nXdr g§H$ën - _ZmoX`, hoVy, BÀN>m XrK©H$mb - nwîH$i df}

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Q>rnm :{H$amUo KamUo - AmJ«m, ½dmëhoa, O`nya BË`m{X qhXþñWmZr g§JrV na§naon¡H$s EH$ KamUo.AãXþb H$ar_ Im± gmho~ ho `m KamÊ`mMo g§ñWmnH$.

~|Ðo _mñVa - X.am. ~|Ðo _amR>r d H$ÞS> ^mfoV {b{hUmao gm{hpË`H$.kmZnrR> nm[aVmofH$ {dOoVo.

n§M_ Om°O©, qH$J _oar - B§½b§S>Mm amOm d amUr

ñdmÜ`m` :


(1) {H$amUm KamÊ`mMo g§ñWmnH$ H$moU?

(2) hþã~ùirbm AgVmZm J§Jy~mBªZr g§JrVmMo YS>o H$moUmH$Sy>Z KoVbo?

(3) ~oiJm{dÀ`m H$m±J«og A{YdoeZmV JmVmZm J§Jy~mBªZm H$moUVo ^` dmQ>V hmoVo?

(4) J§Jy~mBªZr H$moUË`m àH$maMr JmUr Jm{`br ZmhrV?

(5) gaH$mar emioVrb àmW©Zm J§Jy~mBªZm H$m AmdS>V Zgo?

(6) ~oiJm{dÀ`m H$m±J«og A{YdoeZmMo AÜ`j H$moU hmoVo?

(7) J§Jy~mBªZr H$moUË`m {MÌnQ>mV y{_H$m Ho$br?

(8) J§Jy~mBªMo {ZYZ Ho$ìhm Pmbo?

(9) J§Jy~mBªZm emaXm§~oÀ`m A§JmdaMo dó Hw$Ur {Xbo?

(10) ~oiJm{dÀ`m H$m±J«og A{YdoeZmV ì`mgnrR>mda H$moU H$moU ~S>r _§S>ir ~gbr hmoVr?

à.2 Imbrb dmŠ`mVrb [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX âm .

(1) J§Jy~mB©Mm OÝ_ .............. oWo Pmbm.

(2) J§Jy~mBªÀ`m AmB©Mo Zmd .............. Ago hmoVo.

(3) YmadmS>À`m amï´>r` {dÚmb`mV .............. ho _w»`mÜ`mnH$ hmoVo.

(4) J§Jy~mBªMm OÝ_ ............... `m {Xder Pmbm.

(5) J§Jy~mBªÀ`m ~mbnUmVrb gdm©V _hËdmMr KQ>Zm åhUOo .............. .

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(1) ñdaJ§Jm : g§Ü`m Xoenm§S>o : : AmB© g_OyZ KoVmZm : ...............

(2) ñdaJ§Jm : ì`{ŠV{MÌ : : H«$m§{VÁ`moVr gm{dÌr~mB© : ...............


(1) J§Jy~mBªZm H$moUH$moUVo nwañH$ma Am{U CnmYtZr gÝ_m{ZV H$aÊ`mV Ambo?

(2) J§Jy~mBªÀ`m Jù`mda eñÌ{H«$`m H$m Pmbr? Ë`mMm H$m` n[aUm_ Pmbm?

(3) J§Jy~mBªZr Amnë`m Jwê§$Zm H$moUVr JwéX{jUm {Xbr?

(4) AãXþb H$ar_ Im± Am{U J§Jy~mBªMr oQ> H$er Pmbr? Ë`m§Zr H$moUVo CX²Jma H$mT>bo?


(1) YmadmS>À`m amï´>r` {dÚmb`mV dmVmdaU H$go hmoVo?

(2) ~oiJm{d H$m±J«og_Yrb KQ>Zm§Mo dU©Z H$am?

(3) emaXm§~oMm Amerdm©X Iè`m AWm©Zo Amnë`mbm {_imbm, Ago J§Jy~mBªZm H$m dmQ>bo?


(1) ""Aem EH$m gwaob CXamVyZ Xþgam EH$ gwaob gya {Z_m©U hmoV hmoVm \w$bV hmoVm''.

(2) ""ñda ho B©ídamer g§dmX gmYÊ`mMo EH$ _hËdmMo _mÜ`_ Amho''.

(3) ""~hþV AÀN>m ~oQ>r. A~ Iy~ ImZm Am¡a ~hmoV JmZm''.

(4) ""H§$Xrb KoD$Z Om Am{U `m§Zm JmS>rV ~gdyZ `m''.

à.7 Imbrb àíZmMo CÎma gmV Vo AmR>> dmŠ`mV {bhm.

(1) J§Jy~mBªZr g§JrV {ejUmgmR>r H$em àH$mao H$ï> KoVbo? Ë`m§Mr Jwé{Zð>m H$moUË`màg§JmVyZ {XgyZ oVo?

^mfmä`mg :

(1) {déÕmWu eãX {bhm

(1) lr_§V, AmZ§X, ~§X, XrK©, à{Vð>m, A§Yma, ào_, gwaob


(2) ZoÌXmZ, Am¡fYmonMma, ^maV_mVm, ñdmJVJrV, Xoe^ŠVr, ~hrU^mD$, _mV¥F$U,_{V_§X, JwéX{jUm, CnmgH$, Anyd©, AOmoS>, ^pŠV^md

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(3>) Imbrb dmH²$àMmam§Mm AW© gm§JyZ dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$am.

XmX XoUo, nmUCVmam H$aUo, nXmn©U H$aUo, `moJOwiyZ oUo, n§MËdmV {dbrZ hmoUo,S>moŠ`mda KoUo, ~miH$Sy> {_iUo, Vmar\$ H$aUo

(4) Imbrb dmŠ`mVrb AYmoao{IV eãXm§Mr {d^ŠVr AmoiIm.

1) EH$ gwaob CXamVyZ Xþgam EH$ gwaob gya {Z_m©U hmoV hmoVm.

2) J§Jy~mBªZr Xoeào_mMo YS>o {Ja{dbo.

3) ñdaJ§Jm n§MËdmV {dbrZ Pmbr.

CnH«$_ :

n§{S>V ^r_goZ Omoer `m§À`m{df`r _m{hVr {_idm d Ë`m§Zr Jm`bobo A §J {_idyZ EoH$m.

"_mPm AmdS>Vm Jm`H$' `m {df`mda 15 Vo 20 Amoir {Z~§Y {bhm.

ewÕboIZ :


Jwi_wirV gwigwirV MwaMwarV

MwUMwUrV MaMarV {d_ZñH$

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H${dVm 1-I… B{V Jwé{eî` g§dmXo_wHw§$XamO

n[aM` :_wHw$§XamO ~„mi PmaH$ar (1128-1200) `m§Zr 1188 gmbr _amR>rVrb n{hbm H$mì`J«§W

"{ddoH$qgYw' {b{hbm. OÝ_ nm¡Zr oWo. `m§Mr A§~oOmoJmB© oWo g_mYr Amhoo. `m§Zm _amR>rVrb"AmÚH$dr' åhUyZ AmoiIboo OmVo. ho _yiMo ZmWn§Wr ({edCnmgH$) nU àñVwV "{ddoH$qgYw' `mJ«§WmV Ë`mZr AÛ¡V {gÕm§VmMo à{VnmXZ Ho$bo Amho. Ago gm§{JVbo OmVo H$s _wHw§$XamOm§Zm AmnboJwé "aKwZmW' `m§À`mH$Sy>Z "AmË_~moY' Pmë`mZ§Va _wHw§$XamOm§Zr _m¡Z nmim`Mo R>a{dboo hmoVo. nU VokmZ bmoH$H$ë`mUmW© àH$Q> H$aÊ`mMr Ë`m§Zm Jwé§Mr Amkm Pmbr. åhUyZ Ë`mZr 1188 _Ü o _amR>r^mfoV "{ddoH$qgYw' hm J«§W {b{hbm. `m J«§WmV {Okmgy {eî`m§Mm Am{U AmXaUr` gX²>Jwé§Mm g§dmXMmbë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. "{ddoH$qgYw' hm J«§W nydm©Y© Am{U CÎmamY© Aem XmoZ ^mJmV {b{hbm AgyZnydm©Ym©bm "g¥{ï>H«$_' Ago g§~moYyZ Ë`mV {dœmÀ`m C^maUrMr gaUr AgyZ CÎmamYm©bm Vo "g§hmaH«$_'Ago g§~moYVmV. Ë`mV Ord, na_mË_m, Jwé_mhmËå` B. ^mJ Ambo AmhoV. EHy$U J«§W 927 Amoì`m§MmAmho. gmS>oVrZ MaUm§Mr (EH$ Amodr.)

ho nÚ "{ddoH$qgYw' `m J«§WmVyZ {ZdS>bo AgyZ Ë`mV gX²>Jwé§Mr Am{U gX²>{eî`m§Mr bjUogm§{JVbr AmhoV. `mMm gm{hË`àH$ma "àmMrZ nÚ' hm Amho.

(_yë`-AmXe© Jwé{eî` bjUo)

OÒ`mOr M§Ð_m¡irŸ& _mVo H¥$nmÑï>r Ý`mhmirŸ&

_J nmdm¡Z ZìhmirŸ& ~«÷gwImMr Ÿ&&1Ÿ&&

H$ënVégr Cn_m ÚmdrŸ& Var Vmo H$pën{`bm AWm©Vo nwadrŸ&

H$ënZmVrV oQ>drŸ& lrJwéZmWŸ &&2Ÿ&&

òH$m{M XrnmMm àH$mewŸ& KamoKar ~hþdgwŸ&

nar CUrdoMm boewŸ& Zmqh _w»` XrnrŸ &&13Ÿ&&

V¡gm Jwé{eî`mMm g§~§YwŸ& Oo m KS>o X¡dgrYwŸ&

Vmo OmUmdm àgrÜXyŸ& B©œamdVmaŸ &&4Ÿ&&

gX²>JwéMr bjUoŸ& ~mobVmVr doX emñÌnwamUoŸ&

Vr OmUm¡{Z`m ñ`mhmUoŸ& AZwgaVrŸ &&5Ÿ&&

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Vo ñdmZw dkmZŸ& Z ndrOo lrJwédrUŸ&

åhUm¡{Z VoWtMo _{h_mZŸ& Vo AJmY AgoŸŸ &&6Ÿ&&

Z hmoAmdm Amigr {Zðw>éŸ& Am{U ñdH$mù VËné.

JwéXmñ o{df`r H$mVéŸ& Vmo {eî w Z H$amdm Ÿ &&7Ÿ&&

Omo qZXH$ ZmpñVHw$Ÿ& kmZodrU Mw§~Hw$Ÿ&

H$mOo{dU dmXHw$Ÿ& Vmo {eî` ËÒmdmŸ &&8Ÿ&&

Oo CXmam _ZmMoŸ& gmMmam ^mdmMoŸ&

dmQ>oH$ma _wº$sMoŸ& Vo gpÀN>î` OmUmdoŸ &&9Ÿ&&

g§gmam{M o ~§{XemioŸ& ~m§Ybmo AkmZgmIioŸ&

{Vò ~§YZo VmoS>mdr ñdm{_ gH$ioŸ& kmZeñÌo H$am¡{Z`mŸ&&10Ÿ&&

ZQw> ZmQ>`m AmZw {dVm§Ÿ& AmnU AmnU`mVo Z wbo gd©WmŸ&

V¡go ZmZm AdVma Y[aVmŸ& Z wbo ñdñdén OmoŸ &&11Ÿ&&

åhUm¡{Z {ddoH$qgYw oUo Zm§doŸ& J«§W H$sO¡b ñdmZw doŸ&

Vpèh lmoVt AdYmZ Xo mdoŸ& åhUo _wHw§$XamOwŸ &&12Ÿ&&

eãXmW© d Q>rnm :

M§Ð_m¡ir - _m¡ir (S>moH$sdarb {eIm) da M§Ð AgUmam e§H$a H¥$nmÑï>rZo - ào_mZo Ý`mhmir- {ZaIyZ nmhUo nmdUo - {_iUo Zìhmir - ZdrZVm ~«÷gwI - na_oœamMo ào_ H$ënVé- BpÀN>bobo \$i XoUmam d¥j H$ënZmVrV - H$ënZoÀ`mhr n{bH$S>bo ~hþdgw - ngaVmo C{Ud - H$_VaVm OmUm¡Z - OmUyZ ñ`mhUo - ehmUo AZwgaVr - Ë`m à_mUo dmJUo X¡dgrYw - Z{e~mZo {_iUo ñdmZw d - ñdV…Mm AZw d ndrOo - {_iUo _{h_mZ - _hËd

AJmY - Iyn _moR>o {Zðw>é - Xwï> VËné - V`ma AgUo H$mVé - MwH$ma ZmpñVH$- Xod Zmhr Ago _mZUmam Mw§~Hy$ - gd©M JmoîQ>rV Vm|S> KmbyZ ~mobUmam H$mOodrU -H$m_m{edm` dmXHy$ - dmX KmbUmam gmMma - Iam Vpèh - nÕV lmoVr - EoH$Umao

AdYmZ - bj ~§{Xemim - Vwé§J AkmZgmIù`m - AkmZénr gmIù`m kmZeñÌo- kmZ énr eñÌmZo

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H${dVoMm gai AW© :

1. Á`mÀ`m S>mod`mda M§X« Amho Aem lre§H$am, VwPm OÒ`H$ma Agmo ! (ho lrhaoem), _bmH¥$nmnyU© Ñï>rZo nhm, åhUOo _r ~«÷gwImMr Anyd©Vm (ZdbmB©) AZw dy eHo$Z.

2. lr Jwébm H$ënVéMr Cn_m Úmdr Va H$ënVé hm _ZmV A{Uboë`m BÀN>m VodT>`mM nwa{dVmo.(nU) lrJwéVa H$ënZoÀ`m hr n{bH$S>o Agbobo Ago H$mhr (àË`j na~«÷) oQ>{dVmo.

3. EH$mM XrnmMm àH$me KamoKar {dñVméZ (ngéZ) àH$me XoVmo, na§Vw _w»` Xrnm§V Ë`m_wioqH${MVhr H$_VaVm oV Zmhr.

4. Ë`mà_mUo Jwé Am{U {eî` h`m§Mm g§~§Y Á`mbm X¡dmZo àmá hmoVmo, Vmo àË`j B©œamMm AdVmaAgoM (à{gÕ Pmë`mMo) _mZmdo.

5. doX, emñÌ, nwamUo `mV gX²>Jw§éMr bjUo gm§{JVbobr AgVmV ehmUo bmoH$ Vr g_OmdyZ KoVmVAm{U Ë`mà_mUo Ë`m§Zm AZwgaVmV.

6. Vo ñdmZw dmMo kmZ Jwé{edm` àmá hmoV Zmhr. åhUyZM Jwé_{h_m Anma Amho.

7. (Vmo) {eî` Amier d {Zðy>a Zgmdm. Amnë`m H$m_mV VodT>m VËna AgUmam Am{U JwéMrgodm H$aÊ`m_Ü o _mV« MwH$manUm H$aUmam Agm {eî` H$é Z o.

8. (Omo) BVam§Mr qZXm H$aUmam, ZmpñVH$, kmZa{hV, gd© Jmoï>rV Vm|S> KmbyZ ~mobUmam {dZmH$maUdmX KmbUmam Agm {eî` gmoSy>Z Úmdm.

9. Oo _ZmZo CXma (_moR>çm_ZmMo) Iè`m ^mdm§Mo _wŠVrÀ`m _mJm©da Agbobo Ago AgVrb VoMMm§Jbo {eî` g_Omdo.

10. Vo ({eî`) åhUVmV ñdm{_Or `m àn§MmÀ`m ~§YZmV AkmZénr gmIù`m§Zr (Amåhr) ~m§YboJobmo AmhmoV Vr (_m oMr) ~§YZo AmnU kmZénr eñÌmZo VmoS>mdrV.

11. ( oWo ZQ>mMm Ñï>m§V {Xbm Amho)

ZQ> Á`mà_mUo ZmQ>` C o H$aVm§Zm Xwgè`mMm A{^Z` H$aVmo ZmQ>`mVrb ì`ŠVtMo AZw d ì`ŠVH$aVmo Varhr Vmo Amnbo ñdV…Mo ì`{ŠVËd H$Yrhr {dgaV Zmhr, Ë`mà_mUo na_mË_m Oar{d{dY AdVma YmaU H$arV Agbm Var Vmo Amnë`m (ñdV…À`m) ñdénmMm {dga nSy> XoVZmhr.

12. åhUyZ {ddoH$qgYw `m ZmdmMm J«§W ñdmZw dmZo a{Mbm (Ho$bm) OmV Amho åhUyZ Va _wHw§$XamOhoM åhUV Amho H$s lmoË`m§Zr (Ë`mH$S>o) bj Úmdo.

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ñdmÜ`m` :à.1 Imbrb àlm§Mr CÎmao EH$m dmŠ`mV {bhm.

(1) H$dr H$moUmMm OÒ`H$ma H$aV Amho?

(2) e§H$amZo H¥$nmÑï>rZo nm{hë`mda _wHw§$XamO H$emMm AZw d KooVrb?

(3) H$ënVé H$moUË`m BÀN>m nwa{dVmo?

(4) Jwé§Zm H$moUmMr Cn_m {Xbr Amho?

(5) {eî` H$gm Zgmdm ?

(6) Mm§Jbo {eî` H$moUVo ?

(7) àn§M ~§YZmV Amåhr H$emZo ~m§Ybo Jobmo AmhmoV ?

(8) ZQ> H$m` H$aVmo ?

(9) Jwé, _m oMr ~§YZo H$moUË`m eómZo VmoS>Vmo ?

(10) "{ddoH${g§Yw' hm J«§W H$gm {bhbm Amho ?

à.2 Imbrb AmoirVrb [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX {bhm.

(1) _J nmdm¡Z Zìhmir ................

(2) ................ oQ>dr lrJwéZmW.

(3) JwéXmñ o{df`r ................ Vmo {eî` Z H$amdm.

(4) Omo qZXH$ ................ kmZodrU Mw§~Hw$.

(5) Oo ................ _ZmMo gmMmam ^mdmMo.

(6) g§gmam{M o ................ ~m§Ybmo AkmZgmIio.

(7) V¡go ZmZm ................ Y[aVm Z wbo ................ Omo.

(8) åhUm¡{Z ................ oUo Zm§do J«§W H$sO¡b ................ .

à.3 Imbrb àým§Mr CÎmao VrZ Vo Mma dmŠ`mV {bhm.

(1) _wHw§$XamO lre§H$ambm H$moUVr {dZ§Vr H$arV AmhoV ?

(2) lr Jwé H$moUVr BÀN>m nwa{dVmV ?

(3) {Xì`mÀ`m énH$mVyZ _wHw§$XamO H$m` gwMdrV AmhoV ?

(4) Mm§Jbo {eî` H$moUVo ?

(5) na_mË_m ñdñdénmMm {dga nSy> XoV Zmhr `mgmR>r _wHw§$XamOm§Zr H$moUmMm Ñï>m§V {Xbm Amho?

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à.4 Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao nmM ghm dmŠ`mV {bhm.

(1) gX²Jwé H$gm Agmdm Ago _wHw§$XamOm§Zm dmQ>Vo ?

(2) {eî` H$gm Agmdm `mgmR>r H$drZo H$moUH$moUVr CXmhaUo {Xbr AmhoV ?

(3) na_mËå`mMo dU©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$drZo H$moUVm ÑîQ>m§V {Xbm Amho ?

à.5 g§X^m©gh ñnîQ>rH$aU H$am.

(1) ""Omo {Z§XH$ ZmpñVHw$ & kmZodrU Mw§~Hy$''

(2) ""g§gmam{M o ~m§{Xemio & ~m§Ybmo AkmZgmIio''

(3) ""åhUm¡{Z {ddoH$qgYw oUo Zmdo & J«§W H$sO¡b ñdmZw do''

à.6 Imbrb àýmMo CÎma gmV Vo AmR> AmoirV {bhm.

(1) AmXe© Jwé d gX²>{eî` H$gm Agmdm Ago H$drbm dmQ>Vo ?

^mfmä`mg(1) Imbrb gm_m{gH$ eãXm§Mm {dJ«h H$éZ g_mg AmoiIm

M§Ð_m¡ir, H¥$nmÑï>r, ~«÷gwI, H$ënVé, KamoKar, Jwé{eî`, B©ídamdVma, gX²Jwé,ñdmZw d, ñdH$mù, qZXH$, gpÀN>î`, AkmZgmIir, kmZeñÌ, ñdñdén, na_mË_m,{ddoH$qgYw.

(2) Imbrb g§Yr gmoS>dm Zmdo Úm.

H$ënZmVrV, gX²>Jwé, ñdmZw d, ZmpñVH$, gpÀN>î`, B©ídamdVma, gmMma.

(3) `m H${dVoV H$mhr énH$ Ab§H$mamMr, H$mhr Ñï>m§V Ab§H$mamMr CXmhaUo Ambr AmhoV.Vr AmoiIm.

CnH«$_Ym¡å` - AéUr, EH$bì` - ÐmoUmMm ©, {ddoH$mZ§X - am_H¥$îU na_h§g `m Jwé{eî`m§Mr_m{hVr {_idm.

"_mPr _amR>r _mD$br' `m {df`mda Vw_Mo {dMma 15 AmoirV {bhm.

nwT>rb eãX AgoM {bhm

g_rjm, AYrjH$, H$sQ>H$,

N>mnrb, narjm, AmVVm`r

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H${dVm 1-II…… n¡b Vmo Jo H$mD$ H$moH$Vmhog§V kmZoœa

n[aM` :

kmZoœa {dÇ>bn§V Hw$bH$Ur© (1275 - 1296) _amR>rVrb _hmZ g§VH$dr d VËdk. ho _yiMoZmW g§àXm`r hmoVo. "^mJdV g§àXm`' åhUOoM dmaH$ar n§WmMo g§ñWmnH$. d`mÀ`m AR>amì`m dfuË`m§Zr kmZoœar nyU© Ho$br. kmZoídar hr ^JdX²>JrVo darb _amR>rV Ho$bobr Q>rH$m hmo . Ë`m§Zr Ami§XroWo d`mÀ`m EH$drgmì`m dfu g§OrdZ g_mYr KoVbr. "A_¥VmZw d', "Mm§JXodnmgï>r' ho BVa J«§W

; VgoM A §J d nXo hr ñ\w$Q> aMZm Ë`mZr Ho$bobr Amho. "Amodr kmZoemMr' Agm Ë`m§À`m "AmodrMm'gmW©nUo Jm¡ad Ho$bm OmVmo.

nwT>o oUmè`m EImÚm Mm§Jë`m KQ>ZoMr gyMZm H$mhr doim AmYrM {_iVo. `m gyMZobmMeHw$Z åhUVmV. H$mdim AmoaS>bm H$s nmhþUo oVmV Aer g_OyV Amho. Amnbm AmdS>Vm nmhþUm(nm§Sw>a§J) `mdm åhUyZ H$mdù`mZo AmoaS>mdo `mgmR>r kmZoûda H$mdù`mbm H$m` H$m` XoD$ H$aVmVVo `m {da{hUrV nmhÿ. "gH$b g§VJmWm' `m_YyZ hr {da{hUr KoVbr Amho.

(_yë`-AmV©Vm, Vi_i)

n¡b Vmo Jo H$mD$ H$moH$Vmho

eHw$Z Jo _m o gm§JVmho Ÿ&&1Ÿ&&

CS> CS> ao H$mD$ VwPo gmoÝ`mZo _T>drZ nmD$Ÿ&

nmhþUo n§T>aramdmo Kam H¢$ òVr Ÿ&&2Ÿ&&

Xhr^mVmMr C§S>r bm{dZ VwB`mVm|S>rŸ&

Ordm n{T> o Ë`mMr JmoS>r gm§J doJt Ÿ&&3Ÿ&&

XwYo ^é{Z dmQ>r bmdrZ VwPo dm|R>rŸ&

gË` gm§Jo JmoR>r {dR>mo oB©b H$m`r Ÿ&&4Ÿ&&

Am§~`m S>hmir \$io Mw§~r agmirŸ&

Am{OMo ao H$mir eHw$Z gm§Jo Ÿ&&5Ÿ&&

kmZXod åhUo Om{UOo o IwUoŸ&

oQ>Vr n§T>aramUo eHw$Z gm§JoŸ &&6Ÿ&&.

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eãXmW© d Q>rnm : n¡b - n{bH$S>o H$mD$ - H$mdim H$moH$Vmho - AmoaS>V Amho eHw$Z - ew g§Ho$V,

ew gyMH$ nmD$ - nm` _T>drZ - gOdrZ C§S>r - Kmg, Jmoim n§T>aramdmo - {dÇ>b H¢$ - H$Yr n{T> o - {à`, AmdS>Vm dm|R>r - AmoR>mbm JmoR>r - Jmoï>r H$m`r - H$m` S>hmir - \$m§Xr n§T>aramUo - n§T>arMm amOm (nm§Sw>a§J).

Q>rn : {da{hUr - XodmÀ`m {dahmZo AmV© Pmboë`m

^ŠVmÀ`m AdñWoMo dU©Z AgUmar H$mìàMZm. `m_Ü o ^ŠV ñdV… bm ào gr Am{U Xodbm{à`H$a g_OVmV.

H$mdim - hm H$dtZr dÁ © _mZbobm njr Amho. nU

bmoH$gm{hË`mV Vmo _mhoaMm XyV _mZbm Amho. `m

{da{hUrVrb ñÌr Ë`mbm ào_mZo "H$mD$' åhUVo. Ë`mZo

"n§T>aramd' Kar oÊ`mMm eHw$Z gm§Jmdm Ago {Vbm dmQ>Vo.

ñdmÜ`m`

à.1 Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm

(1) H$dr Hw$Umer ~mobV Amho ?

(2) nmhþUo åhUyZ Kar H$moU `mdo Ago H$drbm dmQ>Vo ?

(3) H$mdù`mZo H$moUVm eHw$Z gm§Jmdm Aer H$drMr BÀN>m Amho ?

à.2 Imbrb AmoirVrb [aH$må`m OmJm `mo½` eãXm§Zr âm.

(1) ........ Mr C§S>r bm{dZ VwB`m Vm|‹S>r.

(2) CS> CS> ao H$mD$ VwPo ............ Zo _T>drZ nmD$.

(3) ............ S>hmir \$io Mw§~ragmir.

(4) oQ>Vr ............ eHw$Z gm§Jo

à.3 Imbrb àíZm§Mr VrZ Vo Mma dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm

(1) hdm Agbobm eHw$Z gm§JÊ`mgmR>r H$dr H$mdù`mbm H$moUH$moUË`m Jmoï>r XoD$ H$aVmo?

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à.4 g§X^m©gh ñnï>rH$aU H$am

(1) ""Ordm n{T> o Ë`mMr JmoS>r gm§J doJr''

(2) ""nmhþUo n§T>aramdmo Kam H¢$ oVr''


(1) `m g§nyU© A §JmMm gmam§e Vw_À`m eãXmV {bhm.

^mfmä`mg(1) Imbrb gm_m{gH$ eãXm§Mm {dJ«h H$éZ g_mgmMm àH$ma AmoiIm.

n§T>aramd, Xhr^mV, kmZXod.

(2) Imbrb AmoirVrb Ab§H$ma AmoiIm.

""CS> CS> ao H$mD$ VwPo gmoÝ`mZo _T>drZ nmD$''

""Am§~`m S>hmir, \$io Mw§~r agmir''

CnH«$_

(A) kmZXodm§Mo "ngm`XmZ' {_idyZ dmMm.

(Am) ñdagm_«mkr bVm _§JoeH$am§Zr JmB©bobr "_moJam \w$bbm' hr Üd{Z\$sV {_idyZ EoH$m.


_wŠVX²dma, wHo$bm, nwamoJm_r

VwSw>§~, à{VJm_r, Jmo{OadmUm

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H${dVm-2… épŠ_UrMo lrH¥$îUm§g nÌ- Za|Ð

n[aM` :

Zao|Ð n§{S>V A`m{MV - am_Xodam`mÀ`m Xa~mar Za|Ð, e¡ë` d Z¥qgh ho VrZ ^mD$ Xa~marH$dr hmoVo, `mn¡H$s e¡ë` `mZo "am_mÙmda aMZm Ho$br. Va Z¥qghmZo "Zbmonm»`mZ' aMbo. Za|ÐmZolr H¥$îUM[aÌmda aMZm H$aÊ`mMr KmofUm Ho$br. Ë`mà_mUo "épŠ_Ur ñd §da' hr 1880 Amoì`m§MraMZm Ho$br. Za|Ð n§{S>V A`m{MV `m§Zr 1293 _Ü o hm J«§W nyU© Ho$bm. `m H$mì`mVrb eãXgm¢X ©d AW©gm¢X © `m_wio amOmÀ`m _ZmV Agy m {Z_m©U Pmbr. Ë`mZo Ðì`bmo XmIdyZ Vo H$mìÀmnë`m Zmdmda H$aÊ`mg gm§{JVbo. Za|ÐmZo `mda {Xbobo CÎma VS>\$Xma hmoVo. ""amOo hmo : Am_wMo mH${dHw$bm ~moby bmJob,'' Ë`mda amOmZo Y_H$s {Xbr. åhUyZ VrZhr ^mdmZr XwéñVrMr g~~ gm§JyZH$mì` Kar Zobo d EH$m amÌrV Ë`mMr Z¸$b CVadbr. na§Vw Vo \$ŠV 900 Amoì`mM ZH$by eH$bod J«§W amOmH$S>o {Xbm. eodQ>r `m KQ>Zo_wio amOmbm CnaVr Pmbr d Ë`mZo _hmZw md g§àXm`rZmJXodmMm`mªMm _mJ© AZwgabm. Za|ÐmÀ`m Zmdo 900 Amoì`m§n¡H$s 879 Amoì`mM am{hë`m. Ë`m§À`m"épŠ_Ur ñd §da' `m J«§WmVyZ Imbrb CVmam. KoVbm Amho hm J«§W lr. dm. Zm. CËnmV `mZrg§nm{XV Ho$bobm Amho.

nmíd© y_r :

{dX © XoerÀ`m ^r_H$ amOmbmnmM nwÌ d EH$ H$Ý`m hmoVr. amOmbmAmnë`m H$Ý oMm åhUOo épŠ_UrMm{ddmh lr H¥$îUm~amo~a H$éZ Úm`MmhmoVm. na§Vw wdamO épŠ_UrÀ`m ^mdmbm(épŠ_) ho _mÝ` ZìhVo. épŠ_ hm~bembr hmoVm. Ë`mZo Amnë`m ~{hUrMm{ddmh MoXrMm amOm {eewnmb `mÀ`mer{ZpíMV Ho$bm. na§Vw épŠ_UrÀ`m _ZmVlrH¥$îUmer {ddmh H$amd`mMm hmoVm.åhUyZ {VZo "gwXod' `m Jwé d ~«m÷UmH$Sy>Zlr H¥$îUmbm nÌ {bhÿZ nmR>>{dbo.Ë`mH$mimVrb ho ^{ŠV wŠV ào_nÌ Amho.

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(_yë` - {OÔ, ^º$s)

EoH$mo{Z`m ^dZ gw§Xa gX²>JwUmVo

H$mZr {eé h[aVmo gH$b l_mVo

gm¢X © Oo ~KwZr gmW©H$ bmoMZm§gr

_mPo OS>o ZmVo ^dV²>nXmgr Ÿ &&1Ÿ&&

{dÚm{YH$ma Hw$berb gwénVmhr

gmOoer VwO OJmV Hw$Urhr Zmhr

OmUrd hr Agw{Z Xod Hw$brZ H$Ý`m

VyVo{M BpÀN>V nVr åhUw{Z AZÝ`mŸ &&2Ÿ&&

{MÎmo H$éZ VwO _r Vd hmo Om`m

Ko Ymd gËda AmVm _O dmMdm`m

Kmbrb YmS> {eewnmb H$io Z Ho$ìhm

H$moëhm ñd^mJ nidr G$MVo Z qghm Ÿ &&3Ÿ&&

Ho$br d«Vo {Z`_hr Y[abo {deofr

ny{O`bo gVV XodJwé {ÛOmer

Z bm{dbo H$YrM {dÝ_wI `mMH$mVo

Vo nwÊ` CÚV H$ar VwO `md`mVo Ÿ &&4Ÿ&&

Ambo gg¡Ý` _mJXoe {dXyaWmXr

ajmd`m n[aU`mVya yn MoXr

gdm© V`mg {ZO ~mhÿ namH«$_mZo

X§Sy>{Z Zo _Ogr amjg nÕVrZoŸ &&5Ÿ&&

~§Ywgdo PJS>ë`m{dZhr ham`m

oB©b Zm _O{g `m H$[aVm Cnm`m

b¾mAmYr ZddYy Hw$bXodVogr

d§Xy dZr [aKV VoWy{Z Zo {V ogrŸ &&6Ÿ&&

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BÀN>m O[a Z nwabr __ nX²>_Zm^

XoB©Z Ord ghgm hmgSy>Zr Or^

KoD$Zr OÝ_eV CJ« Vno VwPo Vo

nmdoZ nm` {edhr Z{_Vmo O`mVoŸ &&7Ÿ&&

eãXmW© d Q>rnm :CnaVr - níMmVmn, ^dZ - {V« wdZ, ñdJ©, _¥Ë y, nmVmi, wdZ, OJ ^dV²>nX - na_oídamMo

nm`, òWo lr H¥$îUmMo nm` AZÝ`m - AZ²> + AÝ`m, Xwgè`m H$moUmbmhr Zmhr {MÎmo - _ZmZoOm`m-nËZr, ^m`m© G$MVo - AmdS>o {ÛO - ~«m÷U, {dà {dÝ_wI - naV nmR>{dUo

`mMH$-{^jm _mJUmam CÚV - V`ma _JXoe-_JY XoemMm amOm (Oamg§Y) n[aU`-{ddmh,b¾ yn- amOm, Z¥n, Zaoe MoXr - EH$ Xoe (amÁ`) ~mhÿ - hmV, wOm amjg - Xodm§MoeÌy ({ddmhmMr EH$ nÕV) [aKUo-{eaUo hmgSy>Z-IoMyZ, AmoTy>Z, {hamdyZ, ~iO~arZo nX²>_Zm^-{dîUy, H¥$îU.

Q>rnm…* amjg nÕVrZo - {ddmhmÀ`m AmR> nÕVrn¡H$s EH$ `m nÜXVr (àH$ma) - (1) ~«÷

(2) X¡d (3) Ame© (4) àOmnË` (5) Jm§Yd© (6) Amgya (7) amjg (8) n¡emÀ``mn¡H$s amjg nÕVr_Ü o, dYyÀ`m AmB©-d{S>bm§À`m nadmZJr {edm` {Vbm nidyZ ZodyZ{ddmh H$aUo.

* nX²_Zm^ - Á`mÀ`m Zm^rVyZ åhUOo ~|~rVyZ nX²>_ åhUOo H$_i CJdbo Amho, Vmo{dîUy. {dîUyMm AmR>dm AdVma åhUOo H¥$îU. `m H$_imV ~«÷Xod OÝ_bm Ago _mZVmV.

gai AW© -ho H¥$îUm ! VrZhr wdZmV gw§Xa Ago gX²>JwU _mÂ`m H$mZmda nS>bo Am{U _mÂ`m gH$bl_mMo haU Pmbo. (H$ï> g§nbo). Oo gm¢X © ~KyZ S>moù`mMo gmW©H$ ìhmdo Aem VwÂ`mnm`mer _mPo S>moio OS>bo AmhoVŸ &&1&&

gm¢X ©, Hw$berb Am{U {dÚmdmZ Aer Vwbm gmOober `m OJmV Hw$Urhr Zmhr `mMrOmUrd AgyZhr _r EH$ Mm§Jë`m Hw$imVrb H$Ý`m VwbmM nVr åhUyZ ñdrH$mé BpÀN>VoXwgè`m H$moUmbmhr ZmhrŸ &&2Ÿ&&

_mÂ`m _ZmZo _r VwPr nËZr Pmbo Amho. Ë`m_wio _bm dmM{dÊ`mgmR>r Vy Vm~S>Vmo~ YmdKo. {eewnmiénr H$moëhm Ho$ìhm YmS> Kmbrb ho H$ioZm Am{U Ë`mZo VwÂ`mgma»`m qghmÀ`m_mbH$sÀ`m ^mJmda YmS> KmbyZ nidyZ Ý`mdo ho Vwbm AmdS>Uma ZmhrŸ &&3Ÿ&&

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VwPo dU©Z EoH$ë`mnmgyZ VwÂ`m àmárgmR>r _r AZoH$ d«Vo Ho$br, {Z`_ Yabo, Xod, Jwé Am{U~«m÷Um§Mr gVV nyOm Ho$br. Xmar Amboë`m H$moUmhr `mMH$mg naV nmR>{dbo Zmhr. `mgJù`mVyZ _bm Oo nwÊ` {_imbo Amho, VoM Vwbm BH$S>o `md`mg V`ma H$aobŸ &&4Ÿ&&

MoXrMm amOm {eewnmbmMo ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r _JY XoerMm amOm Oamg§Y Am{U Ë`mÀ`m~amo~a{dXwaW dJ¡ao amOo ñdV…Mo g¡Ý` KodyZ Ambo AmhoV VwÂ`m ~mhÿ namH«$_mZo Ë`m gdm©Zm {ejmH$éZ _bm amjg nÕVrZo nidyZ ZoŸ &&5Ÿ&&

_mPm ^mD$ éŠ_r `mÀ`mer ^m§S>U Ho$ë`m{edm` _mPo haU H$aÊ`mMm Xwgam H$moUVmhr Cnm`_bm {XgV Zmhr. Am_À`m Hw$imÀ`m nÕVrà_mUo b¾m AmYr Hw$bXodVoMo Xe©Z ¿`md`mMoAgVo, Ë`mgmR>r _r dZmV {eaUma Amho. VoWyZ Vy _bm nidyZ ZoŸ &&6Ÿ&&

ho nX²>_Zm^mŸ& hr _mPr BÀN>m nyU© Pmbr Zmhr Va _r _mPr Or^ hmgSy>Z Ord XoB©Z. Ë`mZ§VanwT>o e§ a OÝ_ KodyZ CJ« Vnü`m© H$aoZ Am{U àË`j ^JdmZ e§H$ahr Á`mbm d§XZ H$aVmoAgo VwPo nm` _r {_idoZ. &&7Ÿ&&

A{YH$ _m{hVr :

hr g§nyU© H${dVm dg§V{VbH$m `m AjaJUd¥ÎmmV Amho. `m d¥ÎmmÀ`m àË oH$ MaUmV 14Aja| AgVmV. d V-^-O-O-J-J Ago JU AgVmV. Za|ÐmMr aMZm WmoS>rer {e{Wb Amho.H$m§hr {R>H$mUr Ajam§À`m g§» oV \$aH$ AT>iVmo. Va H$m§hr {R>H$mUr JU ì`dpñWV nS>V ZmhrV`mbm d¥Îm §J åhUVmV.

ñdmÜ`m`

à.1 nwT>rb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

(1) Za|Ð H$moUmÀ`m Xa~mamV H$dr hmoVo ?

(2) _yi "é{Š_Ur ñd §dam§Vrb Amoì`m§Mr g§»`m {H$Vr hmoVr ?

(3) é{Š_Ur H$moUË`m XoemMr amOH$Ý`m hmoVr ?

(4) é{Š_Urbm {H$Vr ^mD$ hmoVo ?

(5) é{Š_UrÀ`m Jwé§Mo Zmd H$m` ?

(6) é{Š_UrZo H$moUmbm {dÝ_wI nmR>{dbo Zmhr ?

(7) épŠ_UrMo b¾ H$moUmer R>a{dbobo hmoVo ?

(8) {ed H$moUmMo nm` Z{_Vmo ?

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à.2 Imbrb AmoirVrb [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX {bhm.

(1) gm¢X © Oo ~KwZr ............. bmoMZmgr.

(2) VyVoMr BpÀN>V ............. åhUyZr AZÝ`m.

(3) H$moëhm ............. nidr G$MVo Z qghm.

(4) Z bm{dbo H${YM ............. `mMH$mVo.

(5) X§Sy>Zr Zo _Ogr ............. nÕVrZo.

(6) XoB©Z ............. ghgm hmgSy>Zr Or^.

(7) BÀN>m O[a Z nwabr .............

(8) KoD$Zr ............. OÝ_ ............. VwPo Vo.

à.3 Imbrb àíZm§Mr 3/4 dmŠ`m§V CÎmao {bhm.

(1) lrH¥$îUmÀ`m àmárgmR>r épŠ_UrZo H$m` H$m` à`ËZ Ho$bo AmhoV ?

(2) H¥$îUmbm H$m` AmdS>Uma Zmhr ?

(3) {eeynmbmÀ`m ajUmgmR>r H$moU H$moU Ambo AmhoV ?

à.4 Imbrb àíZm§Mr 5 Vo 6 dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

(1) lrH¥$îUmMr àmßVr Z Pmë`mg épŠ_Ur H$m` H$aUma Amho?

(2) AmnU lrH¥$îUmbm _ZmZo dabo Amho ho épŠ_Ur Ë`mbm H$go gm§JVo?

à.5 g§X^m©gh ñnîQ>rH$aU H$am.

(1) "" Z bm{dbo H$YrM {dÝ_wI `mMH$mVo.''

(2)""nmdoZ nm` {edhr Z{_Vmo O`mVo.''

à.6 Imbrb àíZmMo CÎma 7-8 dmŠ`mV {bhm.

(1) "épŠ_UrMo nÌ' `m H${dVoMm gmam§e Vw_À`m eãXmV {bhm.

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^mfmä`mg

(1) g§Yr gmoS>dm àH$ma {bhm… gX²JwU, {dÚm{YH$ma, n[aU`mVwa, {dXÿaWmXr

(2) {dJ«h H$éZ g_mg AmoiIm - gX²JwU, {dÚm{YH$ma, AZÝ`m, n[aU`mVya, {ÛO, nX²_Zm^.

CnH«$_

(3) "épŠ_Ur ñd §damMr' g§nyU© H$Wm Vw_À`m {ejH$m§H$Sy>Z g_OyZ ¿`m.

(4) g§V EH$ZmWm§Mo ""épŠ_Ur ñd §da'' ho nwñVH$ {_idyZ dmMm.

nwT>rb eãX AgoM {bhm -

J¥hnmR>, V¥Vr`m, PwiyH$

{j{VO, nwQ>Hw$ir, Ñ{ï>jon

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H${dVm-3… ^bm OÝ_ hm !emhra am_Omoer

n[aM` :

am_ OJÝZmW Omoer (1762 Vo 1812) Ë`m§Mo KamUo doXemñÌ g§nÞ n§{S>VmMo hmoVo. nU am_bmV_mem AmdS>o. d¡{XH$ na§naoVrb am_Zo V_mgJra d emhra bmoH$m§V dmdamdo d Ë`m§À`mgmR>r H${dËd aMZmH$éZ Úmì`mV ho Ë`m§À`m n[admambmM Zìho Va g_mOmbmhr éMUmao ZìhVo. nU Vo V_memVM a_boË`m§À`m aMZm_Ü o g§ñH¥$V àMwwaVm {XgyZ oVo. Ë`m§Zr em{har dmL²>_`mbm à{Vð>m {_idyZ {Xbr.

hr bmdUr AmÜ`mpË_H$ CnXoena Amho. `mV ^ŠVrÀ`m T>m|JrnUmda H$moaS>o AmoT>bo AmhoV. dIè`m ^º$sMr OmUrd H$éZ {Xbr Amho. hr H${dVm "ZdZrV' `m naewam_ JmoS>~mobo g§nm{XV nwñVH$mVyZ{ZdS>br Amho. hr bmdUr Ë`m§Zr H$dr _moamon§VmZm åhUyZ XmI{dbr Ë`m~Ôb Ë`m§Zr Ë`m§Zm "H$drœa' hrnXdr {Xbr.

(_yë` - ^ŠVr)

^bm OÝ_ hm Vwbm bm^bm

Iwbmg öX`r ~wYm

Y[a V[a h[aMm godH$ gwYm

MamM[a Jwé Vamd`mbm Zam{eamda h[a

Oam Var g_O Yar A§Var

hQ>m VQ>mZo nQ>m a§Jdw{Z OQ>m Y[a{e H$m {ear

_R>mMr CR>mR>od H$m H$[a ?

dZmV AWdm OZmV hmo H$m _ZmV ìhmdo nar

harMo Zmd ^dm§~w{Y V[a

H$m` Jù`mV Kmbw{Z VwierMr bmH$S>o

hr H$m` ^dmbm Xya H$aVrb _mH$S>o ?

~mhoa {_a{d{e AmV h[aer dmH$S>o

Aem ^{ŠVÀ`m agm a{hV Vy H$gm åhU{der ~wYm

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h[a ag gm§Sw>{Z Koer XwYmŸ&&1Ÿ&&

{Q>im Q>monrda {eim nS>mo `m {~imV H$[aer Onm

VWm{n Z hmo h[aMr H¥$nm

X © _w{ï>À`m J{ © Yé{Z`m§ {Z ©a newÀ`m dnm

Om{ier {Vim, Vm§Xwim, Vwnm

X§S> H$_§S>by ~§S> _mO{der _w§S>_w§S>er Vnm

Z gmW©H$ bQ>Š`m gmè`m Jnm

hr ~ma~ma Vbdma oB©b H$m` nwÝhm ?

`m Xwb© Za XohmV R>o{der Hw$Êhm

^Jd§V wHo$bm ^ŠVrMm nmhþUm

d_© H$ioZm Y_© KS>oZm H$_© {MÎm Z {ÛYm

gXm h[a H${dam`mda {\$Xm

eãXmW© d Q>rnm :

{\$Xm - àgÞ, ~wY - ehmUm gwYm - gai hQ>m VQ>mZo - H$R>rU `moJ H$éZ, hÅ> H$éZ nQ> - dñÌ OQ>m - Ho$gmMr Jw§VmJw§V {ea-_ñVH$, S>moHo$ ^dm§~w{Y V[a - g§gma énr g_wÐmVyZVméZ ZoUmam VwierMr bmH$S>o - VwierÀ`m bmH$S>m§À`m _Ê`m§nmgyZ ~Z{dbobr _mi {Q>im -J§YmMm {R>nH$m Q>monr - g§V_§S>ir KmbVmV Ver H$mZ PmH$Umar Q>monr {eim - XJS> {~imV- JwhoV On - _§ÌmMo nR>U, Zm_ñ_aU X ©- hmo_mV Kmbd`mMo EH$ àH$maMo JdV _w{ï>À`m Jû- _wR>rV {Z ©a - {Zînmn, AOmU dnm - H$miOmMm nmnwÐm, Ma~r X§S> - H$mR>r H$_§S>by- bmHy$S>, _mVr qH$dm YmVyMo nmÊ`mMo ^m§S>o ~§S> _mO{dUo - àXe©Z H$aUo _w§S> - hOm_V, gd©Ho$g CVa{dUo Vn - IS>Va AmMaU, 12 dfm©Mm H$mbmdYr bQ>Š`m - ImoQ>`m ~ma ~ma -dma§dma, daModa Vbdma - wÜXmV dmnamd`mMo EH$ nmobmXr h>Ë`ma, oWo ZaXoh Hw$Êhm - _Ëga

d_© - ahñ` {MÎm - _Z {ÛYm - Xwhoar.

Q>rn : emhra - V_mem_Yo JmUr {bhUmè`mg emhra åhUVmV.

{deof _m{hVr1. am_Omoer emhra Agë`mZo H${dVobm bmdUrMm ~mO Amho. "bmdUr' gm_mÝ`nUo e¥§Jm[aH$

AgVo na§Vw hr bmdUr AmÜ`pË_H$ CnXoena Amho. _R>mVrb g§Ý`memZr Y_©àgma ^ŠVr

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àgma H$amdm; nU AZoH$ g§Ý`mgr Vo gmoSy>Z ZwgVoM T>m|J _mOdVmV `m T>m|Jr nUmda Q>rH$mH$aUmar hr bmdUr Amho. am_ OmoerZr EH$ _R>mYre gw~«mdOr ~wdm åhUyZ nm{hbo hmoVoË`m§Mm T>m|JrnUm nmhÿZ hr bmdUr {b{hbr Ago _mZbo OmVo. bmdUrMo o{XH$. AmÜ`mpË_H$d ~¡R>H$sMr Ago àH$ma AmhoV.

2. Vri, Vm§Xyi, Vyn - hr hmo_m_Ü o (`kmV) Kmbmd`mMr Ðì o (dñVy) AmhoV. eŠ`Vmo VriH$mio dmnaVmV `m {edm` BVa AZoH$ nXmW©hr dmnaVmV.

ñdmÜ`m` :à.1 Imbrb àým§Mr àË oH$s EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

(1) ^bm OÝ_ hm H$moUmbm bm^bm Amho ?

(2) _R>mMr CR>mR>od H$moU H$aV Amho ?

(3) h[aMo Zmd Hw$R>o Amho ?

(4) T>m|Jr gmYy {~imV H$m` H$aV Amho ?

(5) T>m|Jr ^ŠVmMo h[aer g§~§Y H$goo AmhoV ?

(6) "Vbdma' hm eãX H$moUmg CÔoeyZ åhQ>bm Amho ?

(7) h[a H$moUmda {\$Xm Amho ?

à.2 Imbrb AmoirVrb [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX âm.

(1) MamMar Jwé Vmam`mbm .............. h[a.

(2) dZmV AWdm OZmV hmo H$m ................ ìhmdo nar.

(3) X © ................ J{ © Yé{Z`m§ {Z ©a neyÀ`m dnm.

(4) X§S> ................ ~§S> _mO{der _w§S> _w§S>er Vnm.

(5) hr ~ma ~ma ............... oB©b H$m nwÝhm.

(6) d_© H$ioZm ............... KS>oZm.

(7) gXm h[a ............... {\$Xm.

à.3 Imbrb àým§Mr CÎmao VrZ Vo Mma dmŠ`mV {bhm.

(1) hmo_m_Üò H$m` H$m` OmiVmV ?

(2) "~mhoa {_a{der AmV h[aer dmH$S>o' `mMm AW© H$m` ?

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à.4 Imbrb àým§Mr CÎmao nmM Vo ghm dmŠ`mV {bhm.

(1) "Oam Var g_O Yar A§Var', Ago H$dr H$m åhUV Amho ?

(2) "hr ~ma ~ma Vbdma oB©b H$m nwÝhm', åhUOo H$m` ?

à.5 Imbrb AmoitMo g§X^m©gh ñnîQ>rH$aU H$am.

(1) ""h[aag gm§Sy>Z Koer XwYm.''

(2) ""^Jd§V wHo$bm ^ŠVrMm nmhþUm.''

(3) ""hr ~ma ~ma Vbdma oB©b H$m nwÝhm ?''

à.6 Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao gmV Vo AmR> dmŠ`mV {bhm.

(1) Y_m©À`m ZmdmImbr T>m|Jr Jwé H$m` H$m` H$aVmo ?

(2) "^Jd§V wHo$bm ^ŠVrMm nmhþUm' `m AmoirMm AW© gm§Jm

^mfmä`mg`m H${dVoVrb AZwàmg Ab§H$mamMr CXmhaUo emoYyZ {bhm.

CnH«$_

Xmg~moYmVrb _yIm©Mr bjUo dmMm.

"Za OÝ_m_Ü o Zam H$éZ Ko' hr am_ OmoetMr bmdUr {_idyZ Aä`mgm.


A§Kmoi, H§$Xrb, I§~ra

Z§XmXrn, _m¡{bH$, gwk

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H${dVm-4… nmhþUoHo$edHw$_ma

n[aM` :

Ho$edHw$_ma (1898 - 1969) `m§Mo nyU© Zmd àëhmX Ho$ed AÌo hmo . `mZr dmL²>_`mÀ`m{d{dY joÌmVyZ g§Mma Ho$bm Amho. Vo H$dr, ZmQ>H$H$ma, {X½Xe©H$, àmÜ`mnH$, {dZmoXr boIH$, à^mdrdŠVo, Pw§Pma nÌH$ma, {dS>§~ZH$ma åhUyZ à{gÕ. Ë`m§Mr "_r C^m Amho', "b¾mMr ~oS>r', " «_mMm^monim', "CÚmMm g§gma', "gmï>m§J Z_ñH$ma', "Vmo _r ZìhoM'....B. ZmQ>H|$ JmObr. "H$èhoMo nmUr'ho AmË_M[aÌ, "P|Sy>Mr \w$bo' hm {dS>§~Z JrVm§Mm H$mì`g§J«h. H$Wm, H$mX§~ar, M[aÌ AmË_M[aÌ AernwñVHo$ à{gÕ AmhoV. Ë`m§Zr {X½X{e©V Ho$boë`m "í`m_Mr AmB©' `m {MÌnQ>mbm amï´>nVr nwañH$ma{_imbm. 1942 gmbr Zm{eH$ oWo âboë`m _amR>r gm{hË` g§_obZmMo AÜ`jnX Ë`mZr yf{dbohmoVo.

nmhþUo IaoVa XodmMo én _mZbo OmVmV. nU `m _hmJmB©À`m {XdgmV "Ago' nmhþUo JmR> nS>boVa J¥{hUrMr H$er n§MmB©V hmoVo, Vo `m H${dVoVyZ XmI{dbo Amho. h`m - H${dVoMm àH$ma "{dS>§~Z' AgyZVr "P|Sy>Mr \w$bo' `m g§J«hmVyZ {ZdS>br Amho.

(_yë` - H$moS>JonUmMr MrS>)

"Ho$edgwV _m\$ H$am' !

""H$moRw>{Z ho Ambo oWo ? H$mb g§Ü`mH$mir ZìhVo !!-''

nmhþUo ngabo AmoQ>r - d[a ~Kw{Z AmO à^mVt

AmB©bm ~mù`m dXbm, Hw$VwH$mZ| CËgwH$bobm.

""{XgVr ho H$moUr Ambo, Amnwë`mM ZmË`m_Ybo !

CKSy>{Z S>~m J Amnwbm, amOamog H$[aVr h„m !

~m~m§À`m noQ>rVwZ Jo, ni{dVr {dS>`m§Mo OwS>Jo !

_m¡O _bm `m§Mr dmQ>o, hmoVo ho Va dX H$moR>| ?''

""h§ hiy ~mob -'' VZ`mVo, da H$éZr ~moQ> dXo Vo -

""H$mdio, {JYmS>|, Kmar oVr ht OoWw{Z gmat ;

S>m|Ji|, S>m§g, Kw§JwaQ>t ~mim ao, OoWw{Z oVr ;

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ImoH$bm, Vmn ht XwIUt, AmnUm§g oVr {OWwZr ;

VoWwZrM Ambo oWo ho N>imd`m Amåhm§Vo !''

""OmVrb H$Yt ho AmB© ? KaXma Z `m§Zm H$m§hr ?''

""Zmhr ao ! Vo BVwŠ`m§V OmUma JS>`m ZmhrV !''

"OmUma Z bm¡H$a gXZt !' dXVm J{hdabt OZZr ;

nmhþUo _mJbo ñ_ab|, S>m|ù`mVwZ nmUr Amb|.

gabo Oar ~mam _{hZ| V[a ~go XoCZr R>mU| !

""Xodm ao'' _J Vr ñ\w§$Xo - ""EdT>m Var OmD§$ Xo !''

eãXmW© d Q>rnm :

AmoQ>r - AmoQ>çmda, KambJVÀ`m H$Å>çmda, nagbo - nhþS>bo, Pmonbo à^mVr - gH$mir,nhmQ>oÀ`m doir dXUo - åhUUo, ~mobUo, {dMmaUo Hw$VwH$ - H$m¡VwH$ amOamog - S>moù`m XoIV,Z Km~aVm h„m - ImD$Z Q>mH$Uo, \$ñV H$aUo, VwQy>Z nS>Uo OwS>Jo - {~S>`m§Mo ~§S>b dX - gm§J

VZ` - _wbJm, nwÌ Kw§JwaQ>r - {MbQ>| N>iUo - Ìmg XoUo, nrS>m XoUo KaXma - ñdV…Mm Ka-g§gma JS>`m - ~mim J{hdaUo - _Z ^éZ oUo, Xw…Ir _ZmZo OZZr - AmB©, _mVm ñ_aU- AmR>dU R>mU_m§SUo-_w $m_ R>moH$Uo ñ\w§$XUo - aS>Uo.

Q>rnnmhþUo hr H${dVm "{dS>§~Z' `m àH$maMr AgyZ {dS>§~Z hm "n°amoS>r' `m B§J«Or eãXmbm n`m© Amho. `m_Ü oà{gÕ Aem _yi H${dVoÀ`m à_mUo nÚ aMZm Ho$br OmVo. nU CnhmgmË_H$ {dn`m©g Ho$bm OmVmo. Am{UhgV hgV Xmof {X½Xe©Z hmoVo. à.Ho$. AÌo `m§Zr hm H$mì`àH$ma _amR>rV AmUbm. Ë`mZ§Va O.Ho$. CnmÜ o,S>m°. {Xbrn Hw$bH$Uu `m§Zr hm àH$ma éO{dbm.

"X§dmMo W|~' hr _yiMr H${dVm Ho$edgwVm§Mr Amho. Ë`m H${dVoV nhmQ>o nS>Umè`m X§dmÀ`m W|~m§Zm~KyZ ~mimbm dmQ>Umao Hw$Vyhb d AmB©bm dmQ>Umao {ZgJ©ào_ ì`ŠV Pmbo Amho. nU `m {dS>§~Zna H${dVoVnhmQ>oM AMmZH$ oCZ R>mU _m§S>Umao - nmhþUo ho MmoaQ>o, H$moS>Jo, Amier AmhoV. Ë`m§Mm {dZmoXr nÕVrZoAgm Cnhmg Ho$bm Amho.

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ñdmÜ`m`à.1 Imbrb àým§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

(1) nmhþUo Ho$ìhm Ambo ?

(2) ~mi`mZo AmB©bm H$m` {dMmabo ?

(3) nmhþUo H$moR>o ngabo AmhoV ?

(4) nmhþUo H$moRy>Z Ambo Ago AmB©bm dmQ>Vo ?

(5) nmhþUo amOamognUo H$emda hëbm H$aVmV ?

(6) AmB©À`m S>moi`mV nmUr H$m Ambo ?

(7) eodQ>Mm hm nmhþUm {H$Vr {Xdg R>mU _m§Sy>Z ~gUma Amho ?


(1) nmhþUo ngabo AmoQ>r d[a ~KwZr AmO ..............

(2) ~m~m§À`m .............. ni{dVr {dS>`m§Mo OwS>Jo.

(3) VoWwZrM Ambo oW| ho .............. AmåhmVo.

(4) nmhþUo _mJMo ñ_abo .............. nmUr Ambo.

(5) Xodm ao, _J Vr ñ\w§$Xo EdT>m Var .............. .

à.3 nwT>rb àíZm§Mr VrZ Vo Mma dmŠ`m§V CÎmao {bhm.

(1) ~mi`m Amnë`m AmB©bm, Hw$VyhbmZo H$m` {dMmé bmJVmo ?

(2) nmhþÊ`m§Mo dV©Z H$go Amho ?

(3) nmhþUo H$moRy>Z Ambo AmhoV Ago AmB© _wbmbm gm§JVo ?

(4) nmhþUo Ho$ìhm OmUma AmhoV ?

(5) da ~moQ> H$éZ AmB© Amnbm ~mù`mbm H$m` gm§JVo ?

(6) eodQ>r AmB© H$m J{hdaVo ?

à.4 nwT>rb àíZm§Mr nmM Vo ghm dmŠ`mV CÎma| {bhm.

(1) nmhþÊ`m§Zm nmhÿZ ~mù`m AM§{~V H$m Pmbm ?

(2) nmhþUo H$go {ZJaJÅ> AmhoV Vo gm§Jm ?

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(3) _mUgmbm oUmar XwIUr Am{U nmhþUo `mVrb gmå` H$drZr H$go gm§{JVbo Amho ?

(4) nmhþÊ`m§À`m dV©ZmZo AmB© H§$Q>miyZ H$m Jobr ?


(1) ""{XgVr ho H$moUr Ambo, Amnwë`mM ZmË`m_Ybo!''

(2) ""h§ hiy ~mob'' - VZ`mV|''.

(3) ""OmVrb H$Yr ho AmB©? KaXma Z `mZm H$m§hr ?''

(4) ""Xodm ao'' _J Vr ñ\w§$Xo ! EdT>m Var OmD§$ Xo !''

à.6 Imbr {Xboë`m àým§Mo gmV Vo AmR> dmŠ`mV CÎma {bhm.

(1) `m H${dVoÀ`m AmYmao nmhþÊ`m§À`m ñd^md Xmofm§Mo dU©Z H$am.

^mfmä`mg(2) g_mZmWu eãX {bhm.

VZ`, OZZr, OwS>Jo, dXZ, gXZ, ñ_aU.

CnH«$_

O. Ho$. CnmÜ o `m§Mr ""Mmb MbmD$ ^JdX²> JrVm'' hr {dS>§~Zna H${dVm dmMm.

S>m°. {Xbrn Hw$bH$Uu `m§Mm "qMMm d ~moao' hm - {dS>§~Zna H$mì`g§J«h dmMm.

X§dmMo W|~ (_yi H${dVm)

- Ho$edgwV

""H$moRw>{Z ho Ambo oWo? H$mb g§Ü`mH$mir ZìhVo''

AmB©bm ~mi`m dXbm, Hw$VwH$mZo CËgwH$bobm.

""{XgVr ho Jmo{OadmUo, _moË`m§Mo O¡go XmUo!

_m¡O _bm ^mar dmQ>o ! hmoVo ho Va dX H$moR>o?''

""M§Ð Am{U ZjÌ| Vt, emo bt VoW dm amVt

COoS>hr OoWw{Z oVmo, nmCghr OoWw{Z nS>Vmo.

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VoWw{Z ho Ambo oW|, VoWwZrM Vy§ Amå§hmVo§!''

amhVrb oWo H$m§ Vo ? {_iVrb H$m Ioim`mVo?''

""Zmhr ao ! Vo ñdH$am§V oUma JS>`m! ZmhrV.

H$m¡VwH$ H$a ~KwZr Ë`mV|, AgVrb Vo Omodar VoW|

gy © Ë`mg Amnwë`m {H$aUt, ZoB©b bm¡H$a JJZt,''

Om{Vb Vo bm¡H$a JJZr,'' dXVm§ J{hdabr OZZr.

JV~mi| {VObm ñ_abt, S>moù`mV Amgd| AmbtŸ&

""Xodm ao !"" _J Vr ñ\w§$Xo, ""EdT>m Var bm y Xo!''

åhUw{Z {VZ| Ë`m ~mimer, Y[abo ÑT> {ZOöX`mgr!

nmhþ{Z Ë`m XoImì`mbm, H$idim H$drbm Ambm;

doS>mdw{Z V`mM ZmX|, ""Ia|MŸ&'' Vmo nwgVmo IoX| -

""hmoVo {h_q~Xw gH$mir, H$moR>o Vo gm §H$mir ?''


{Jare, H$R>rU, {ZOud,

em{nV, ew{M y©V, Xþdm©g

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H${dVm-5… JmC Ë`m§Zm AmaVrèd§V

n[aM` :èd§V {XZH$a n|T>maH$a (1899 - 1985) a{d{H$aU _§S>imVrb à_wI H$dr hmoVo. ~S>moXm g§ñWmZmMoamOH$dr. _hmamï´> emgZmV\}$ "_hmamï´> - H$dr' åhUyZ gÝ_mZ, ñ\w$Q> H${dVm, I§S>H$mì`, _hmH$mì`,bKw{Z~§Y BË`mXr ñdénmMo boIZ. "èmoYZ,' "èmoJ§Y' ho H${dVm§Mo g§J«h, "~§{Xemim', "O`_§Jbm' B. I§S>H$mì o Am{U "N>ÌnVr {edam`' ho _hmH$mì` à{gÕ Amho. H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ d gm_m{OH$^mdZm§Mm Am{dîH$ma, Jo Vm, gw~moYVm Am{U emídV OrdZ _yë`m§Mm nwañH$ma hr H$mì` boIZmMrd¡{eîQ> o. `m§Zr Amnë`m H$mì` Jm`ZmZo H${dVm _hmamï´>mV gd©Xya nmohmoM{dbr. 1950 gmbr _w§~B©Vâboë`m A{Ib ^maVr` _amR>r gm{hË` g§_bZmMo Vo AÜ`j hmoVo.

amï´> d g_mO `m§À`mgmR>r Ë`mJ Am{U ~{bXmZ H$aUmè`m§Mm JwUJm¡ad `m H${dVoV Ho$bmAmho. hr H${dVm "èmoYZ' _YyZ KoVbr Amhoo `m H${dVoV g¡{ZH$, Xoe^º$, Ðï>o g_mOgodH$, g§V`m§Mm Jm¡ad Ho$bm Amho.

(_yë` - ì`{ŠV_mhmËå`)

g§Jar dramJ«Ur Oo Y¡ ©_oé g§H$Q>r

OÝ_bo `m ^maVr

amï´>MH«$moÕmaUr H$Um©nar Á`m§Zm _¥Vr

JmC Ë`m§Zm AmaVr

H$m|Xbm A§Yma _mJu ImMIS²>S>o _mVbo

VñH$am§Zr do{T>bo

g§ «_r Ë`m Omhbo H¥$îUmnar Oo gmaWr

JmC Ë`m§Zm AmaVr

ñdmW©hoVybm {Xbm g§jon Á`m§Zr Or{dVr

Vmo namWu nmhVr

Amá-{dñVmamV Á`m§À`m Xoehr gm_mdVr

JmC Ë`m§Zm AmaVr

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Xoe Á`m§Mm Xod Ë`m§Mo Xmñ` Á`m§Mm Y_© hmo

Xmñ` _w{ŠV Ü o hmo

Am{U _mHª$S>o go Oo qO{H$Vr H$mimàVr

JmC Ë`mZm AmaVr

Xoh Omdmo Xoh amhmo Zm{h Á`m§Zm VV²>{jVr

bmoH$godm Xo aVr

Am{U gm¡ Ðmnar XoVmV Oo AmË_mhþVr

JmC Ë`mZm AmaVr

Omhë`m {XL²>_yT> bmoH$m§ A{n©Vr Oo bmoMZo

jmiwZr Ë`m§Mr _Zo

H$mo{Q>XrnÁ`mo{Vem Á`m§À`m H¥${V, Á`m§À`m ñ_¥Vr

JmC Ë`mZm AmaVr

ZoQ>Ho$ H$mhr KS>oZm H$m` hoVy OrdZm

`m {dMmar _Ý_Zm

~mo{YVmo H$s EdT>r hmodmo Var ao gËH¥$Vr

Jm V`m§Mr AmaVr

eãXmW© d Q>rnm : g§Jar - wÕmV dramJ«Ur -draloð> Y¡ © _oé -nd©Vmà_mUo AMb, Y¡ ©erb

amï´>MH«$moX²>YmaUr - amï´>énr MH«$mÀ`m CÜXmam gmR>r _¥Vr - _¥Ë y H$m|Xbm - ^éZ am{hbm g§ «_r - Jm|Yiboë`m AdñWoV namWu - BVam§gmR>r aVr - ào_ {XL²>_yT> - {XemhrZ,

Jm|Yibobo jmiwZr - ñdÀN> H$éZ ~mo{YVmo - gm§JVmo VñH$a - Mmoa g§jon XoUo- _waS> KmbUo {jVr - ndm© AmË_mhþVr - AmË_~{bXmZ H$mo{Q>XrnÁ`mo{Vem - H$moQ>rXrn bmdë`m gmaIo, X¡{Xß`_mZ ZoQ>Ho$ - Mm§Jbo.

Q>rn :gm¡ Ð - AOw©Z d gw Ðm `m§Mm nwÌ A{^_Ý y. namH«$_r, H$m¡ad nm§S>d wÕmV Ë`mbm _aU

Ambo. _mHª$S>o - ÌoVm wJmVrb hmoCZ Jobobo EH$ G$fr. Vo Aënm wfr hmoVo. nwT>o e§H$amÀ`m

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Amerdm©XmZo Vo XrKm© wfr Pmbo, Ë`mZr {b{hbobo _mHª$S>o nwamU à{gÕ Amho. Vo{ed^ŠV hmoVo. Ë`m§À`mgmR>r e§H$amZo `_mer wÜX Ho$bo hmoVo d Vo A_a Pmbo hmoVo.

ñdmÜ`m`à.1 Imbrb àým§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

(1) H$moUË`m hoVybm Ë`m§Zr g§jon {Xbm?

(2) Xoe^ŠVm§Mm Xod H$moUVm?

(3) Xoe^ŠVm§Mm Y_© H$moUVm?

(4) g_mO godH$m§Mo Ü o H$moUVo?

(5) bmoH$godoV _½Z AgUmè`mZm H$moUVr ndm© dmQ>V Zmhr?

à.2 nwT>rb AmoirVrb [aH$må`m OmJm `mo½` eãXm§Zr âm.

(1) amï´> MH«$moX²>YmaUr .............. Á`mZm _¥Vr.

(2) g§ «_r Ë`m Omhbo .............. Oo gmaWr.

(3) Am{U _mHª$S>o go Oo .............. H$mimàVr.

(4) Omhë`m .............. bmoH$m A{n©Vr Oo bmoMZo.

(5) ~mo{YVmo H$s .............. Var Vo gËH¥$Vr.


(1) ^bm OÝ_ hm : bmdUr : : nmhþUo : ...............

(2) JmD$ Ë`m§Zm AmaVr : èmoYZ : : B{V Jwé{eî` g§dmXo : ...............

(3) bmoH$godm : fð>r VËnwéf g_mg : : gX²JwU : ...............

à.4 Imbrb àým§Mr VrZ-Mma dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

(1) H$Um© à_mUo ~{bXmZ H$moU XoVo ? H$m

(2) g_mO godH$ H$moUË`m ^mdZoZo godm H$aVmV ?

(3) namWuMm Amá{dñVma H$gm AgVmo ?

(4) _mHª$S>o mà_mUo H$mimbm H$moUr qOH$bo Amho ?

(5) {XL>_yT> bmoH$m§Zm H$moU {Xem XmI{dVmV ? H$go ?

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(6) H${dVoÀ`m eodQ>r H${dZo H$moUVr BÀN>m ì`ŠV Ho$br Amho ?

à.5 Imbrb àým§Mr àË oH$s nmM ghm dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

(1) _mHª$S>o mMr VwbZm H$drZo Xoe^ŠVm§er H$m Ho$br Amho ?

(2) hV~wÕ Pmboë`m bmoH$m§Zm g_mO godH$ Zdr Ñï>r H$er XoVmV ?

(3) g_mOgodH$ H$moUVo H$m_ H$aVmV?

à.6 g§X^m©gh ñnï>rH$aU H$am -

(1) ""g§ «_r Ë`m Omhbo H¥$îUmnar Oo gmaWr.''

(2)""Am{U _mHª$S>o go Oo {OqH$Vr H$mimàVr.''

à.7 nwT>rb àým§Mr CÎmao gmV AmR> dmŠ`mV {bhm.

(1) H$dr H$moUmH$moUmMo JwUJmZ H$é BpÀN>Vmo ? H$m§ ?

(2) H$drZo H¥$îU, H$U©, gm¡ Ð, _mHª$S>o `m§Mo XmIbo H$m {Xbobo AmhoV ? Vo ñnï> H$am.

^mfmä`mg

(1) nwT>rb g§YrMm {dJ«h H$éZ àH$ma AmoiIm.

AmË_mhþVr, {XL²>_yT>, dramJ«Ur, gËH¥$Vr, VpËjVr

_Ý_Z

(2) nwT>rb gm_m{gH$ eãXm§Mm {dJ«h H$éZ g_mg AmoiIm.

bmoH$godm, AmË_mhþVr, Y¡ ©_oé, amï´>MH«$

Xmñ`_wŠVr. XrnÁ`moVr

(3) nwT>rb dmH$²àMmamMm AW© gm§JyZ dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$am.>

AmaVr JmUo, g§jon XoUo, H$mimbm qOH$Uo.

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(4) nwT>rb AmoirVrb Ab§H$ma AmoiIm d ì`m»`m {bhm.

(1)""amï´>MH«$moX²>YmaUr H$Um©nar Á`m§Zm _¥Vr''

(2)""g§ «_r Ë`m Omhbo H¥$îUmnar Oo gmaWr''

(3)""Am{U _mHª$S>o go Oo {OqH$Vr H$mimàVr''

CnH«$_ :

gmZo JwéOr `m§Mr "~b gmJa ^maV hmodmo' hr H${dVm {_idyZ dmMm.

Hw$gw_mJ«Om§Mr "H«$m§VrMm OÒ`H$ma' hr H${dVm {_idyZ dmMm

ho eãX AgoM {bhm

AZ¡{Vhm{gH$, MVw w©O, ñVyn

H$moQ>çdYr, Jm§ r ©, H$V¥©Ëd

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H${dVm-6… `m ^maVmV ~§Yw mdg§V VwH$S>moOr

n[aM` :

g§V VwH$S>moOr _hmamO (1909 - 1980) `m§Mo Iao Zmd _m{UH$ ~§S>moOr R>mHy$a.bhmZnUrM ÔZ, H$sV©Z, ^ŠVr, ZrVr `m§Mo g§ñH$ma Ë`m§À`mda Pmbo hmoVo. lr AS>Hy$Or _hmamOho Ë`m§Mo Jwé hmo . A §JmV H$sV©ZmV Vo§ I§{Oar `m dmÚmMm dmna H$arV AgV. Ë`m§Mm AmdmOhr_Ywa hmoVm. ^maVr` ñdmV§Í` bT>çmV Ë`m§Zr ^mJ KoVbm hmoVm. nwT>o 1942À`m "^maV N>moS>mo'Am§XmobZmV ^mJ KoCZ Vwé§Jdmg nËH$abm hmoVm. "Om{V {Z_y©bZ', " yXmZ Midi', `m gm_m{OH$H$m`m©Vhr Ë`m§Mm gh^mJ hmoVm. Ë`m§Zr "J«m_JrVm,' "AZw dgmJa', "g_mO g§OrdZr', "bhaH$s~aIm' Aem _amR>r d qhXr J«§WaMZm Ho$ë`m AmhoV. Ë`m§Mo ÔZ H$sV©Z EoH$Ê`mg gd© OmVr Y_m©MobmoH$ oV AgV. Ë`mVyZM Vo g_mOà~moYZhr H$arV AgV. åhUyZM Ë`m§Zm "amîQ´>g§V' åhQ>bo OmVo.

darb H${dVm Ë`m§À`m "g_mO g§OrdZr' `m g§J«hmVyZ {ZdS>br Amho. ^maVmV EH$VmZm§Xmdr. gd©Y_© g_^md ahmdm d Añn¥í`Vm Zï> hmoCZ. gdm©Zr JwÊ`mJmoqdXmZo ahmdo Aer Vi_iË`m§Zr `m H${dVoV ì`ŠV Ho$br Amho. `m H${dVoMm àH$ma "Xoe^pŠVna' hm Amho.

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(_yë` - Xoe^ŠVr)

`m ^maVmV ~§Yw md {ZË` dgy Xo Xo da{M Agm Xo,

ho gd©n§W, g§àXm` EH$ {Xgy Xo, _V oX ZgyXo Ÿ&&Y¥&&

Zm§XmoV gwIo Jar~ A_ra EH$ _VmZr

_J qhXy Agmo, [ad«íMZ dm hmo Bñbm_r

ñdmV§Í` gwIm `m gH$bm_mOr dgy Xo, Xo da{M Agm XoŸ &&1Ÿ&&

gH$bmg H$imo _mZdVm amï´>^mdZm

hmo gd©ñWir {_iwZr g_wXm` àmW©Zm

CÚmoJr VéU erbdmZ oWo {Xgy Xo, Xo da{M Agm XoŸ &&2&&

Om{V^md {dgé{Z`m EH$ hmo Amåhr

Añn¥í`Vm g_yi Zï> hmo OJmVyZ

IbqZXH$m _Zrhr gË`, Ý`m` dgy Xo, Xo da{M Agm XoŸ &&3Ÿ&&

gm¢X © a_mo KamKamV ñd{J© mnar

hmo Zï> hmoD$ Xo {dnÎmr, ^rVr ~mdar

VwH$S>`mg gXm `m godo_mOr dgy Xo, Xo da{M AgmXoŸ &&4Ÿ&&

eãXmW© d Q>rnm :

~§Yw md - bmoH$m§Mo EH$_oH$m§darb ^mdmà_mUo ào_ AgUo {ZË` - Zoh_r da - Amerdm©Xn§W - Ym{_©H$ g§KQ>Zm g§àXm` - na§nam, n§W dgyXo - amhÿXo gH$b - gJio_mZdVm - _mUwgH$s gd©ñWir - gd© {R>H$mUr g_wXm` - g_yh erbdmZ -

Mm[aÍ`g§nÞ Añn¥í`Vm - Om{V oX g_yi - _wimnmgyZ Ib - Xþï> qZXH$ - qZXmH$aUmao a_mo - AmZ§XmV amhUo {dnÎmr - g§H$Q> VwH$S>`mg - g§V VwH$S>moOr _hmamOm§Zm

ñdmÜ`m`

à.1 Imbrb àým§Mr CÎmao EH$m dmŠ`mV {bhm.

(1) `m ^maVmV {ZË` H$m` dgy Xo ?

(2) gd© g§àXm` H$go {XgmdoV ?

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(3) A_ra J[a~m§Zr H$go ahmdo ?

(4) gd©ñWir H$moUVr àmW©Zm ìhmdr ?

(5) CÚmoJr VéU H$gm Agmdm ?

(6) Añn¥í`Vm `m OJmVyZ H$er Zï> ìhmdr ?

(7) gË` Ý`m` Hw$R>o dgmdm Ago H$drbm dmQ>Vo ?

(8) gm¢X`m©Zo Hw$R>o a_bo nm{hOo ?


(1) ho gd© n§W ............ EH$ {Xgy Xo.

(2) Zm§XmoV gwIo ............ EH$ _VmZr.

(3) ............ `m gH$bm_mOr dgyXo.

(4) ............ {dgé{Z`m EH$ hmo Amåhr.

(5) ............ a_mo KamKamV ñdJu`mnar

(6) ............ gXm `m gdo_mOr dgyXo.

à.3 Imbrb àým§Mr VrZ Vo Mma dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

(1) XoemV ~§Yw md amhÊ`m{df`r H$dr H$m` åhUV AmhoV ?

(2) CÚmoJr VéU H$gm Agbm nm{hOo? H$m ?

(3) Ib qZXH$mÀ`m _Zrhr gË` Ý`m` H$m dgmdm ?

à.4 Imbrb àým§Mr CÎmao nmM Vo ghm dmŠ`m§V {bhm ?

(1) XoemVrb gH$bmg _mZdVm H$iyXo Ago H$dr H$m åhUV Amho ?

(2) _mZdVm, amï´>^mdZm gJù`mg H$ië`mZo H$m` hmoB©b ?

à.5 Imbrb AmoitMo g§X^m©g{hV ñnï>rH$aU H$amŸ&

(1) ""Zm§XmoV gwIo Jar~ A_ra EH$_Vm§Zr''

(2) ""hmo gd©ñWir {_iwZr g_wXm` àmW©Zm''

(3) ""IbqZXH$m _Zrhr gË`, Ý`m` dgyXo''

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à.6 Imbrb àýmMo CÎma gmV Vo AmR> dmŠ`mV {bhm.

(1) ^maV H$emàH$mao Agmdm Aer g§V VwH$S>moOtZr Anojm Ho$br Amho ?

^mfmä`mg

(1) Imbrb gm_m{gH$ eãXm§Mm {dJ«h H$éZ g_mg AmoiIm

Jar~-A_ra, amï´>^mdZm, Añn¥í`, g_yi, Ib - qZXH$

CnH«$_

(1) "amï´>r` EH$mË_Vm' `m {df`mda 15 Amoir{Z~§Y {bhm.

(2) g§V VwH$S>moOr _hmamOm§Mr "J«m_JrVm' {_idyZ dmMm.


_r_m§gm VrúU H$sV©Z

Ord Jw§VdUyH$ b¾n{ÌH$m

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H${dVm-7… n¥ÏdrMo ào_JrVHw$gw_mJ«O

n[aM` :

{dîUy dm_Z {eadmS>H$a (1912-1999) Zm{eH$ oWo dmñVì`. A{½Zg§àXm`r, _mZdVmdmXrH$dr åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVmV. "OrdZbhar', "{demIm', "{H$Zmam', "_amR>r _mVr' ho H$mì`g§Jh; VgoM "d¡îUdr', "H$ënZoÀ`m Vramda', "OmÝhdr' `m H$mX§~è`m, "\y$bdmbr' (bKwH$Wmg§J«h),"Amho Am{U Zmhr' (bKw{Z~§Y g§J«h), "g{_Ym' hm JÚH$mì` g§J«h, "XyaMo {Xdo', "Xwgam noedm',"H$m¢Vo ', "amO_wHw$Q>', "ZQ>g_«mQ>' "drO åhUmbr YaVrbm' hr Ë`m§Mr ZmQ>Ho$ à{gÕ AmhoV.^mdZmerbVm, AmoOñdr ^mfme¡br Am{U CÎm§wJ H$ënZm{dbmg hr Hw$gw_mJ«Om§À`m H$mì`mMr d¡{eîQ> ooAmhoV. Vo "kmZnrR>' nwañH$mamMo (1988) _mZH$ar AmhoV.

n¥Ïdr ñdV…À`m Amgm^modVr {\$aV {\$aV gy m© modVr {\$aVo ho ^m¡Jmo{bH$ gË` Amho, nU`m H${dVoV Hw$gw_mJ«Om§À`m H$ënZm{dbmgmbm ~ha oVmo d n¥ÏdrM§ gy m©H$S>o ào_mMr `mMZm H$aVoAer ^ì` d CXmÎm ào_mMr H$ënZm Vo _m§S>VmV. VgoM M§Ð, Yy_Ho$Vy, _§Ji, Y«wd ho Vmao hr n¥Ïdrdaào_ H$aV AmhoV nU VoOñdr gy m©nwT>o ho jwÐ AmhoV åhUyZ n¥Ïdr gy m©Mo XÿanUhr ñdrH$maVo Agmhm VoOñdr H$ënZm{dbmg H${dVoV {XgVmo.

hr H${dVm Ë`m§À`m "{demIm' `m H$mì`g§J«hmVyZ KoVbobr Amho. hr H${dVm "gw_§Xma_mbm'd¥Îmm_Ü o Amho hr ào_H${dVm Amho.

(_yë` - {Ma§VZ ào_)

wJm_mJwZr Mmbbr ao wJo hr

H$amdr {H$Vr ^mñH$am d§MZm

{H$Vr H$mi H$j|V Ymdy VwÂ`m _r

{H$VrXm H$é§ àr{VMr `mMZm ?

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_yë` - {Ma§VZ ào_

wJm_mJwZr Mmbbr ao wJo hr

H$amdr {H$Vr ^mñH$am d§MZm

{H$Vr H$mi H$joV Ymdy VwÂ`m _r

{H$VrXm H$ê$ àr{VMr `mMZm?

ZìhmirVbo Zm C_mio, Cgmgo

Z Vr AmJ A§JmV AmVm Cao

{dPyZr AVm `m¡dZmÀ`m _embr

Car am{hbo H$mOir H$monao !

nar A§Var àr{VMr Á`moV OmJo

A{dlm§V amhrb AZ² OmJVr

Z OmUo Z ZoU| Hw$R>o Mmbbo _r

H$io Vy nwT>o Am{U _r _mJwVr !

{X_mImV Vmao ZQ>moZr WQ>moZr

{ear Q>m{H$Vr {Xì` CëH$m-\w$bo

na§Vy VwÂ`m _y{V©dmMyZ Xodm,

_bm dmQ>Vo {dœ A§Ymabo !

Vwdm gm§S>bobo Hw$R>o A§Vamir

doMy{Z`m {Xì` VoO…H$U

_bm _mohdm`m ~Ko hm gwYm§ey

VnmMma ñdrH$méZr XméU

{ngmam à oMm C^mê$Z Xmar

nhmQ>o C^m ew ewH«$ hm ào_i

H$ar `mMZm àrVrMr bmOw{Z bmb

hmoC{Z`m bmOam _§Ji !

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{ZameoV g§Ý`ñV hmoD$Z ~¡go

G$ftÀ`m Hw$ir CÎmaobm Y«wd

{ngmQ>mnar Ho$g qnOméZr hm

H$ar Yy_Ho$Vy H$Yr AmO©d

nar ^ì` Vo VoO nmhÿZ nyOyZ

KoD$ Jù`mer H$go H$mOdo !

ZH$mojwÐ e¥§Jma Vmo Xw~©im§Mm

VwPr XyaVm Ë`mhþZr gmhdo !

A_`m©X {_Ìm, VwPr Wmoadr AZ²

_bm kmV _r EH$ YybrH$U

Ab§H$maÊ`mbm nar nm` VyPo

YwirMoM Amho _bm yfU !>>

eãXmW© d Q>rnm :

wJ - _moR>m H$mb{d^mJ (H¥$V, ÌoVm, Ûmnma, gV², H$br Ago {dídmMo H$mb_mnH$ {d^mJ)d§MZm - àVmaUm, \$gdUyH$ H$jm - _`m©Xm, J«h Vmè`m§Mm _mJ© `mMZm - {dZ§VrZìhmir - VméÊ`mVbm ~ha C_mio - Omoa, AmdoJ, à^md Cgmgm - gwñH$mamAmJ - aJ, CËgmh {dPUo - _mbdUo, W§S> hmoUo `m¡dZ - VméÊ` _emb - VméÊ`mMo

VoO H$mOir H$monao - {Zameménr H$mimoI {ear - S>moŠ`mda CëH$m\w$bo - Mm§XÊ`ménr\w$bo Vwdm - Vy gm§S>bobo - nS>bobo VoO…H$U - VoOmMo H$U gwYm§ey - M§Ð VnmMma- VníM`m© XméU - Kmoa, H$R>moa à^m - VoO g§Ý`ñV - g§Ý`memà_mUo {ngmQ>mnar- doS>`mà_mUo (ào_mMmdoS>m) H$mOdm - amÌr àH$meUmam EH$ {H$S>m jwÐ - jw„H$, hbHo$

gmhdo - ghZ hmoUo kmV - _mhrV Ab§H$maUo - e¥§JmaUo yfU - emo yZ {XgUo, Ab§H$ma{_Ì-gy ©

ñdmÜ`m`

à.1 Imbrb àým§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.(1) wJm_mJwZr Mmbbr ao wJo hr Ago H$moU åhUV Amho ?

(2) n¥ÏdrÀ`m A§Var H$moUVr Á`moV OmJr Amho ?

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(3) {X_mImV ZQy>ZWQy>Z H$moU OmV AmhoV ?

(4) nhmQ>oÀ`m doir H$moU C^m Amho ?

(5) Yy_Ho$Vy H$emàH$mao AmO©do H$aVmo ?

à.2 Imbrb AmoirVrb [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX {bhm.(1) ............ Mmbbr ao wJo hr.

(2) {dPwZr AmVm ............ _embr.

(3) {ear ............ CëH$m \w$bo.

(4) nhmQ>o C^m ............ hm ào_i.

(5) H$ar ............ H$Yr AmO©d.

(6) KoD$ Jù`mer H$go ............

(7) G$ftÀ`m Hw$ir ............ Y«wd.

(8) Vwdm gm§S>bobo Hw$R>o ............

(9) _bm _mohdm`m ~Ko hm ............

à.3 Imbrb àým§Mr VrZ Vo Mma dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.(1) {díd Ho$ìhm A§Ymabo Ago n¥Ïdrbm dmQ>Vo ?

(2) n¥ÏdrZo gy m©H$S>o H$moUVr `mMZm Ho$br Amho ?

(3) gwYm§ey VnmMma Hw$UmgmR>r d H$m H$arV Amho ?

(4) n¥Ïdrbm H$emMo yfU dmQ>Vo ? H$m ?

à.4 Imbrb àým§Mr nmM Vo ghm dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.(1) n¥Ïdr gy m©Mr `mMZm H$er H$aV Amho ? {VMr gÜ`mMr AdñWm H$er Amho ?

(2) YwirMoM Amho _bm yfU Ago n¥Ïdr H$m åhUV Amho ?

(3) Hw$gw_mJ«O `m§Mm WmoS>Š`mV n[aM` {bhm.

à.5 Imbrb AmoitMo g§X^m©gh ñnï>rH$aU H$am(1) ""na§Vw VwÂ`m _y{V©dmMyZ Xodm

_bm dmQ>Vo {díd A§Ymabo''

(2) ""{ngmam à oMm C^méZ Xmar

nhmQ>o C^m ewH«$ hm ào_i''

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à.6 Imbrb àým§Mr gmV Vo AmR> dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.(1) n¥ÏdrMo ào_ {_imdo åhUyZ H$moU H$moU d H$emàH$mao `mMZm H$arV AmhoV ?

(2) n¥Ïdr-gy ©, M§Ð-n¥Ïdr `m§Mm g§dmX Vw_À`m eãXmV {bhm.

(3) `m H${dVoMm gmam§e WmoS>d`mV {bhm.

^mfmä`mg(1) g_mZmWu eãX {bhm.

^mñH$a, d§MZm, _emb, {X_mI, AmO©d

(2) g§Yr {dJ«h H$éZ àH$ma {bhm.

VoO…H$U, VnmMma, Xw~©i, gwYm§ey

(3) Ab§H$ma AmoiIyZ bjUo {bhm.

(1) ""{ngmQ>mnar Ho$g qnOméZr hm

H$ar Yy_Ho$Vy H$Yr AmO©d !''

(2) ""{ngmam à oMm C^méZ Xmar

nhmQ>o C^m ewH«$ hm ào_i''

(4) Imbrb gm_m{gH$ eãXm§Mm {dJ«h H$éZ àH$ma AmoiIm

C_mio-Cgmgo, A{dlm§V, CëH$m\w$bo, VoO…H$U, VnmMma, gwYm§ey

(5) Imbrb AmoirMo JU nmSy>Z d¥Îm AmoiIm

"" wJm_mJwZr Mmbbr ao wJo hr H$amdr {H$Vr ^mñH$am d§MZm''

CnH«$_(1) "{VÝhr gm§Om gIo {_imë`m' hr ^m.am.Vm§~o `m§Mr H${dVm {_idyZ dmMm.

(2) gy ©_mbo {df`r Vw_À`m {dkmZ {ejH$m§H$Sy>Z A{YH$ _m{hVr {_idm


H$a_UyH$ \$gdUyH$ {nidUyH$

nm¡{ï>H$ {_adUyH$ _Zmo{dH$ma

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H${dVm-8… gËH$ma_§Joe nmS>JmdH$a

n[aM` :

_§Joe Ho$ed nmS>JmdH$a (1929) ho ZdH$dtÀ`m Xwgè`m {nT>rVrb _mÝ`da H$dr Am{UbKw{Z~§YH$ma Ë`m§Zr "{Oßgr', "CËgd', "{dXÿfH$', "gbm_', "^Q>Ho$njr' B. H${dVmg§J«h {b{hboAmhoV. Ë`m§À`m H${dVm§_YyZ {ZgJ©gm¢X ©, ào_^mdZoMr gyú_ éno, CnamoY, g_mO^mî o, {MV«Xeuà{V_m, g§doXZerbVm CËH$Q>nUo ì`ŠV hmoVmV. Ë`m§À`m "gbm_' `m H$mì`g§J«hmbm gm{hËÀH$mX_rMm nwañH$ma {_imbm Amho. 2010 À`m {díd gm{hË` g§_obZmMo AÜ`jnX Ë`m§Zr yf{dbohmoVo. VgoM 2013 gmbr ^maV gaH$maZo Ë`m§Zm "nÙ yfU' nwañH$ma {Xbm Amho.

hr H${dVm "{Oßgr' `m H$mì`g§J«hmVyZ {ZdS>br AgyZ H${dVoMm àH$ma (_wŠVN>§X){ZgJ©H${dVm Amho.

(_yë` - bT>m, g§Kf©)

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n{hë`m {haì`m V¥UnmË`mMm AmO Ago gËH$ma

C[a Ooìhm Ádmbmag PobyZ

YaVrZo Vn Ho$bo XméU

gwH$Vm gwH$Vm§ ZÚm åhUmë`m hmM {dœg§hma


Ë`m H$mir YaUrÀ`m nmoQ>r

`m Bdë`m ~rOmÀ`m AmoR>r

WaWabr ñ\w$abr hmoVr hmo lÜXoMr bbH$ma


H$dM y{_Mo Am{U AMmZH$

oXw{Z Ambo {hado H$m¡VwH$

Z{MHo$VmMo ñdßZM AWdm Ad{MV hmo gmH$ma


_mVrMr hr _mV _¥Ë wda

_¥Ë w§O` lÜXoMm A§Hw$a

hm g¥OZmMm {dO`ÜdO, hm OrdZgmjmËH$ma


åhQ>bo ñdmJVJrV IJm§Zr

Ho$bm _wOam bdyZ T>Jm§Zr

bmb _m{VMm Jwbmb CY{iV ndZ H$ar g§Mma


H$mogibr ga X{jU CÎma

K_K_bo _mVrVw{Z AÎma

Aï> {Xem§VwZ A^rï>qMVZ, Kw_bm OÒ`H$ma


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eãXmW© d Q>rnm :

V¥UnmVo - JdVmMo nmZ gËH$ma - Jm¡ad Ádmbmag - bmìhmag, Ádbm_wIrVyZ ~mhoa nS>UmamVßVag C[a - N>mVrda PobyZ - gmogyZ Vn - VníM`m© XméU - H$R>rU {dœg§hma- OJmMm Zme Bdë`m - N>moQ>`m lÜXoMr bbH$ma - ^pŠVMr Amamoir H$dM - O{_ZrMmdaMm ^mJ oXyZ - N>oXyZ {hado H$m¡VwH$ - {hadm H$m|~ Ad{MV - AMmZH$ _mV -{dO` _¥Ë w§O` - _aUmda {dO` {_idbobm A§Hw$a - H$m|~ g¥OZ - Zd{Z{_©Vr {dO`ÜdO- {dO`mMm P|S>m gmjmËH$ma - B©ídar H¥$nm ñdmJVJrV - ñdmJVmMo JmUo IJ - njr

_wOam - dmHy$Z Ho$bobm Z_ñH$ma ndZ - dmam g§Mma - dmhUo K_K_bo - XadiboAÎma - gwdm{gH$ Vob AîQ>{Xem - AmR> {Xem A^rï>qMVZ - ew hmoÊ`mMr BÀN>m ì`ŠV

H$aUo ga - nmD$g OÒ`H$ma - O`Kmof

Q>rn :

Z{MHo$V - CÔmbH$ (dmOldg) d {dœdamXodr `m§Mm {dÛmZ nwV«. CÔmbH$mZo `kmVZ{MHo$Vmbm `_mbm XmZ {Xbo. Z{MHo$VmZo `_mH$Sy>Z AmË_kmZ {_idbo. `m {R>H$mUr à{VHy$bn[apñWVrda _mV H$éZ JdVmMo nmZ CJdyZ Ambo åhUyZ Ë`mg Z{MHo$V åhQ>bo Amho.

ñdmÜ`m`


(1) "gËH$ma' H$moUmMm hmoV Amho ?

(2) gwH$Vm gwH$Vm ZÚm H$m` åhUmë`m ?

(3) bbH$ma H$moUVr ñ\w$abr ?

(4) ñdmJVJrV H$moUr åhQ>bo ?

(5) _wOam H$moUr Ho$bm ?

(6) h`m {R>H$mUr Jwbmb H$moUVm Amho ?

(7) Jwbmb H$moUr CYibm ?

(8) AÎma åhUOo H$m` Agmdo ?

à.2 Imbrb AmoirV [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX {bhm.

(1) C[a Ooìhm ............

(2) gwH$Vm gwH$Vm§ ZÚm åhUmë`m ............

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(3) WaWabr ñ\w$abr hmoVr hmo ............

(4) oXw{Z Ambo ............

(5) ............ ñdßZM AWdm Ad{MV hmo gmH$ma

(6) ............ lÜXoMm A§Hw$a

(7) åhQ>bo ............ IJm§Zr

(8) ............ A^rï>qMVZ Kw_bm OÒ`H$ma

(9) K_K_bo ............

(10) n{hë`m {haì`m ............ AmO Ago gËH$ma.

à.3 Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao VrZ-Mma dmŠ`mV {bhm.

(1) YaVrZo H$go d H$moUVo Vn Ho$bo ?

(2) Z{MHo$VmMo ñdßZ Ho$ìhm gmH$ma Pmbo ?

(3) H$drZo OrdZ gmjmËH$ma H$embm åhQ>bo Amho ?

à.4 Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao nmM ghm dmŠ`mV {bhm.

(1) _mVrMr _¥Ë wda _mV åhUOo H$m`?

(2) {haì`m V¥UnmË`mMm gËH$ma H$m d H$gm H$aÊ`mV Ambm ?

à.5 Imbrb AmoitMo g§X^m©gh ñnï>rH$aU H$am.

(1) ""gwH$Vm gwH$Vm§ ZÚm åhUmë`m hmM {dœg§hma''

(2) ""Z{MHo$VmMo ñdßZM AWdm Ad{MV hmo gmH$ma''

(3) ""bmb _m{VMm Jwbmb CY{iV ndZ H$ar g§Mma''

(4) ""Aï>{Xem§VyZ A^rï>qMVZ, Kw_bm OÒ`H$ma''


(1) `m H${dVoMm gmam§e Vw_À`m eãXmV {bhm.

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^mfmä`mg

(1) Imbrb gm_m{gH$ eãXm§Mm {dJ«h H$éZ àH$ma {bhm.

{dœg§hma, {dO`ÜdO, Aï>{Xem, A^rîQ>qMVZ, Ádmbmag, ñdmJVJrV, V¥UnmVoOrdZgmjmËH$ma

(2) g_mZmWu eãX {bhm

njr, T>J

(3) Ab§H$ma AmoiIm d bjUo {bhm.

(1) _mVrMr hr _mV _¥Ë wda _¥Ë w§O` lÕoMm A§Hw$a.

(2) bmb _m{VMm Jwbmb CY{iV ndZ H$ar g§Mma.

(3) K_K_bo _mVrVw{Z AÎma

CnH«$_

(1) "\$wbamUr' hr ~mbH$drMr H${dVm {_idyZ dmMm.

(2) nhmQ>oÀ`m doir \o$a\$Q>H$m _mam d AZw dboë`m Ñí`mMo dU©Z Vw_À`m eãXmV {bhm.


gwk gyZ gy ©

ew{M^y©V nyd© AmVVm`r

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H${dVm-9… H$m`m _mVrV{dÇ>b dmK

n[aM` :

{dÇ>b {^H$mOr dmK (OÝ_ 1945) à{gÕ H$dr. J«m_rU OrdZ, ~mobr ^mfm Am{U {ZgJ©`m Jmoï>tZm Ë`m§À`m boIZmV _hËdmMo ñWmZ AgVo. "gm`' "H$m`m _mVrV _mVrV' "nmD$g nmUr'ho H${dVm g§J«h "A§Yma`mÌm' ho ZmQ>H$. "S>o~y' hr H$mX§~ar B. gm{hË` àH$m{eV, hr H${dVm "nmD$gnmUr' `mVyZ {ZdS>br Amho.

H$m~mS>H$ï> H$aUmè`m eoVH$è`mÀ`m ì`WoMr n[aUm_H$maH$ _m§S>Ur `m H${dVoV Ho$br Amho.`mMm dmL²>_`àH$ma "J«m_rU H${dVm' hm Amho.

(_yë` - l__mhmËå`)

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113

H$m`m _mVrV _mVrV {V\$U MmbVo

{V\$U MmbVo {V\$U MmbVo

BO W`W` ZmMVo T>J T>mob dmO{dVmo

T>mob dmO{dVmo T>J T>mob dmO{dVmo Ÿ&&

gXm{ed hmH$maVmo Z§Xr ~¡bmÀ`m OmoS>rbm

g§J nmadVr Mmbo, AmoQ>r ~m§YyZ nmoQ>mbm

gardar gar oVr _mVr ÝhmVr YwVr hmoVo

H$ñVwarÀ`m gwdmgmZ§ yb {Odmbm nS>Vo

yb {Odmbm nS>Vo dmQ> amKwMr nmhVo

amKw {V\$U hmH$Vmo _¡Zm dmQw>br nmhVo Ÿ&&1Ÿ&&

Pmoir PmS>mbm Q>m§JyZ am~ am~Vo _mD$br

{VW§ PmoirVë`m {Odm ìhVo nmaIr gmD$br

A{^foH$mV Km_mÀ`m Amg XodmM§ nyOZ

{nH§$ hmbVr S>mobVr OZy H$aVr ÔZ

Jìhm Om|Yi`mV Vdm gmoZ§ Mm§Xr bH$mH$Vo

Oer Mm§Xr bH$mH$Vo Ver H$nmer \w$bVo Ÿ&&2Ÿ&&

Mmb§ CZ nmdgmMm nmR> {edUrMm Ioi

bmoZr nm`mbm dmQ>Vr _D$ {Ôbr T>oH$i§

H$mi`m T>oH$imV S>moi§ {had§ gnmZ nmhVmo

S>moim gnmZ nmhVmo H$mQ>m nm`mV éVVmo

H$mQ>m nm`mV éVVm bmb aJmV gm§S>V§

bmb aJmV gm§S>V§ {had§ gnmZ \w$bV§ Ÿ&&3Ÿ&&

hr H${dVm A{hamUr ^mfoVrb Agë`mZo Ë`mV "i' hm dU© Zmhr. Ogo H$m`m (H$mù`m)

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eãXmW© d Q>rnm :

BO - drO AmoQ>r - nmoQ>mda ~m§Ybobo noaUrMo YmÝ` ÝhmVrYwVr - O_rZ noaÊ`m `mo½` hmoUoH$ñVwar - h[aUmÀ`m Zm^rVrb (~|~rVrb) gwJ§YrJmR>, Vr dmidyZ H$ñVwar H$aVmV (BWo -

Vmnboë`m _mVrda nmD$g nS>ë`mZo oUmam Ianyg gwJ§Yrdmg) yb - _mo{hZr (_moh {Z_m©U hmoUo)Ordmbm - _Zmbm gardagar - nmdgmÀ`m Ymam dmQw>br - dmQ>, (N>moQ>r) nmaIr hmoUo

- Z {_iUo PmoirVbm Ord - N>moQ>§> ~mi A{^foH$ - g§VVYma (Km_mMr) bH$mH$Uo -M_H$Uo H$nmer - H$mnyg nmR>{edUrMm Ioi - bn§S>md (Ioi) H$mQ>m nm`mV éVUo -Xw…I AmR>dUo aJmV - aŠV nyOZ - nyOm

Q>rn :

{V\$U - YmÝ` noaUrgmR>r dmnabo OmUmao VrZ \$Ê`mMo EH$ Am¡Oma Ë`mbm "Hw$ar' AgohråhUVmV.

ñdmÜ`m`


(1) T>mob H$moU dmO{dV Amho ?

(2) Z§Xr ~¡bmbm H$moU hmH$maVmo ?

(3) Ordmg yb H$emZo nS>Vo ?

(4) Pmoir H$moR>o Q>m§Jbr Amho ?

(5) eoVH$ar Xodmbm A{^foH$ H$emMm H$aVmo ?

(6) nmR>{edUrMm Ioi H$moU IoiV Amho ?

(7) {Ôbobr T>oH$i§ H$emà_mUo dmQ>VmV ?

(8) "{had§ gnmZ' åhUOo H$m` ?

(9) gXm{ed - nmadVr, amKy - _¡Zm `m Cn_m H$moUmbm {Xë`m AmhoV ?

à.2 Imbrb [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX {bhm.

(1) BO ............ ZmMVo.

(2) ............ hmH$maVmo Z§Xr ~¡bm§À`m OmoS>rbm.

(3) g§Jo nmadVr Mmbo ............ ~m§YyZ nmoQ>mbm.

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(4) ............ {V\$U hmH$Vmo ............ dmQw>br nmhVo.

(5) ............ Km_mÀ`m Ag§ XodmM§ nyOZ.

(6) Mmb§ D$ZnmdgmMm ............ Ioi.

(7) ............ nm`mV éVVm bmb aJmV gm§S>V§.

(8) {VW§ PmoirVë`m ............ ìhVo nmaIr gmD$br.

(9) H$mù`m T>oH$imV S>moim ............ nmhVmo.


(1) H$m`m _mVrV : nmD$gnmUr : : gËH$ma : ...............

(2) V¥UnmVo : JdVmMo nmZ : : _mD$br : ...............

(3) èmoYZ : {dgJ© g§Yr : : namonH$ma : ...............


(1) {V\$U MmbVmZm H$m` H$m` hmoVo ?

(2) XodmM§ nyOZ H$go hmoVo ?

(3) Jhÿ, Om|Yim, H$nmerMo dU©Z H$go Ho$bo Amho ?

à.5 Imbrb àým§Mr CÎmao nmM Vo ghm dmŠ`mV {bhm.

(1) eoVmV am~Umè`m _mD$brMo d _wbmMo dU©Z H$drZo H$emàH$mao Ho$bo Amho ?

(2) H$ï>m_wio eoVH$è`mMo "{hado gnmZ' H$go \w$bVo ?

à.6 Imbrb AmoitMo g§X^m©g{hV ñnï>rH$aU H$am.

(1) ""{nH$§ hmbVr S>mobVr OUy H$aVr ÔZ''

(2) ""Oer Mm§Xr bH$mH$Vo H$nmer \w$bVo''

(3) ""bmb aJmV gm§S>V§ {had§ gnmZ \w$bV§

à.7 Imbrb àýmMo CÎma gmV Vo AmR> AmoirV {bhm.

(1) `m H${dVoVrb {Zg§JmªMo dU©Z, Vw_À`m eãXmV {bhm.

^mfmä`mg(1) Imbrb dmH$² àMmam§Mm AW© gm§JyZ dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$am.>

yb nS>Uo nmaIo hmoUo dmQw>br nmhUo

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(2) Imbrb AmoirVrb Ab§H$ma AmoiIm bjUo {bhm.

(1) BO W`W` ZmMVo.

(2) T>J T>mob dmO{dVmo.

(3) {nH§$ hmbVr S>mobVr OZy H$aVr ÔZ.

(4) Mmb§ D$ZnmdgmMm nmR> {edUrMm Ioi.

(5) bmoZr nm`mbm dmQ>Vr _D$ {Ôbr T>oH$i§.

(6) Oer Mm§Xr bH$mH$Vo Ver H$nmer \w$bVo.

CnH«$_

(1) a.dm.{XKo `m§À`m "nmUH$im' H$m§X~arVrb nmdgmMo dU©Z dmMm.

(2) ~m. ^. ~moaH$am§Mr "garda gar Amë`m J' hr H${dVm Aä`mgm !


b¾n{ÌH$m amÁ`m{^foH$ _Zmo{dH$ma

_Vm{YH$ma dg{VJ¥h gmám{hH$

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117

H${dVm-10… YaUX`m ndma

n[aM` :XJSy> _méVr ndma (1935-1996) X{bV gm{hË`mÀ`m Zì`m àdmhmVrb H$dr Vo AmË_H$Wm

boIH$. `m§Zr Amnë`m boIZmVyZ X{bVm§À`m Amem AmH$m§jm d doXZm ì`ŠV Ho$ë`m AmhoV. Ë`m§Mm"MmdS>r' hm ñ\w$Q> boIm§Mm g§J«h, "H$m|S>dmS>m' H${dVm g§J«h. "~bw§V§' AmË_H$Wm BË`mXr nwñVHo$à{gÕ AmhoV. "~bwV§' `m AmË_H$WogmR>r _hmamï´> emgZmMm d \$m` \$mC§S>oeZ' Mm nwañH$ma XoD$ZË`mZm Jm¡a{dbo Amho. ^maV gaH$maZohr Ë`mZm "nÙlr' hm {H$Vm~ ~hmb Ho$bm Amho.

"YaU' hr Ë`m§Mr bmoH${à` H${dVm "H$m|S>dmS>m' `m H$mì`g§J«hmVyZ KoVbr Amho. `m H${dVoVH$ï> H$éZhr Cnmer amhUmè`m gm_mÝ` H$ï>H$è`m§À`m ^mdZm ì`ŠV Pmë`m AmhoV. `mMm dmL²>_`àH$ma"X{bV H${dVm' hm Amho.

(_yë` - l{_H$m§Mr ì`Wm)

~mB© _r YaU, YaU ~m§{YVo J

_mP§ _aU, _aU H$m§{S>Vo J

Pw§Oy_w§Oy J Pmb§

nrR> OmË`mV AmQ>b§

H$Ur H$m|S>m J

H$m|S>m _r am§{YVo Ÿ&&1Ÿ&&

{Xg§ H$mgè`mbm Ambm

Ord _mJ§ KmoQ>mibm

VmÝh§ boH$é

boH$é nmQ>rImbr _r S>mbVo Ÿ&&2Ÿ&&

H$m` gm§Jy CÝhmÀ`m Pim

Kmd KmbrV \w$Q>o {eim

H$S> XmQ>o H$S> XmQ>o

nm`r nmbm _r ~m§{YVo Ÿ&&3Ÿ&&

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noamnoamV gmIa

Vw_M§ {nH$b§ {edma

KmoQ>â nmÊ`mgmR>r

gma§ amZ Yw§S>m{iVo Ÿ &&4Ÿ&&

dob _m§S>dmbm MT>o

_mÂ`m Km_mMo J Aio

_mÂ`m A§JUr

A§JUr nmMmoim J nS>o Ÿ&&5Ÿ&&

eãXmW© d Q>rnm :YaU - ZXrÀ`m nmÌmV AmS>dr, _moR>r q^V ~m§YyZ nmÊ`mMm _moR>m gmR>m Ho$bm OmVmo. h`m nmÊ`mMm

Cn`moJ eoVr d CÚmoJY§ÚmgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo H$m§S>Uo - Hw$Q>Uo am§YUo - ñd §nmH$ H$aUo Pw§Oy_w§OyhmoUo - COmS>Uo, nhmQ> hmoUo nrR> OmË`mV AmQ>Uo - OmË`mV nwaogo YmÝ` Z nS>ë`m_wio nrR> H$_rnS>Uo H$Ur H$m|S>m - H$Ê`m§_Üò H$m|S>m KmbyZ Xibobo nrR> {Xg§ H$mgè`mbm oUo -Xþnma hmoUo,Ý`mharMr doi, Cera hmoUo Ord KmoQ>miUo - _Z Jw§VUo VmÝho - bhmZ ~mi nmQ>r - doVmMr_moR>r ~wÅ>r S>mbVo - PmHy$Z R>odVo CÝhmÀ`m Pim - CîUVoMr Vrd«Vm Kmd - AmKmV, àhma

{eim - XJS>, IS>H$ H$S> XmQ>Uo - aSy> oUo nmbm - PmS>mMr Amobr nmZo noa -D$gmMoH$m§S> {edma - eoV KmoQ>â - WmoS>ogo Yw§S>miUo - emoYUo dob _m§S>dmbm MT>Uo- ââmQ> hmoUo, àJVr hmoUo Amio - PmS>mÀ`m ~w§Ü`m^modVr nmUr gmR>Ê`mgmR>r _mVrZo Ho$bobrJmob ImobJQ> OmJm.

ñdmÜ`m` -à.1 Imbrb àým§Mr CÎmao EH$m dmŠ`mV {bhm.

(1) `m H${dVoVrb ñÌr H$m` ~m§YV Amho ?

(2) {VZo Amnbo VmÝho boH$é H$moR>o R>odbo Amho ?

(3) Vr Amnë`m nm`mbm H$m` ~m§YVo ?

(4) Vr ñÌr amZ H$m Yw§S>miVo ?

(5) dob H$moR>o MT>Vo ?

(6) gmIa H$em_Ü o âbr Amho ?

(7) nmMmoim H$moR>o nS>V Amho ?

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à.2 Imbrb AmoirV [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX âm.

(1) `m H${dVoVrb ñÌr ............ ~m§YV Amho.

(2) `m H${dVoVrb H$ï>H$ar ñÌr ............ H$m§S>V Amho.

(3) nmQ>rImbr {VZo ............ R>odbo Amho.

(4) CÝhmMo MQ>Ho$ ~gy Z oV åhUyZ {VZo nm`mbm ............ ~m§Ybm Amho.

(5) noamnoamV gmIa, Vw_M§ {nH$b§ ............

à.3 Imbrb àým§Mr XmoZ Vo VrZ dmŠ`m§V CÎmao {bhm.

(1) "Ord _mJo KmoQ>mibm' Ago Vr H$m åhUVo ?

(2) "nrR> OmË`mV AmQ>b§' `mMm AW© ñnï> H$am

(3) YaU ~m§YVmZm {VZo H$moUVo H$ï> gmogbo ?

(4) H$m_mda OmÊ`mnydu nhmQ>obm Vr H$moUVr H$m_o H$aVo ?

(5) H$ï> H$éZ {edma {nH${dUmè`m ñÌrbm KmoQ>â nmUr H$m {_iV Zmhr ?

à.4 Imbrb AmoitMo g§X^m©gh ñnîQ>rH$aU H$am.

(1) ""Pw§Oy_w§Oy J Pmb§, nrR> OmË`mV AmQ>b§''

(2) ""{Xg§ H$mgè`mbm Ambm, Ord _mJo KmoQ>mibm''

(3) ""noamnoam§V gmIa Vw_M§ {nH$b§ {edma''

(4) ""dob _m§S>dmbm MT>o, _mÂ`m Km_mMo J Amio''

à.5 Imbr {Xboë`m àým§Mo CÎma nmM ghm dmŠ`mV {bhm.

(1) `m H${dVoVrb ñÌrÀ`m Jar~ n[apñWVrMo dU©Z H$go Ho$bo Amho?

à.6 Imbrb àíZmMo CÎma gmV AmR> dmŠ`mV {bhm.

`m H${dVoMm gmam§e gmV Vo AmR> AmoirV {bhm.

^mfmä`mg(1) Imbrb AmoirVrb Ab§H$ma AmoiIm d bjUo {bhm.

(1) ""YaU ~m§YVo J, _mPo _aU H$m§S>Vo J''.

(2) ""H$m` gm§Jy CÝhmÀ`m Pim, Kmd KmbrV \w$Q>o {eim''.

(3) ""dob _m§S>dmbm MT>o, _mÂ`m Km_mMo J Aio''

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(2) Imbrb dmH$²> àMmamMm AW© gm§JyZ dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$am.

Pw§Oy_w§Oy hmoUo

{Xg§ H$mgè`mbm oUo

Ord KmoQ>miUo

dob _m§S>dmbm MT>Uo

H$S> XmQ>Uo

(3) {dJ«h H$ê$Z g_mg AmoiIm, àH$ma {bhm.

(1) noamnoam§V (2) H$Ur H$m|S>m

CnH«$_

(1) "`m hmo gy ©ZmamÙm' hr B§{Xam g§Vm§Mr H${dVm {_idyZ dmMm.

(2) ""YaUJ«ñVm§Mo _ZmoJV'' `mda {Z~§Y {bhm.


{Q>nU, VmarI VrW©én

Q>rH$m X{jUm J«m_rU

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121

H${dVm-11… gwÝ`m {VÀ`mhr Xmhr {XemAZwamYm nmQ>rb

n[aM` :

AZwamYm H$m¡{VH$amd nmQ>rb (OÝ_ 1954) A{bH$S>À`m H$mimVrb bjUr` H$d{`Ìr"{XJm§V', "Varhr', {Xdg§o{Xdg ho H$mì`g§J«h àH$m{eV. J«m_rU g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m na§naoZo g§ñH$m[aVPmbobr, Varhr OrdZm~ÔbMm AmYw{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ ì`ŠV H$aUmar Aer Ë`m§Mr H${dVm Amho.Amnë`mbm hdo Agbobo OJUo Amnë`m dmQ>`mbm Z oUo. `m_wio {Z_m©U hmoUmao Xw…I ho Ë`m§À`mH${dVoMo gyÌ Amho. dada nmhVm gw~moY dmQ>Umao Ë`m§À`m H${dVoMo eãXén A§{V_V… Ë`m§À`m^mdd¥VrÀ`m gyú_ Vab ñdénmH$S>o bj doYUmao AgVo.

ñÌr OÝ_mMr H$éU H$hmUr H$d{`ÌrZo `m H${dVoV àË``H$mar ^mfoV gm§{JVbr Amho. Zg§nUmao H$m~mS>H$ï> d hmbAnoï>m gmogyZhr Vr AmemdmXrM Amho. "H$Ur H$m|S>m' nmISy>Z gËdCMbÊ`mMr OrdQ> gd`'' ~miJyZ Agboë`m h`m ñÌrbm "Xmhr {Xem _mÌ gwÝ`m gwÝ`mM AmhoVhr H${dVm "Varhr' `m H$mì`g§J«hmVyZ {ZdS>br Amho. øm H${dVoMm àH$ma "gm_m{OH$ H${dVm' hmAmho.

(_yë` - ñÌr g_ñ`m)

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_mÂ`m S>moù`m§g_moéZ gaH$V OmVmV

Mma XmoZ CXmg PmS>m§Zr doT>bobr Jmd§

Am{U âXwnma S>moŠ`mda KoV

nmUr dmhUmè`m ~m`m§Mr am§J

gJio G$Vy KoD$Z oVmV Ë`m§À`mgmR>r

Z g§nUmè`m H$ï>m§Mr _mi,

\w$nmQ>m âboë`m MmH$moè`m§VyZ

MmbVm MmbVm dmQ>Vo Ë`m§Zm

{\$Q>ob Aem OJÊ`mMmhr nm§J

agagyZ VoOmiVo Ë`m§À`m

H$moUË`mhr Xw…Im§Mr Á`moV

Agø R>UH$m Am wî`mMm

Hw$Ry>Z AmUVmV Vob hiXrÀ`m dmQ>rMo ~i

MwbrVë`m bmH$S>mZ§ MwbrV Oimd§

åhUVmZm Kwg_Q>VmV Ord

g_¥Õ hmoVmo nwÝhm nwÝhm

EImÚm âë`m {d{harMm Vi.

AZmR>m`r Am wî` Joë`mMr

~moM Ë`m§Zm KoaV Zmhr

dmiy _Yë`m {Pè`mgmaIm

nmPaVmo OrdZ ag

{H$VrXm _éZ nwÝhm CR>Vo

Hw$Ur EImXr nmé, Hw$Ur EImXr amhr

H$Ur H$m|S>m nmISy>Z

gËd CMbÊ`mMr OrdQ> gd`

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Am{U EH$ XrK© Cgmgm CÚmgmR>r

Xw…I nwéZ R>odVmV _mVrImbr

Am{U ñdV…bmM g_OmdVmV

Vm§ã`mâ nmÊ`mMm {dgmdm

Hw$UrVar Agmd§ nmR>rnmoQ>r

_mÂ`mnojm doJir ZgVo

nm`m§Zm nmZ§ ~m§YyZ dmQ> VwS>dUmar

{VWbr H$moUVrhr AmB©

OmiUmam {Vbm g§gmamMm dUdm

{VMohr hmV [aH$m_o AdH$me H$diyZ

eãXmW© d Q>rnm :

CXmg - {Zame H$ï>m§Mr_mi - EH$m _mJyZ EH$ òUmar g§H$Q>o \w$nmQ>m - Vmnbobr _mVrnm§J {\$Q>Uo - H$ï>mMo gmW©H$ hmoUo Agø - ghZ Z hmoUmao Am wî`mMm R>UH$m - gVV

hmoUmao, Xw…I R>UH$m - doXZm Kwg_Q>Uo - H$m|S>_mam hmoUo g_¥Õ - n[anyU© ~moM - gb,Xw…I {Pè`m - Pam gwÝ`m - [aH$må`m nmPaUo - {PanUo H$Ur H$m|S>m nmIS>Uo - IynH$ï> H$aUo gËd CMbUo - CËH¥$ï> Vo {ZdS>Uo OrdQ> - OrdZmbm bmJbobr {dgmdm - {dlm§Vr

Cgmgm - Imob {Z…œmg nmR>r nmoQ>r AgUo - AmYma AgUo dUdm - O§JbmVrb AmJAdH$me - A§Vami, AmH$me OrdZag - OJÊ`mMr XwX©å` BÀN>m, Cgmgm - gwñH$mam,AZmRm>`r - H$maU ZgVmZm, {ZaW©H$, MmH$moar - _ibobr dmQ>.

ñdmÜ`m`

à.1 Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm.

(1) Jmd H$emZr doT>bobo Amho ?

(2) âXwnmar Hw$UmMr am§J bmJVo ?

(3) Z g§nUmè`m H$ï>mMr _mi H$moRy>Z OmVo ?

(4) Xw…ImMr Á`moV H$er VoOmiVo ?

(5) MwbrVë`m bmH$S>mZo Hw$R>o Oimdo ?

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(6) Ë`mZm H$moUVr ~moM KoaV Zmhr ?

(7) Xw…I Hw$R>o nwéZ R>odVmV ?

(8) nm`mZm Ë`m H$m` ~m§YyZ dmQ> VwS>{dVmV ?


(1) _mÂ`m ............ g_moéZ gaH$V OmVmV.

(2) gJio ............ KoD$Z oVmV Ë`m§À`mgmR>r Z g§nUmè`m H$ï>mMr _mi.

(3) dmiy _Yë`m {Pè`mgmaIm nmPaVmo ............

(4) H$Ur H$m|S>m nmISy>Z ............ CMbÊ`mMr OrdQ> gd`.

(5) nm`m§Zm nmZ§ ~m§YyZ dmQ> VwS>dUmar {VWbr H$moUVrhr ............

à.3 Imbrb àým§Mr VrZ Vo Mma AmoirV CÎmao {bhm.

(1) gJio G$Vy Ë`m§À`mgmR>r H$m` AmUVmV ?

(2) MmbVm MmbVm Ë`mZm H$m` dmQ>Vo ?

(3) OrdZmMm Agh` R>UH$m Wm§~{dÊ`mg H$m` AmUVmV ?

(4) H$moUVr gd` Ë`m ~m`m§Zm Amho ?

(5) H$moUVm {dgmdm, Ë`m§Zm H$emgmR>r hdm ?

(6) {VÀ`m g§gmambm dUdm H$m åhQ>bo Amho ?

à.4 Imbrb àým§Mr nmM Vo ghm dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm.

(1) {ñÌ`m§À`m H$ï>m§Zm H$ï>m§Mr _mi H$m åhQ>bo Amho ?

(2) {ñÌ`m ñdV…bm H$go g_OmdVmV ?

(3) AdH$me H$diyZ {VMo hmV [aH$m_o Ago H$m åhQ>bo Amho ?

à.5 Imbrb AmoitMo g§X^m©gh ñnï>rH$aU H$am.

(1) ""MmbVm MmbVm dmQ>Vo Ë`m§Zm {\$Q>ob Aem OJÊ`mMmhrnm§J''.

(2) ""Hw$Ry>Z AmUVmV Vob hiXrÀ`m dmQ>rMo ~i''.

(3) ""Hw$Ur EImXr nmé, Hw$Ur EImXr amhr''.

(4) ""g_¥Õ hmoVmo nwÝhm nwÝhm EImÚm âë`m {d{harMm Vi''.

(5) ""OmiUmam {Vbm g§gmamMm dUdm''.

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à.6 Imbrb àíZmMo gmV Vo AmR> AmoirV CÎma {bhm.

(1) "gwÝ`m {VÀ`mhr {Xem Xmhr' `m H${dVoMm AW© Vw_À`m eãXmV {bhm.

^mfmä`mg

(1) Imbrb dmH$²àMmam§Mm AW©gm§JyZ dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$am.

nm§J \o$S>Uo, H$Ur H$m|S>m nmIS>Uo, dmQ> VwS>dUo

(2) Ab§H$ma AmoiIyZ bjUo gm§Jm.

dmiy _Yë`m {Pè`mgmaIm nmPaVmo OrdZ ag.

(B) {dJ«h H$éZ g_mg AmoiIm.

Agø, OrdZag, nmR>rnmoQ>r

CnH«$_

(1) "^`M{H$V Z_mdo VwO a_Ur' hr ^m.am. Vm§~o `mMr H${dVm dmMm.

(2) "Aao g§gma g§gma' hr ~{hUm~mB© Mm¡Yar `m§Mr H${dVm dmMm.


X¡Z§{XZr Z¡g{J©H$ {ÛJw{UV

Y¡`©embr H¡${\$`V AZw^yVr

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H${dVm-12… _mÂ`m _mhoambmAkmV

n[aM` : ñÌr, _J Vr J¥{hUr Agmo, _mVm Agmo qH$dm AmOr Agmo {VMr _mhoaMr AmoT>H$mhr H$_r hmoV Zmhr. Vr _mhoaÀ`m dmQ>oH$S>o S>moio bmdyZ ~gVo. H$Yr nmIam~amo~a {Zamonhr nmR>dVo.`m bmoH$JrVmV _mhoam{df`r ñÌrbm dmQ>Umè`m ^mdZm {H$Vr hiwdmanUo a§Jdë`m AmhoV ! Ë`ma§J{dVmZm ~m`H$m§À`m Vm|S>Mr gmYr nU agaerV ^mfm {H$Vr n[aUm_H$maH$nUo dmnabr Amho !bmoH$JrVm§Mo hoM _moR>o d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. hr bmoH$JrVo H$moUrhr EImÚm ñÌrZo {b{hbobr ZmhrV.pñÌ`m§H$Sy>Z pñÌ`m§H$S>o Vr nmR>m§VamZo Ambr AmhoV. nU Vr H$moUr {b{hbr AmhoV ho AkmV Amho.

`m bmoH$ JrVm§Mm g§J«h gmZo JwéOr (gXm{ed nm§Sw>a§J gmZo) `m§Zr Ho$bm Amho.

(_yë` - H¥$VkVm, A{^_mZ)

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_mÂ`m _mhoambm Oer JmoHy$itMr dOm

H$ma^mar _m_m VwPm VmÝho~mim

_mÂ`m _mhoambm VmQ>dmQ>`m§À`m MiVr

OodyZ CR>bo _mPo mD$ VwPo nVr

_mÂ`m _mhoambm amhr gXm CKS>oXma

Amë`m Joë`m§Mm nmhþUMma hmoV Ago

_mÂ`m _mhoambm ZH$ma Zmhr H$moUm

Ambm Jobm nmhþUm {ZË` Amho

_mÂ`m _mhoamMr gm§Jy _r {H$Vr H$sVu

bmO dmQ>o gIr H$er gm§Jy _mÂ`m AmoR>r

_mÂ`m _mhoambm Ho$dT>r Am§~amB©

Am§ã`mZm VmoQ>m Zmhr H$YrH$mir

_mÂ`m _mhoambm Zmair nmo\$ir

Ë`m§Mr N>m`m J XmQ>br A§JUmV

_mÂ`m _mhoambm Zmhr H$moUm gmgwadmg

gwZm, boH$s¨À`m narg dmJdrVr

nmD$gnmÊ`mMr YaUr_m` dmQ> nmho

Ver _bm AmgAmho _mhoamMr

{Xdg _mdibm H$X©irAmS> Pmbm

_bm _mK>mam Zm Ambm _mhoarMm

_mÂ`m _mhoambm S>mobVo _moR>r ~mJ

dmQ>ob Vo Vy _mJ d¡Zr~mB©

_mhoar OmB©Z ~goZ A§JUr

VoWo bdVr H$m{_Zr ^mdO`m

A§JUmV Ioio XUmUbr _mPr Amir

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åhUo boHw$admir Ambr _mhoambm

OodU _r Oodr ^mOr ^mH$arMo

_m oÀ`m hmVrMo JmoS> bmJo

OodU _r Oodr OodVo nmoirMo

nmUr _mhoaÀ`m Jm§drMo JmoS>bmJo

_mhoaÀ`m dmQ>o _D$ Jma h[aH$ XmQ>o

gmgaë`m dmQ>o Q>m|MVr Hw$MHw$M H$mQ>o

eãXmW© d Q>rnm :dOm - Vèhm, àH$ma MiV - amg, T>rJ, CVa§S> nmhþUMma- AmXam{VÏ` (nmhþÊ`m§Mo)

Am§~amB© - Am§ã`mMr ~mJ gmgwadmg - gmgar hmoUmam OmM YaUr - O_rZ _mKmam -_wbrbm _mhoar ~mobmdÊ`mg Ambobm _Zwî` (_wamir) Amir - J„r boHw$admir - _wbo~mioAgUmar ~mB© h[aH$ - {hadi _m` - AmB© gmgaë`m - gmgaÀ`m H$m{_Zr- gw§Xa ñÌr

^mdO` - bhmZ ^mdmMr nËZr H$X©i- EH$ bmb \w$bmMo PmS> N>m`m- gmdbr

Q>rnbmoH$JrV - {ñÌ`m§Zr aMbobr d gd©gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§À`m ^mdZm ghOnUo Á`mV AgVmV.

Aer JmUr

CXm - Jm¡arMrJmUr, hmX½`mMr JmUr ZmJn§M_rMr, _§JimJm¡arMr, hiXrMr JmUr.

ñdmÜ`m`à.1 Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

(1) _mhoa H$emà_mUo Amho ?

(2) nmD$gnmÊ`mMr H$moU dmQ> nmhVo ?

(3) _mhoaÀ`m A§JUmV H$moUVr PmS>o AmhoV ?

(4) _mhoar Am§ã`mZm VmoQ>m H$m Zmhr ?

(5) _mhoar H$moUmMm nmhþUMma hmoVm ?

(6) Amir H$em_wio XUmUyZ OmB©b ?

(7) H$moUË`m dmQ>oda H$mQ>o Q>moMVmV ?

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(8) _mhoadmerU AmB©À`m hmVMo H$moUVo OodU OodUma Amho ?


(1) _mÂ`m _mhoambm ............ MiVr.

(2) Ambm Jobm nmhþUm ............

(3) gwZm ............ dmJ{dVr.

(4) gmgaÀ`m dmQ>o ............

(5) {Xdg _mdibm ............

(6) VoWo bdVr ............ ^mdO`m.

(7) åhUo ............ Ambr _mhoambm.

(8) ............ hmVrMo JmoS> bmJo.

(9) _mhoaÀ`m dmQ>o _D$Jma ............ XmQ>o.

(10) _bm ............ Zm Ambm _mhoarMm.


(1) _mhoambm "JmoHw$i' H$m åhQ>bo Amho ?

(2) gmga Am{U _mhoa `mVrb \$aH$ H$gm gm§{JVbm Amho ?

(3) `m bmoH$JrVmVrb ñÌr _mhoar OmD$Z H$m` H$aUma Amho ?

à.4 Imbrb AmoitMo g§X^m©gh ñnï>rH$aU {bhm.

(1) ""_mÂ`m _mhoambm & Zmhr H$moUm gmgwadmg''

(2) ""OodU _r OodrŸ& ^mOr ^mH$arMo''

(3) ""gmgaë`m dmQ>oŸ& Q>m|MVr Hw$MHw$M H$mQ>o''

à.5 Imbrb àíZm§Mr nmM Vo ghm dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

(1) _mhoaÀ`m d¡ dmMo dU©Z H$go Ho$bo Amho ?

(2) _mhoaÀ`m _§S>itMm ñd^md H$gm Amho ?

(3) _mhoaÀ`m Kar Joboë`m ì`ŠVrMo ñdmJV H$go hmoVo ?

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à.6 Imbrb àíZmMo CÎma gmV Vo AmR> dmŠ`mV {bhm.

(1) `m bmoH$JrVmV _mhoaMo dU©Z H$em àH$mao Ho$bo Amho ?

^mfmä`mg

(1) Imbrb AmoirVrb Ab§H$ma AmoiIm d bjUo gm§Jm.

(1) _mÂ`m _mhoambm Oer JmoHy$itMr dOm.

(2) _mÂ`m _mhoambm Zmhr H$moUm gmgwadmg

gwZm, boH$s¨À`m narg dmJdrVr

(3) nmD$gnmÊ`mMr YaUr_m` dmQ>nmho

Ver _bm Amg Amho _mhoamMr


VmÝho~mi, VmQ>dmQ>r, Am§~amB©, nmD$gnmUr, YaUr_m`, ^mOr^mH$ar, gmgwadmg.

CnH«$_

1) H¥$.~. {ZHw$å~ `m§Mr "Kmb Kmb qnJm dmè`m' hr H${dVm {_idyZ dmMm.

2) gamo{OZr ~m~a `m§À`m "ñÌrYZ' `m nwñVH$mVrb gUm§À`m Amoì`m {_idyZ dmMm.


gwI AgË` {ZamYma

A§Yma Z_« Iwem_V

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ì`mH$aU, boIZ {d^mJAb§H$ma -

Ab§H$ma åhUOo H$m` ? Ë`mMo JwUY_© H$moUVo ? `mMm Aä`mg H$éZ gwédmVrÀ`m H$mhrAb§H$mam§À`m àH$mam§Mm AmnU _mJrb B`ÎmoV Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho.

Amnë`mbm 10 dr À`m Aä`mgH«$_mVrb AWm©ÝVaÝ`mg AÝ`moŠVr, Ñï>mÝV, ñd^mdmoŠVr,MoVZJwUmoŠVr, {damoYm^mg B. Ab§H$mam§Mm Aä`mg H$amd`mMm Amho.

(1) AWm©ÝVaÝ`mg - nwT>rb Amoir dmMm

""~moY Ibmg Z éMo A{h_wIr Xw½Y hmo JabŸ&

ídmZnwÀN> Z{bHo$V KmVbo hmoB©Zm gai''

(Ib - Xþï> ; A{h - gmn ; Jab - {df)

AW© - Xþï> _mUgmbm {H$Vrhr Mm§Jbm CnXoe Ho$bm Var Ë`mbm Vmo AmdS>V Zmhr. gmnmbmnmOboë`m XwYmMo {dfmVM énm§Va hmoVo ho gm§JyZ Pmë`mZ§Va OrdZmV oUmam hm AZw d "Hw$Í`mMreonQ>r ZisV KmVbr Var Vr dmH$S>rM amhUma' `m AWm©À`m darb dmŠ`mZo gd©gm_mÝ`{gÕmÝVmÀ`m ñdénmV _m§S>br Amho.

"_aUmV IamoIa OJ OJVo' qH$dm "OZ niâ åhU{Vb hm`hm`' `m H${dd © Vm§ã`m§À`mH${dVm§V àW_ gm_mÝ` {gÕmÝV gm§JyZ Ë`mÀ`m g_W©ZmW© {deof XmIbo {Xbobo AmT>iVmV.`mdéZ EImÚm gm_mÝ` {dYmZmÀ`m g_W©ZmW© {deof CXmhaUo qH$dm {deof CXmhaUm§déZ eodQ>rEImXm gm_mÝ` {gÕmÝV H$mT>bm Va AWm©ÝVaÝ`mg hm Ab§H$ma hmoVmo. (AWm©ÝVa - Xwgam AW©,Ý`mg - eoOmar R>odUo)

- EH$m AWm©Mm g_W©H$ Agm Xwgam AW© Ë`mÀ`m eoOmar R>odUo Agmhr `m Ab§H$mamMm AW©Amho. H$mhr H$dtZr Amnë`m H${dVm§V H$mT>bobo H$mhr gm_mÝ` {gÕmÝV nwT>o {Xbobo AmhoV.

(1) EH$m hmVo H${YV[a _wbr dmOVo H$m` Q>mis ?

(2) gmdim da ~am Jm¡a dYwbmŸ&

(3) OmVrÀ`m gw§Xam§Zm H$mhrhr emo Vo.

(4) _yi ñd^md OmB©Zm.

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(5) H$m _aUr A_aVm hr Z Iar ?

(6) AË wƒr n{X Wmooahr {~KS>Vmo hm ~mob Amho Iam.

(2) AÝ`moŠVr - AÝ`moŠVr åhUOo AÝ`mbm (Xwgè`mbm) CÔoeyZ Ho$bobr CŠVr (~mobUo). {H$Ë oH$doim ñnï>nUo EImÚm ì`ŠVrbm ~mobVm oV Zmhr. Aemdoir Á`mÀ`m~Ôb ~mobm`Mo AmhoË`mÀ`m~Ôb H$mhrM Z ~mobVm Xwgè`m~Ôb ~mobyZ Amnbo _ZmoJV ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mMr Or nÕV{VbmM "AÝ`moŠVr' Ab§H$ma åhUVmV.

CXm… oWo g_ñV ~{hao ~gVmV bmoH$

H$m ^mfUo _Ywa Vy H$[aer AZoH$

ho _yI© `mg {H$_{nhr Zgo {ddoH$

a§Jmdê$Zr VwObm JUVrb H$mH$&

H$dr `m H${dVoV H$mo{H$iobm CÔoeyZ ~mobV Amho. H$mo{H$ioMo {Z{_Îm H$éZ H$dr Oar H$mhråhUV Agbm Var Aa{gH$ OJmnwT>o Amnë`m H$boMo àXe©Z H$aUmè`m a{gH$mbm CÔoeyZ Ë`mbm~mobm`Mo Amho. OJ H$boMo MrO Z H$aVm ~mh` ñdénmdéZ Ë`mMr qH$_V H$aV AgVo. hooWo _moR>`m Iw~rZo ì`ŠV Ho$bo Amho.

Xwgè`mbm CÔoeyZ ~mobyZ Amnbo _ZmoJV ì`ŠV H$aÊ`m§À`m nÕVrbm "AÝ`moŠVr' Ago åhUVmV`m Ab§H$mamV H$dr àñVwVm~Ôb (Á`mbm ~mobm`Mo Ë`mÀ`m~Ôb) Z ~mobVm AàñVwVm§Zm(BVam§Zm) CÔoeyZ ~mobV AgVmo åhUyZ AÝ`moŠVr bm AàñVwV àe§gm Agohr åhUVmV CXm.

"boH$s ~mobo gwZo bmJo'

""gm§~mÀ`m qnS>rVo ~g{g A{YîRy>Z d¥píMH$m, AmO

n[a Vmo Aml` gwQ>Vm§ IoQ>a CVarb ao VwPm _mO''

(3) Ñï>m§V : EImÚm {deof Jmoï>rÀ`m ñnï>rH$aUmgmR>r Xwgè`m {deof Jmoï>rMo (Ë`mM AWm©Mo)CXmhaU {Xbo OmVo, Voìhm hm Ab§H$ma hmoVmo. Ñï>mÝVmV gmÑí`Vm AgVo nU Vo XmI{dUmaogmå`dmMH$ eãX ZgVmV.

CXm :(1) ""bhmZnU Xo Jm Xodm & _w§Jr gmIaoMm admŸ&&

EoamdV aËZ Wmoa & Ë`mgr A§Hw$emMm _ma''

(2) Z H$iVmnX A{½Zdar nS>o & Z H$[a Xmh Ago Z H$Yr KS>oŸŸ&&

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A{OV-Zm_ dXmo ^bË`m {_go & gH$b nmVH$ ^ñ_ H$arVgoŸ&&

(4) ñd^mdmoŠVr : EImÚm ì`ŠVrMo, àmÊ`mMo, dñVyMo, Ë`mÀ`m ñdm^m{dH$ pñWVrMo `WmW©hþ~ohÿ~, nU d¡{eîQ>çnyU© dU©Z AgVoo VoWo ñd^mdmoŠVr Ab§H$ma AgVmo EImÚm Jmoï>rMo hþ~ohÿ~dU©Z Agbo åhUOo hm Ab§H$ma hmoVmo.

CXm :(1) JUnV dmUr {dS>r {nVmZm, Mmdm`Mm ZwgVrM H$mS>r ;

åhUm`Mm AZ² _Zm{eM H$s, h`m OmJoda ~m§{YZ _mS>r

{_MH$mdwZr _J COdm S>moim, Am{U CS>dwZr S>mdr {^dB© ;>

{âH$mdw{Z Vr V{eM Úm`Mm, bHo$a ~oMd O¡er JdB©.

`m AmoirV H$drZo JUnV dmÊ`mMo hþ~ohþ~ {MÌ eãXm§Zr aoImQ>bo Amho. AJXr Ë`mÀ`mS>moio {_MH$mdÊ`mMo dU©Zhr OgoÀ`m Vgo Amho.

(2) _mVrV Vo ngabo A{Vaå` n§IŸ&

Ho$bo dar CXa nm§Sw>a {ZîH$b§H$Ÿ&&

M§My VerM CKS>r nX bm§~drboŸ&

{ZîàmU Xoh nS>bm l_hr {Z_mboŸ&&

(5) {damoYm^mg : EImÚm {dYmZmV dada {Xgm`bm {damoY Amho Ago dmQ>Vo ; nU dmñV{dH$Vgm {damoY ZgVmo Aem {R>H$mUr "{damoYm^mg' hm Ab§H$ma AgVmo. `m {damoYmMm n[ahma (-{ZamH$aU) H$aVm oVmo. `mV IamoIa {damoY ZgyZ {damoYmMm Am^mg {Z_m©U Ho$bobm AgVmo.

CXm :(1) Oar Am§Yir _r Vwbm nmhVo.

(2) {d`moJmW© _rbZ hmoVo Zo_ hm OJmMm

(3) VwOgmR>r _aU Vo OZZ, VwOdrU OZZ Vo _aU

(4) gd©M bmoH$ ~moby bmJbo H$s H$moUrM EoH$V Zmhr.

CXm 1 : oWo dada nmhVm Am§Yir Am{U nmhUo hm {damoY dmQ>Vmo nU A§V…Mjw§ZrnmhVo hm AW© A{^àoV Amho.

(6) MoVZJwUmoŠVr : {ZgJm©Vrb {ZOud dñVy gOrd AmhoV Aer H$ënZm H$éZ Vr _Zwî`mà_mUodmJVmV qH$dm H¥$Vr H$aVmV Ago OoWo dU©Z AgVo VoWo "MoVZJwUmoŠVr' hm Ab§H$ma AgVmo.

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CXm :(1) Vr nhm, gdm©V _mJo Amnbr _mZ C§MmdyZ AmH$memMr {ZimB© nmhUmar Q>oH$S>r.

darb CXmhaUmV Q>oH$S>r AMoVZ Amho Vr _mZ C§MmdyZ AmH$memMr {ZimB© nmhVo.Agm Ab§H$ma d{U©bm Amho.

(2) Ambm hm Xm[a C^m dg§V \o$ardmbm,

nmoVo Im§Úmd[a gm¡ÚmMoŸ& XoB©b Á`mMo Ë`mbm.

(3) Aao doS>`m gmoZMm\$`mŸ& H$m` VwPmao ~ha.

Zmhr nm{hbrg _mPrŸ& Mm\o$H$ir gmoZJm¡a.

(4) Mm\$m ~moboZm, Mm\$m MmboZm,

Mm\$m I§V H$ar, H$mhr Ho$ë`m \w$boZm !

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d¥ÎmoAmR>dr d ZddrÀ`m nmR²>`nwñVH$mVyZ AmnU H$m§hr d¥Îmm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho. `mdfu-

{eI[aUr, _§XmH«$m§Vm, _§Xma_mbm, gw_§Xma_mbm `m AjaJUd¥Îmm§Mm VgoM Am`m©, A §J d Amodr `mOmVr (_mÌm) d¥Îmm§Mm Am{U "_wŠVN>§X' `m àH$mam§Mm Aä`mg H$amd`mMm Amho.

1. {eI[aUr :

nhm gømMrM àIa {J[aamOr {eI[aUr

nhmg / ømMrM / àIa / {J[aam / Or{eI / [aÜr

bJH«$_ ∪ --- - - - - ∪∪∪ ∪∪ − −∪∪ ∪−

` _ Z g ^ b J

d¥Îm - {eI[aUr.

bjUo -

(1) Ajao - 17

(2) `Vr - 6 d 12 ì`m Ajam§da

(3) JU - `, _, Z, g, ^, b, J

2. _§XmH«$m§Vm :

_oKm§Zr ho JJZ âVm JmT> AmfmT>_mgr

_oKm§Zr / hoJJ / Zâ / VmJmT> / AmfmT> / _mgr

bJH«$_ − --- - -∪∪ ∪∪∪ − −∪ − −∪ − −

_ ^ Z V V JJ

d¥Îm - _§XmH«$m§Vm

bjUo -

(1) Ajao - 17

(2) `Vr - 4 Ï`m d 6 ì`m Ajam§da

(3) JU - _, ^, Z, V, V, J, J

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3. _§Xma_mbm :

drUm H$ar _§Ow P§H$ma hmVr, Ago emaXm hr OJÝ_mo{hZr

drUmH$ / ar_§Ow / P§H$ma / hmVrA / goema / XmhrO / JÝ_mo{h / Zr

bJH«$_ - - ∪ - - ∪ - - ∪ - - ∪ - - ∪ - - ∪ - - ∪ −

V V V V V V V J

d¥Îm - _§Xma_mbm

bjUo -

(1) Ajao - 22

(2) `Vr - 4, 10 d 16 ì`m Ajam§da

(3) JU - V, V, V, V, V, V, V, J

4. gw_§Xma_mbm :

_amR>r Ago Am_wMr _m`~mobr, Oar {^Þ Y_m©Zw m`r Agy.

_amR>r / AgoAm / _wMr_m / `~mobr / Oar{^ / ZY_m© / Zw m`r / Agy.

bJH«$_ ∪ - - ∪ - - ∪ - - ∪ - - ∪ - - ∪ - - ∪ - - ∪ -

` ` ` ` ` ` ` bJ

d¥Îm - gw_§Xma_mbm.

bjUo -

(1) Ajao - 23

(2) `Vr - 5, 11 d 17 ì`m Ajam§da

(3) JU - `, `, `, `, `, `, `, `, J

Q>rn - _§Xma_mboÀ`m Ama§ r bKw Aja Ambo H$s "gw_§Xma_mbm' ho d¥Îm hmoVo.

_mÌm-d¥Îm (OmVr)

ì`m»`m - ""Á`m H${dVoÀ`m MaUmV Ajam§Mo d JUmMo ~§YZ ZgyZ Ho$di _mÌm§Mo ~§YZ AgVo,Ë`mg "_mÌmd¥Îm' qH$dm "OmVr' åhUVmV''. `m_Ü o bKwgmR>r EH$_mÌm' Va JwégmR>r XmoZ _mÌm_moOVmV.

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`m _mÌmd¥ÎmmV AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m nÚ aMZm AmT>iVmV.

{deofV… \$Q>Ho$, A§JmB©-JrV, nmiUo, ynmi`m, AmaË`m, g_aJrVo, bmdÊ`m `m§Mm, `mV g_mdoehmoVmo.

(1) Am`m© : g§ñH¥$V_Ü o Á`mbm "JrVr' åhUVmV, Ë`m nÚ àH$mamg _amR>rV "Am`m©' åhUVmV. _moamn§VmÀ`m Am`m© à{gÕ AmhoV.

CXm : gwíbmoH$ dm_ZmMmŸ& A §JdmUr à{gÕ VwH$`mMrŸ&&

Amodr kmZoemMrŸ& V¡er Am`m© _`yan§VmMrŸ&&

22 2222 22 22 121222

_mÌm - 12 + 18

A^§JA §JmMo àH$ma XmoZ AmhoV.

(1) _moR>m A §J

(2) bhmZ A §J

(1) _moR>m A §J - `mV EHy$U Mma MaU AgVmV. n{hë`m VrZ MaUmV 6 qH$dm 8 Aja| AgVmV d Mm¡Ï`m MaUmV 4 Aja| AgVmV.

CXm :(1) Xodm{M`m ÛmarŸ& C^m jU ârŸ&

VoUo _w{ŠV MmarŸ& gm{Yòë`mŸ&& - kmZoída

(2) bú_U ^mdmoOrŸ& _mJo, nwT>o ñdm_rŸ&

_O Amho Ym_rŸ& Eogo dmQ>oŸ&&

(2) bhmZ A §J : bhmZ A §JmV XmoZ MaU AgVmV. àË oH$ MaUmV AmR> Aja|AgVmV.

CXm : _wIr ~mobo ~«÷kmZŸ& _Zr YZ A{^_mZŸ&&

- Amodr -Amodrbm Mma MaU AgVmV. n{hë`m VrZ MaUmÀ`m eodQ>r `_H$ AgVo. A{bH$S>À`m

Amoì`mV àË oH$s 8 Ajam§Mo Mma MaU AgVmV. Xwgè`m d Mm¡Ï`m MaUmV `_H$ Owi{dbobo AgVo.

A §J d Amodr ho XmoÝhr N>§X gmaIoM AmhoV. A §JmÀ`m {VÝhr MaUmV ~hþVoH$ gmaIrMAja| AgVmV A §JmÀ`m eodQ>r H$drMo Zmd AmT>iVo.

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CXm : (1) n{hbr _mPr AmodrJ§Ÿ& n{hbm _mPm Z|_Ÿ&

VwierImbr am_Ÿ& nmoWr dmMrŸ&&

(2) «VmamÀ`m amÁ`rŸ& CUo R>odrZm ao XodŸ&

~{hUrÀ`m _ZrŸ& MmoirMr Amem R>odŸ&&

- _wŠVN>§X -

""Ajag§»`m, bKw-JwéH«$_, _mÌm, `_H$ `mgmaIo H$moUVoM ~§YZ Zgboë`m aMZobm"_wŠVN>§X' åhUVmV''

"_wŠVN>§X' H$mì` àH$mamV AmoitMo ~§YZ ZgVo. H$ënZm, {dMma qH$dm ^mdZm nwar Pmbr H$sH$S>do g§nVo. _wº$N>§X hm b`~Õ d g§WnUo dmMmd`mMm AgVmo. dmMZ AmKmV àYmZ AgVo."_wŠVN>§X' hm H$mì`àH$ma H$dr A{Zb `m§Zr _amR>rV AmUbm.

CXm : (1)_mPm eãX = EH$ JmoUnmQ>

H$moZmS>`mV nS>bobo

nS>boM Cn`moJr

Va H$Yr_Yr Ka nwgm`bm

qH$dm nmMmoam.

(2)H$Yr nmhVmo

_r _mÂ`mVM {damQ> _mZd

nmdbm§VwZr C_bo Á`mÀ`m CfmM A{^Zd

{h_mb`mn[a Xoh O`mMm

_wHw$Q> {eamda a{d{H$aUm§Mm

n{dÌ J§Jm ñ\w$aVo Ë`mÀ`m djm_YwZr.

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_amR>rVrb "åhUr' Am{U Ë`m§Mo AW©Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm Amnë`m ~mobÊ`mV N>moQ>r MQ>H$Xma d ~moYàX Aer dmŠ o dma§dma oVmV. d

Aer dmŠ | gVV dmnamV AgVmV. bmoH$m§À`m åhUÊ`mV oUmar, åhUyZ Aem dmŠ`m§Zm "åhU' AgoåhUVmV.

"åhU' hm eãX g§ñH¥$V "Û' åhUOo - ""gm§JUo qH$dm åhUUo' hmo .

bmoH$m§À`m gVV dmnamV oUmè`m N>moQ>`m dmŠ`m§Zm Vm|S>Mo dmL²>_` qH$dm AZw dmMo ~mob AWdmAZw dmÀ`m ImUr, Ago åhUVmV.

ì`m»`m - ""gdmªÀ`m ~mobÊ`mV gVV oUmao {M_wH$bo MQ>H$Xma,

~moYàX d gd©_mÝ` dMZ åhUOo "åhU' hmo .''

"åhUr' `m bmoH$OrdZ d bmoH${hVmMo Amago AgVmV. hOmamo dfmªÀ`m AZw dmVyZnyd©Om§Zr _moOŠ`m eãXm§V ì`ŠV Ho$bobo gm_y{hH$ ehmUnU AgVo. _mZdr d¥Îmr d àd¥Îmr `m§Mm "åhU'hm {Ma§Ordr CX²>Jma AgVmo.

H$moUË`mhr ^mfoMo d¡ d ho Ë`m ^mfoVrb "åhUr' d dmH$²àMma AWdm dmH$²g§àXm` {H$Vr g_W©d lr_§V AmhoV, Ë`mda Adb§~yZ AgVo. Ë`mV gm_mÝ`m§À`m OrdZmVrb "nyU© gË`' âbobo AgVo.

"åhUr' `m _m¡{IH$ dmQ>Mmb H$arV gm{hË`mV Amë`m AmhoV. åhUrV AZw dm§Mo A_¥V R>mgyZâbobo AgVo. Ë`mV àmg, àmgm{XH$Vm `m§Mm gw§Xa g§J_ gmYbobm AgVmo. åhUtÀ`m `mo½` dmnam_wio~mobÊ`mV d {bImUmV AMyH$Vm d gm_Ï © oVo.

CXm :(1) A{V VoWo _mVr.

(2) H$a MmH$ar, Im ^mH$ar

(3) H$m_mnwaVm _m_m, VmH$mnwaVr AmOr.

(4) Xoe Vgm dof.

(5) ImU Ver _mVr.

(6) Wm§~bm Vmo g§nbm.

(7) Oemg Vgo.

(8) OwZo Vo gmoZo.

(9) Ji`mV _mim, nmoQ>mV H$mim.

(10) AMmQ> ImUo, _gUmV OmUo.

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`mgma»`m åhUr _ZmMm, H$miOmMm R>md KoVmV. H$mZmV é§Or KmbVmV. OrdZmbm AW© àmáH$éZ XoVmV.

_amR>rVrb BVa H$m§hr åhUr d Ë`m§Mo AW© -(1) A{V ehmUm, Ë`mMm ~¡b [aH$m_m

(2) AgVrb {eVo, Va O_Vrb wVo

(3) A{V VoWo _mVr .............

(4) Am`Ë`m {~imV ZmJmo~m ........

(5) Amdim XoD$Z, H$mohim H$mT>Uo ...

(6) AmS>mV Zmhr, Va nmohè`mV-H$moRy>ZoUma ?

(7) Ag§Jmer g§J, àmUmer JmR>.

(8) Am§Yim _mJVmo EH$ S>moim, Xod XoVmo XmoZS>moio.

(9) CMbbr Or^, bmdbr Q>mi`mbm

(10) D$g JmoS> bmJbm åhUyZ, _wimgH$Q>ImD$ Zò.

(11) EH$ Kmd, XmoZ VwH$S>o .............

(12) EH$m hmVmZo Q>mir dmOV Zmhr

(13) H$amdo Vgo âmdo .............

(14) EH$ Zm YS> ^mamâ qMÜ`m ....

(15) H$a Zmhr Ë`mbm S>a H$embm ?

(1) A{V {M{H$Ëgm Ho$ë`mZo hmVr H$mhrMbmJV Zmhr.

(2) Omon ªV Amnë`mH$S>o n¡gm Amho Vmon ªVAZoH$ _mUg| Jmoim hmoVmV.

(3) H$moUË`mhr Jmoï>rMm A{VaoH$ dmB©Q>MAgVmo.

(4) ñdV… H$ï> Z H$aVm \$m`Xm {_i{dÊ`mMrd¥Îmr.

(5) Aën _mo~Xë`mV OmXm \$m`Xm KoUo.

(6) ñdV…OdiM Zgob Va Xwgè`mbm H$moRy>ZXoUma?

(7) XþîQ>m§Mr g§JV \$ma KmVH$ R>é eH$Vo.

(8) Anojmnojm OmñV {_iUo.

(9) A{dMmarnUo ~mobUo.

(10) CnH$maH$Ë`m©bm Ìmg {Xë`mZo, AmnboMZwH$gmZ hmoVo.

(11) Ëd[aV {ZU© KoUo.

(12) Xmof EH$mMmM ZgVmo.

(13) Amnë`m Hw$dVrà_mUo \$i {_iVo.

(14) EH$mMdoir AZoH$ Jmoï>r Ho$ë`mZo \$m`XmhmoV Zmhr, CbQ> H$m_ {~KS>Vo.

(15) AnamY Ho$bm Zgob Va {ejoMr ^rVrZgVo.

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(16) H$Sy> H$mabo VwnmV Vibo gmIaoV KmoiboVar H$Sy> Vo H$Sy>M

(17) Hw$èh>mS>rMm Xm§S>m JmoVmg H$mi ...

(18) H$moigm {H$Vrhr CJmibVar H$mimM

(19) ImB© Ë`mbm IdIdo .............

(20) JO}b Vmo nS>ob H$m` .............

(21) JaO gamo, d¡Ú _amo .............

(22) JmT>dmnwT>o JmB©br JrVm, H$mbMmJm|Yi ~am hmoVm.

(23) KamoKar _mVrÀ`m Mwbr .............

(24) KaMo Pmbo WmoS>o AZ² ì`mh`mZo YmS>boKmoS>o.

> (25) MmoamÀ`m _ZmV Mm§XUo -

(26) {OË`mMr ImoS> _oë`m{edm` OmV Zmhr.

(27) OodrZ Va Vwnmer, ZmhrVa .............Cnmer.

(28) Omdo Á`mÀ`m d§em, V|ìhm H$io ...

(29) Á`mMr Imdr nmoir, Ë`mMr dmOdmdrQ>mir.

(30) H$moaS²>`m~amo~a Amobohr OiVo.

(16) _wiMrM dmB©Q> Jmoï> {H$Vrhr Mm§JbrH$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Var Mm§Jbr hmoVZmhr.

(17) AmnbmM EImXm ZmVodmB©H$ AmnboMZwH$gmZ H$aVmo.

(18) dmB©Q> Jmoï>rVyZ H$mhrhr Mm§Jbo {ZKVZmhr.

(19) AnamÜ`mÀ`m _ZmV Ho$boë`m AnamYmMrOmUrd hmoUo.

(20) Vm|S>mMr ~S>~S> H$aUmè`mÀ`m hmVyZH$m§hrhr hmoV Zmhr.

(21) Amnbr JaO g§nbr H$s, CnH$maH$Ë`m©bm {dgaUo.

(22) _yIm©bm Ho$bobm CnXoe ì`W© R>aVmo.

(23) gd©Ì gd©gmYmaUnUo EH$ gmaIrMn[apñWVr AgVo.

(24) Amnë`m ânya H$m_mV BVam§À`m H$m_mMrâ nS>Uo.

(25) JwÝhoJma _mUgmbm Amnbm JwÝhm CKS>hmoB©b `mMr ^rVr AgVo.

(26) Zoh_rÀ`m gd`r OÝ_â OmV ZmhrV.

(27) {_imbo Va Mm§JboM hdo, ZmhrVaZH$moM.

(28) Á`mMr AS>MU Ë`mbmM _mhrV

(29) CnH$maH$Ë`m©À`m ~mOyZo ~mobmdo.

(30) AnamÜ`m ~amo~a {ZamnamÜ`mbmhr Xmof{Xbm OmVmo.

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(31) Amnbm Vmo ~mi`m, Xwgè`mMo Vo H$mQ>o©.

(32) Q>mH$sMo Kmd gmogë`m{edm` XJS>mbmXodnU oV Zmhr.

(33) T>di`mÀ`m eoOmar ~m§Ybm ndim, dmUZmhr nU JwU bmJbm.

(34) Vob Jobo, Vyn Jobo, hmVr .....YwnmQ>UoAmbo.

(35) ^Q>mbm {Xbr Amogar, ^Q>-hmVnm`ngar.

(36) [aH$m_m Ýhmdr, q^Vrbm Vw_S>`m-bmdr.

(37) bmoH$m gm§Jo ~«÷kmZ, AmnU-H$moaS>onmfmU.

(38) {dZme H$mbo, {dnarV ~wÕr

(39) {eVmdéZ ^mVmMr narjm-

(40) gwnmVrb hgVmV² OmË`mVrb -aS>VmV.

(41) gw§ Oimbm Var nri OiV Zmhr.

(42) hmVÀ`m H$m§H$Umbm Amagm H$embm.

(43) AmJ gmo_oœar, ~§~ am_oœar-(S>moi`mV Ho$a, H$mZmV \w§$H$a).

(44) BH$S>o AmS>, {VH$S>o {dhra .

(45) Zmd gmoZy~mB©, hmVr H${WbmMm dmim.

(31) Amnë`m Jmoï>t VodT>`m Mm§Jë`m dmQ>VmV,nU Xwgè`mMo Xmof {XgVmV.

(32) H$ï>m{edm` _moR>onU {_iV Zmhr.

(33) g§JVrZo Xwgè`mMo JwU KoÊ`mEodOr XwJw©UM_mÌ KoVbo OmVmV.

(34) A{V bmo m_wio hmoUmam WmoS>mgm \$m`XmhrhmVMm OmVmo.

(35) gdbVrMm J¡a\$m`Xm KoUo.

(36) [aH$m_m _mUyg H$m§hrVar CnX²>ì`mnH$arVM AgVmo.

(37) CnXoe H$aUo gmono, Ë`mà_mUo dmJUoH$R>rU.

(38) dmB©Q> doi Ambr H$s ~wÕrhr Ver hmoVo.

(39) WmoS>`mem MmMUr déZ gJi`m Jmoï>tMrH$ënZm òUo.

(40) BVa g§H$Q>mV gmnS>ë`m~Ôb hgy Z o.AmZ§X ì`ŠV H$é Z o.

(41) gÎmm, g§nÎmr Jobr Var _mUgmMm VmR>mH$m`_ amhUo.

(42) àË`j {XgV Agboë`m Jmoï>rgmR>rnwamì`mMr JaO ZgVo.

(43) XwIUo EH$sH$S>o, CnMma ^bVr H$S>o.

(44) Mmohmo~mOybm g§H$Q>oM g§H$Q>o.

(45) Ho$di gm§Jm`bm lr_§Vr, Iao Xm[aÐ`M.

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(46) ZmdS>VrMo _rR> AmiUr .

(47) Ka {\$abo H$s KamMo dmgohr {\$aVmV.

(48) Á`m JmdÀ`m ~moar, Ë`mM JmdÀ`m~mîr.

(49) Mma {Xdg gmgyMo Mma {Xdg gwZoMo.

(50) JmT>dmbm JwimMr Md H$m`?

(46) {VañH$aUr` _mUgmZo {H$Vrhr Mm§Jë`mJmoï>t Ho$ë`m Var Mm§Jë`m {XgV ZmhrV.

(47) H$Ë`m© _mUgmda g§H$Q> Ambo H$s Am{lVXo{Ib CbQ>VmV.

(48) EH$mM JmdmVrb bmoH$ EH$_oH$m§ZmMm§JboM AmoiIyZ AgVmV.

(49) àË oH$mÀ`m Am wî`mV Ho$ìhmVar Mm§Jbo{Xdg oVmV.

(50) _yIm©bm Ho$bobm CnXoe ì`W© R>aVmo.

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gmaJ«hUCVmam dmMyZ Ë`mImbr {dMmaboë`m àíZm§Mr CÎmao {bhm.

1. "gË`_od O`Vo !' ho ñdV§Ì ^maVmMo ~«rXdmŠ` Amho ^maV amï´>mMr Apñ_Vm `m dMZmVEH$dQ>br Amho. A§{V_ {dO` gË`mMmM AgVmo hoM àIa gË` `m gw m{fVmVyZ Ñï>rg oVo.nwamUH$WmVyZ gË` ho _yë` R>mgyZ gm§{JVbo Amho. bhmZnUmnmgyZ Amnbo AmB©dS>rb AmnUmg"Zoh_r gË` ~mobmdo' hr {eH$dU XoVmV. Iao ~mobÊ`mMm g§ñH$ma Wmoam_moR>`m§À`m AZoH$dMZmVyZ AmnUmda KS>Vmo.

gË`dMZr ì`ŠVrbm AZoH$Xm Ìmg hmoVmo Ë`m§Mo è Ë`m§À`mnmgyZ Xya OmV Amho Ago dmQ>Vo,nU A§{V_ {dO` Ë`mMmM hmoVmo gË`mgmR>r am_mZo d¡ dmMm Ë`mJ Ho$bm Am{U dZmMm añVmYabm am_mMm _mJ© gË`mMm hmoVm Am{U amdUmMm _mJ© AgË`mMm hmoVm. eodQ>r am_mMmåhUOo gË`mMmM O` Pmbm.

àý :

(1) ^maVmMo ~«rXdmŠ` H$moUVo ?

(2) nwamUH$WmVyZ H$moUVo _yë` R>mgyZ gm§{JVbo Amho ?

(3) A§{V_ {dO` H$moUmMm hmoVmo ?

(4) darb CVmè`mg `mo½` erf©H$ Úm.

Imbrb CVmè`mMo dmMZ H$éZ Ë`mImbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao Úm.

2. gm{hË`H$bm hr eãXH$bm Amho. H$boMo C{Ôï> AgVo gm¢X © {Z{_©Vr H$aUo d gm¢X`m©Zw dAmUyZ XoUo. "gË`, {ed, gm¢X © ho gm{hË`mMo {ÌnXr ñdén AgVo `m {ÌnoS>r {dUr_wio gm{hË`{dídmË_H$ nmVir JmRy> eH$Vo. emñÌmMr Ñï>r \$ŠV gË`Xe©ZmH$S>o AgVo, gm¢X ©Xe©ZmH$S>oZgVo. Ë`mnojmhr {edËdmH$S>o bj XoD$Z "gË`Xe©Z' KS>dUo {Vbm _mÝ` ZgVo. AmOMo {dkmZAgo Ho$di gË`mMr Ñï>r R>odyZ g§emoYZ H$arV gwQ>ë`m_wio Ë`mMm {dZmeH$mar, Ho$diAW©OÝ`, Ho$di ñdmWmªY Cn`moJ H$am`bmhr _mZd Km~aoZmgm Pmbm Amho. Ë`mbm _ZmÀ`mgwg§ñH¥$VrMr OmoS> åhUOoM {edmMr _XV Agbr nm{hOo Vr _XV gm¢X`m©bm à_wI _mZyZhrgË`-{edmMr CnmgZm OnUmao gm{hË` H$arV AgVo. H$moUË`mhr XoemMr g§ñH¥$Vr gm{hË`H$bo_wio OVZ Ho$br OmV AgVo.

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àý :

(1)gm{hË`mMo {ÌnXr én H$moUVo ?

(2)emñÌmMr ÑîQ>r H$emH$S>o AgVo ?

(3)_mZd H$m Km~aoZmgm Pmbm Amho ?

(4)darb CVmè`mbm `mo½` erf©H$ Úm.

HënZm{dñVmaHënZm{dñVmaHënZm{dñVmaHënZm{dñVmaHënZm{dñVmaEg. Eg. Eb. gr. ~moS>m©À`m narjoV "H$ënZm{dñVma H$am' Agm EH$ 3 _mH$m©Mm àíZ {dMmabm OmVmo.Ë`m_Ü o Or Amoi, Oo dmŠ` {Xbobo AgVo, àW_ Ë`mMm AW© ñnîQ> H$éZ gm§Jmdm. Z§Va Ë`m AWm©À`mñnîQ>rH$aUmgmR>r B{VhmgmVrb qH$dm nwamUmVrb XmoZ VrZ CXmhaUo ÚmdrV. Ë`mn¡H$s EH$m CXmhaUmMo ñîQ>rH$aUH$amdo d Xþgè`m CXmhaUmMm ZwgVm CëboI H$amdm.`m_Ü o {Xboë`m H$ënZoMm eãXe: AW© Z KooVm Ë`mVyZì`ŠV hmoUmam AW© KoVbm nm{hOo.

Imbr Z_wÝ`mXmIb XmoZ CXmhaUo {Xbobr AmhoV.

1) à`ËZm§Vr na_oída

darb H$ënZoV (AmoirV) à`ËZ Ho$bm AgVm na_oída Amnë`mbm oQ>Vmo Ago åhQ>bo Amho. BWo àË`jna_oída Ago ZgyZ Amnë`m H$m`m©_Ü o è ho {_iVoM, Agm AW© Amho. `mgmR>r CXmhaU åhUOo E{S>gZ.`m emñÌkmZo {dÚwV {Xì`mMm emoY bmdbm.nU Ë`mgmR>r Ë`mZo AWH$ à`ËZ Ho$bo hmoVo. OdiOdi 100doim Ë`mMo à`ËZ \$gbo hmoVo, nU hma Z _mZVm Vmo à`ËZ H$aVM am{hbm Am{U {dkmZm_Ü o Ë`m emoYm§MonoQ>§Q>hr {_i{dbo.

Aem VèhoMo à`ËZ S>m°.Am§~oS>H$am§Zr {ejUmgmR>r Ho$bo hmoVo. Vo Va 21 Vmg dmMV AgV. åhUOo`mdéZ à`ËZmZo Amnë`m H$m`m©Mo \$i (na_oída) {_iVoM ho Iao!

2) O`m A§Jr _moR>onU, V`m `mVZm H$R>rU

OrdZmV `m dMZmMm nwZ: nwÝhm AmnUmg AZw d ooVmo. _mUgmbm {_imbobm _moR>onUm Amnë`mbm{XgVmo, nU Vo è {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm Iyn H$îQ> H$amdo bmJVmV. _hmË_m J§mYtMoM CXmhaU AmnUKoVbo Va, àW_ Ë`mZm g_mOmH$Sy>Z Iyn {damoY Pmbm hmoVm. nU ñdmV§Í` {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr ñdV:À`màmUmMrhr ndm© Ho$br ZìhVr. Ë`m§Mo à`ËZ nmhÿZ gJim maV Xoe Ë §mÀ`m nmR>r_mJo C^m am{hbm Am{U Ë`m§Zm"_hmË_m' åhUy bmJbm.Aem àH$maMo H$îQ> ~m~m Am_Q>o `m§Zr Hw$îR>amo½`m§Mr godm H$aVmZm KoVbo hmoVo. àW_Ë §mZm Ë`m g_mOmH$ByZ Iyn {damoY Pmbm. Z§Va _mÌ Ë`m§À`m AmZ§Xml_mH$aVm bmoH$m§Zr bmImo én`m§Mr _XVHo$br. nU Ë`m§À`m gwédmVrÀ`m mVZm {dgaVm oUma ZmhrV. åhUyZM åhUVmV Zm ""_moR>onUmMm _mJ© _aUmÀ`m_¡XmZmVyZ OmVmo'' _moR>onU ho A{Ve` `mVZm ghZ Ho$ë`mdaM {_iVo.

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AO© boIZÛmam

lr àgmX Eg².Or,

{dÚmWu à{V{ZYr,

AmPmX amoS>, AWUr.

{X.

à{V> :

_m. S>onmo _°ZoOa,

AWUr AmJma,

{df` - ~gJmS>`m doioV gmoS>Ê`m ~Ôb

_hmoX`,

_r Ý y B§p½be ñHy$b, AWUr Mm {dÚmWu à{V{ZYr {dZ§Vr H$aVmo H$s Amnë`m S>onmoVyZOmUmè`m ~S>Mr, `„S>Jr, {eZmi, hþbJ~mir `m ~gog H$Yrhr doioda gwQ>V ZmhrV. `m ~g gmR>r{dÚmÏ`mªZr nmg H$mT>bo AmhoV. ~gog doioda OmV ZmhrV Ë`m_wio {dÚmÏ`mªZm {deofV… {dÚm{W©ZtZmKar nmohmoMÊ`mg amÌr 8 dmOVmV. Ë`m_wio J¡agmo hr hmoVo d Aä`mghr hmoV Zmhr. Var gdmªÀ`mdVrZoAmnUmg {dZ§Vr H$aVmo H$s H$_rV H$_r naV OmUmè`m ~gog Var gm§ H$mir 6 dmOon ªV gwQ>mì`mVåhUOo {dÚmÏ`mªMo ZwH$gmZ Q>iob. Var `mo½` Vr H$madmB© H$amb hr Anojm `m~m~V _r_w»`mÜ`mnH$m§er ~mobbmo Amho.

H$imdo,

_o.Om. ìhmdo, Amnbm Z_«,à{V lr àgmX .Eg².Or.

_m. S>onmo _°ZoOa, {dÚmWu à{V{ZYr>

AWUr AmJma,

AWUr,

Vm. AWUr {O. ~oiJm{d.

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Vwåhr Eg². Eg². Eb². gr. CÎmrU© Pmbm AmhmV. Vwåhmbm nwT>rb {ejUmgmR>r emim gmoS>ë`mMmXmIbm hdm Amho. Vmo _mJUr H$aUmam AO© _w»`mÜ`mnH$m§Zm {bhm.

Ûmam

d¡OZmW. ìhr. Or.{ZnmUr,

Vm. {MH$moS>r-{O. ~oiJm§{d,{nZ. 591215

{X. 7 OyZ>>> 2014

à{V,

_m. _w»`mÜ`mnH$,

Ý y B§p½be ñHy$b, {gXZmi.

{df` - emim gmoS>ë`mMm XmIbm {_iUo ~Ôb.

_hmoX`,

_r Amnë`m emioMm {dÚmWu AgyZ Ho$.Eg².B©.B©. ~moS>m©Zo E{àb 2013 _Ü o KoVboë`mEg²>.Eg².Eb².gr. narjoV CÎmrU Pmbmo Amho. nwT>rb {ejU KoÊ`mMm _mPm _ZmoX` Amho. Var _bm_mPm emim gmoS>ë`mMm XmIbm bdH$amV bdH$a XoUoMr H¥$nm H$amdr.

YÝ`dmX,

H$imdo,

à{V Amnbm AmkmYmaH$ {dÚmWu,_m. _w»`mÜ`mnH$, d¡OZmW. ìhr.Or.Ý y B§p½be ñHy$b, {gXZmi,

Vm. {MH$moS>r, {O. ~oiJm§{d,

{nZ 591211.

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{Z~§Y boIZAmnbo amîQ´>r` gU

_Zwî` hm CËgd{à` Amho. Vmo dfm©VyZ AZoH$ gU gmOao H$aV Agmo. gUm{Xder JmoS>YmoS>H$éZ AmZ§X ì`ŠV H$aVmo. gU åhUOo CËgdmMm {Xdg hmo . J«m_XodVoÀ`m OÌoÀ`m {Xdgmbmhr gUMåhUVmV. gUmMo àH$ma XmoZ AmhoV.

1) Ym{_©H$gU 2) amï´>r` gU

JwT>r nmS>dm, Aj` V¥Vr`m, ~|Xya, ZmJn§M_r, JUoe MVwWu, Xgam, Xrnmdbr, B©X, _moha_,{¼g_g, nm|Jb B. Ym{_©H$ gU AmhoV Va -

26 OmZodmar, 15 Am°Jï> ho à_wI amï´>r` gU AgyZ 14 E{àb, 5 gßQ>|~a, 2 Am°ŠQ>mo~a,14 Zmoìho§~a hohr {Xdg amï´>r` gU åhUyZ gmOao Ho$bo OmVmV.

15 Am°Jï> 1947 bm ^maV 150 dfm©À`m B§J«OmÀ`m Jwbm_{JarVyZ _wŠV Pmbm. ^maVmbmñdmV§Í` {_idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ Xoe^ŠVm§Zr àmUmMo ~{bXmZ Ho$bo. ^maV_mVm Jwbm_{JarVyZ _wŠVPmbr åhUyZ hm {Xdg Xoeâ gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo.

26 OmZodmar 1950 bm ^maVmZo KQ>ZoMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm. Ë`m {Xder ^maV àOmgÎmmH$ ~Zbm.`mbm "JUV§Ì {XZhr åhUVmV. àOoÀ`m åhUOo bmoH$m§À`m hmVr gÎmm oD$Z ^maVmV bmoH$emhramÁ`mbm gwédmV Pmbr. bmoH$m§Mo, bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z, bmoH$mH$[aVm Mmb{dbobo amÁ` åhUOo bmoH$emhr hmo .åhUyZ hm {Xdg AmO hr gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo.

14 E{àb hm S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mm OÝ_{XZ hmo . Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ bmoH$emhr amï´>m§À`mKQ>ZoMm Aä`mg H$éZ amOh§gm-à_mUo Zrajra d¥ÎmrZo Mm§Jë`m VËdm§Mm g_mdoe H$éZ KQ>Zm V`maHo$br Ë`m§Zm KQ>ZoMo {eënH$ma åhUVmV. emo{fV d nr{S>Vm§À`m OrdZmV Ë`m§Zr H«$m§Vr KS>dyZ AmUbr.åhUyZ `m {Xdgmbmhr _hËd Amho.

5 gßQ>|~abm ^maVmMo Xwgao amï´>nVr S>m°. gd©nëbr amYmH¥$îUZ `m§Mm OÝ_ {XZ hmo . VoVËdkmZmMo àmÜ`mnH$hr hmoVo. XoemMo AmYmañV§ KS>{dUmè`m {ejH$m§Zm gÝ_mZ {_imdm åhUyZAmnbm OÝ_{XZ "{ejH$ {XZ' åhUyZ gmOam H$aÊ`mg Ë`m§Zr gm§{JVbo.

2 AmŠQ>mo~a hm _hmË_m Jm§YrOtMm OÝ_{XZ hmo . gË`, Aqhgm, em§VrÀ`m _mJm©Zr Ë`m§ZrñdmV§Í`bT>m {Xbm. Ë`m§Zm "amï´>{nVm' Agohr g§~moYbo OmVo. Ë`m§À`m {dMmamMm à^md OJâ ngabm.

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14 Zmoìh|~a hm n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohé `m§Mm OÝ_{XZ hmo . Vo ^maVmMo n{hbo n§VàYmZ hmoVo.Ë`m§Zm _wbo \$ma AmdS>V. _wbo Ë`m§Zm "MmMm' åhUV. Ë`m§Zr Amnbm OÝ_{Xdg "~mb{XZ' åhUyZgmOam H$aÊ`mg gm§{JVbo. åhUyZ hm {Xdg gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo.

Ago ho Amnbo amï´>r` gU AmhoV. Ë`m_wio gd© ^maVr`mV ào_, ~§YwVm, g{hîUwVm, amï´>rÈH$mË_Vm dmT>rg bmJVo. åhUyZ ho amï´>r` gU AmnU gmOao Ho$bo nm{hOoV.

{dMmaYZ - ^mJ - 1"ñÌr «yU' hË oMm {ZfoY H$aUmao

OÝ_mbm Z Amboë`m _wbrMo AmB©g nÌ{à` AmB©g,

_r EH$ Ii~iOZH$ ~mV_r EoH$br, VwÂ`m CXamV _wbrMm A§Hw$a dmT>Vmo ho Ooìhm Vwbmg_Obo, Ë`mjUrM Vy _bm `m H$modù`m Ordmg-OJmV oD$ Z XoÊ`mMm {ZU© hr KoVbmg ? _mPm{dídmgM ~gV Zmhr. _mPr göX` AmB© Ago H$é eH$Vo ?

earamV VwÂ`mM aŠVm_m§gmV dmT>Umar, VwÂ`m earamMm EH$ ^mJ AgUmar _r VwPr _wbJr,{Vbm Vy Zï> H$am`bm {ZKmbrg ? AmB©, _r `m OJmV oD$ Z o åhUyZ Vy Oo Am¡fY KoUma AmhogZm Ë`m Am¡fYmZo _mPm Ord JwX_aob J§ ! Iyn doXZm hmoVrb _bm. _r \$ŠV VS²>\$S>V amhrZ.ho Am¡fY {ZX© rnUo qhñÌídmnXmgmaIo _mÂ`mda h„m H$éZ VwÂ`m CXamVyZ ghOnUo _bm doJioH$aob. ho Ñí` VwÂ`m CKS>çm S>moù`m§Zr Vy ~Ky eH$Vog ? VwPo _Z AñdñW hmoUma Zmhr ? VwPoH$mirO {nidQy>Z Q>mH$Umam {ZU© Vy H$gm KoD$ eH$Vog ?

AmB©, _bm _mhrV Amho H$s hm {ZU© nyU©nUo VwPm Zmhr. nwéfàYmZ g§ñH¥$VrMm hm {ZU©Amho. _mPo dS>rb, ho VÁk nU {ZX© r S>m°ŠQ>a Am{U ñÌrbm Xwæ`_ ñWmZ XoUmam hm g_mO A{YH$Xmofr Amho. AmB© _bm OÝ_mbm oÊ`mMr Iyn BÀN>m Amho J§ ! VwÂ`m A§JmIm§Úmda, Ioim`Mo Amho.A§JUmV n¢OU KmbyZ Nw>_ Nw>_ AmdmO H$aV ZmMm`Mo Amho _bm. VwÂ`m ào_mMm ñne©AZw dm`Mm` _bm. AmB© _bm nm`mVbo n¢OU, gmoÝ`mÀ`m Hw$S>`m, ZdrZ H$nS>o H$mhr ZH$mo. \$ŠVEH$doi _bm VwÂ`m `m n{dÌ CXamVyZ ~mhoa oD$Z _wŠVnUo ídmg ¿`m`Mr g§Yr Xo. {Zù`mAmH$memV PJ_JUmè`m Vmè`m§Mm AmZ§X, g¥ï>rVrb ZdM¡VÝ` _bm AZw dy Xo Ë`mMm AmZ§X _bmKoD$ Xo.

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AmB©, _wbJr åhUyZ _bm {PS>H$maVog ? hþ§S>`mgmR>r Km~aVog ? AmB©, Vr doiM oUmaZmhr J! _r {eHy$Z _moR>r hmoB©Z, ñdV…À`m nm`mda C^r amhÿZ ñdmdb§~r hmoB©Z, _mÂ`m hmVmbm_|Xr bmdbr OmB©b Am{U _r Zdar hmoB©Z, {M_UrgmaIr wa©H$Z CSyZ OmB©Z nU AmVm Vy _bmA§JUmV oÊ`mMo ZmH$mé ZH$mog "_wbJmM hdm' `m öÅ>mnm`r _mPm-{ZamJg {ZanamY-_wbrMm ~irXoD$ ZH$mogJ§ ! VwÂ`m dobrdaÀ`m H$irbm \y$b ~ZÊ`m AmYrM VmoSy> ZH$mog J§ ! H¥$nm H$éZ AmB© _bmdmMd J§ !

H$imdo,

VwPr,

OÝ_mbm Z Ambobr

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{dMmaYZ - ^mJ - 21) AmO ^maV XoemVrb loð> ì`pŠV¨Mo H$Sy>Z Am wî`mMm AW© {Z ì`dhmamMo {Z`_ OmUyZ

¿`mdoV, amï´>r` EH$mË_Vm, Y_©, dU©, n§W, OmV H$mhrhr Agmo, ì`ŠVrMo OrdZ èñdr H$aUmarg§Kf©a{hV Aer AmXe© g_mO ì`dñWm Amdí`H$ AgVo. OJmVrb _hmgÎmm Am{U Xoe AmOem§VrÀ`m emoYmV AmhoV. AZm{X H$mbmnmgyZ ^maV y_r hr em§{V y{_ Amho. ^maVmda AZoH$naH$s`m§Zr AmH«$_Uo Ho$br. Ë`m§À`m g§ñH¥$VrMm ÜdO Mmb{dbm nU ^maVmZo _mÌ Aer AmH«$_UoH$YrM Xwgè`mda Ho$br ZmhrV. BVa amï´>m§Zm em§VrMm g§Xoe XoÊ`mgmR>r Am{U OrdZmMo CÀM Ü og_OmdyZ gm§JÊ`mgmR>r AmnUM AmOnmdoVmo em§{VXyV nmR>{dbo AmhoV. AmOhr AmnU VoM H$arVAmhmoV. g§Kf© {da{hV g_mO ì`dñWm ho ^maVmZo OJmbm {Xbobo gdm©V Aà{V_ Am{U A_yëÀgo XoUo Agob..... Ooìhm amï´>mV dmdaUmam g_mO I§~ra Am{U ~bembr AgVmo VoìhmM amï´>I§~ra Am{U ~iH$Q> ~ZVo.

2) OÝ_â AmnU d¥jm§À`m AmYmao OJVmo Am{U _¥Ë yZ§Vahr EH$ d¥j AmnU KoD$Z OmVmo.Voìhm OÝ_mnmgyZ _aUmZ§Vahr gmW XoUmè`m `m d¥jm§Mr AmnU OmU R>>odbr nm{hOo. `mgmR>r àË oH$ì`{ŠVZo Amnë`m Am wî`mV {ZXmZ XmoZ Mma Var PmS>o bmdyZ Vr _moR>r H$aÊ`mMo gËH$m © Ho$bonm{hOo. Ë`m_wio n`m©daUmMo hr g§ajU hmoUma Amho.

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""d¥j Am_wMm àmUgIm - Kmd V`mdar Kmby ZH$m''

3) àJVrgmR>r bmdboë`m emoY AmO _mUgmbm AYmoJVrH$S>o KoD$Z OmV AmhoV. AmnUbmdbë`m emoYmMm Iam Am{U `mo½` Cn`moJ H$gm H$amd`mMm hr gmamgma {dMmaeŠVrM _mUygJ_mdyZ ~gbm Amho. ñdV…nbrH$S>o OmD$Z BVam§À`m gwImMm. ^mdZm§Mm {dMma H$aUo AmOÀ`m_Zwî`mÀ`m {dMma àUmbrV ~gV Zmhr. åhUyZ hm _mUyg \$ŠV ñdV…da Am{U ñdV…À`m gÎmodaào_ H$aVmo, hrM emoH$m§{VH$m Amho. "ho {dœ{M _mPoKa' hr ^maVr` g§ñH¥$VrZo AmnUmg {eH$dU{Xbr Vr {Xdg|{Xdg bmon nmdV Mmbbr Amho. "Á`mMo hmVmV ggm Vmo nmaYr', hr gÜ`mMrdñVwpñWVr Amho.

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152

A

Adga - doi

AdJV hmoUo - {_i{dUo, gmÜ` hmoUo

AiUr - ~oMd

An[ahm`© - ZmB©bmO

Abm¡{H$H$ - VoOñdr

AS>ga - XmamMm AS>Um

AdgmZ OmUo - Yra Zmhrgm hmoUo

Aã`mg - Aä`mg

AY…nVZ hmoUo- XOm© KgaUo

AZwgaVr - Ë`mà_mUo dmJUo

AJmY - Iyn _moR>o

AdYmZ - bj

AZÝ`m - Xwgè`m H$moUmbm Zmhr

AZmR>m`r - {ZaW©H$

Añn¥í`Vm - Om{VôX

Ad{MV - AMmZH$

A^rï>qMVZ - ew hmoÊ`mMr BÀN>m ì`ŠVH$aUo

AÎma - gwdm{gH$ Vob

Aï>{Xem - AmR> {Xem

A{^foH$ - g§VVYma

Agô` - ghZ Z hmoUmao

eãXg§J«hAdH$me - A§Vami

Ab§H$maUo - e¥§JmaUo

Am

AmË_{gÕr - ñdmW©

Ama_ma - Zm¡Xb

AmdV©Z - nwÝhm nwÝhm åhUUo

AmO©{dUo - {dZ{dUo

Am§Mi - JmB©Mo, åherMo ñVZ

AmImS>m - Hw$ñVr IoiÊ`mMr OmJm

AmS>gar - OwÝ`m H$mimVrb YmÝ`_moOÊ`mMo _mn

AmJ - aJ, CËgmh, _ñVr

AmË_mhþVr - AmË_~{bXmZ

Am_amB© - Am§ã`mMr ~mJ

Amir - Jëbr

Am`V§ - ghO

Am wî`mMm R>UH$m - gVV hmoUmao Xw…I

B

BMma - {dMma

BO - drO

B©, C

C~i - R>gH$m

Cgmgm - XrK© œmg, gwñH$mam

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153

CXmg - {Zame

CXa - nmoQ>

CnaVr - níMmVmn>

C_mio - AmdoJ, Omoa

Cnm{Y - nXdr

Car - N>mVrda

CUrd - H$_VaVm

Camo{YVr - AmnboM åhUUo Iao åhUyZdmX KmbUo

Cgmgm - {Z…œmg>

CXmÎm - n{dÌ

CËH$m§Vr - gmdH$me hmoV OmUmam ~Xb

COoS> dmQ>>m - BVamZm COoS> XoÊ`mg dmQ>{Z_m©U H$aUo

CÛr¾ - d¡VmJ, MrS>

CÚwŠV - V`ma

C§S>r - Jmoim

CëH$m\w$bo - Mm§XÊ`m énr \w$bo

D$, G$

G$MVo - AmdS>o

E, Eo, Amo

AmoQ>m - KamnwT>rb H$Å>m

Amogar - nS>dr, gmonm

AmoQ>r - nmoQ>mda ~m§Ybobo noaUrMo YmÝ`,Imoi.

Am¡,A§A§Hw$a - H$m|~

A§_b - dM©ñd

A§XmO - AX_mg

A…,H$H$ÊhUo - {dìhiUo

H$i§OUo - {Zame hmoUo

H$UJr - YmÝ` R>odÊ`mMr doVmMrQ>monbr

H$S> - doXZm

H$ënVé - BÀN>m nyU© H$aUmam d¥j

H$ënZmVrV - H$ënZoÀ`mhr n{bH$S>Mo

H$jm - _`m©Xm

H$_§S>by - bmHy$S>, _mVr qH$dm YmVyMoC^Q> ^m§S>o

H$dM - O{_ZrMm daMm ^mJ

H$ñVwar - h[aUmÀ`m Zm^rVrb gwJ§YrJmR>

H$nmer - H$mnyg

H$UrH$m|S>m - H$Ê`m_Üò H$m|S>m KmbyZXibobo nrR>

H$S> XmQ>Uo - aSy> oUo

H$UrH$m|S>m

nmIS>Uo - Iyn H$ï> H$aUo

H$ï>m§Mr _mi - EH$m_mJyZ EH$ òUmar g§H$Q>o

H$mgmanU - ~m§JS>çm âÊ`mMm ì`dgm`

H$mVé - MwH$ma

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H$mOdm - amÌr àH$meUmam H$sQ>H$

H$m`r - H$m`

H$mOirH$monao - {Zamem

H$mQ>m nm`mV

éVUo - Xw…I AmR>dUo

H$m{_Zr - gw§Xa ñÌr

Hw$_H$ - g¡Ý`

Hw$ë\$s - H$mS>rbm bmdbobm ~\$m©MmJmoS> Jmoim

Hw$Ýhm - _Ëga

Hw$VwH$ - CËgwH$Vm, Hw$Vyhb

H$moWim - nmoQ>

H$m|S>_mam hmoUo - CKS>nUo gm§JVm Z oUo

H$m|Xbm - ^éZ am{hbm

H$mo{Q>XrnÁ`mo{Vem- H$moQ>r Xrn bmdë`mà_mUo

H«$m§Vr - AMmZH$ hmoUmam _moR>m ~Xb

I

IamQ>m - ZmaimÀ`m Pmdi`mnmgyZ~Zdbobm PmSy>

IQ>bo - Hw$Qw>§~

Ib - Xþï>

IJ - njr

IwaQ>Uo - dmT> Iw§Q>Uo

IwîH$s - O_rZrdarb _mJ©

J

JbH$m - Jm|Yi

J{hdaUo - _Z ^éZ òUo

Jmadm - W§S> OmJm

JmèhmUr - VH«$mar

JwaH$mdUo - oS>gmdUo, XaS>mdUo

Jwa\$Q>Uo - Jw§VUo

JwÎmm KoUo - R>oH$m KoUo

JmoR>r - Jmoï>r

K

K_|S> - Jd©, VmR>m, Zjm

K_K_bo - Xadibo

Kmd - AmKmV, àhma

KmgboQ> - am°Ho$b

K§wJw§aQ>r - {MbQ>o

Kwg_Q>Uo - H$m|S>_mam hmoUo

KmoQ>â - WmoS>go

Kmoi - KmoQ>mim

KmoQ>m`mbm - ß`m`bm

L>, M

MiV - amg, T>rJ

{MaJwQ>§ - \$mQ>H$s dñÌ§

{MÎmo - _ZmZo

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Mw§~Hy$ - gd© Jmoï>rV Vm|S> KmbUmam

Moham ~mohaUo - Moham H$mid§S>Uo

M¡VÝèrb - CËgmh, AmZ§X XoUmar

M§Mb - AMni

M§Ð_m¡ir - S>moŠ`mda M§Ð AgUmam e§H$a

MH$moar - _ibobr dmQ>

N>

N>H$S>m - gm_mZ dmhÊ`mMr JmS>m

N>iUo - ÌmgXoUo, nrS>m XoUo

O

Obgo - JmÊ`m ~OmdÊ`mMr g^m

Om`m - nËZr, ~m`H$mo

OQ>m - Ho$gmMr Jw§VmJw§V

OZZr - AmB©, _mVm

OmË`m§Y - OÝ_mnmgyZ A§Y

{OVm - {Od§V

Ord haIUo - AmZ§{XV hmoUo

{Oìhmar Pm|~Uo- _Zmbm bmJUo

Ord Km~am

Kw~am hmoUo - ^rVr dmQ>Uo

Ord KmoQ>miUo - _Z Jw§VUo

OrdZag - OJÊ`mMr XwX©å` BÀN>m

OwO~r - {H$aH$moi

OrdQ> - OrdZmbm bmJbobr

P

PmnS> - n|J

Pw§Oy_w§Oy hmoUo - COmS>Uo, nhmQ> hmoUo

{Pam - Pam

PobyZ - gmogyZ

Q>

Q>Hw$a§ - S>moHo$

{Q>Q>d§ - àoVmnwT>o hmVmV Yabobo qeH$mio

{Q>im - J§YmMm {R>nH$m

Q´>§H$ H$m°b - XyaÜdZrÛmao naJmdr Úmd`mMmg§Xoe

R>

R>UH$m - doXZm

R>mU _m§S>Uo - _wŠH$m_ R>moH$Uo

S>

S>hmir - \$m§Xr

S>mbVo - PmHy$Z R>odVo

S>mJÊ`m XoUo - MQ>Ho$ XoUo

S>moig - Ñï>r AgUmam

T>, U, V

Vh - H$ama, ~mobUr

VS>d - OmO_, MQ>B©

V_m - H$miOr

VZ` - _wbJm nwÌ

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VñH$a - Mmoa

VËné - V`ma AgUo

VS>H$m \$S>H$s- AMmZH$

Vamg - Ìmg

Vwdm - Vy§

VnmMma - VníM`m©

VoO…H$U - VoOmMo {H$aU

V¥UnmVo - JdVmMo nmVo

V¥ár - g_mYmZ

VmÝho - bhmZ _yb

W

WH$dm - X_ bmJUo

X

Xadoer - AñdbmMo Ioi H$aUmam _Zwî`

XméU - H$R>moa, Kmoa

Xmd§ - OZmdamÀ`m Ji`mV ~m§Ym`MrXmoar

{XdmñdßZ - _ZmoamÁ`

{Xg§ H$mgè`mbm

oUo - Ý`mharMr doi, Cera hmoUo

XrKm}ÚmoJ - gVV Aä`mg, H$m_

{ÛO - ~«m÷U, {dà

X¡dgrYy - Z{e~mZo {_iUo

X§S>H$ - {Z`_, n[anmR>

Ñï>m§V - XmIbm, CXmhaU

Y

YaUr - O_rZ

Ywg_wg - AmVë`m AmV oUmam amJ

Y¡ ©_oé - nd©Vmà_mUo AMb

Yw§S>miUo - emoYUo

Z

Zìhmir - ZdrZVm ZmdrÝ`

Ý`mhmir - {ZaIyZ nmhUo

ZmpñVH$ - Xod Zmhr Ago _mZUmam

{ZH$mb - {ZU©

{Z^mdUo - AMS>UrVyZ _mJ© H$mT>Uo

{ZË` - Zoh_r

qZXH$ - qZXm H$aUmao

{Zå_m - AYm©

{ZdmaUo - gmoS>{dUo

{Zaja - {b{hVm dmMVm Z oUmam, AS>mUr

{Z…g§H$moM nUo - Z bmOVm

{Zdm©UrMm - AIoaMm

{Z © - YrQ>

{ZéÚmoJr - ~oH$ma, H$m_ Zgbobo

{ZYm©ñV - {ZqüV, H$miOr Z H$aVm

ZoQ>Ho$ - Mm§Jbo

ÝhmVr YwVr - O_rZ noaÊ`m `mo½` hmoUo

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nn{dOo - {_iUo

nmD$ - nm`

nmhþUMma - AmXam{VÏ`

nma - H$Å>m

n{T> o - {à`, AmdS>Vm

n[aU` - {ddmh

nQ> - dñÌ

ngaUo - PmonUo, nhþS>Uo

na§nam - éT>r nÕV

nX²_Zm^ - {dîUy

n§T>ar amD$ - {dÇ>b

à^m - VoO

nm§J \o$S>Uo - CnH$ma \o$S>Uo

nm§XUr - eoVmVyZ OmUmar Aé§XdmQ>

{ngmQ>mnar - doS>`mgmaIo

à^mVr - gH$mir, nhmQ>o

nwamVZ - OwZm

nw§OH$m - JiUmao Ho$g

n§VmoOr - {ejH$

nw§g - eonyQ>

namWu - BVam§gmR>r

ndZ - dmam

nmR>{edUrMm

Ioi - bn§S>md

nmQ>r - doVmMr _moR>r ~wÅ>r

nmaIo hmoUo - Z {_iUo

nmbm - PmS>m§Mr Amobr nmZo

nyOZ - nyOm

noa - D$gmMo H$m§S>o

n§W - Ym{_©H$ g§KQ>Zm

nmPaUo - {PanUo

nm§J {\$Q>Uo - H$ï>mMo gmW©H$ hmoUo

\$

\w$\$mQ>m - Vmnbobr O_rZ

~

~Q>H$sU - Xmgr

~JboV - H$mIoV

~mhÿ - hmV, wOm

~ma ~ma - daModa

{~imV - JwhoV

{~N>m`V - A§WéU

~wY - ehmUm

~oJ_r - V`mar

~mo{YVmo - gm§JVmo

~moM - gb, Xw…I

~hþdgw - ngaUo

~§Xremim - Vwé§J

~§S> _mO{dUo - àXe©Z H$aUo/{damoYH$aUo

~m§JS>r \w$Q>Uo - wÕmV AZoH$ nwéf _aU nmdUo

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^

^{UVbo - åhUmbo

^dm§~w{YVar - g§gmaénr g_wÐmVyZ VméZ ZoUmam

^m§S>Uo - `wÕ H$aUo

^mZ hanUo - ñdV…bm {dgaUo

^dZ - {Ì wdZ (ñdJ© _¥Ë y, nmVmi)

^dV²nX - na_oídamMo nm`

oX - ahñ`

wB© - O_rZ

^yfU - Ab§H$ma

^yb - _mo{h>Zr, wai

yn - amOm, Z¥n

oXyZ - N>oXyZ

^mdO` - bhmZ ^mdmMr ~m`H$mo

_

_emb - Omoe VméÊ`mMo VoO

_{h_mZ - _hÎd

_T>{dZ - gOdrZ

_Zgw~m - ~oV

_m` - _mVm

_gbV - wŠVr

_mKmam - gmgar Agboë`m _wbrg_mhoar ~mob{dÊ`mg OmUmam_Zwî`, _wamir

_¥Vr - _aU, _¥Ë`y

_wOam - dmHy$Z Ho$bobm Z_ñH$ma

_mog_ - G$Vy

_Z…ñVmn - _Zmbm hmoUmao Xw…I

_ñVH$ ~Yra hmoUo - S>moHo$ gwÞ hmoUo

_wbwI - àXoe, naamÁ`

_¥Ë`w§O` - _aUmda {dO` {_i{dbobm

{_Ì - gy ©

_m¡{bH$ - _m¡ë`dmZ, qH$_Vr

`

`mMH$ - {^jwH$

`mVm`mV - Ìmg

`mMZm - {dZ§Vr

`wJ - _moR>m H$mb{d^mJ

`m¡dZ - VméÊ`

a

ad§W H$aUo - MKiUo

éÕhmoUo - ^éZ oUo

[a`mO - gamd

amOamog - S>moù`m XoIV, Z Km~aVm

[aKUo - {eaUo

a§Y« - {N>Ð

b

bH$mH$Uo - M_H$Uo

bQ>Š`m - ImoQ>`m

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bB© - \$ma

bmKdr - ào_i

b»I H$aUo - ñdÀN> H$aUo

bwJS>§ - ZD$dmar gmS>r

boHw$admir - _wbo~mio AgUmar ñÌr

d

dOm - Vèhm, àH$ma

dUdm - O§JbmVrb AmJ

dñV^md - Xm{JZo

dmñVì` - amhUo

dmQ>Ur - {d^mJUr

dmQw>br - dmQ>, nm`dmQ>

{dgmdm - {dlm§Vr

{dPUo - _mbdUo, W§S> hmoUo

dV©_mZ - ~mV_r

{dO`ÜdO - {dO`mMm P|S>m

{dídg§hma - OJmMm {dZme

{dñ_aU - {dga

dmXHw$ - dmX KmbUmam

dob _m§S>dmbm

MT>Uo - àJVr hmoUo, ââmQ> hmoUo

d¡aUo - AmYUm_Ü o Vm§Xyi dJ¡aoAmoVUo

d§MZm - \$gdUyH$, àVmaUm

eehXoUo - AmH«$_U H$aUo

eyÝ` n§Oa - [aH$m_m qnOam

ewH«$ - nhmQ>o CJdUmam Vmam

e~wX - eãX, dMZ

embrZ - Z_«

{eù`m

H$T>rbm D$V - JVH$mimVrb Jmoï>r CH$éZH$mT>Uo

f, ggd©k - lr MH«$Yañdm_r

ga - nmD$g

g_¥Õ - n[anyU©

gËH$ma - Jm¡ad

gXmMma - Mm§Jbo dV©Z

gH$i - gJio

ga~amB© H$aUo - AmXam{VÏ` H$aUo

gmhdo - ghZ hmoVo

gmjmËH$ma - B©ídar H¥$nm

gmgwadmg - gmgar hmoUmam OmM

gwYm§ey - M§Ð

g¥OZ - Zd{Z{_©Vr

gwé§J - O{_ZrV bm§~, é§X, ImobIUUo

gmodio - nyOoÀ`mdoir Zogmd`mMo aoe_rdñÌ

gwñH$mam - Cgmgm

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160

gX© hmoUo - M{H$V hmoUo

g§VmnmZo ^S>H$Uo - amJmZo {MS>Uo

ñdmar - AmH«$_U

g§Ý`ñV - g§Ý`memà_mUo

g§Mma - {\$aUo

gËd CMbUo - CËH¥$ï> {ZdS>Uo

g§H$ën - BÀN>m, _ZmoX`, hoVy

ñ`mhUo - ehmUo

ñdmZw^d - ñdV…Mm AZw^d

gmMma - Iam

gwYm - gai

ñ\w§$XUo - aS>Uo

ñ_aU - AmR>dU

g§ «_r - Jm|Yiboë`m AdñWoV

g§Jar - wÕm_Ü o

g§jonXoUo - _waS> KmbUo

g§àXm` - na§nam, n§W

g_wXm` - g_yh

gwÝ`m - [aH$må`m

g_yi - _wimgH$Q>

gd©ñWir - gd©{R>H$mUr

gm§S>bobo - nS>bobo

h

hñVr - hÎmr

haEH$ - àË oH$

hQ>mVQ>mZo - H$R>rU `moJ H$éZ, hÅ> H$aUo

h„m - VwQy>Z nS>Uo, \$ñV H$aUo

h[aH$ - {hadi

{hado H$m¡VwH$ - {hado H$m|~

hñVJV hmoUo - qOH$Uo {_i{dUo

{hadi - _wÔm_ dmT>dbobo _D$ JdV

hoQ>miUr H$aUo - {VañH$ma H$aUo

hbH$„moi - Jm|Yi

h¡amU hmoUo - ~oOma hmoUo

hm¡g_m¡O - BÀN>mnyVu

i, j

{jVr - ndm©

jmiw{Z - ñdÀN>H$éZ

jwÐ - hbHo$, jw„H$

k

kmV - _mhrV

©KTBS

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MARATHI FIRST LANGUAGE