MapsMapsMapMap projectionprojection

– “ – “projection” of projection” of a spherical earth a spherical earth on a flat surfaceon a flat surface

http://www.kidsgeo.com/images/map-projections.gifhttp://www.kidsgeo.com/images/map-projections.gif

Latitude and LongitudeLatitude and Longitude

Latitude and Longitude are spherical Latitude and Longitude are spherical coordinates on the surface of the earthcoordinates on the surface of the earth

PreTest… PreTest… http://geographyworldonline.com/tutorial/lesson1.html http://geographyworldonline.com/tutorial/lesson1.html

LatitudeLatitude Angular distance measured in Angular distance measured in

degrees North or South of the degrees North or South of the equator equator • Lines of latitude that run parallel to the Lines of latitude that run parallel to the

equator.equator.• Equator Equator divides the globe into the divides the globe into the

Northern and Southern HemispheresNorthern and Southern Hemispheres

LongitudeLongitude Angular distance measured in Angular distance measured in

degrees East or West of the prime degrees East or West of the prime meridian. meridian. • lines of longitude, called meridians, run lines of longitude, called meridians, run

perpendicular to lines of latitudeperpendicular to lines of latitude• all pass through both poles. all pass through both poles. • each longitude line is part of a great each longitude line is part of a great

circle. circle. Great circle is any circle that goes through the center of the earth.Great circle is any circle that goes through the center of the earth.

EquatorEquator—The line which encircles the Earth at —The line which encircles the Earth at an equal distance from the North and South an equal distance from the North and South Poles. Poles.

MeridianMeridian—any line of longitude; A great circle on —any line of longitude; A great circle on the surface of the Earth, passing through the the surface of the Earth, passing through the geographical poles and some third point on the geographical poles and some third point on the Earth's surface. Earth's surface.

ParallelParallel—A circle or approximation of a circle on —A circle or approximation of a circle on the surface of the Earth, parallel to the Equator the surface of the Earth, parallel to the Equator and connecting points of equal latitude. and connecting points of equal latitude.

Prime MeridianPrime Meridian—The meridian of longitude 0 —The meridian of longitude 0 degrees, used as the origin for the measurement degrees, used as the origin for the measurement of longitude. The meridian of Greenwich, England, of longitude. The meridian of Greenwich, England, is the internationally accepted prime meridian in is the internationally accepted prime meridian in most cases. most cases.

MercatorMercator ProjectionProjection

has correct has correct shapes of shapes of continents, but continents, but their areas are their areas are distorted. Lines of distorted. Lines of longitude are longitude are projected onto projected onto the map parallel the map parallel to each other to each other (square world (square world map)map)

MercatorMercator ProjectionProjection

Robinson ProjectionRobinson Projection has accurate continent shapes and shows has accurate continent shapes and shows

accurate land areaaccurate land area

http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/mapproj/mapproj.html

Gnomonic ProjectionGnomonic Projection

used to plot the used to plot the shortest distance shortest distance between two between two points, projected points, projected as if a sheet of as if a sheet of paper were laid on paper were laid on a point of the a point of the Earth’s surfaceEarth’s surface

http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/mapproj/mapproj.html

Conic (or polyconic) ProjectionConic (or polyconic) Projection

used to produce a used to produce a map of small map of small areas. They’re areas. They’re made by projecting made by projecting points and lines points and lines from a globe onto a from a globe onto a cone.cone.

http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/mapproj/mapproj.html

Conic (polyconic) Conic (polyconic) ProjectionProjection

http://www-atlas.usgs.gov/articles/mapping/http://www-atlas.usgs.gov/articles/mapping/a_projections.htmla_projections.html

http://www.bartleby.com/images/A4images/A4conprj.jpg

Cool websiteCool website

Follow the link below…Follow the link below…

http://www.nationalgeographic.com/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/hall/index.html?node=20 xpeditions/hall/index.html?node=20

Map ScaleMap Scale

– – the relationship between the distances on the relationship between the distances on the map and actual distances on Earth’s the map and actual distances on Earth’s surfacesurface

3 types of map scales3 types of map scales

• VerbalVerbal: statement “1 inch equals 100 : statement “1 inch equals 100 miles”miles”

• GraphicGraphic: line divided into equal parts : line divided into equal parts and marked in units (bar scale)and marked in units (bar scale)

• NumericalNumerical: written as a fraction scale : written as a fraction scale (1/100,000 and 1/24,000) or a ratio (1/100,000 and 1/24,000) or a ratio scale (1:100,000 or 1:24,000)scale (1:100,000 or 1:24,000)

Which map scale do you see?Which map scale do you see?

http://www.calvin.edu/academic/geology/courses/topomap/scale/scaler.jpg

Topographic MapsTopographic Maps

shows the changes in elevation of shows the changes in elevation of Earth’s surfaceEarth’s surface

Topographic MapsTopographic Maps Contour LineContour Line – a line on a map that – a line on a map that

connects points of equal elevationconnects points of equal elevation Contour IntervalContour Interval – – consistant consistant difference difference

in elevation between two adjacent (side-in elevation between two adjacent (side-by-side) contour linesby-side) contour lines

http://raider.muc.edu/~mcnaugma/Topographic%20Maps/contour.htm

Rules to Remember Rules to Remember Contour lines:Contour lines:

• Connect points of equal elevationConnect points of equal elevation• Cannot come to a ‘dead end’; they MUSTCannot come to a ‘dead end’; they MUST

Go off the mapGo off the map Make a closed loop (around hills and basins or Make a closed loop (around hills and basins or

depressions)depressions)

• Cannot crossCannot cross• Cannot forkCannot fork• Touch ONLY if there is a vertical slope/gradient Touch ONLY if there is a vertical slope/gradient

(like a cliff)(like a cliff)• Form V’s that Form V’s that pointpoint upupstream (to the source) stream (to the source)

whenever they cross streamswhenever they cross streams• are far apart in flat areas (gentle slope)are far apart in flat areas (gentle slope)• are close together to depict steep slopeare close together to depict steep slope

Features of Topographic Maps

Relationship between 3D and 2D representation

3D view

2D view

Contour lines

Relationship between topographic features and contour lines

LandformsLandforms

the smaller features of the earth’s the smaller features of the earth’s landscape defined by their shape, landscape defined by their shape, size and elevation…size and elevation…

MountainMountain – – an elevated area of land, higher than a an elevated area of land, higher than a

hill, with sloping sideshill, with sloping sides

ValleyValley an area of land lower in elevation than an area of land lower in elevation than

its surroundingsits surroundings

Valley Valley (topographic (topographic

map)map)

The blue line is The blue line is the river valleythe river valley• Note the steep Note the steep

sides of the sides of the river wallsriver walls

PlainPlain an an

extensiveextensive, flat area , flat area of land, of land, usually usually without without treestrees

http://chapters.marssociety.org/canada/expedition-mars.org/ExpeditionTwo/files/photos/Stony-desert-plain.jpg

PlateauPlateau A fairly flat area of land above surrounding A fairly flat area of land above surrounding

land (area of flat land with high ‘relief’) ie. A land (area of flat land with high ‘relief’) ie. A mesa (below)mesa (below)

http://parkerlab.bio.uci.edu/pictures/photography%20pictures/Sunset%20from%20Tonto%20Plateau.jpg

(Relief(Relief – the distance from the base to – the distance from the base to the top (peak, summit) of a landformthe top (peak, summit) of a landform))

Relief map…Relief map…

http://faculty.gg.uwyo.edu/heller/Sed%20Strat%20Class/SedStrat%208/canyon800x600.jpg

CanyonCanyon

a valley with a valley with very steep very steep sidessides

Canyon DiPetra, Canyon DiPetra,

Grand Canyon, AZGrand Canyon, AZ

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StraitStrait

a narrow a narrow passage of passage of ocean water ocean water joining two joining two larger bodies larger bodies of waterof water

ie. Strait of ie. Strait of Gibraltar Gibraltar between Africa between Africa and Europeand Europe

http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/images/full/earth/strait.jpg

BayBay

a body of ocean a body of ocean water mostly water mostly surrounded by surrounded by land and smaller land and smaller than a sea or than a sea or oceanocean

http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/d/d2/Wpdms_usgs_photo_san_francisco_bay.jpg

PeninsulaPeninsula

a projection a projection of land of land surrounded surrounded on 3 sides by on 3 sides by waterwater

Mani Peninsula Satellite image

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IslandIsland land completely land completely

surrounded by watersurrounded by water

http://www.geonet.org.nz/images/volcano/our-volcanoes/White-Island-28766-20-lge.jpg

New Zealand's most active volcano, White Island, was in a state of frequent eruption from 1976 to 2000.

LagoonLagoon

a shallow a shallow body of body of salt water salt water mostly or mostly or completely completely surrounded surrounded by landby land

http://www.recreationvictoria.com/esquimaltlagoon/images/photos/esquimalt_lagoon-2.jpg

ArchipelagoArchipelago a group or chain of islandsa group or chain of islands

http://lincoln.midcoast.com/~prospec/wizolution/cad/archipelago.jpg

ArchipelagoArchipelagoa group or chain of islandsa group or chain of islands

Topographic Profile

Congratulations – you found the Congratulations – you found the hidden extra credit!!!hidden extra credit!!!

Find:Find: The magnetic declination for our schoolThe magnetic declination for our school A bench mark (picture)A bench mark (picture) Locate the nearest bench mark to schoolLocate the nearest bench mark to school The latitude and longitude of our school down to the nearest The latitude and longitude of our school down to the nearest

tenth of a second.tenth of a second. The latitude and longitude of your house down to the nearest The latitude and longitude of your house down to the nearest

tenth of a second.tenth of a second.

Present this information to me after school any day before we Present this information to me after school any day before we finish the map unit…. Then sing the hokey-pokey-with me finish the map unit…. Then sing the hokey-pokey-with me (only one verse) and get a bonus homework assignment.(only one verse) and get a bonus homework assignment.

AzimuthalAzimuthal

for example… for example… polar projection… polar projection… the north pole is the north pole is ‘touching’ the map ‘touching’ the map and the and the longitudinal lines longitudinal lines radiate outward.radiate outward.