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Maps and ChartsMaps and Charts A map is a small-scale flat-surface representation A map is a small-scale flat-surface representation
of some portion of the earth’s surface.of some portion of the earth’s surface. A representation that is designed for plotting A representation that is designed for plotting
navigational information is called a navigational information is called a chart.chart. Often times, map and chart are used Often times, map and chart are used
interchangeably.interchangeably. Because the earth is a sphere, a map must show Because the earth is a sphere, a map must show
the portion of the earth’s surface it represents the portion of the earth’s surface it represents with some distortion.with some distortion.
Elements in Map Elements in Map ConstructionConstruction
There are four basic elements in map There are four basic elements in map construction:construction:
areas,areas,shapes,shapes,bearings, andbearings, anddistances.distances.
The mathematical bases on which maps The mathematical bases on which maps are constructed are termed are constructed are termed projections.projections.
Lambert Conformal Lambert Conformal Conic ProjectionConic Projection
Concept supposes a Concept supposes a cone superimposed cone superimposed over the surface of over the surface of a sphere.a sphere.
Meridians of longitude converge Meridians of longitude converge
toward the nearer pole.toward the nearer pole.
Parallels of latitude are curves Parallels of latitude are curves
concave toward the nearer pole.concave toward the nearer pole.
The scale is almost perfectly uniform.The scale is almost perfectly uniform.
A straight line drawn on this chart A straight line drawn on this chart
represents the arc of a represents the arc of a Great CircleGreat Circle..
Mercator Mercator ProjectionProjection
Based on the fact Based on the fact that a cylinder has that a cylinder has its tangency at the its tangency at the Equator.Equator.
Can be visualized Can be visualized as a light radiating as a light radiating out from the center out from the center of the earth of the earth projecting an projecting an image outwards image outwards onto the cone.onto the cone.
Meridians of longitude are straight and Meridians of longitude are straight and
parallel.parallel.
Parallels of latitude are straight and parallel.Parallels of latitude are straight and parallel.
There is no constant scale.There is no constant scale.
A straight line drawn on this map is a A straight line drawn on this map is a Rhumb Rhumb
LineLine.. There is extreme exaggeration of longitude There is extreme exaggeration of longitude
in northerly areas. in northerly areas. Distances shown near the equator are fairly Distances shown near the equator are fairly
precise.precise.
Transverse Mercator Transverse Mercator ProjectionProjection
Same technique as Mercator Projection Same technique as Mercator Projection except the cylinder is rotated 90º so that except the cylinder is rotated 90º so that point of tangency is a meridian of longitude point of tangency is a meridian of longitude rather than the Equator.rather than the Equator.
Chart is accurate along the selected meridian.Chart is accurate along the selected meridian.
Similar to Mercator Projection except:Similar to Mercator Projection except:
Quite accurate at depicting scale.Quite accurate at depicting scale.
Distance is accurate along the Distance is accurate along the
meridian.meridian.
Distortion occurs at the edges of the Distortion occurs at the edges of the
map.map.
Confirmation Confirmation StageStage
NOTE: You must use the buttons in the Confirmation Stage
A
B
C
D
Mercator projection
Transverse projection
Lambert projection
Lambert conic projection
Let's try a few review questions on Navigation:
Question #1 - Name a map type.
NavigationNavigationProjections Projections
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Mercator Mercator ProjectionProjection Based on the fact thatBased on the fact that
a cylinder has itsa cylinder has itstangency at thetangency at theEquator.Equator.
Can be visualized as aCan be visualized as alight radiating outlight radiating outfrom the center of thefrom the center of theearth projecting anearth projecting animage outwards ontoimage outwards ontothe cone.the cone.
A
B
C
D
Mercator projection
Transverse mercator projection
Lambert conformal conic projection
Transverse projection
Let's try a few review questions on Navigation:
Question #2 - Put a cone over the surface of the earth and imagine a light shining from inside the earth projecting an image outwards onto the cone. Then unroll the cone and you have a .
NavigationNavigationProjections Projections
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Flying Scholarship Program
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Flying Scholarship Program
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Lambert ConformalLambert ConformalConic ProjectionConic Projection
Concept supposes aConcept supposes acone superimposedcone superimposedover the surface of aover the surface of asphere.sphere.
Maps have a number of Maps have a number of properties including:properties including:
represents a portion of the represents a portion of the earth,earth,
has meridians of longitude has meridians of longitude and parallels of latitude,and parallels of latitude,
scale,scale, relief,relief, isogonic lines,isogonic lines, communities, roads and communities, roads and
railways,railways, aerodromes,aerodromes, restricted areas,restricted areas, compass rose, andcompass rose, and aeronautical information.aeronautical information.
ScaleScaleScale is a relationship between a unit of Scale is a relationship between a unit of distance on the map to the distance on the distance on the map to the distance on the earth that the unit represents. Two methods earth that the unit represents. Two methods include:include:
Representative Fraction:Representative Fraction: most common method of expressing map scale.most common method of expressing map scale. expresses the ratio of a unit of length of the map to a expresses the ratio of a unit of length of the map to a
corresponding number of similar units on the earth.corresponding number of similar units on the earth. Graduated Scale:Graduated Scale:
a line drawn on some convenient part of the map a line drawn on some convenient part of the map and graduated to show the length of one mile on the and graduated to show the length of one mile on the map.map.
ReliefReliefA representation of ground A representation of ground elevation above sea level on elevation above sea level on aeronautical maps. There are aeronautical maps. There are three ways to show relief on a three ways to show relief on a map:map:
– Layer TintingLayer Tinting– Contour LinesContour Lines– Spot HeightsSpot Heights
Layer TintingLayer Tinting When the map is When the map is
coloured to coloured to represent different represent different levels of elevation.levels of elevation.
An elevation legend An elevation legend is printed on the is printed on the white border of white border of every map to show every map to show what colours are what colours are used for different used for different elevations.elevations.
Contour LinesContour Lines Lines drawn on a chart joining points of Lines drawn on a chart joining points of
equal elevation above mean sea level.equal elevation above mean sea level.
The gradient of a slope is indicated by The gradient of a slope is indicated by the horizontal distance between the the horizontal distance between the contour lines.contour lines.
Spot HeightsSpot Heights When high elevations are When high elevations are
marked by a dot with the spot marked by a dot with the spot height written beside the dot.height written beside the dot.
The highest spot height in a The highest spot height in a quadrant is usually printed in quadrant is usually printed in larger numbers than the other larger numbers than the other spot heights.spot heights.
Confirmation Confirmation StageStage
NOTE: You must use the buttons in the Confirmation Stage
A
B
C
D
Representative fraction
Graduated scale
Spot height
Both A and B
Let's try a few review questions on Navigation:
Question #3 - What is a scale?
NavigationNavigationProjectionsProjections
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ScaleScaleScale is a relationship between a unit of distanceScale is a relationship between a unit of distanceon the map to the distance on the earth that theon the map to the distance on the earth that theunit represents. Two methods include:unit represents. Two methods include:
Representative Fraction:Representative Fraction: most common method of expressing map scale.most common method of expressing map scale.
expresses the ratio of a unit of length of the map to aexpresses the ratio of a unit of length of the map to acorresponding number of similar units on the earth.corresponding number of similar units on the earth.
Graduated Scale:Graduated Scale: a line drawn on some convenient part of the map anda line drawn on some convenient part of the map and
graduated to show the length of one mile on the map.graduated to show the length of one mile on the map.
A
B
C
D
Layer tinting
Contour lines
Spot Heights
Scale
Let's try a few review questions on Navigation:
Question #4 - What joins places of equal elevation above mean sea level?
NavigationNavigationProjections Projections
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Flying Scholarship Program
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Flying Scholarship Program
Flying Scholarship Program
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Contour LinesContour Lines Lines drawn on a chart joining points ofLines drawn on a chart joining points of
equal elevation above mean sea level.equal elevation above mean sea level.
The gradient of a slope is indicatedThe gradient of a slope is indicatedby the horizontal distance betweenby the horizontal distance betweenthe contour lines.the contour lines.
Types of Types of NavigatioNavigation Chartsn Charts
VFR Navigation Charts (VNC)
World Aeronautical Charts (WAC)
VFR Terminal Area Charts (YTA)
Enr
oute
Cha
rts
VFR Navigation Charts VFR Navigation Charts (VNC):(VNC): replacing the CPC’s,replacing the CPC’s, depict more extensive depict more extensive
geographical areas,geographical areas, chart printed on both chart printed on both
sides,sides, chart is identified by the chart is identified by the
name of principle name of principle landmarklandmark
based on Lambert based on Lambert Conformal Projection,Conformal Projection,
Useful during flights at Useful during flights at lower altitudes and slower lower altitudes and slower speedsspeeds
scale is 1:500,000.scale is 1:500,000.
World Aeronautical World Aeronautical Charts (WAC):Charts (WAC): designed for visual designed for visual
navigation at higher navigation at higher altitudes and greater altitudes and greater speeds,speeds,
each chart depicts a each chart depicts a sizeable portion of a sizeable portion of a geographical area,geographical area,
each chart is identified each chart is identified by a letter and a by a letter and a number,number,
printed on both sides,printed on both sides, scale is 1:1,000,000.scale is 1:1,000,000.
VFR Terminal Area VFR Terminal Area Charts:Charts: large-scale charts large-scale charts
(1:250,000) published for (1:250,000) published for those airports in Canada those airports in Canada which have been which have been designated as classified designated as classified airspace for control airspace for control purposes,purposes,
based on Transverse based on Transverse Mercator Projection.Mercator Projection.
Enroute Charts :
Low altitude charts are for altitudes less than 18,000 feet and high altitude charts are for altitudes equal to or greater than 18,000 feet.
Provide information for radio navigation over designated airways system… very little visual information.
Its scale is not consistent.
Canadian Flight Canadian Flight SupplementSupplement
Supplement to A.I.P. Supplement to A.I.P. CanadaCanada
Lists all aerodromes shown Lists all aerodromes shown on VNC’s, and WAC’s. on VNC’s, and WAC’s.
It also contains all kinds of It also contains all kinds of valuable information valuable information related to aviation and is related to aviation and is absolutely absolutely invaluableinvaluable to a to a pilot.pilot.
Confirmation Confirmation StageStage
NOTE: You must use the buttons in the Confirmation Stage
A
B
C
D
1:1,000,000
1:500,000
1:250,000
None of the above
Let's try a few review questions on Navigation:
Question #5 - What is the scale of a VNC?
NavigationNavigationProjections Projections
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Flying Scholarship Program
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Flying Scholarship Program
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VFR Navigation ChartsVFR Navigation Charts(VNC):(VNC): replacing the CPC’s,replacing the CPC’s, depict more extensivedepict more extensive
geographical areas,geographical areas, chart printed on bothchart printed on both
sides,sides, chart is identified by thechart is identified by the
name of principlename of principlelandmarklandmark
based on Lambertbased on LambertConformal Projection,Conformal Projection,
Useful during flights atUseful during flights atlower altitudes and slowerlower altitudes and slowerspeedsspeeds
scale is 1:500,000.scale is 1:500,000.
A
B
C
D
Slow speeds at low altitudes
Visual navigation at high speeds
Terminal Class C airspace
Radio navigation
Let's try a few review questions on Navigation:
Question #6 - What are WAC charts are used for?
NavigationNavigationProjections Projections
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Flying Scholarship Program
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Flying Scholarship Program
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Flying Scholarship Program
Flying Scholarship Program
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World AeronauticalWorld AeronauticalCharts (WAC):Charts (WAC): designed for visualdesigned for visual
navigation at highernavigation at higheraltitudes and greateraltitudes and greaterspeeds,speeds,
each chart depicts aeach chart depicts asizeable portion of asizeable portion of ageographical area,geographical area,
each chart is identifiedeach chart is identifiedby a letter and aby a letter and anumber,number,
printed on both sides,printed on both sides, scale is 1:1,000,000.scale is 1:1,000,000.
Congratulations!!
You have now completed the Projections lesson of the Navigation Module. Of course, this lesson is always available to you for future reference if required.
You are now ready to move along to the next Navigation lesson you have not completed or to any other module you wish. You can advance to the Self Test Module if you feel ready to challenge the final exam.
Good Luck!
NavigationNavigationProjections Projections