Mapping Solid Waste II Sample Collection & Analysis Environmental Technology Centre 1 UNEP Mapping Solid Waste – II Sample Collection & Analysis Dr. Mushtaq Ahmed Memon

International Environmental Technology Centre<www.unep.or.jp>

1 UNEP

Mapping Solid Waste – IISample Collection & Analysis

Dr. Mushtaq Ahmed Memon ([email protected])United Nations Environment Programme

Division of Technology, Industry and Economics

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UNEPInternational Environmental Technology Centre<www.unep.or.jp>

Presentation Outline

Procedures for Collection of Samples

Methods for Sample Analysis

Methods for Waste Composition

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Flow of Composition Study

– Sampling

– Drying: Moisture Content

– Classification: Component Rate

– Heating: Water, Ash Content

– Calorie meter: Calorific Value

– Chemical Analysis: N, Cl, S, C, H

Collection & Analysis of Samples

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Number of SamplesMaterials C.L 95% C.L 90% C.L 80% C.L 70%

Residential

Commercial

Residential

Commercial

Residential

Commercial

Residential

Commercial

Newsprint 224-2397

698-3563

58-600

170-991 16-150 48-223 9-58 21-101

Cardboard 899-1955

533-997 225-499

134-250 58-123 35-64 27-66 17-30

Aluminum 275-1437

754-4399

70-350

191-1100

19-92 60-275 10-42 23-123

Ferrous 194-554

552-3411

50-139

138-953 14-37 36-214 8-18 17-97

Glass 145-619

596-2002

39-155

149-501 19-61 39-126 6-19 19-58

Plastic 261-1100

422-783 67-275

107-195 18-70 28-61 10-32 14-24

Organic 12-47 26-92 5-14 8-25 3-5 4-8 3-4 3-5

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Timing– To collect data that covers entire period of

disposal

– To collect data that may be assembled later in a way that represents the entire period

– Local knowledge for primary disposal timings during a day and days of a week

– Records at disposal site for the vehicles’ timings

– Seasonal variations(Rainy / Dry, Summer / Winter)

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Selection of Sites

– Virtual numbering of primary disposal sites(Piles/hypes/bins at collection point in a street)

– Virtual numbering of waste collection vehicles at final disposal site

– Based on the minimum number of samples, generate random numbers and select the sites (either primary disposal sites or vehicles) accordingly

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Quantification of Waste

– Measurements at the point of generation

– Quantification of waste by examination of records at the point of generation (industries, hospitals, etc.)

– Quantification of waste based on survey of waste collection vehicles

– Quantification of waste by examination of records at waste disposal facility

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Characterization of Waste

– Hand sorting of samples (at generation and from vehicles at disposal facility)

– Visual characterization of samples (at generation and from vehicles at disposal facility)

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(1) Samplingfrom waste pit or collection vehicle

(2) Mix (depending on type of waste)to get average sample

(3) Dividingto formulate 4 blocks to reduce

(4) Reducingby discarding diagonally opposite waste

Collecting Samples

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Prepare 200~300kg of Waste from waste pit / collection vehicle

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Waste Reduction Method

SampledWaste

DivideInto

4 blocks

RemainRemove

Remain Remove

2nd

reduction

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Mix & Flatten the waste

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Divide into 4 blocks

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Remove 2 blocks of Waste diagonally opposite ends

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Another diagonal opposite ends waste are remained.

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Mix & flatten remained waste

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Divide into 4 blocks again.

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Crash big waste into small pieces

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Tear plastic bag

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Pick up cans & bottles to reduce equally instead of crushing

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3rd reduction by same method

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Remained waste through

3~4 times reduction

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Prepare 2 buckets (100 litter) to accommodate remained waste

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Pull up the bucket with waste 30 cm high from the floor & drop it

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Measure the weight to check Specific Gravity(Volume to Weight Factor)

Specific Gravity=

Weight/Volume


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Composition Analysis(Dried vs. Raw Samples)

If the purpose of the waste analysis is for plan for waste incineration system, then waste will be dried to make it easy to proceed next steps.

But, in case of improvement of collection / final disposal, waste component study will be made by wet base (without drying)

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Moisture Content

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Caution for Waste in Oven / Heater

Never mix – Matches– Lighters– Paints– Fireworks, FirecrackersTo avoid explosion & fire

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Put sample waste in trays

of Oven/Heater

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Temperature80~90℃

Heating Time48 hours

Cooling Time2 Days

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Put sample waste out from

the heater

Moisture Content is equal to difference in weight of raw and dry waste

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Moisture Content

Weight of raw waste = A kg

Weight of dried waste = B kg

Moisture Content =(A-B) ÷ A X 100 (%)

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Moisture Meters


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Waste Composition Study

Classify a waste sample into several categories by manual sorting

Prepare sheet on the floor, and spread all sample waste on it

Prepare proper containers with designated name card

Sort from big materials to small

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Sample waste to be sorted into different categories

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Kitchen Waste

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Paper

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Textile

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Grass & Wood

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Plastic

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Others (less than 5 mm)

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Glass

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Ceramic & Stone

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Steel

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Metal without Steel

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Weighing individual component

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Moisture & Ash Content Study1. Heat melting pot for 16 hours under 105℃.2. Cool them in decicater and weigh (Ag)3. Put the sample on them and weigh (Bg)4. Dry them for 16 hours under 105℃.5. Cool them in decicator and weigh (Cg)6. Heat the melting pot w/ sample by burner to burn out.7. Keep them in the electric heater under 600℃ for 2 hours.8. After complete burning, put melting pot w/ sample out from

the electric heater, and cool them in the decicator.9. After cooling down, weigh them. (Dg)

– Moisture Content (%) = (B-C) ÷ (B-A) × 100– Ash Content (%) = (D-A) ÷ (B-A) × 100

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The sample is burned by Bunsen burner


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6 hours heating in electric heater under 600℃

Weight of Welting Pot = A gWeight of Welting Pot w/ Waste Sample = B gWeight of Welting Pot with Waste Sample which were burned completely = D g

Ash Content(%) = (D-A) ÷ (B-A) X 100

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Calorific Value

Each sample is set to measure its calorific value after measuring its weight

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Nickel wire is used for ignition

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Oxygen is filled to the cylinder which

accommodate sample w/ ignition

wire


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B-TypeCalorimeter

The cylinder w/ sample is set into Calorimeter in which water is filled.After ignited, sample is burned completely and raise water temperature.Calorific value can be get by temperature change before & after burning.

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Calorific Value – Alternative MethodCV raw = ((1 - MC) X (CV upper - (2241* X 9) X H)) – 2441 X MC

Where:CV = calorific value (‘raw’ is real ‘as delivered’ value, ‘upper’ is value for dried material) in kJ/kgMC = % moisture content (by weight)H = % hydrogen content (from literature)*vaporization enthalpy of water (241kJ/kg at 25oC

To determine the calorific value of waste stream the following steps to be carried out:

•Sample to be sorted and analyzed into the fractions;

•CV upper is applied from know data (literature);

•CV upper is analyzed for unknown fractions;

•% Hydrogen is applied from know data (literature);

•Moisture of fractions is determined; and

Calculate value for CV raw.

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Result of the Study

100.00TOTAL(17.17)Total of Incombustible

1.66Metal w/o Steel5.47Steel1.00Ceramic & Stone9.04Glass

490010.223.92-Typical Combustible Sample(82.83)Total of Combustible

272340.164.794.39Others (less than 5mm)78987.402.3817.33Plastic

427411.046.4712.02Grass & Wood49341.762.656.14Textile41788.994.2439.22Paper

346615.3711.203.73Kitchen Waste

Calorific Value Ho (Kcal/kg)

Ash Content

(%)

Moisture Content

(%)

Component Rate(%)

Sample

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Nitrogen Content Analysis by Kjedahl Method

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Sulfur Content Analysis

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Chlorine Analysis

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Carbon & Hydrogen Content Analysis

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Chemical Composition Factors

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Flow of Waste Analysis(Combustible Sample)•Kitchen Waste•Paper•Textile•Grass & Wood•Plastic•Others (less than 5mm)

Calorific Value Hu

Calorific Value Hu

Heating

Moisture/Ash Content

CalorimeterChemical Element

AnalysisN, Cl, S, C, H

Necessary Air Volumefor combustion

Calorific Value Ho

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Thank You…MushtaqMemon<[email protected]>

Surya.Chandak<[email protected]>

Documents

Mapping Solid Waste II Sample Collection & Analysis Environmental Technology Centre 1 UNEP Mapping Solid Waste – II Sample Collection & Analysis Dr. Mushtaq Ahmed Memon