Eugene Garfield, PhDPresider1 tInstitute for Scientific Jnformation3501 Market StreetUniversity city Science CenterPhiladelphia, PA I91 04USA

This article is an edited version of’ the1982 Annual Magnus 4/ke SciencePolicy Foundation Lecture.

Eugene Garfield PhD is u piouccr inthe field of information science. Heis founder and presiden t oj’the Institutejbr Scientijic Irij&mation (iSI), \rvhichproduces a broad spectrum of‘inf&-mation services and systems. Theinventor of ‘Current Contents’and the‘Science Citation Index ‘, he receivedhis BS in chemistry ji-om ColumbiaUniversity, and returned there jtir aMaster’s degree in library science. Hewas arr-arded his PhD in structurallinguistics at the University oj‘Pennsylvania.

Mapping science inthe Third WorldDr E. Garfield contributes importantly tothe world information order debatethrough an analysis of Third WorldScience employing the cluster mappingmethodology developed by the Institute forScientific Information

I am honoured to present the 1982Annual Magnus Pyke Science PolicyFoundation Lecture. It gives me anopportunity to expand on a topic thathas interested me for many years -science in the developing cquntries.Most scientists in the West are notaware of research going on in Peru,Ghana, Singapore, or other countriescollectively called the Third World.And what they do know about ThirdWorld science is dominated by theresearch of one or two Third World‘research superpowers’ - India orArgentina, for example.

An analysis of Third Worldscience is especially relevant today.The New Information Order is a muchdebated issue in international forums,such as UNESCO.‘4 Third Worldcountries have charged that news fromtheir part of the world is under-reportedin the international press. And whatlittle news of the developing countriesis reported allegedly gives a biased andsensational view of the Third World -earthquakes and revolutions, eruptionsand government overthrows.

Only four news agencies cur-1 eritly account for more than 90% ofall foreign news transmitted aroundthe world.5 All are in the WestReuters, Agence France-Presse.Associated Press, and United PressInternational. In the l ight of theW e s t e r n moiiopoly ori interiiat ional

int~orm;ltioii. T h i r d WOI Id wt Ionssc~iiletiilles feel powrless t o c‘cjrlt toland a,ntrlhute 10 wl131 1s bait! ;ih~utthem. As ~1 result. a New lnt‘c)rrnatioil

Order has been proposed, one in whichThird World news is given increasedand more balanced coverage.

This is a controversial issue, butperhaps I can demonstrate statisticallywhy the Third World feels the way itdoes. The representation of ThirdWorld research in international scien-tific journals is a neglected aspect ofthe New Information Order debate.How many research articles fromThird World countries are published injournals from the developed countries?And what impact does Third Worldresearch have on the internationalscientific community? The term‘impact’ is vague without a definition.Here, impact is defined in terms ofcitations. 1 realize that this, too, iscontroversi+al.

Citation methodWhen a scientist cites a given article,he or she indicates that the article wassomehow relevant to the researchperformed. The citing author callsattention to some useful place ofinformation included in that article -a method, statistic, result. or- what-ever. And when an article is citedmany times, it can be considered tohave had a significant impact on theconduct of scientific research. I do notdiscuss here the vast literature whichsupports the validity of this premise.

If we take into account only the

Ilumber of articles ;11i eiitirt’ nation’sscicnlists uutliored. wc get 311 idc’3 ot‘Illcir level ot‘ p roduc t i v i t y . But wllcri

.. we also consider the number of

citations these articles received, wehave a measure of their utility orimpact. The purpose here is todocument the level and impact ofThird World research in the world’sscientific journals. Perhaps it willserve as a point of departure for awider discussion on the need for aNew Scientific Information Order.

The Institute for ScientificInformation@ (ISI@), of which I amfounder and chairman, offers a uniqueviewpoint on Third World science.Every year, we monitor severalthousand scientific journals in ourScience Citation Index@ (XI@) data-base. We record bibliographicinformation on every item publishedin these journals. Last year, weprocessed 540 000 research articles,reviews, notes, letters, editorials, andother scientific communications.Similar data are available from ourSocial Sciences Citation Index@(SSCY@) database, and the Arts &Humanities Citation Index@ (A&HCI@)data. Here, I restrict myself to theSCI.SCI source index

We recorded the names and addressesof about 1.5 million authors, the title,issue, and pages of 3 000 journals theypublished in, and about nine millionreferences they cited. This informationallows us to tabulate the number ofarticles written by Third Worldresearchers that were published in thejournals we covered. That is, we canidentify all articles with first authorswho list a Third World country as theiraddress.

SCI citation index

Our records also let us calculate thenumber of citations these Third Worldarticles received. We can tell who theciting author is, and the journal,volume, page, and year of the citingarticle.

Third World study

For convenience, we used the Encyclo-pedia of the Third World6 to definewhich countries are considered asmember states of the Third World. In1982, the encyclopedia listed 122developing nations. These countriesmet a variety of economic requirementsin order to be considered developingnations. In addition, they were non-aligned with the USA or USSR.

As a source year for this study,we decided to use the 1973 SCI data-base. This gives a base year to comparethe performance of Third World

researchers in the future. In fact, weare now processing both the 1978 and1981 SCI files to update this study.Of course, it takes an immense effortto produce and collate these data. Butin a short time, we shall be able tochart the growth or decline of ThirdWorld science from 1973 to 1978 and1981.

Also, using 1973 as a base yeargives us enough time to measure theimpact of Third World research on theinternational scientific community.That is, we can determine the numberof citations these Third World articlesreceived over a period of several years.The data are taken from six annualSCI files, covering 1973-1978.

There are a few importantcaveats. This discussion of Third Worldscience is limited to that fraction ofthe international scientific presscovered in the 1973 SCI. In 1973, itwas estimated that 50000 sciencejournals were published worldwide.’This figure is a gross distortion, and itis safe to say that over 90% of thesepublications are of minor significance.The SC/ covered about 2 500 carefullyselected journals that year.

Our studies indicate that the‘important’ high-impact sciencejournals actually amount to no morethan 500 to 1000 journals.8Y9 Forexample, the solid line in Figure 1shows that only 80 journals are citedin 25% of all references processed inthe 198 1 SCI. In other words, only2% of the 4000 journals covered inthe SCI that year account for 25% ofall citations. And only 700 journalsaccount for 52% of all citations. Thus,a small number of journals accountfor the majority of citations.

Further evidence of the con-centration of scientific literature in asmall group of journals is provided bythe dotted line in Figure 1 whichshows that 20% of all 1981 articleswere published in only 60 journals.And 400 journals account for 50% ofall published articles. Again, a smallgroup of journals predominates in thescientific literature.

I am confident that the journalsISI covers represent the majorchannels of international scientificcommunication. It should be borne inmind that we are assessing the leveland impact of Third World research in

international scientific journals -it is not intended to provide aninventory of Third World scientificoutput in every journal from everycountry of the world.

Table 1 shows how the articlesin the 1973 SC1 were distributed bycountry of publication. About 353 000articles were indexed in the XI thatyear, and these articles received 2million citations from 1973 to 1978.US journals alone published 48% ofall SC/ articles in 1973, and USpublished articles account for 60%of the 2 million citations in the 1973-78 SC1 files. The average articlepublished in a US journal receivedabout seven citations over that six-year period.

If we add together the publi-cation output of the USA, the UK andCommonwealth countries, WesternEurope, Japan and Scandinavia, we seethat these ‘First World’ countriesaccount for 84% of 1973 articles, and89% of 1973-78 citations. Clearly,the SCldatabase reflects the dominanceof First World scientific publications.Western journals control the flow ofinternational scientific communicationalmost as much as Western newsagencies ‘monopolize’ internationalnews. This is not a judgement, butsimply a statement of fact.

Table 2 shows how the 1973articles were distributed by nationalityof the first author. Articles written byfirst authors listing a US institution astheir address account for the largestportion - 43%. These articles alsoaccount for the lion’s share of citations- more than half. And if we addtogether articles authored in the USA,UK and Commonwealth countries,WesternEurope,Japan and Scandinavia,they account for 83% of 1973 articles,and 93% of 1973-78 citations. Thedata indicate that researchers fromFirst World countries are the majorparticipants in international science,at least as it is reflected in the XI.

Position of India

Table 3 identifies the top 25 countriesin terms of the number of articleswritten by their authors, only twoThird World countries appear - Indiaand Argentina. India’s rank is signifi-cant. It is considered to rank third inthe world in the number of researchers,behind the USA and USSR.’ But itranks eighth when we consider thenumber of articles its researchersauthored in the international journalsdiscussed here.

We can expect India to dominatethe Third World when we rank

Legend

- Wad journals---a-.... Source purnolr

1 I IllIll I 11111111 I I 1111111 I

I 2 4 6 8 IO 20 4 0 6 0 8 0 100 200 400 600 1000 2000Number of Journals

Figure 1. Distribution of published items and citations among science journals

Table 1. Publishing countries represented in the 1973 SC/@ database

Geographical region

USA 48UK/Commonwealth 16Western Europe 15USSR 6Eastern Europe 3Japan 3Scandinavia 2All Third World 2All others 1

%ofl¶mSC I articles

% of 1973-78SCI citations

6016102122

Impact

6.95.53.41.41.92.97.6.8

1.4

Table 2. Locations of authors in the 1973 SC/@ database

Geographical region

U S A 43 54 6.9Western Europe 17 14 4.6UK/Commonwealth 16 17 5.9USSR 7 2 1.6At1 Third World 5 2 2.3Eastern Europe 4 2 2.5Japan 4 3 4.1Scandinavia 3 4 7.4All Others 2 2 5.2

% of 1973 % of 1973-78SC I articles SC I citations Impact

Table 3. Top 25 countries, ranked by number of articles their authors produced.Asterisks indicate Third World countries

Country Articles Citations ImpactCited Uncited %articles articles citedness

USAUKUSSRFRGFranceJapanCanada

"India

1519393218924715201371770715569153627888

1047854202600404559323372912641608665415515

6.96.31.64.64.14.15.62.0

97-852 54087 6421387 10802 6611159 13556 4512981 7156 6411069 6638 6210161 5408 6510688 4674 704568 3320 58

continued on page 115

..’ 1

, - “developing countries by the number ofarticles their researchers authored(Table 4). In fact, Indian researchersalone authored half the 16 000 articlesfrom the Third. World. Out of 93Third World author countries in the1973 SCI database, 30 developingcountries authored 50 or more articles.These 30 countries accounted for 95%of all Third World articles. Clearly,India is the research ‘superpower’ ofthe Third World. Argentina is a distantsecond, accounting for lo%, or a fifthof India’s output.

Ranking countries by t h enumber of authored articles has itsdisadvantages. Small developing anddeveloped countries producing high-quality science would tend not toappear. Their overall output is dwarfedby that of the large superpowers. But,when we rank all countries by theimpact of their authored articles, wesee some interesting results.

Impact of Third World articles

Thirty countries averaged four or morecitations to their authored articlesfrom 1973-78 (Table 5). Twelve aredeveloping countires, and they areindicated by asterisks. Three developingcountries rank among the top ten inthe world on impact - Liberia,Jamaica, and Thailand. However, weshould note that Liberia’s high impactis based on only seven authoredarticles. It would be difficult to derivemuch significance from so small asample.

Articles authored in Liberia,Jamaica, and Thai land togetheraveraged seven citations over a six-yearperiod. This comes close to matchingthe impact of those Scandinaviancountr ies in the top ten - theyaveraged eight citations. Liberian,Jamaican, and Thai articles, togetheror singly, had a greater impact than USarticles. But India is conspicuous byits absence.

If we examine the impact ofThird World articles only (Table 6),we see that 27 developing countrieshad an impact of 2.5 or greater. ButIndia still does not appear, eventhough it dominated the Third Worldin authored articles. The averagearticle from Indica was cited twiceover six years. Argentina, whichaccounted for only a fifth of India’soutput, had a higher impact - 2.7.

Languages

Third World articles were written inten different languages. More than

Table 3. continued

Australia 6985 38342 5.5 4798 2187 69Italy 6012 22276 3.7 3448 2564 57Sweden 4989 42078 8.4 3748 1241 75Switzerland 4483 29078 6.5 2940 1543 66Netherlands 4114 28415 6.9 2971 1143 72Czechoslovakia 3497 9 859 2.8 2207 1290 63Israel 3199 20788 6.5 2274 925 71Poland 2918 7072 2.4 1676 1242 57Belgium 2675 12532 4.7 1772 903 66Denmark 2398 18460 7.7 1745 653 73GDR 2344 6401 2.7 1463 881 62Hungary 2209 5025 2.3 1068 1141 48Norway 1850 1 1 2 0 0 6.0 1292 558 70Austria 1753 5205 3.0 1106 647 63South Africa 1676 5182 3.1 992 684 59Finland 1669 9467 5.7 1162 507 70

*Argentina 1526 4110 2.7 655 871 43

Table 4. Third World countries whoseranked by the number of articles

authors produced 50 or more

Country Articles Citations ImpactCitedarticles

Uncitedarticles

%citedness

India 7888 15515 2.0 4568 3320 58Argentina 1526 4110 2.7 655 871 43Brazil 812 2355 2.9 401 411 49mm 713 1306 1.8 451 262 63Venezuela 589 702 1.2 127 462 22Chile 565 1228 2.2 227 338 40Mexico 535 1652 3.1 258 277 48Niger ia 354 866 2.4 229 125 65Iran 196 444 2.3 107 89 55Turkey 184 405 2.2 110 74 60Malaysia 154 361 2.3 96 58 62Lebanon 153 401 2.6 90 63 59Singapore 139 305 2.2 88 51 63Thailand 138 970 7.0 96 42 70Uganda 132 587 4.4 93 39 70Kenya 127 595 4.7 89 38 70Pakistan 111 197 1.8 60 51 54Zimbabwe 87 236 2.7 53 34 61Ghana 79 140 1.8 44 35 56Jamaica 77 545 7.1 63 14 82Philippines 61 190 3.1 38 23 62Peru 59 125 2.1 25 34 42Tanzania 58 159 2.7 39 19 67Sri Lanka 58 123 2.1 43 15 74Sudan 57 1 6 1 2.8 36 21 63Uruguay 57 1 2 1 2.1 24 33 42Algeria 56 82 1.5 28 28 50Colombia 54 159 2.9 35 19 65Iraq 54 248 4.6 31 23 57Ethiopia 50 247 4.9 40 10 80 s

Totals

All other ThirdWorld nations

Grand totals

15123 34535 23 8244 6879

755 1630 2.2 410 345

15878 36165 2.3 8654 7224

54

54

55

SOW&X

Source

of data on

of data on

articles: 1

citations:

973 SC/@

1973-70 SC/@

Science ZR the 1hlrd World

85% of the 16 000 Third World articlesare in English. Spanish is a distantsecond, accounting for 11%. Also,Third World articles had the highestimpact (measured as total articlespublished divided by number ofcitations) when they were authored inEnglish (impact of 2.6). Germanlangauge articles had the next highestimpact (2.0), followed by French (1.4)and Italian (1 .O).

Table 5. Countries with impact of 4.0 or greater for articles tkajr wthorsproduced, ranked by impact. Asterisks indicate Third World -tries

Clearly, English is the linguafranca of Third World science. This iseven more true in recent years. Forexample, the 1978 SC/ da tabaseincluded 22 000 articles from theThird World; 92% of these were inEnglish. And English language articlesagain accounted for 92% of the 27 000Third World articles in the 1981 SCIfile.

In fact, the same pattern holdstrue for all the author countries inthe SC/ files, developed or developing.More than 80% of the 350 000 articlesin the 1973 SC/ were in English. AndEnglish language articles had thehighest impact - 6.3. In the 1978 SC/,87% of the 530000 articles were inEnglish. And English language articlesaccounted for 88% percent of the605 000 articles in the 1981 SC1 file.

This reminds me of a controversyinvolving France that developed in1976. I presented data showing thatmost French research had a lowimpact relative to m a n y othercountries.” And this was even worsewhen they published their results inFrench. I showed that the best articlesfrom France, with a significantlyhigher impact, w e r e written inEnglish.’ ’ This so offended thefrancophile establishment that I wasaccused of linguistic imperialism.‘* Infact, Michel Debre, a former PrimeMinister of France, suggested that mydata might threaten “the existence andpermanence of the French nation” if itencouraged French scientists topublish in English! l3

Country Impact

Bermuda 11.5*Liberia 8.7

Sweden 8.4Denmark 7.7Antilles 7.5

*Jamaica 7.0*Thailand 7.0

N e t h e r l a n d s 6 . 9U S A 6.9Israel 6.5S w i t z e r l a n d 6 . 5U K 6.3Norway 6.0Finland 5.7Canada 5.6Australia 5.5

*Guatemala 5.3Northern Ireland 5.2

*Panama 5.2*Ethiopia 4.9

Belgium 4.7“Iraq 4.7l Kenya 4.7

F R G 4.6*Uganda 4.4*Zambia 4.4Japan 4.1

*Cameroon 4.1France 4.1

*Congo Peop Rep 4.0

ArticlesCited

Citations articlesUncited %articles citedness

2 2 3 27 61 7

4 989 4 2 0 7 8 3 7 4 82 3 9 8 1 8 4 6 0 1 745

4 3 0 47 7 545 63

138 970 964 1 1 4 2 8 4 1 5 2 9 7 1

151 939 1047 854 97 8523 1 9 9 2 0 7 8 8 2 2 7 44 4 8 3 2 9 0 7 8 2 9 4 0

32 189 2 0 2 6 0 0 2 1 3 8 71 8 5 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 2 9 21 669 9467 1 162

1 5 3 6 2 8 6 6 5 4 1 0 6 8 86 985 3 8 3 4 2 4 7 9 8

18 9 6 125 3 9 2 7 9 1 3 5 9

16 8 3 135 0 247 40

2 675 1 2 5 3 2 1 7725 4 248 31

127 5 9 5 8 920 137 93 233 12 981

132 587 9341 179 2 4

1 5 5 6 9 64 160 10 16116 6 5 9

17 707 7 2 9 1 2 1 1 0 6 98 3 2 5

--

12416 5 3-

144 2

1 14354 087

9 2 51 5 4 3

1 0 8 0 25 5 85 0 7

4 6742 1 8 7

61 8 0

310

9 0 32 33 8

7 1 5 63 917

5 4087

6 6383

100100

7 57 3

1008 27 07 26 4716 66 67 07 07 06 96 76 7818 06 65 87 06 47 05 86 55 66 26 2

Source of data on articles: 1973 Xl@Source of data on citations: 1973-78 SO@

Table 6. Third World countries with impact of 2.5 or greater for articles theirauthors produard, ranked by impact

Country Impact Articles CitationsCitedarticles

Uncited %articles citedness

But a recent survey of PASCAL,a French documentation system,yielded some ironic results. In 1979,PASCAL indexed 155 000 articles inits life sciences file. Of these, 70%were in English. French amounted toonly 12%, and German to 7%.14Unfortunately, PASCAL does notrecord citations, so we have nomeasure of the relative impact of thesearticles. Even a database that “issupposed to be strongly biased infavor of European languages”r4 showsthat English is the lingua franca ofinternational science.

Liberia 8.7 7 61Jamaica 7.1 7 7 5 4 5Thailand 7.0 138 9 7 0Guatemala 5.3 18 9 6Panama 5.2 16 8 3Ethiopia 4.9 5 0 2 4 7Iraq 4.7 5 4 2 4 8Kenya 4.7 127 5 9 5Uganda 4.4 132 587Zambia 4.4 41 179Cameroon 4.1 16 6 5Congo Peop Rep 4.0 8 3 2Mexico 3.1 5 3 5 1 6 5 2Philippines 3.1 61 190Burundi 3.0 1 3Lesotho 3.0 2 6Brazil 2 .9 8 1 2 2 355

7 -6 3 149 6 4 21 2 61 3 34 0 1 031 2 38 9 3 89 3 3 92 4 17

9 75 3

2 5 8 2 7 73 8 2 3

2401

-

411

1008 27 06 7818 05 87 0705 85 66 24 86 2

100100

4 9

So tar, we have looked at 350 000 continued on page 117

.

articles in the 1973 SCI file bv thenationality of the first autho;. Weidentified about 16 000 articles ashaving been authored in 93 ThirdWorld countries. India was found to bethe ‘superpower’ of Third Worldresearch, accounting for half of allarticles from developing countries. Butwhen impact was considered, Indianarticles did not rank among the top25 countries, developed or developing.But three Third World countries -Liberia, Jamaica, and Thailand - hada combined impact close toScandinavia’s, and greater than that ofthe USA. Also, English languagearticles dominated the total output ofThird World authors, and they had thehighest impact.

NationalityWe now consider the same articlesby the nationality of the publisher.Fifteen Third World publishingcountries are represented in the1973 SCZ database. We covered 52of their journals. These journalspublished 5 500 of the 16000 articleswritten by Third World authors. Thatis, 35% of all the articles by ThirdWorld authors were published in ThirdWorld journals.

Impact of Third World publishingcountriesAgain, India is the giant of Third Worldscience. It published 60% of all articlesin the Third World scientific press(Table 7). Argentina ranks second,accounting for 20%. The remaining13 Third World publishing countriesaccount for only 20%.

India and Argentina also rankamong the top 25 scientific publishingcountries in the world. India ranks13th and Argentina 20th.

India also ranks first amongThird World publishing countries whenimpact is taken into account (Table 8).The average article published in anIndian journal was cited once from1973-78. Costa Rica has an equivalentimpact, even though its output ofpublished articles was much smallerthan that of India. The publicationsof Peru, Kuwait, Philippines, andColombia are not listed here becausethey were not cited from 1973-78.

Publishing opportunities

The USA published more Third Worldarticles than any other country (Table9). It published 3 700 Third Worldarticles. This amounts to only 2% ofall US published articles. But it

Table 6. continued

Colombia 2.9 5 4 159 3 5 1 9 6 5Barbados 2.8 5 1 4 4 1 8 0Ivory Coast 2.8 3 5 99 28 7 8 0Saudi Arabia 2.8 13 3 7 8 5 61Sudan 2.8 5 7 161 3 6 21 63Argentina 2.7 1 526 4 1 1 0 6 5 5 871 43Indonesia 2.7 2 3 62 10 13 43Tanzania 2.7 5 8 159 3 9 19 67Lebanon 2.6 153 401 9 0 63 59Zimbabwe 2.6 8 7 236 53 34 61

Totals 3.2 4 1 9 6 1 3 3 5 2 2 1 4 0 1 9 6 6 5 2

All other ThirdWorld nations 1.9 1 1 7 7 2 2 2 8 1 3 6 5 1 4 5 2 5 8 5 5

Grand totals 2.3 15 878 3 6 1 6 5 8 6 5 4 7 2 2 4 5 4

Source of data on articles: 1973 SO@

Source of deta on citations: 1973-79 SCl@

Table 7. Third World publishing countries, ranked by the number of articlespublished in their journals

Publishingcountry Articles Citations

India 3 486 3 8 1 5Argentina 1 137 3 7 9Venezuela 4 7 3 9 3Chile 2 8 8 123Mexico 187 9 9Brazil 1 0 9 2 9Costa Rica 71 7 4Lebanon 21 6Ghana 18 3Peru 1 6 0Nigeria 1 3 5Kuwait 1 0 0Thailand 7 1Philippines 5 0Colombia 2 0

Totals 5 8 4 3 4 627

Cited Uncited %Impact articles articles Citedness

1.1 1 6 5 7 1 8 2 9 4 8.3 157 9 8 0 14.2 4 9 4 2 4 10.4 61 2 2 7 21.5 4 2 145 2 2-3 1 5 9 4 14

1.0 31 4 0 4 4.3 5 16 2 4.2 3 15 17

0 1 6 -.4 4 9 31- 0 10 -.I 1 6 1 4- 0 5 -- 0 2 -

.8 2 0 2 5 3 8 1 8 3 5

Source of data on articles: 1973 SCI@Source of da& on citations: 1973-79 SC@

Table 8. Third World publishing countries, ranked by impact of articles theirjournals published

Publishingcountry

India 1.1 3 468 3 8 1 5 1 6 5 7 1 8 2 9 4 8Costa Rica 1.0 71 7 4 31 4 0 4 4Mexico .5 187 9 9 4 2 145 2 2Chile .4 2 8 8 123 61 2 2 7 21Nigeria .4 13 5 4 9 31 .Argentina .3 1 137 3 7 9 157 - 9 8 0 14Brazil .3 109 2 9 15 9 4 14Lebanon .3 2 1 6 5 1 6 2 4Ghana .2 1 8 3 3 15 17Venezuela .2 4 7 3 9 3 4 9 4 2 4 1 0Thailand .l 7 1 1 6 14

Impact Articles CitationsCited Uncited %articles articles Citedness

Source of date on articles: 1973 SCI@Source of data on citations: 1973-79 SC/@

Table 9. Countries that published 50 or more Third World articles, ranked bythe number of articles. Asterisks indicate Third World countries

Publishingcountry

U S A 3 755 1 3 7 0 6 3.6 7 5*India 3 351 3 690 1.1 12U K 2 542 8 4 0 1 3.3 6 8

*Argentina 1 0 6 9 3 4 8 .3 13Netherlands 8 8 5 3 440 3.9 5 3F R G 6 4 8 1 5 1 2 2.3 4 3Switzerland 5 5 5 1 4 8 8 2.7 41

*Venezuela 431 5 3 .l 5France 3 6 0 5 6 6 1.6 4 2G D R 3 1 9 6 0 2 1.9 17Japan 2 9 3 4 7 7 1.6 1 9

*Chile 2 8 3 123 .4 5Italy 2 2 8 2 8 0 1.2 2 9

*Mexico 174 9 4 .5 7Australia 134 2 6 7 2.0 2 0Denmark 1 2 6 351 2.8 2 3

“Brazi l 8 9 2 2 .2 2Canada 8 6 152 1.8 2 0Hungary 7 4 8 4 1.1 1 0Austria 6 4 107 1.7 8Czechoslovakia 5 4 9 4 1.7 9

*Costa Rica 5 0 5 8 1.2 12

Totals 15 570 35 915 2.3

All others 3 0 8 2 5 0 .8Totals 1 5 8 7 8 36 165 2.3

Articles Citations ImpactThird Worldcountries

Source of data on articles: 1973 SO@Source of data on citations: 1973-78 SO@

Table 10. Publishing countries with an impact of 1.5 or greater for Third Worldarticles, ranked by impact

Publishingcountry

Netherlands 3.9 8 8 5 3 440 5 3U S A 3.6 3 755 1 3 7 0 6 7 5U K 3.3 2 542 8 4 0 1 6 8Ireland 3.0 1 3 1Denmark 2.8 126 351 2 3Switzerland 2.7 5 5 5 1 4 8 8 41F R G 2.3 6 4 8 1 5 1 2 4 3Sweden 2.2 2 8 61 14Australia 2.0 134 267 2 0G D R 1.9 3 1 9 6 0 2 17Canada 1.8 8 6 152 2 0Israel 1.8 18 3 2 7Austria 1.7 6 4 107 8Czechoslovakia 1.7 5 4 9 4 9France 1.6 3 6 0 5 6 6 4 2Japan 1.6 2 9 3 4 7 7 19Norway 1.5 2 3 2

Totals 3.2 9 888 3 1 2 9 8

All others .8 5 9 9 0 4 867

Grand totals 2.3 1 5 8 7 8 36 165

Impact Articles CitationsThird Worldcountries

Source of data on articles: 1973 SCl@Source of data on citations: 1973-78 SCI@

accounts for 24% of all Third Worldarticles. Also, Third World articlespublished in the USA came from 7.5different developing countries. Thatis, more Third World nations found apublishing opportunity in the USthan in any other publishing country.

India is a close second, publishing3 300 Third World articles. But 98% ofall Third World articles published inIndia were authored by Indianscientists. Eleven other developingcountries managed to publish only 56articles in Indian journals.

The other Third World publishingcountries, indicated by asterisks,followed the same pattern. 75% of theThird World articles published inArgentina were authored by Argen-tinian scientists. For Venezuela, thisfigure is 97%; for Chile, 98%; forMexico, 95%; and Brazil, 99%. OnlyCosta Rica published more articlesfrom Third World countries other thanitself. Of the 50 articles published inCosta Rican journals, 23 were fromCosta Rica.

Significantly, no Third Worldpublishing country had an impact of1.5 or greater for the Third Worldarticles it published (Table 10). CostaRica had an impact of 1.2, the highestof all 15 Third World publishers. Indiafollowed with an impact of 1 .l . ThirdWorld articles had the greatest impactwhen they were published in theNetherlands, USA, or UK.

Journals

We can now identify the journals fromthe developed countries that publishedat least 50 articles from the ThirdWorld. Nineteen journals are shown(Table 11). Included is the overallnumber of articles each journalpublished to give an idea of the pro-portion from the Third World.

Six of these journals werepublished in the UK, the USA has five,and the Netherlands three. Switzerlandand Italy account for two journalseach, and one journal was publishedin East Germany.

Twenty-one Third World journalspublished at least 50 articles from thedeveloping countries (Table 12). Morethan half (13) are Indian journals. Theremaining Bight were published inCentral or South America: two each inArgentina, Chile, and Mexico; and oneeach in Costa Rica and Venezuela.These journals published Third Worldarticles almost exclusively. 96% of allarticles in these journals, takentogether, were from the Third World.

When we rank journals thatpublished Third World articles by

ladle 11. Journals that published 50 or more Third World articles, 1973 SC/@

Journal

ThirdThird World Total number Worldarticles of articles impact

Journal of Inorganic and NuclearChemistry (USA) 138 6 3 4 3.6

Phytochemistrv (UK) 1 2 1 6 5 5 3.6Experientia (Switzerland) 104 1 1 1 4 1.9Transactions of the Royal Society of

Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (UK) 100 3 1 2 3.6Lancet (UK) 8 8 2 626 6.9Notices of the American Mathematical

Society (USA) 7 8 2 236 0International Journal of Electronics (UK)Genetics (USA) 7 3 1 0 3 3 0Pure and Applied Geophysics (Italy) 6 8 2 2 4 6Biochimica et Biophysics Acta

(Netherlands) 6 6 2 3 1 1 13.0Physical Review B-Solid State (USA) 6 6 1 3 8 2 4.9

Bulletin of the World HealthOrganization (Switzerland) 6 0 177 4.0

Lettere al Nuovo Cimento (Italy) 6 0 5 7 1 1.3Physica Status Solidi B-Basic

Research (GDR) 6 0 6 6 9 1.5Physics Letters A (Netherlands) 5 7 9 9 6 2.0British Medical Journal (UK) 5 6 1 776 7.4Journal of Tropical Medicine and

Hygiene (UK) 5 2 7 2 2 . 1Tropical and Geographical Medicine

(Netherlands) 5 2 6 6 1.8Tetrahedron Letters (USA) 5 1 1 4 0 6 0

impact (Table 13) no Third World Argentina, and Thailand each accountjournal appears among the top 25. The for five most-cited Third World articles.USA accounts for two-thirds of the Brazilian authors contributed fourjournals with the highest impact for articles. Uganda, Chile, Iran, andThird World articles. Seven were Jamaica account for one article each.published in the UK, and one each in We also checked to see if theseDenmark and Switzerland. first authors listed different insti-

For 18 of these journals, the 1R tutional affiliations on other-impact of Th.ird World articles wasgreater than the journal’s overallimpact. That is, Third World researchreported in their pages added to theoverall impact of these journals.

Of the 52 Third World journalscovered in the 1973 X1, 14 had animpact of 1.0 or greater for articles itpublished from developing countries(Table 14). The highest impact for anyThird World journal was 2.3. NineIndian journals are listed. Argentinaaccounts for three. Mexico and CostaRica account for one journal each.

Most-cited articles

We now examine the Third Worldarticles that were cited at least 50times from 1973-78. Full biblio-graphic information is given for 23articles, including the institutionalaffiliations of all authors (Table 15).First authors who were based in India,

the developed countries. On the otherhand, they may have been researchersfrom developed countries who workedin Third World institutes for a time.We found that four first authors alsolisted addresses at institutions indeveloped countries - K.H. Graefe,R. Edelman, R.D. Keynes, and V.A.Bokisch.

In addition, five of the 23articles w e r e co-authored withresearchers from developed countries.Thus, including a scientist from adeveloped country on the researchteam may be an effective strategy forincreasing the impact of Third Worldresearch.

Although we have listed theoverall number of citations each articlereceived from 1973-78, we canidentify the ‘nationality’ of thesecitations. That is, we can tell howmany citations were given by authorsfrom the same developing nation ofthe first author, from other ThirdWorld countries, and from developedcountries.

Table 12. Third World journals that published 50 or more Third World articles,1973 SCP

Third WorldJournal articlesCurrent Science (India) 6 2 0Acta Physiologica Latino-Americana

(Argentina) 6 1 3Indian Journal of Chemistry (India) 5 4 4Acta Cientifica Venezolana (Venezuela) 431Medicina (Argentina) 3 5 9Indian Journal of Pure and Applied

Physics (India) 3 3 5Journal of the Indian Chemical Society

(India) 3 0 9Indian Journal of Medical Research

(India) 2 6 9Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences

(India) 261Indian Journal of Experimental Biology

(India) 2 2 1Revista Medica de Chile (Chile) 1 8 1Indian Journal of Technology (India) 157Indian Journal of Physics and

Proceedings of the Indian Associationfor the Cultivation of Science (India) 108

Archives de Biologia y MedicinaExperimentales (Chile) 102

Indian Journal of Biochemistry andBiophysics (India) 9 8

Revista de lnvestigacion Clinica (Mexico) 7 3Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant

Breeding (India) 7 2Archives de lnvestigacion Medica (Mexico) 60Journal of Scientific and Industrial

Research (India) 5 7Proceedings of the Indian Academy of

Sciences Section B (India) 5 7Turrialba (Costa Rica) 5 0

ThirdTotal number Worldof articles impact6 2 9 .8

6 4 7 .35 5 3 1.94 7 3 .l3 7 4 .2

3 4 0 1.1

3 1 2 1.2

2 7 2 1.5

2 6 6 .4

2 3 0 1.3185 6188 .4

112 .7

103 0

9 8 2.37 6 .4

7 5 .46 5 .5

7 9 1.2

5 7 .97 1 1.2

Table 13. Top 25 journals with highest impact for Third World articles, 1973SCP

Journal

Impact of Impact Third NumberThird World of all World ofarticles articles articles citations

Physiological Reviews (USA) 192.0 103.5 1 192Reviews of Modern Physics (USA) 59.0 86.9 2 118Proceedings of the National Academy

of Sciences of the USA (USA) 57.0 46.8 2 ‘ 1 1 4Journal of Immunology (USA) 44.2 22.6 5 2 2 1Proceedings of the Nutrition

Society (UK) 39.0 3 . 1 1 3 9Journal of Clinical Investigation (USA) 37.5 41.6 2 7 5Hormones and Behavior (USA) 36.0 12.8 2 7 2Journal of Lipid Research 33.7 19.2 4 135Cell and Tissue Kinetics (UK) 28.0 14.3 1 2 8Tissue Antigens (Denmark) 25.0 13.9 1 2 5Astrophysical Journal Supplement

Series (USA) 2 4 . 0 30.3 1 2 4Infection and Immunity (USA) 23.3 13.5 1 0 2 3 3Biochemistry (USA) 23.0 26.0 4 9 2Proceedings of the Royal Society

Series B-Biological Sciences (UK) 23.0 15.8 1 2 3continued on page 121

These 23 articles received $bout ’1800 citations. 86% were fromauthors in developed countries. 10%were from the first author’s developingcountry. Only 40% were from authorsin other Third World nations. Thus,whether or not a Third World articleis highly-cited depends on the recog-nition it gets from authors in thedeveloped countries.

Part of the reason for this is thatno Third World journal published themost-cited articles from the developingcountries. Thirteen of the 23 most-cited articles appeared in US journals.Seven were published in the UK. Twowere published in the Netherlands, andone in West Germany.

We have not yet discussed, in acognitive sense, the most active areasof Third World research. We haveshown some research their scientistsdo best by examining the most-citedarticles from the Third World. But anyconclusion drawn from such a limitedsample of Third World articles wouldbe tentative, at best.

Clustering methodAt ISI, a method has been developedto bring into view the cognitivestructure of science.” Here, I limitmyself to a brief explanation of whatis actually a complex procedure(Figure 2).

When we record the referencesin an article, we also keep track of thepairs of papers it cited together, orcocited. When the same pairs ofpapers are cited together with otherpapers by many authors, a cluster ofresearch begins to form. The ideaunderlying this method is that co-cited articles share a common topic,subject area, or method. That is, whenan author cites two papers together, heor she indicates that both papersapplied to some aspect of the researchhe or she performed. When the samecluster of papers are co-cited byseveral authors, a cognitive link isestablished between the research theseauthors perform. That is, the citingauthors reveal what research area they‘belong to’ through their citations. Byexamining the titles of the citingarticles, we get an idea of the cognitivecontent of their research _ concen-tration. That is, the citing authorsthemselves provide the words todefine what their research area isabout.

At another level, we can alsoidentify co-citation links betweenclusters. This is possible when authorscite together articles included indifferent clusters. Again, we assume

. . ,that authors who use the same clustersof articles are engaged in similar typesof research. The more frequently twoclusters of articles are cocited, theclusters, we use this relationship todetermine how close or far apartclusters should be depicted in relationto each other.

We used the 1981 SC1 file to seewhat clusters were cited in articlesfrom Third World countries. This givesan understanding of the current areasof activity in Third World science. Westarted by identifying all articles fromThird World countries in the 1981 SCI.We then identified,all the articles theycited that year. We then determinedwhich 1981 articles from developedcountries referred to the same groupof papers cited by Third World authors.These data were entered into our

computer, and more than 2 000 clustersof co-cited papers were generated.

Before we identified clustersthat were cited by Third World articles,we decided to separate India from thedeveloping countries. As we have seen,India overshadows the rest of theThird World in the number of scientificarticles it authors and publishes. Byconsidering India separately, we havea clearer picture of Third Worldscientific activity.

Maps of clustersThirty-nine clusters were cited by atleast 15 articles from the Third World,excluding India (see Figure 3). Eachcircle represents a single cluster. Theshading indicates different disciplinesof research. Connecting lines indicateco-citation links between thesedisciplines.

The clusters are densely packedand highly interconnected for a goodreason. 90% of them deal with topicsin closely related fields - clinical andbiomedical science. Thirteen clustersconcentrate on various aspects ofimmunity, particularly to viral andbacterial diseases; seven deal withhormones and fertility; and fourdiscuss circulatory and heart disease.The ten clusters on ‘miscellaneous’topics in clinical and biomedicineconcern cancer, neurotransmission,physiology, metabolism, and othertopics! The remaining five clustersin this figure are in fields other thanclinical and biomedicine - two inphysics, one in astronomy, and twoin agricultural and environmentalsciences.

Obviously, Third World researchactivity is focused on clinical andbiomedical science. That is, developingcountry scientists tend to cite clusters

Table 13. continued

Chemical Society Reviews (UK) 21.5Human Pathology (USA) 20.5Nephron (Switzerland 20.5Journal of Membrane Biology

(USA) 20.0Inorganic Chemistry (USA) 19.4Philosophical Transactions of the Royal

Society of London Series A-Mathematical and Physical Sciences

(UK) 19.0Blood (USA) 18.3

Annual Review of Microbiology (USA) 17.5Endocrinology (USA) 17.4Clinical and Experimental Immunology

(UK) 16.8Journal of Physiology London (UK) 16.4

34.9 2 438.0 2 4 16.5 2 4 1

14.8 7 14011.9 9 175

7.9 2 3812.0 3 5530.9 2 3521.4 7 122

23.0 5 8411.0 1 6 262

Table 14. Third World journals with an impact of 1.0 or greater for ThirdWorld articles, 1973 SC/@

Journal

Impact of Impact ThirdThird World of all Worldarticles articles articles Citations

Indian Journal of Biochemistry andBiophysics (India)

Indian Journal of Chemistry (India)Anales de la Asociacion Quimica

Argentina (Argentina)Acta Endocrinologica Panamericana

(Argentina)Indian Journal of Medical Research

(India)Phyton (Argentina)Indian Journal of Experimental Biology

(India)Journal of the Indian Chemical Society

(India)Journal of Scientific and Industrial

Research (India)Phytomorphology (India)Turrialba (Costa Rica)Indian Journal of Pure and Applied

Physics (India)Patologia (Mexico)Nucleus (India)

2.3 2.3 98 2231.9 1.9 544 1 0 2 7

1.8 1.8 39 7 1

1.6

1.51.5

1.3 1.2 2 2 1 286

1.2

1.21.21.2

1.11.11 .o

1.2

1 . 51.1

1.2 309 3 8 1

1.3 57 7 11.6 4 51.0 50 58

1.11 . 31.3

7 1 1

269 4048 1 2

335 3841 6 1 826 25

of articles in clinical and biomedicalresearch almost exclusively. But whatspecific areas of clinical and bio-medical research are cited mostfrequently by Third World scientists?This can be determined by consideringthe proportion of all articles citingthese clusters that were from the ThirdWorld.

Third World articles amountedto at least 15% of all citing articles for11 clusters. As we can see in Figure 4,the level of Third World participationis significant in seven clusters ofresearch on immunology and infectiousdisease.

Another area of Third Worldscientific expertise is in hormone andfertility research. Third World scientistsalso accounted for a significant pro-portion of all papers citing research inthe agricultural cluster.

The cluster names read like aeagenda of Third- World concerns:diseases transmitted by parasites,bacteria, and viruses;immune responsesto these and other infectious diseases;hormones, steroids, and fertility; andgrains and legumes. Except for thelast, all Third World science is focusedon clinical and biomedical research.Of course, Third World scientists do

Table 15. Third World articles cited at least 50 times from 1973-78

Citations 1973-1978 SC/@First Devel-author’s Third oped

Total country World world

192 8 1 183

166 13 1 152

118 1

109 16

88 10 1 6

117

9 3

t 62

Bibliographic data

Paintal A.S. Vagal sensory receptors and theireffects. Physiol Rev 53:159-227, 1973.Delhi Univ, Vallabhbhai Pate1 Chest Inst,Delhi, India.

Mendes N F, Tolnai M E A, Silveira N P A,Gilbertsen R B and Metzgar R S. Technicalaspects of the rosette tests used to detecthuman complement receptor (B) and sheeperythrocyte-binding (T) lymphocytes. J/mmunol 111:860-7, 1973. &colaPaulista Med. Dept Microbial, lmmunolParasitol, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Duke UnivMed Ctr, Dept Microbial Immunol,Durham, NC.

Punsalang A P and Sawyer W D. Role of piliin the virulence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.lnfec Immunity 8:255-63, 1973. MahidolUniv, Dept Microbial; Rockefeller Found,Bangkok, Thailand.

Behrens N H, Carmingatti H, Staneloni R J,Leloir L F and Cantarella A I. Formationof lipid-bound oligosaccharides containingmannose. Their role in glycoproteinsynthesis. Proc Nat Acad Sci US 70:3590-4, 1973. Univ Buenos Aires, lnstlnvaat Bioquim. “Fundaci6n Campomar”,Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Sirisinha S, Suskind R, Edelman R, Charu-patana C and Olson R E. Complement andCB-proactivator levels in children withprotein-calorie malnutrition and effect ofdietary treatment. Lancer 1:1016-20,1973. Mehidol Univ. Dept Microbial;SEATO Med Res Lab, Dept Virol, Bangkok,Thailand;Chiang Mai Univ, Anemia MalnutrRes Ctr, Chiang Mai, Thailand; St. LouisUniv Sch Med, Dept Biochem Pediat, St.Louis, MO.

First Devel-author’s Third oped

Total country World world Bibliographic data

68 10 1 1 4 7 Edelman R, Suskind R, Olson R E andSirisinha S. Mechanisms of defectivedelayed cutaneous hypersensitivity inchildren with protein-calorie malnutrition.Lancer 1:506-8, 1973. SEATO Med ResLab, Dept Viral, Bangkok, Thailand;Chiang Mai Univ, Anemia Malnutr ResCtr, Chiang Mai, Thailand; St. Louis UnivSch Med. Dept Biochem Pediat, St. Louis,MO; Mahidol Univ, Dept Microbial, Bang-kok, Thailand.

65 1 0 6 4 Thongthai C and Sawyer W D. Studies on thevirulence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. I.Relation of colonial morphology andresistance to phagocytosis by polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes. Infec. Immunity 7:373-9, 1973. Mahidol Univ. Dept Micro-biol; Rockefeller Found, Bangkok.Thailand.

61 5 6 5 0 Bokisch V A, Top F H, Russell P K, DixonF J and Miiller-Eberhard H J. The potentialpathogenic role of complement in denguehemorrhagic shock syndrome. N. Engl. J.Med. 289:996-1000,1073. SEATO MedRes Lab, Dept Virol, Bangkok, Thailand;Scripps Clin Res Found, Dept Exp Pathol,La Jolla, CA; Walter Reed Army lnst Res,Div Communic Dis Immunol, Washington,DC.

61 14 0 4 7 Leloir L F, Staneloni R J, Carminatti H andBehrens N H. The biosynthesis of a N,N’.-diacetylchitobiose containing lipid by livermicrosomes. A probable dolichol pyro-phosphate derivative. Biochem BiophysCommun 52:1285-92,1973. Univ Buenos’ _Aires, lnst Invest Bioquim. “Fundacion ’Campomar”, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Table 15. continued 58 8 3 4 7

8 0 2

8 0 2

7 9 4

7 9 2 3

7 2

7 0

6 8

1 0

3

3

7 6

6 9

7 3

5 6

6 2

6 7

I

6 1

Jacob G and Maris Th A J. Quasi-free scatteringand nuclear structure. II. Rev Mod Phys45:6-21, 1973. Univ Fed Rio Grande Sul,lnst Fis, Porto Alegre, Brazil.

Karim S M M, Carter D C, Bhana D, GanesanP A. Effect of orally administered pro-staglandin E2 and its 15-methyl analogueson gastric secretion. kit Med J. 1: 143-6,1973. Makerere Univ Med Sch, Kampala,

Uganda.

Garay R P and Garrahan P J. The interactionof sodium and potassium with the sodiumpump in red cells, J Physiol London 231:297-325, 1973. Univ Buenos Aires, DeptQuim Biol, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Graefe K H, Stefano F J E and Langer S 2.Preferential metabolism of (-)-3 H-nore-pinephrine through the deaminated glycolin the rat vas deferens. Biochem Pharmacol22:1147-60,1973. Consejo Nat InvestCientif Teen Inst, Invest Farmacol, BuenosAires, Argentina.

Ramachandran G N, Lakshminarayanan A Vand Kolaskar A S. Theory of the non-planar peptide unit. Biochim Biophys Acta303:8-13, 1973. Indian lnst Sci, MolBiophys Unit, Bangalore, India; UnivChicago, Dept Biophys, Chicago, II I.

Raheja R K, Kaur C, Singh A and Bhatia I S.New calorimetric method for the quanti-tative estimation of phospholipids withoutacid digestion. J Lipid Res 14:695-7,1973.9unjab Agricult Univ. Dept ChemBiochem, Ludhiana, India.

Keynes R D, Rojas E, Taylor R E and VergaraJ. Calcium and potassium systems of agiant barnacle muscle fibre undermembrane potential control. J PhysiolLondon 229:409-55, 1973. Univ Chile,

58 5 1 5 2

57 4

54 10

53 7

53 2

52 14 7

4 6

4 4

4 3

5 1

3 1

Reinhold J G, Nasr K, Lahimgarzadeh A and ’Hedayati H. Effects of purified phytate ’and phytate-rich bread upon metabolism ofzinc, calcium, phosphorus, and nitrogen inman. Lancer 1:283-8, 1973. Pahlavi UnivSch Med. lnst Nucl Med, Shiraz, Iran.

Seakins M, Gibbs W N, Milner P F and BertlesJ F. Erythrocyte Hb-S concentration. Animportant factor in the low oxygen affinityof blood in sickle cell anemia. J C/in invest52:422-32, 1973. Univ West Indies, DeptChem Hematol, Kingston, Jamaica; St.Luke’s Hosp Ctr, Hematol Div, New York,NY.

Chandra R K. Reduced bactericidal capacityof polymorphs in iron deficiency. ArchDis Child. 48~864-6, 1973. All India lnstMed Sci, Dept Paediat, New Delhi, India

Karniol I G and Carlini E A. Pharmacologicalinteraction between cannabidiol and A9 -tetrahydrocannabinol. Psychopharmacol33:53-70, 1973. Escola Paulista Med.Dept Psicobiol, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Blaquier J A and Calandra R S. lntranuclearreceptor for androgens in rat epididymis.Endocrinology 93:51-60, 1973. lnst BiolMed Exp, Lab Esteroides, Buenos Aires,Argentina.

Srivastava R K, Kulshrestha V K, Singh N andBhargava K P. Central cardiovasculareffects of intracerebroventricularpropranolol. Eur J Pharmacol21 :222-g,1973. Univ Lucknow, King George’s MedCoil, Lucknow, India.

Toma H E and Malin J M. Properties andreactivity of some pentacyanoferrate (I I)complexes of aromatic nitrogen hetero-cycles. lnorg Chem 12:1039-45, 1973.Univ Sao Paulo, lnst Quim, Sao Paulo,Brazil.

Citation 1973-1978 SC/@Lab Cell Physiol, Casilla, Chile.

research in physics, chemistry, mathe-matics, and other fields. But they aremost active in clinical and biomedicalresearch.

Indian clusters

When we examine Indian science andexclude the rest of the Third World(see Figure 5) we see that 32 clusterswere cited by at least 16 articles fromIndia. The smaller structure thatstands apart to the left includes sevenclusters. They are all in chemistry:these clusters discuss valence states,electron density, and phase transitionsof various crystals and liquids.

The larger structure to the rightincludes 25 clusters. They can beorganized into three separate fields ofconcentration. Eleven clusters dealwith the synthesis and properties ofvarious metal and ligand complexes.For convenience, we categorize themas being in chemical physics.

Nine clusters concentrate onbiochemistry, and deal with proteinanalysis, plant genetics, DNA confor-mation, and the structure and bio-activity of various substances. One ofthese discusses viral gastroenteritis, theonly biomedical cluster on the map ofIndian science. But only 3% of thearticles citing this cluster were fromIndia.

The remaining five clusters, dealwith physics. They discuss quantumchromodynamics, quark models,unified field theories, and other topics.

Unlike the other developingcountries, Indian science is notfocused on any one field. It isinteresting that Indian science was notactive in clinical and biomedicalresearch, which preoccupied the restof Third World science. Instead,Indian scientists cited research in bio-chemistry, physics, chemistry, andchemical physics. But Indian researchactivity was concentrated in chemicalphysics.

Indian articles amounted to atleast 25% of all citing articles for 12clusters (see Figure 6). Nine of theseclusters deal with metal and ligandcomplexes, which we have categorizedas topics in chemical physics. In thecluster named ‘Stability Constants ofMetal Complexes with AsymmetricMultidentate Ligands’, the level ofIndian participation was very high.More than 100 articles published in1981 cited this cluster, and 77% werefrom India.

Chemistry is another active areaof Indian science. These clusters dealwith chemical properties of alcoholand various crystals. And one cluster

SCI0database

I Extract t

Paws by

Figure 2. Diagrams of 61’s clustering method

Source: SCl@ 1981

in biochemistry, colored blue, showeda significant level of participation byIndian researchers. Of the 108 articlesthat cited this cluster on ‘DiallylAnalysis and other BiometricalGenetics Studies’, 27 were from India.

ConclusionsWhen we talk about Third Worldscience, we have to distinguishbetween India and the rest of thedeveloping world. In many respects,Indian science is unlike the mainstreamof Third World research.

First, Indian science is notclustered in clinical or biomedicalresearch. Of course, Indian scientistsdo research in clinical and biomedicine,but they are not the most active areasof Indian research. In contrast, the restof the Third World actively participatesin clinical and biomedical research.

Also, Indian science is clusteredin research fields that other ThirdWorld scientists have not significantlypenetrated - biochemistry, physics,chemistry, and chemical physics. Andthe level of participation of Indianscientists in chemical physics isespecially remarkable.

India also stands apart from allother developing nat ions in thenumber of articles its scientistsauthored. Remember that half the16 000 Third World articles in the1973 SC1 were authored in India.And India’s dominant position in theThird World has remained constantover the years. For example, therewere 22000 Third World articles inthe 1978 SCI database. Of these, 52%were authored in India. The 1981 SCIdatabase included 27000 Third Worldarticles, and 49% of these were fromIndia.

India overshadows the rest ofthe Third World in the number ofarticles published in its scientificpress, as well. Indian journals accountedfor 60% of all 1973 articles publishedin the Third World.

Thus, we get a skewed impressionof Third World science when we donot take separate account of India.For example, 5% of the 353000articles in the 1973 SC1 were authoredin the Third World. But when India’scontribution is subtracted, the pro-portion of Third World articles dropsto only 2%. And 2% of the 1973 SCIarticles were published in Third Worldjournals. But this drops to less than1% when India is excluded.

#en we consul t data fromother indexing services that claim tobe comprehensive for the world’spublications in physics, chemistry,

Immunoloqy and mfechws

Hormones and ferflhty

tlaor( o n d cwculotory daseoses

Miscellaneous CII~ICOI blomedicolclusters (cancer, physiology. ck)

Non clm~c~l I blomedlcol clustersisI-(physics. oe~ronomy, ogncultura and envwonmantal sca!nccs) Source: SCI@ 198 1

Figure 3. Clusters of research cited by 1981 articles from Third World countries, excludingI n d i a

Figure 4. Names of clusters for which Third World articles amount to at least 15% of all1981 tit ing articles

and biology, India’s position remainsthe same. For example, the number ofparticle physics papers from Indiaaccounted for 3% of the input toPhysics Abstracts in 198216 Indianchemistry papers represented another3% of the Chemical Abstracts file in1981. And Indian biology papersagain accounted for 3% of the BIOSISfile from 1978 to 1981.

It is interesting to note theUSSR’s position in this context. In1970, Soviet chemistry papersrepresented 24% percent of theChemical Abstracts file. This number

declined to 17% in 198 1. This declinecan be traced to the Soviet practice ofdepositing papers instead of publishingthem.” In fact, the USSR passed aresolution in 1979 to reduce thenumber of their journal publications.The result has been-a 10% decrease inthe amount of Soviet literature invarious areas of science a n dtechnology.”

I can not say whether thedata presented indicate that ThirdWorld research, with or without India,is ‘under’ -represented in internationalscientific journals. Granted, articles

“C‘CrlCC 6,‘ ‘,‘C a ,l‘,” ,l”,&u

authored and published in Third Worldcountries amount to a very smallproportion of the internationalscientific press. But this might beexplained in several ways.

For example, Third Worldcountries cannot afford to devote alarge percentage of their gross nationalproducts to scientific research. Thishas an obvious effect on the availabilityof scientific instruments, supplies, andmaterials in developing countries.Without all this, the conduct ofresearch in the Third World isdiminished.

Or, Third World countries maynot have a large enough researchcommunity to generate significantnumbers of articles. This would alsoaffect the number of scientific journalsthe research community can support.

I am sure there are many otherfactors that might explain why ThirdWorld scientific output amounts tosuch a small proportion of the inter-national scientific output. Until thesefactors are analysed, we cannot decideif the coverage of Third World researchis equitable. And until we make thatdecision, we cannot talk about the

El Chamnsiry

a Phyricr

q Biochcm9stry

Chemlcd physics

Source: SC/@ 1981

Figure 5. Clusters of research cited by 1981 articles from India, excluding the rest of theThird World

need for restructuring the world Referencesscientific press. This lecture is intended

to serve as a point of departurefor what I hope will be a

continuing analysis ofthe level and impactof Third Worldscience. It remains

L to be seen whether

! or not a New Sci-entific Informetlon

Order is needed.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

UNESCO, International Commissionfor the Study of CommunicationProblems Many Voices, One World(New York, Unipub, 1980)Masmoudi, M. The New Worldlnformafion Order (Paris, UNESCO,International Commission for theStudy of Communication Problems,19781, Document 31Hamelink. C.J. The New InternationalEconomic Order and the NewInternational Information Order(Paris, UNESCO, InternationalCommission for the Study of Com-munication Problems, 1978).Document 34Osolnik, 0. Aims and approaches to aNew International CommunicationOrder (Paris, UNESCO, InternationalCommission for the Study ofCommunication Problems, 1978)Document 32Smith, A. The Geopolitics ofInformation (New York, OxfordUniversity Press, 19801, p 14Kurian, G.T. bd) Encyclopedia ofthe Third World (New York, Factson File, 1981, 3 ~01s.)Gupta, B.M. and Nathan, S.S.‘Scient i f ic and technical journals inthe developing countries’, IfABulle%, 15, 1979, 1 l-9Bradford, S.C. Documentation(Washington, DC, Public AffairsPress, 19601,156 ppGarfield, E. Citation Indexing - ItsTheory and Application in Science,Technology, and Humanities (NewYork, Wiley 19791,274 ppGarfield, E. “Le nouveau defiAmhricain, I, Essays of anInformation Scientist (Philadelphia,ISI Press, 19801, Vol 3, pp 88-94

1 1

12

13

1 4

15

16

17

lreprtnred from Currenr Contents(15). 11 April 1977, pp 5-l 1,translation of Garfield, E. “Lasoence francaise est-elle tropprovinctale?“, Recherche, 7, 1976,pp 757 -760Garfield, E. “Do French scientistswho publish outside of France and/or in English do better research?“,Essays of an Information Scientist(Philadelphia, ISI Press, 1980), 3,PP 498-503 (reprinted from CurrentContents, (22). 29 May 1978. pp5 - 1 0Burke, B. “French scientists resentdominance of English”, WashingtonPost, 20 March 1977. p E6Debre, M. “La Langue franvise etla science universelie” (“The Frenchlanguage and universal science”),Recherche, 7, 1976. p 956Jogadzinski-Sigogneau, M Courtial,J.P. and Latour, B. “How to measurethe degree of independence of aresearch system”, Scientometrics,1982,4(2),pp 119-133Garfield, E. “ABCs of clustermapping. Parts 1 and 2. Most activefields in the life and physical sciencesin 1978”. Essays of an InformationScientist (Philadelphia, ISI Press,1981). Vol 4. pp 63449 (reprintedfrom Current Contents 140). 6October 1980, pp 5-l 2 and (411,13 October 1980, pp 5-12Vlanchy. J. “World publicationoutput in particle physics”. CzechJPhys. 832.1982. pp 1065-72Baker. D.B. “Recent trends inchemical literature growth”, ChemEng News, 59 (22). 1981, pp 29-34

Figure 6. Names of clusters for which Indian articles amount to at least 25% of all citingarticles

Source: SCI@ 1981