Mapping LNG knowledge and competence in the … · MarTech LNG Project Component 3 – LNG Knowledge and Partnership Platform Mapping LNG knowledge and competence in the SBSR Joint

MarTech LNG Project

Component 3 – LNG Knowledge and Partnership Platform

Mapping LNG knowledge and competence in the SBSR

Joint Study

Status of the study: Final version

Dated at: 18 February 2013

Compiled by: PP4 Wismar University of Applied Sciences: Technology, Business

and Design

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Acknowledgements

This study has been part-funded by the European Union and has seen intellectual contribution

from the project partners from the participating regions: Andrius Sutnikas (Klaipeda Science and

Technology Park), Vytautas Paulauskas (Klaipeda Shipping Research Centre), Charlotte Vinding

(Maritime Development Centre of Europe), Steen Sabinsky (Maritime Development Centre of

Europe), Anatoli Beifert (Wismar University of Applied Sciences), Laima Maknyte (Wismar

University of Applied Sciences), Stephanie Diercks (ATI, erc gGmbH), Stefan Jankowski

(Maritime University of Szczecin), Lawrence Henesey (Blekinge Institute of Technology).

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Table of Contents

Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................... 2

Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................................ 3

List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................... 5

Preface ............................................................................................................................................................ 6

Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 8

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 9

1. Methodological framework ............................................................................................................ 12

2. LNG-related research and training institutional profile ........................................................... 15

2.1 Identification of relevant institutions .................................................................................................................... 15

2.2 Specification of LNG-related knowledge & competence potential ................................................... 23

2.3 Institutional cooperation patterns ......................................................................................................................... 27

2.4 Specification of scientific LNG-related activities ........................................................................................... 29

2.5 Challenges, obstacles and future perspectives faced by the SBSR scientific community ...... 37

3. Scrutinising LNG supply chain within the SBSR ......................................................................... 39

3.1 Anchoring present technological LNG-related capabilities .................................................................... 39

3.2 LNG-related stakeholders and players ............................................................................................................... 41

3.3 LNG-related infrastructure ........................................................................................................................................ 56

3.4 LNG product portfolio ................................................................................................................................................ 58

3.5. LNG-related services .................................................................................................................................................. 60

4. LNG-related initiatives and projects ............................................................................................ 62

5. LNG-related interests and future prospects .............................................................................. 69

6. LNG-related challenges ................................................................................................................... 71

Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................ 75

Summary in German ................................................................................................................................ 78

Summary in Polish .................................................................................................................................... 80

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List of References and sources .............................................................................................................. 81

List of Tables .............................................................................................................................................. 89

List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................ 90

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List of Abbreviations

SBSR – South Baltic Sea Region

LNG – Liquefied Natural Gas

MarTech LNG – Marine Competence, Technology and Knowledge Transfer for LNG (Liquid

Natural Gas) in the South Baltic Sea Region

LT – Lithuania

DE- Germany

DK – Denmark

SE – Sweden

PL – Poland

LCNG – Liquefied to Compressed Natural Gas

CNG – Compressed Natural Gas

MGO – Marine Gas Oil

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Preface

According to one of the topics of the Baltic Sea Region Strategy “Energy independency” most

of the countries across the South Baltic Sea Region (SBSR), especially Lithuania and Poland, have

declared their intentions to build up LNG terminals in order to mitigate their energy

dependence on Russia. At the same ��time, the SBSR has to reduce its coal use as part of its

climate policy obligations. Countries in the other part of the region –��Sweden, Germany and

Denmark – yield sound LNG technologies and record successful terminal operation. Against this

background, it appears extremely effective to use knowledge and technology that are tested

and proved to implement into the regions that plan to build LNG terminals.

Problematic nature of the project initiative is based on a current situation indicating that

declared investments in Poland and Lithuania will not benefit for the regional maritime

industries. Because of the lack of technologies and relevant competences terminal construction

and operation will be outsourced out of the countries of South Baltic Sea Region. Supporting

the local maritime industries with the LNG building and operation knowledge will allow them

benefit from the investments by gaining specialisation and efficiency. Maritime companies in the

region will develop new products and competencies that are demanded in the global market.

Created supply chain will establish cooperation in between regional maritime industries and

scientific institutions. As a result, this will allow companies to improve them products using

scientific knowledge and make them more competitive by forming consortiums for big

international tenders – cluster development.

LNG appearance itself creates new business possibilities in transportation, port operations and

energy sectors. That needs to be supported by scientific and technological knowledge to ensure

benefit for the local companies. Implemented project activities will allow regional governments

to benefit from energy security plans not just establishing a new energy source but also

supporting local maritime industries. From these observations there can be deduced key aims

associated with the project. In this light, the main aim of the project is to create a better access

to technology and knowledge on LNG-related business activities to build up ��better

competences and specialisation among the SBSR maritime business supply chain. Focus of the

project is to foster know-how on LNG construction and operation within different South Baltic

companies to help them define their business niche.

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One of the core project activities is LNG Knowledge Partnership Platform (KPP) that will assist

project partners to foster business support activities, scientists to commercialise their knowledge

and companies to access required knowledge and partnership. Partners will ensure

dissemination of the collected information to the direct customers of the services and products.

All the information will be placed on LNG KPP web communication tool and web pages of all

partners involved.

LNG developments is new activity in the Baltic Sea, and the most of the local industries in the

SBSR are lacking knowledge on such ��type of projects. Nevertheless, it is investigated that the

region research institutions and engineering companies had worked on this ��type of projects. At

the first step of the project, it is important to gather LNG knowledge available into the one

structural ��database developing LNG knowledge and partnership platform. Database will allow

fostering science and business cooperation in the field of developing competences for the local

industries and promoting regions LNG supply chain abroad. This platform that constitutes one

of the core components of the MarTech LNG project results from further activities, the present

joint LNG mapping study being one of the contributors to this platform.

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Abstract

The paper at hand discusses LNG-related knowledge and competence development in the

South Baltic Sea Region (SBSR). In exploring LNG-related knowledge and competence

development patterns in the region concerned, the paper has built upon the methodological

framework generated for the analysis purposes to reflect LNG-related knowledge development

capabilities, capacity of the LNG supply chain in the SBSR as well as existing and future LNG-

related bottlenecks and LNG-related potential. LNG-related knowledge and competence

portfolio accumulated by the respective education, research, training and consulting institutions

reveals which institutions and in which parts of the SBSR demonstrate high potential to be

employed in the LNG-related activities, what capabilities the region are lacking, what are the

opportunities for the science and academia in the SBSR and what challenges do they cope with.

In enhancing the institutional dimension of the SBSR by the investigation of the maritime supply

chains within the SBSR, the paper outlines the evolving LNG supply chain of the SBSR and its

capabilities to handle LNG-related activities, such as LNG infrastructure, LNG-related products

and services as well as relevant research projects. By bringing together knowledge development

(scientific dimension) and knowledge absorption (business dimension) arrays the study aims at

filling the void between science / academia and business. In exploring available science and

business capabilities across the South Baltic Sea Region – Lithuania, Poland, Denmark, Germany

and Sweden – the study advocates LNG as a sound business opportunity in the region.

Observations gathered and discussed in this study may serve as an impetus for increasing LNG

discussions in the business array. Opening-up of LNG activities in the regional parts manifesting

moderate involvement into LNG-activities at the moment, or upswing of LNG-activities in those

ones that have been already recorded in relevant LNG-related discourses would be promising

results, which, in turn, would catalyse growing competences and capabilities all over the SBSR in

terms of LNG.

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Introduction

The EU cross-border project “MarTech LNG” carried out under the South Baltic Programme

2007-2013 aims at fostering LNG development in the whole South Baltic Sea Region (SBSR)

and supporting the cooperation between the key stakeholders of the region concerned. Since

the involvement and intertwining initiatives related to stakeholders representing the science side

and stakeholders from the businesses have been addressed as one of the current drawbacks in

some parts of the SBSR, initiatives undertaken in order to stimulate their cooperation, thus

enabling knowledge and competence transfer as well as exchange of best practices among

representatives from both science and business realms, are one of the key aims of the LNG

knowledge and partnership platform. This platform that constitutes one of the core

components of the MarTech LNG project results from further activities, the present joint LNG

mapping study being one of the key contributors to this platform. Since the involvement and

intertwining initiatives related to stakeholders representing the science side and stakeholders

from the businesses have been addressed as one of the current drawbacks in some parts of the

SBSR, initiatives undertaken in order to stimulate their cooperation, thus enabling knowledge

and competence transfer as well as exchange of best practices among representatives from

both science and business realms, are one of the key aims of the LNG knowledge and

partnership platform. Against this background, the present Joint LNG Study contributes to one

of the key project deliverables.

The study emerged as a result of significant content inputs, communication and dissemination

activities of all project partners and lead by the partner responsible for its implementation.

Compiled and communicated to the LNG stakeholders and the public at large, this study

provides with information on regional research and training institutions working in the LNG

industry, promotes LNG experts in the whole region and technological solutions as well as

proposals for the LNG development, enables acceleration of research and training services for

maritime industries and boosting of company register reflecting LNG supply chain, thus

generating networking platform for cooperation proposals and industry related tenders.

More specifically, this joint LNG mapping study aims at communicating reasonable and useful

information for all potential stakeholders dealing with LNG, namely, policy makers, regional and

local authorities, companies, scientists, researchers, representatives from maritime and other

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industries as well as business stakeholders. The study can be regarded as point of departure or

trigger to launch or deal with LNG-related initiatives and their practical implementation at a

regional level.

The study at hand focuses on the regions in the South Baltic Sea Region, i.e. Danish, German,

Polish, Lithuanian and Swedish regions that due to geographical location and maritime proximity

have declared their intentions to participate in the LNG activities.

Figure 1: South Baltic Sea Region with the participating project regions

Source: own draft1

The study is built upon individual regional reports. Each individual report was compiled by the

representatives of the regions involved in the project. Nevertheless, since the project

underscores the cross-border initiatives and LNG development in the whole SBSR, the data in

1 Areas marked in green refer to the eligible areas of the South Baltic Sea Region, whereas the blue areas stand for adjacent regions.

Baltic Sea

Lithuania

PolandGermany

Sweden

Denmark

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the individual regional reports were analysed, compared and assessed. The key insights are

reflected in this study.

This study will be accompanied by the digital LNG knowledge and competence map, which

embraces useful LNG-related information in a cartographic way. As a result, this study can be

regarded as a new approach, since it gathers both science and businesses. The most valuable

insights in the LNG context were gathered in terms of:

§ Relevant science, research and consultation institutions across the SBSR and their

potential to support regional and local businesses in LNG activities

§ Peculiarities of LNG supply chains in the SBSR

§ Key stakeholders from science and businesses

§ Primary interests of regional partners from SBSR in terms of LNG development

§ Greatest current and future challenges in terms of LNG to cope with.

Wismar, February 2013

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1. Methodological framework

When developing methodological framework for information gathering on LNG knowledge and

competence within the framework of the MarTech LNG project, the focus has been laid on the

South Baltic Sea Region (SBSR) and the participating project regions from Lithuania, Poland,

Denmark, Germany and Sweden. Although the main emphasis has been put on the specific

regions, as determined in the project and the South Baltic Programme, the light has been shed

on relevant LNG activities on both local / regional and national levels. In this particular case,

there has been seen a need to go beyond the boundaries of particular project regions for

several reasons. First, due to the proximity of several involved stakeholders it appears to be

reasonable to include stakeholders (institutions, business players and other actors and activities)

across the borders of the clearly delimitated project regions, from areas adjacent to the project

regions areas or thriving areas beyond these regions, since the identified stakeholders are

significant for or can advance intense LNG activities to take place in the SBSR. Second, involving

relevant stakeholders beyond the regional borders correspond with an attempt to exploit

strong scientific, research and competence potential in the region as a baseline condition for

effective academia and business collaborations in the SBSR.

This thorough LNG study results from specification and analysis of three main realms: LNG-

related education, research, training, consulting and other relevant institutions – knowledge

developing stakeholders or supply side (Component 1 “LNG Institutional Profile” in the

framework below); stakeholders from LNG-related businesses, relevant industries and

technologies, stakeholders involved into LNG infrastructure, products and services – knowledge

absorbing stakeholders or demand side (Component 2 “LNG Supply Chain”); LNG-related

activities such as projects and initiatives (Component 3 “LNG Initiatives and Projects”). Analysis

of the three realms, which, it may be stated here, implicate tangible (effective) activities, e.g.

operating stakeholders, projects realised, products and services launched etc. in the SBSR, is

accomplished by two components (LNG-related future prospects and LNG-related challenges)

that imply intangible (future-related) measures and activities. Taking into account knowledge

absorbing stakeholders or demand side, this portfolio will be enhanced by pinpointing

stakeholders in the SBSR who already record LNG solutions. Accordingly, these ones will be

marked in the particular constellation with the MarTech LNG project logo.

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A blurry delineation of the components in terms of their scope and extent is reflected in the

figure 1 on the methodological framework. Finally, when combined, the LNG study accumulates

key knowledge, research, business performance competences and practices in terms of LNG

and evolves into comprehensive LNG Knowledge and Competence Map. Therefore, in this

manner the study gathers together both arrays science and business. Thus, it provides a solid

overview of LNG-related topics and issues from two different perspectives: scientific and

business. Beyond this, the present study reveals the extent to which the science and the

businesses interface, the knowledge and competence respective institutions can develop and

provide with and, in turn, the stakeholders that may demand and absorb it. From the business

perspective, it reflects significant LNG competences, technology and knowledge.

To give more detailed information on the content issues covered in this study, it follows the

guideline for information gathering generated as a basis to provide scientific LNG knowledge

and competence profile in the SBSR. As a result, by building upon the mentioned guideline and

the observations above, the methodological framework can be presented in the following way.

Figure 2: Methodological framework

Source: own draft

The joint LNG profile below is based on the regional LNG-related profiles provided by the

representatives of the participating project regions. In this respect, the joint LNG study is

therefore a result of a comparative analysis of individual regional profiles from Lithuania, Poland,

Denmark, Germany and Sweden.

SBSR LNG knowledge & competence

map

1. LNG institutional profile

2. LNG supply chain

3. LNG initiatives and projects

4. LNG future prospects

5. LNG challenges

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The paper at hand follows a descriptive and comparative analysis approach. Mainly, it is built

upon the secondary literature analysis approach, provided that there have been used existing

primary data or the information and data were gathered for the purposes of this study.

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2. LNG-related research and training institutional profile

The following chapter generates the institutional dimension (institutional profile). More

specifically, by identifying and specifying all relevant regional institutions involved in LNG-related

activities, the chapter unveils the institutional capabilities of the region. The discussion starts by

embracing the overall institutional dimension in the region concerned, then turns to the

determination of the institutions. Afterwards, the light is shed on the precise scope and extent

of knowledge and competences the institutions bring with, their key activities and the

cooperation patterns. The institutional profile is finalised by challenges or bottlenecks faced by

the academia and in the business discourses related to LNG scientific activities.

2.1 Identification of relevant institutions

With regard to the region in question, there have been located several institutions either dealing

with the LNG issues or yielding activities that due to their scope encompass strong potential to

be integrated into the respective LNG-related discourses. Based on the examination of

individual regional institutional profiles, there have been realised diverse types of the institutions,

with four key groups of institutions constituting the institutional dimension in the SBSR:

Figure 3: SBSR Institutional profile

Source: own draft.

For the research and project purposes, there were identified 86 institutions across the SBSR,

which demonstrate high involvement into LNG-related activities. When comparing the

distribution of the identified institutions in terms of specified four institutions groups, there might

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be argued that these four groups of institutions are nearly equally spread over the region. At a

closer look, research and training institutions yield the same scope and rank slightly higher than

consulting and education institutions. A graphic distribution is shown in the following figure.

Figure 4: Institutional portfolio in the SBSR

Source: own draft, based on regional profile data

To particularise the identified research and training institutions, the following delineation has

been generated:

Table 1: Research and training institutions in the SBSR

Research institutions SBSR Training institutions

Klaipeda University

2 Institutes

Coastal Research and Planning Institute

(CORPI)

Maritime Study Institute

LT Lithuanian Maritime Academy

Lithuania Poland Denmark Germany Sweden

6

12

18

24

30

Research Education Training Consulting

6

3

2

4

55

5

6

53

5

4

35

2

5

652

5

Nu

mb

er o

f in

stitu

tion

s

Page 17 of 90


4 Laboratories

Marine Ecosystems

Marine Chemistry

Air pollution from the ships research

laboratory

Reliability of structures

Klaipeda Shipping Research Centre LT Novikontas SCM, UAB

Lithuanian Institute of Energetics LT Sabelija, UAB

Lithuanian Maritime Academy LT Saugalita, UAB

SGS Klaipeda Ltd, UAB LT DNV

Wismar University

3 Departments

Department of Maritime Studies

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Wismar Business School

2 Institutes Maritime Institute Warnemünde e. V. ISSIMS – Institute for Maritime Theory, Simulation and Maritime Systems

DE Maritime Education and Training Centre

Rostock-Warnemünde

FGW – Forschungs-GmbH Wismar DE Maritime Institute Warnemünde e. V.

MATVAV – Institute for Maritime

Automation Technology and Navigation

e. V.

DE Maritime Simulation Centre Rostock

Rostock University DE European Cruise Academy Rostock

Fraunhofer Application Centre for Large

Structures in Production Engineering

DE Marinesoft GmbH Rostock

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Economics and Technology Academy

GmbH Rostock-Warnemünde

DE

Alborg University

1 Department Department for Technique, Construction and Development

DK MARTEC

DTU – Technical University of Denmark

3 Departments DTU Mechanics DTU Transport DTU Chemical & Biochemical Engineering

DK Marstal Navigation School

Danish Centre for Maritime Technology DK

FORCE Technology DK FORCE Technology

Szczecin Maritime University PL Szczecin Maritime University

4 Centres Marine English Centre Marine Officers’ Training Centre Marine Rescue Training Centre Marine Training Centre

Gdynia Maritime University PL Gdynia Maritime University

West Pomeranian University of

Technology Szczecin

PL Maritime Training Centre “Zenit” Szczecin

Koszalin University of Technology PL Ship Handling Research and Training Centre

Iława

Gdansk University of Technology PL Bernhard Schulte Ship management Poland

Chalmers University SE Chalmers University

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Blekinge Institute of Technology SE Linnaeus University

SE World Maritime University of Malmö

SP Technical Research Institute of

Sweden

SE

SSPA AB SE

Source: based on regional profile data

Regarding the distribution of research and training institutions across the SBSR, all involved

regions yield quite similar distribution of these particular institutions. Whereas the eastern part

of the SBSR with Lithuanian and Polish regions record an equal number of research institutions,

the number of these institutions in the German region is slightly higher. The Danish and Swedish

regions yield each the same number of institutions and lag slightly behind the rest of the SBSR

regions.

Beyond this, in terms of several identified institutions, it might be worth mentioning that some

of them are simultaneously involved, for instance, into research and training activities. Therefore,

such institutions can be ascribed to different typologies, as has been, for example, the case of

FORCE Technology (DK). Hence, the overlaps cannot be excluded in this particular case.

Turning now to the bundle of training institutions, it is apparent that the region reveals strong

competences in providing training in terms of LNG transportation, navigation, marine

engineering etc., thus meeting the potential requirements from diverse LNG-related businesses

and, in turn, the demand from the business side. As it has been highlighted in the table above,

the highest potential lies in Lithuanian, Polish and German regions followed by equal number of

training institutions in Denmark and Sweden, it would be accurate to mention further training

institutions.

Looking at the breakdown of other types of the institutions, the third highest ranking in the

SBSR demonstrate consulting institutions. Here, the highest capabilities can be ascribed to the

Lithuanian and Polish regions, each with 6 consulting institutions. Taking a closer look at other

project regions, the Danish, German and Swedish regions yield each 5 consulting institutions and

are followed by Poland with 3 institutions involved into consultation activities, respectively.

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Nevertheless, in this particular case, there is apparent correlation either with the research or

education institutions. The overall distribution of consulting institutions in the SBSR is the

following:

Table 2: Consulting institutions in the SBSR

Consulting institutions Location in the SBSR

DNV LT

Klaipeda Science and Technology Park LT

Novikontas SCM, UAB LT

Association “Baltic Valley” LT

Klaipeda Shipping Research Centre LT

Sweco Lietuva LT

FGW – Forschungs-GmbH Wismar DE

ATI erc gGmbH DE

ATI Küste GmbH DE

IMAVIS Maritime Wirtschafts- und Schiffbauforschung GmbH DE

Marinesoft - Entwicklungs- und Logistikgesellschaft mbH DE

Gothenburg Energy SE

FKAB Marine Design SE

DNV SE

White Smoke AB SE

SSPA AB SE

Swedish Maritime Forum SE

Maersk Maritime Technology DK

Force Technology DK

Dansk Gas Technology Centre DK

Gromiti DK

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Consulting institutions Location in the SBSR

Rambôll Olie & Gas DK

DNV PL

Polish Register of Shipping (PRS) PL

SGS Polska Sp.z o.o. PL


When dealing with education institutions, from the material gathered, it is apparent that these

ones reveal the lowest records within the SBSR institutional profile. The Lithuanian, Swedish and

Polish data yielded two key education institutions in each of these particular regions.

Outstanding in this sense appears to be the education institutional environment in the Danish

and German regions concerned, where each of them reveals 5 potential education institutions

able to develop and transfer LNG-relevant knowledge and competence for the respective LNG

activities. As a result, the following constellation of the education institutions in the SBSR has

been proposed:

Table 3: Education institutions in the SBSR

Education institutions Location in the SBSR

DTU DK

Aalborg University DK

MARTEC DK

Marstal School of Navigation DK

FORCE Technology DK

Wismar Universtiy of Applied Sciences DE

Maritime Simulation Centre Rostock-Warnemünde DE

Navigation School Rostock-Warnemünde DE

European Cruise Academy DE

Rostock University DE

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Education institutions Location in the SBSR

Szczecin Maritime University PL

Gdynia Maritime University PL

Klaipeda University LT

Lithuanian Maritime Academy LT

Linnaeus University SE

World Maritime University of Malmö SE

Chalmers University SE

DTU DK

Aalborg University DK

MARTEC DK

Marstal School of Navigation DK

FORCE Technology DK


By drawing on the observations gathered, it might be argued that the SBSR does reveal strong

competence in providing businesses with the LNG-relevant knowledge. Especially, research,

training and consulting institutions yield sound command in LNG-based initiatives. Research

activities in terms of LNG are of significant relevance, since they can contribute to the

emergence of innovations related to LNG, pursue relevant science and research projects, e. g.

when reasoning the practical application of LNG to the maritime businesses or dealing with the

challenges faced by respective businesses. Dovetailed with competences of education

institutions, research activities may significantly contribute in catalysing activities in the business

environment. What is lacking here, it may be argued, synergy effects between these respective

institutions across the SBSR, thus leading towards the increased capabilities to establish LNG

business climate in the SBSR. Besides, a substantial number of consulting institutions identified so

far imply that the SBSR possesses intermediaries who in this particular case could induce more

cross-linking and fill the void between the science and the business what, in turn, appears to be

needed when dealing with the topical LNG issues. Despite this fact it can be underscored that

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the institutional shape or portfolio within the SBSR, when bringing together research, education,

training and consulting institutions, tends to be equally distributed and therefore is plausible to

make significant contribution to the LNG-related activities. Against this background it should be

hinted at the fact that the scope of the SBSR institutional profile may expand due to several

conditions. First, as has been mentioned in the methodological approach of this study, the core

focus for the analysis has been laid on the regions eligible for the South Baltic Region. Thus,

knowledge generation institutions in terms of LNG in the adjacent South Baltic regions,

especially in case of German regions, such as Hamburg, were not subject for framing up this

institutional profile. Second, due to the fact that LNG is gaining more resonance in scientific,

economic and public discourses, the emergence of activities related to LNG cannot be excluded

in the institutions not covered by this chapter.

Taken together, the observations of the institutional shape in the SBSR suggest that research in

the region has been highly driven by investments. Lithuanian and Poland demonstrate a

significant number of research institutions as a result of infrastructural projects that have been

conducted in these particular regions. Indications in the MarTech LNG project are clear as well

pointing to the fact that infrastructural development catalyses possibilities for specialisation, and

all respective competence gathered in the frame of the regional projects may be maintained and

developed for the purpose to provide the breeding grounds for the evolvement of services that

are capable to compete in foreseen markets and projects.

2.2 Specification of LNG-related knowledge & competence

potential

Regarding the extent and scope of competences and knowledge particular institutions of the

SBSR bring with them, it can be emphasised that the institutions of the SBSR, as identified

above, reveal respective competences in both: activities directly related to the LNG (1) as well

as LNG-related (2) and maritime-base (3) activities.

In terms of direct LNG activities, a special position in this respect take the institutions situated in

Poland. To exemplify, the majority of the Polish institutions are involved into providing

knowledge and competences into the LNG activities, i.e. Szczecin Maritime University is

equipped with the LNG and LCH Simulation Centre as well as offers post-graduate studies

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“LNG Transport and Terminal Operation” and Basic LNG course. The Bernhard Schulte Ship

Management (LNG Cargo Handling Simulator Training Courses) and Gdynia Maritime School

(Liquid Cargo Handling Simulator Trainings and courses in advanced liquefied gas tanker

operations) possess similar competences. Besides, some of the institutions providing direct LNG

activities are located in the Danish region, e.g. FORCE Technology offering modelling of LNG

carries and developing of advanced mathematical models for LNG carries, or Marstal

Navigationsskole offering course for working on LNG tankers. Regarding the Lithuanian project

region, only a very tiny proportion of the institutions are already involved into direct LNG

activities. To give more detailed information, NPPE – Klaipeda Shipping Research Centre

focuses on future implications of direct LNG activities for the Lithuanian region. SGS Klaipeda

provides sound competences in LNG Contract Review and Consultancy, LNG Portable Sample

and Testing Rig, LNG Ship Calibration and LNG Training etc. However, as it is apparent from

the data gathered, institutions possessing strong command with the direct LNG activities are to

a great extent absent. In this respect, there can be recognised only indirect impact of the

institutions on LNG initiatives and activities.

In terms of LNG-related activities of institutions involved, it can be argued that there exists a

series of institutions revealing competences related to the LNG. These institutions are quite

equally distributed over the SBSR. Taking a closer look at them, the SBSR reveals strong

knowledge in providing command with LNG-related (mostly indirectly) technologies, i.e.

maritime technologies, marine engineering and ship / shipping technologies. To give more

detailed information, the Polish (Szczecin Maritime University, Gdynia Maritime University) and

the Danish institutions (Maersk Maritime Technology) have great potential in providing with

competences in the field of tanker familiarisation, technical services to different vessels, their

operation, repair and new building as well as ship mechanics. An outstanding region in this light

appears to be the German project region, since there have been located a number of essential

institutions that reveal knowledge and competences in maritime-based activities. For instance,

Department of Maritime Studies and Department of Mechanical Engineering / Processing and

Environmental Engineering, Maritime Institute Warnemünde e. V., Institute for Maritime Theory,

Simulation and Maritime Systems at the Wismar University of Applied Sciences and MATVAV –

Institute for Maritime Automation Technology and Navigation e. V. are involved into the

maritime-based activities that cover nearly all for the LNG initiatives and activities relevant fields

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or sectors, i.e. ship operation technologies, ship building, shipping, logistics, maritime navigation

and maritime processes etc.

Furthermore, when compared, a great bundle of competences the institutions bring with them

lie in simulation and manoeuvring-related activities (Szczecin Maritime University (PL), Marstal

Navigationsskole (DK), FORCE Technology (DK), Maersk Technology (DK), Maritime Institute

Warnemünde e. V. (DE), ISSIMS – Institute for Maritime Theory, Simulation and Maritime

Systems at the Department of Maritime studies of the Wismar University of Applied Sciences

(DE), Maritime Simulation Centre Rostock-Warnemünde (DE), Chalmers University (SE).

In terms of institutions involvement into maritime-based activities and their respective

knowledge and competences, although these ones do not directly refer to the LNG, it is argue

here that the particular maritime-based know-how is essential, because it implies a great

potential for the LNG activities in the SBSR, or is an important prerequisite to launch the LNG

activities. More specifically, since the LNG initiatives and activities are bound not only to

technological requirements or conditions, but are also subject to the recognition of such factors

as, for instance, environment, safety etc., there is a great need to fill the void with knowledge

and competences ascribed to these factors. Within the maritime-based activities, there can be

differentiated such key aspects as environmental, safety, legal and maritime policy-related issues.

Taking the SBSR into account, it is apparent from the institutions identified that relevant

knowledge and competence is equally distributed in the region. To give more detailed

information, all project regions have institutions dealing with safe shipping, risk management,

environmental issues. For instance, Maersk Maritime Technology (DK) has sound experience in

ECO efficiency, Marstal Navigationsskole (DK) has competence in dealing with heavy working

environment, incident investigation and analysis as well as transport of dangerous goods, Gdynia

Maritime School (PL) focuses of safe cargo transport. The Maritime Institute Warnemünde at

the Wismar University of Applied Sciences addresses safety training, safe shipping etc. Other

German institutions located reveal knowledge and competences in safe secure and ecological

performance (Department of Maritime Studies at the Wismar University of Applied Sciences

(DE)). A core competence in safety-related issues possesses ISV – Institute for Safety

Engineering and Ship Safety e. V. Warnemünde (DE). Important in terms of safety and

environment are Swedish institutions as well. To give more detailed information, Linnaeus

University (SE) deals actively with relations between environmental influence and public

Page 26 of 90

confidence in the shipping industry. World Maritime University of Malmö (SE) carries out

activities in the fields of maritime safety and environmental administration, marine environment

and ocean management. When comparing the institutional profile within the SBSR, the greatest

potential in terms of environment and safety tends to reside in the Lithuanian project region,

where a series of institutions have been identified. For instance, Klaipeda University with its

laboratories and Coastal Research and Planning Institute focus on marine environment,

sustainable management of coastal resources, pollution and researches, marine ecosystems,

reliability of maritime structures etc. Other relevant institutions address their competence in

safety and health services of employees, fire safety, occupational risk evaluation, emergency

management, security trainings and carriage of dangerous and hazardous substances. Beyond

this, to the bundle of maritime-based activities the involved institutions carry out, there can be

stressed institutional competences related to more soft-skills which, in turn, play a certain role

for the implementation of safety and environment-related activities. For instance, Swedish

Linnaeus University (SE) place an important focus on the communication technologies and

conditions in the maritime industry by carrying out projects related to breaking down of

language barriers and other communication-based difficulties in dangerous situations which may

lead to accidents, or projects pertaining to safety culture building in shipping etc.

To sum up the knowledge and competence potential in the SBSR, it may be stated that the

region in question reveals strong required potential in order to run or launch LNG initiatives

and activities.

Taken together, scientific and research-related know-how and competences highlight the

following key topics in the SBSR that enjoy a great focus of the scientific and research

community:

Table 4: Key topics in SBSR science and research related to LNG development

Environmental impact of floating LNG

LNG ship navigation planning

Safety on LNG in the ports

Simulation and training in terms of LNG

LNG transport operations

Page 27 of 90

LNG shipping models

LNG bunkering solutions


What is at issue here is that all LNG relevant knowledge and competence is present in the

region concerned. Technological, navigational, operational, training, educational, environmental,

safe, secure and ecological questions can be answered when dealing with LNG activities. Of

problematic nature appears, however, the aspect that the majority of institutions have

experiences in the LNG activities, also most of them reveals strong potential and good

command with activities and initiatives largely relevant for the LNG activities. Therefore, it can

be argued that there is nothing that could hinder the respective institutions to support the

businesses involved into LNG activities with the knowledge and competences demanded by

them from the scientific side.

2.3 Institutional cooperation patterns

With regard to the cooperation between and among the institutions identified, the data

gathered reveals that the majority of institutions are cooperating, however, their cooperation

appears to be limited to the respective project region. When it comes to the interregional

cooperation, only some of them record cooperation with the institutions from other regions.

For instance, the Danish and Swedish institutions underscore that there is no geographical limit

for the possible cooperation. One of the existing cooperation patterns refers to possible

establishment of a LNG Terminal at Hirtshals harbour when cooperating with Norway. Besides,

some of the Danish education institutions offer international cooperation possibilities in terms of

training courses, maritime studies and simulations. Regarding the situation of cooperation

patterns in Sweden, some academic institutions, for instance, World Maritime University of

Malmö has entered cooperation with Dalian and Shanghai in China. Taking a closer look at

another project regions, the German institutions, especially, the Wismar University of Applied

Sciences yields sound cooperation with such universities as Dalian Maritime University China,

Sam Houston University USA, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Indonesia, Semarang

Growth Centre Indonesia, Gdynia Maritime University Poland, Calmers University Göteborg

Sweden, WMU Malmö Sweden, Lloyds Register of Shipping London.

Page 28 of 90

Nevertheless, of essential importance appears to be the insight that the most of the project

regions are already involved into the cooperation between the science and business side, for

instance, in the Danish, German and Lithuanian regions. To exemplify, the Danish ship owners

(Maersk, Lauritzen and Clipper) make use of services provided by education and training

institutions in order to generate their studies. Similar situation has been observed in the German

region, where, for example, the Wismar University of Applied Sciences is involved into the

cooperation with Nord Yards Wismar GmbH in order to increase the linkage between the

education / academic and business arrays in the field of ship building and maritime-related issues.

To give another example, the Maritime Institute Warnemünde e. V. is cooperating with such

businesses as Germanischer Lloyd, German Association for Positioning and Navigation (DGON)

e. V., Baltic Institute for Maritime, Environment and Infrastructure Law. Furthermore, close

intertwining of the institutions located in Rostock-Warnemünde witnesses high science and

research potential that is accomplished by the business dimension, for instance, through

cooperation with the European Cruise Academy or other relevant consulting or business-led

institutions either on regional, federal or state level. To exemplify the cooperation between the

science and businesses, the institutions in the Lithuanian project region are cooperating for the

same purpose. In this respect, it refers to the LNG terminal planning and building, where

educational and research institutions (Klaipeda University and Klaipeda Shipping Research

Centre are cooperating with the Achema Group, SC “Klaipeda Nafta” etc.). Besides, such LNG-

related initiatives as in case of Lithuania may stimulate the cooperation between state, private

and public actors, since in terms of LNG terminal building in Lithuania there effective project

implementation is bound to the cooperation of diverse institutions ascribed either to the

scientific or business array. Additionally, similar cooperation patterns between the science and

business yield the Klaipeda Shipping Research Centre due to cooperation with regional and

international research and consulting institutions as well as business companies and authorities.

Bearing in mind these observations it may be stated that the intertwining of science and

business in the SBSR is evolving what, in turn, generates an essential prerequisite to support the

businesses with the scientific knowledge and competences in terms of LNG activities. What is

lacking, however, is more focus on interregional cooperation in order to increase the

competences of the entire SBSR, thus gaining competitive advantage in terms of LNG-related

activities. Moreover, when looking at the knowledge and competence portfolio in the SBSR at

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the moment, the cooperation scope regarding the LNG topic appears to be to a great extent

gathered along the SBSR, although the LNG topic is relevant globally. Against this background, it

is necessary to establish a cooperation structure, which would enable to expand scientific and

research activities of the SBSR institutions by entering into cooperation patterns with institutions

already having established contacts with China, USA, Canada, Australia etc. As a result,

internationalisation of the science and research activities would significantly influence the quality

and commercialisation of services provided by the particular institutions.

2.4 Specification of scientific LNG-related activities

When it comes to the LNG-related activities from the scientific and research perspective, there

can be located a variety of diverse projects that reveal project competences of the participating

regions. When compared the individual regions, every region records experiences in

participating national, regional, interregional or international projects. To simplify the overview of

all the projects or studies conducted in the SBSR, scientific activities can be grouped by using

such determinants as content (LNG-related, safety-related, environment-related, navigation and

operation-related) geographical proximity (regional, interregional, transnational and international

as well as accumulation in certain parts of the region) and form of the activity (projects,

researches, studies and other initiatives).

When applying the content determinant, there can be generated diverse groups of projects and

initiatives, depending on the key focus of them. However, as this study has been dovetailed with

the LNG Knowledge and Competence Map within the project, as well as in order to yield

better synergy effects between knowledge developing institutions (institutional profile) and

knowledge absorbing groups (stakeholders of the SBSR LNG supply chain) the bundle of SBSR

projects, research initiatives and other related activities has been classified into five key focus

groups: bunkering-related (1), shipbuilding & repair-related (2), ports-related (3), shipping-

related (4) and end-user technologies-related (5) projects and initiatives, as carried out by

respective knowledge generation and diffusion institutions.

In terms of bunkering-related projects and initiatives, the following projects and initiatives have

been conducted:

Page 30 of 90

Table 5: Bunkering-related scientific-research projects in the SBSR

Name of project / initiative Location in the SBSR

LNG Infrastructure Project DK

LNG in Baltic Sea Ports (Bunkering infrastructure) DK

Gas Reservation Study related to LNG LT

WS1 LNG/FO Combo Vessel SE

ISO TC67 WG10 PT1 SE

LNG STS Bunkering Procedures SE

Clean Baltic Sea Shipping Project SE

LNG ferry Viking Grace SE

The LNG Northern Europe Project DK

Innoship Project SBSR


Figure 5: WS1 LNG/FO Combo Vessel

Source: White Smoke Shipping2

2 White Smoke Shipping, 2012, http://www.whitesmoke.se/en/shipping/ws1-lngfo-combo-vessel, accessed on 12 January 2013.

Page 31 of 90

Regarding the second group of the projects and initiatives, namely, shipbuilding & repair-related

projects, the SBSR yields only several related projects:

Table 6: Shipbuilding & repair-related scientific-research projects

Name of project / initiative Location in the SBSR

Machinery for High-Speed LNG-Ferries DK


Looking at the ports-related projects, the SBSR recognises a huge potential of scientific and

research activities, which have resulted in the following projects. Worth mentioning is here that

to this group of projects and initiatives there have been allocated these ones who point to LNG

terminal building.

Figure 6: Floating Storage and Regasification Unit (FSRU) – technology of the LNG

Terminal project in Lithuania

Source: LNG Terminal Lithuania3

The reasoning behind this case is that a series of LNG terminals established or planned

terminals are located in the ports or in the proximity of the ports.

3 LNG Terminal Implementation in Lithuania, 2011, http://www.enmin.lt/lt/uploads/brosiura_updated-2011.09.30.pdf, accessed on 12 January 2013.

Page 32 of 90

Figure 7: LNG Terminal Project in Swinoujscie, Poland

Source: LNG Terminal Swinoujscie4

Table 7: Ports-related scientific-research projects in the SBSR

Name of project / initiative Location in

the SBSR

LNG in Baltic Sea Ports DK

Concept of Wave Breaker Modernisation in Swinoujscie by Means of LNG

Terminal Development (Port of Szczecin-Swinoujscie, 2007)

PL

Feasibility Study (Coordinator) LNG Terminal Construction in Police,

Swinoujscie and Western Pomerania (2001)

PL

4 LNG Terminal Project Poland, 2012, http://www.swinoujscie.pl/uploads/files/dla_inwestorow/zewnetrzne/lng.jpg, accessed on 12 January 2013.

Page 33 of 90


the SBSR

R&D Project – Development of Most Effective Solution For Sea LNG Terminal

in Poland. Estimation of Optimal Parameters for Terminal and Sea Way, and

Instruction of Safe Operation of Terminal (2005-2008)

PL

Concept of LNG Terminal Localisation (Gaz Project, 2005) PL

Concept of LNG Terminal Location 2006 PL

Feasibility Study of Terminal Building as Coordinator Port of Szczecin-

Swinoujscie, 2007). Wave Breaker for Outer Port in Swinoujscie Construction,

Place of Refugee for Outer Port in Swinoujscie Construction, LNG Unloading

Quay Construction

PL

Quantitative Analysis of Risk for the Sea Terminal in Swinoujscie 2010 PL

Feasibility Study of LNG Import Terminal in Lithuania LT

Planning and Designing “Klaipeda Nafta” LNG Terminal LT

Planning “Achema” LNG Terminal (Navigational Part) LT


With regard to shipping-related projects and initiatives, the SBSR reveals in this case strong

capabilities and competences. In this category, there have been located the most projects

implemented by scientific and research communities. Here, there can be allocated projects that

point to navigation and operation-related issues. The following projects have been

implemented:

Page 34 of 90

Table 8: Shipping-related projects in the SBSR


the SBSR

Natural Gas as Propulsion for the Shipping Sector in Denmark DK

MARKIS – Maritime Competence and Innovation Cooperation in the Skagerrak

& Kattegat

DK

KOGAS Project SE

The CNSS Project – Clean North Sea Shipping Programme SE

ICEMAR SE

CIMET – Centre for International Maritime Education and Training SE

Clean Baltic Sea Shipping SE

Pilot Navigation and Docking System for LNG Tankers and Sea Ferries PL

Navigational Analysis of Entering LNG Carriers of Capacity 200.000 m3 to

Gdansk and Swinoujscie Ports at Polish Coast

PL

Research Centre for Ships Operation Risk Analysis PL

DGON Bridge – Development of A Modular Integrated Navigation Bridge

(DGON Bridge)

DE

ADANAV – Adaptive Navigation System for the Precise Regulation of Position,

Course and Speed of Ships with New Engines

DE

MUBES – Multisensor-based Motion Regulation for the navigation of fast ships DE

NACOM – Navigation Support through Integrated Communication DE

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the SBSR

NADAKOS – Navigation data in shipping cooperative systems DE

MultiMar – Identifying and Generating Multi-Variable Parameters for Movement

Models of Maritime Objects: Concept and Experimental Test in Rostock

Research Port

DE

ZuMANZ – Condition-Based Indication of Manoeuvres for Assistance in Vessel

Management

DE

MARSPEED – Training Simulator for High-Speed Maritime Craft DE

VESPER – Improving the Safety of Ferry Passengers DE

SIPAS – Methods for Identifying and Maintaining a Safe Passing Distance when

Overtaking and Encountering Vessels in Restricted Waters

DE

MarNIS – Maritime Navigation and Information Services: An European Research

Project for Improving the Maritime Safety

DE

FAVECO – Collision Avoidance and Stranding Prevention System for Fast Ships DE

NAWI – Nautical Knowledge Base for Collision Prevention of Sea-going Vessels DE

ADOPTMAN – Advanced Planning for OPtimised Conduction of Coordinated

MANoeuvres in Emergency Situations

DE


Regarding the last group of the projects pertaining to end-user technologies, no key projects

have been identified yet.

Turning now to another determinant, namely, geographical proximity, it can be stated that most

of the projects are concentrated recently in the Eastern part of the SBSR. This observation can

be traced back, however, to the fact that Poland and Lithuania are actively involved into

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research activities because of being on the threshold of establishment of the LNG terminals.

However, a sound accumulation of the research projects or initiatives has been recognised in

the Swedish region as well (when comparing the tables of the projects above). Beyond this,

when overviewing the projects identified, beside the regional projects that address national

priorities, there can be differentiated cross-border and transnational projects that enjoying the

EU funding, for instance, Clean Baltic Sea Shipping, MARKIS, MarTech LNG and LNG Northern

Europe Project etc., respectively. Hence, it is apparent that projects relevant or related to the

LNG have gained attention not only on a national or regional level, but become of paramount

importance also on interregional and international arenas, thus underscoring the potential and

feasibility of LNG activities.

In general terms, from the comparison of the scientific and research activities respective

institutions have been involved in, it is evident from the data gathered that LNG-related projects

have been dealt with recently in the Eastern part of the SBSR, especially in Lithuania and Poland.

Nevertheless, it should be mentioned that such regions as the Danish and Swedish ones also

render experiences in LNG-related scientific and research activities. What is surprising in this

context is that such region as the German one does not demonstrate any sound participation

into LNG-related activities, also the scientific and research knowledge and competence may

provide a breeding ground for specific focus on LNG.

In terms of the last determinant (scope or form of activity), the majority of the scientific and

research performance can be ascribed to the local / regional studies (in case of the Polish and

Lithuanian). The most research projects have been located in the Danish and German regions.

By drawing on these observations it can be underpinned that the SBSR reveals a variety of

diverse initiatives, either research studies or projects. What is lacking here when taking into

account thematic highlights of the activities, is, however, more attention to the LNG-related

initiatives or involvement of the LNG as topical subject into another maritime, shipping or

navigation-based studies and projects in some parts of the region.

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2.5 Challenges, obstacles and future perspectives faced by the SBSR

scientific community

When elaborating on challenges, obstacles and future perspectives within the scientific and

research array, individual project regions do often point to diverse aspects. Nevertheless, one of

the most frequently emphasised challenges addressed in the regional discourses point to the

technological / technical terrain when discussing topical LNG issues. More specifically, there has

been underscored the lack of and the need for more research, innovations and investments

within the technical field, since installations (e.g. of LNG tanks) are very complex and require

large space as well as private sector support. As a result, research-based challenges refer to

future development of LNG products, whereby their evolvement is bound to presence of

LNG-related infrastructure and investments of the private actors into the development of such

products. Hence, science and research activities are challenged in a way that they should result

in cost-efficient solutions that would catalyse the establishment of the LNG-related

infrastructure, which, in turn, affects bringing out cost-efficient and sustainable LNG products,

services etc. pertained to the respective LNG infrastructure.

Besides, the second common challenges or bottleneck mentioned is the lack of cooperation

with progressive partners, institutions and authorities as well as support for the LNG activities

on the national or regional level. Although the significance of the scientific and research

institutions has been recognised by regional, federal and to some extent state actors, the

institutions appear to lack respective financial support, as the relevant research projects and

studies carried out require outstanding infrastructure, i.e. equipment, facilities etc.

Beyond this, while there has been identified cooperation between the academia and the

businesses (in most of the project regions), the cooperation intensity tends to be of moderate

extent. As a result, there is a need for more intense intertwining of the science / research and

the business dimension as well as development and implementation of respective measures to

attract the businesses for the maritime and respectively LNG-related activities what, in turn,

would result in exploitation of the full potential and therefore enhance the economic strength

of the whole SBSR.

Finally, when taking into account the Eastern part of the SBSR region (especially Lithuania), the

key drawback is lacking of knowledge and experience in dealing with LNG what, on the one

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hand, implies limited R&D infrastructure specialised for LNG. On the other hand, such situation,

however may serve as a trigger to advance LNG-related activities, thus balancing out the overall

knowledge and competence in terms of LNG in the entire SBSR. Taken together, it can be

underpinned that the scientific input to a better acceptance of LNG and related activities of the

SBSR in the public realm is of crucial importance. Therefore, science and research institutions

could be more actively involved in spreading research and information in terms of LNG, its

safety and environmental aspects etc. for the public opinion.

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3. Scrutinising LNG supply chain within the SBSR

The present chapter focuses on the LNG supply chain in the South Baltic Sea Region. It starts

with the specification of technologies, technical solutions in terms of LNG. Then it turns to the

LNG-related stakeholders, i.e. all actors involved into LNG supply, delivery as well as end-user

technologies. Aspects of LNG-related infrastructure, LNG products and services accomplish the

manifestation of the SBSR supply chains. The chapter is rounded off by structural delineation of

the supply chains in the SBSR elucidating what segments of the SBSR supply chains are strong

developed and record significant suppliers and what components lack reliable suppliers, what, in

turn, is thwarting the emergence and thrive of supply chains of the SBSR.

3.1 Anchoring present technological LNG-related capabilities

To begin with, LNG supply and its investigation have been treated in respective discourses of

paramount importance. Nearly most of the project regions have underscored the actual supply

of LNG, the risk of LNG supply shortages or the LNG demand-related aspects. Furthermore, a

significant issue appears to be in this particular context economic, financial, safety and risk as well

as technical and operational aspects in terms of LNG supply chain.

Regarding the more detailed information on all relevant LNG-related capabilities, it may be

stressed that the SBSR brings with it diverse capabilities. Most of them lie in the ship building

industry.

The overview of the key current LNG-related capabilities is the following:

§ Biggest LNG ferries (129.9 m long, 19.2 m wide with capacity for 242 passenger cars

and 600 passengers, gas-electric system with 3 large LNG gas motors and alternators,

thus enabling a speed of approx. 20 knots)5

§ Terminal LNG cargo tanks made by using a slip-form construction method6

5 MF Boknafjord – the world’s largest gas ferry, 2012, http://www.dnv.com/industry/maritime/publicationsanddownloads/publications/updates/ferry/2012/01_2012/mf_boknafjord__theworldslargest_gas_ferry.asp, accessed on 20 March 2012. 6 Polskie LNG: Works on Second Swinoujscie LNG Tank Progressing Well, 2011, http://www.lngworldnews.com/polskie-lng-works-on-second-swinoujscie-lng-tank-progressing-well/, accessed on 9 July 2012.

Page 40 of 90

§ Methods of regasification (evaporators heated by fuel itself – Submersible Combustion

Vaporizer (SCV) and Evaporators heated by air or sea – Open Rack Vaporizer (ORV))7

§ Pilot navigation and docking system for LNG carriers to increase of safety of berthing

ships by the construction and implementation of innovative information and

telecommunication system8

§ LNG-powered ships, i.e. cruise ferries with engine compartments enable to run them on

LNG9

§ WS1 LNG / FO Bunker vessel with a 1.400 DWT, equipped with flexible cargo

configuration (3 configurations possible) combining traditional HFO and MDO fuels with

LNG and possessing a capacity for LNG between 700 m3-1.400 m310.

§ LNG Hybrid Barge as electricity supplier to the AIDA cruise ships with year-round

utilisation of the system by feeding the produced energy in the cruise-off season into the

municipal grid, thus supplying electricity and heat to approx. 11.000 households11

§ LNG Hybrid Ferries Watten Link for use in the North Sea equipped with 3 proven

LNG Gen sets, 2 electrical drive motors and 1 hybrid battery pack with LNG (only one

fuel on board) supply for ferry service up to 4 days12

§ LNG fuel tank containers13

§ New generation passenger and car ferry powered by LNG – Viking Grace14

§ Cruise ferries run by LNG15

§ Focus on investments into smaller ships with reduced emissions as a result.

7 Polskie LNG – LNG Re-gasification Methods, http://en.polskielng.pl/lng/re-gasification-methods/, accessed on 9 July 2012. 8 L. Gucma, M. Gucma and A. Bak, 2012, Pilot Docking System – New Tool for Safe Maritime Operation, pp. 1-11. 9 Poland at Sea – Review of Polish Maritime Industry, 2012, http://www.portalmorski.pl/resources/poland-at-sea/poland_at_sea_2012.pdf, accessed on 9 July 2012. 10 http://whitesmoke.se/files/WS1%20web.pdf, accessed on 19 November 2012. 11 LNG Hybrid Barge, http://www.lng-hybrid.com/2_projects/barge_intro.html, accessed on 19 November 2012. 12 LNG Hybrid Ferry WattenLink, http://www.lng-hybrid.com/2_projects/fering_data.html, accessed on 19 November 2012. 13 LNG fuel tank containers, 2013, http://www.marine-service-gmbh.de/content.php?seitenid=5, accessed 12 January 2013. 14 Viking Grace, 2013, http://www.vikingline.com/en/Investors-and-the-Group/Safety--environment/Environment/Viking-Grace/, accessed on 11 January 2013. 15 Fjord Line LNG cruise ferries, 2013, http://www.fjordline.com/Our-ships/Our-new-ships/Environmental-profile/, accessed on 11 January 2013.

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In terms of the potential future capabilities, there have been located coherent innovative

initiatives that would catalyse the capabilities to enhance technological strengths and potentials

within LNG supply chain. To exemplify with two examples:

(1) As key future themes have been listed LNG-powered bus public transport solution,

where the focus is on the end-user technologies and end-users within the LNG supply

chain. Besides, the introduction of the LNG-powered transportation would involve

other actors of the LNG supply chain, e.g. supplies of the components for busses run

with LNG.

(2) Another potential capability resides in introduction of LNG stations that would allow

operational cost reduction as well as alternative solution to CNG for different business

models. Furthermore, LNG stations become a feasible solution when the number of

LNG trucks is increasing and bearing in mind the fact that ISO Standards are being

discussed for LNG and LCNG stations construction. Concrete actions pertaining to

LNG stations have been planned in the Northern German ports, e.g. Lübeck,

Brunsbüttel etc.

3.2 LNG-related stakeholders and players

When taking into account potential stakeholders and players located in the SBSR, there can be

differentiated between companies, associations, authorities, consultants, classification societies,

ports, producers, distributors, ship-owners, storage and bunkering companies, system operators,

end-user technologies as well as further organisations and institutions. On the basis of the data

gathered from the project regions there can be generated the following stakeholders and

players portfolio for the SBSR. Stakeholders and players ascribed to the portfolio refer to the

following categories:

(1) Bunkering

(2) Shipbuilding & repair

(3) Ports

(4) Shipping

(5) End-user technologies.

However, it is noteworthy that only key stakeholders and players will be listed here. The full

stakeholders and players profiles can be found in the annexes of the study at hand or online at

Page 42 of 90

www.golng.eu. Beyond this, for the purpose of this study on LNG development patterns in the

SBSR, it has been decided to incorporate into the study such stakeholders and players groups as

(6) regulators (including authorities, classification societies and other relevant organisations and

associations), (7) storage stakeholders, (8) distributing stakeholders and (9) consultants.

Enhancing this study by these 4 stakeholders group enables a deeper insight into LNG supply

chains development patterns revealing not only the business-side development, but also the

general framework conditions and stakeholders that may significantly either accelerate or

hamper the evolvement of the LNG and related activities.

By drawing on the general accumulation and the distribution of the stakeholders along the

supply chains in the SBSR, the present study has identified 191 relevant stakeholders. Allocation

of the stakeholders to particular groups is depicted in the figure below.

Figure 8: Profile of stakeholders in the SBSR

Source: based on stakeholder profile data

Taking into account this breakdown of all relevant stakeholders across the SBSR, it is first

important to accentuate stakeholders that are already equipped with LNG technological

solutions, products and services, or do record LNG-related young or mature existing activities

that have been mapped in the maritime industry discourses. In this respect, the first table on this

Bunkering Shipbuilding & repair Storage DistributingPorts Shipping End-user technologies AuthoritiesClassification societies Organisations / Associations Consultants

0

10

20

30

Distribution in the SBSR

27

24

7

24

18

15

23

17

10

25

5

Nu

mb

er o

f Sta

keh

old

ers

Page 43 of 90

chapter elucidates key stakeholders that due to their activities can be referred to as LNG

stakeholders.

Table 9: Existing key LNG solutions in the SBSR

LNG Stakeholders Specification of LNG scope Location in the SBSR

Fiskerstrand BLRT / Western

Shipyard

LNG bunkering ships / ferries LT

Fjord Line AS Cruise ferries powered by LNG DK

Man Diesel & Turbo LNG fuelled two-stroke engines DK

Rolls Royce Marine AS LNG carriers DK

Wärtsilä LNG systems DK

Viking Line LNG ferry Viking Grace SE

White Smoke Shipping LNG Bunkering solutions & STS

Bunkering

SE

Cryo AB LNG bunker tanks and systems SE

Nordic Yards GmbH LNG tank systems for arctic use DE

Marine Service GmbH LNG fuel tank container DE

KAEFER Marine & Offshore Cryogenic insulation solutions for

LNG tank and cargo systems

DE


To provide more specific information on the constellation of the stakeholders and players, each

of the identified group will be presented shortly by specifying the stakeholders. With regard to

pinpoint stakeholders recording LNG activities, respective stakeholders will be marked in the

following stakeholder tables with the project logo .

To begin with, similarly, as in case of technological / technical capabilities within the SBSR, one of

the largest groups of stakeholders behind the regulation and framework conditions providing

stakeholders such as authorities, classification societies can be located in the shipbuilding-related

industry. In this context, naval architects should be also allocated to this group of stakeholders,

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since they are involved into design, construction and repair of marine onshore and offshore

infrastructure and related structures. The following shipbuilding and repair industry-related

stakeholders are present in the SBSR:

Table 10: Stakeholders from shipbuilding & repair industry of the SBSR

Shipbuilding & repair stakeholders Location in the SBSR

Fiskerstrand BLRT / Wetern Shipyard LT

Søby Yard DK

Marstal Yard DK

Fayard Yard DK

Man Diesel & Turbo DK

RollsRoyce Marine AS DK

Wartsila DK

ABB DK

OSK Ship-Tech DK DK

Schottel GmbH Wismar DE

Nordic Yards GmbH DE

Becker Marine Systems Hamburg DE

Frauenhofer Anwendungszentrum Rostock DE

Ingenieurtechnik und Maschinenbau GmbH DE

Muehlhan Rostock GmbH DE

R & M Ship Technologies GmbH DE

KAEFER Marine & Offshore DE

Neptun Ship Design GmbH Rostock DE

IMAVIS Maritime Wirtschafts- und Schiffbauforschung GmbH DE

Page 45 of 90

Shipbuilding & repair stakeholders Location in the SBSR

BaltiCo GmbH bei Rostock DE

Marine- und Automatisierungstechnik GmbH Rostock-Warnemünde DE

SDC SHIP Design & Consult GmbH DE

SC “Western Shipyard” LT

Gdanks Shiprepair Yard Remontowa PL

White Smoke Shipping SE

Cryo AB SE


When taking into account shipping companies and related stakeholders, in some cases it is hard

to allocated them distinctly to the shipping stakeholders category. In fact, these can be in some

cases placed either in shipbuilding & repair or shipping-related group. Nevertheless, this study

made an attempt to identity key shipping stakeholders in the SBSR:

Table 11: Stakeholders from shipping industry of the SBSR

Shipping stakeholders Location in the SBSR

Lauritzen Kosan DK

Mæersk LNG DK

Evergas DK

Clipper Group DK

Fjord Line Denmark AS DK

Mæersk Line Ltd DK

Mols linien AS DK

Rederiet færgen DK

Nordic Yards GmbH DE

Page 46 of 90

Shipping stakeholders Location in the SBSR

SDC SHIP Design & Consult GmbH DE

DFDS Seaways LT

Swedish Marine Forum SE

Stena SE

Viking Line SE

White Smoke Shipping SE


Turning towards stakeholders capable to distribute or storage gas, especially with the focus on

LNG, there are located relevant 17 distributing and 10 storage companies able to provide

demanded services currently and in the future. As a result of the data, the following

constellation of the distributing companies has been generated:

Table 12: Stakeholders involved into distribution activities across the SBSR

Distributing stakeholders Location in the SBSR

Dong gas Distribution DK

EnergiDK DK

Aalborg gasforsyning DK

Naturgas fyn DK

HNM Naturgas DK

EON DE

Klaipedos Nafta LT

Gaz-System PL

Budnaft PL

Petrolinvest PL

PL Energia PL

Polskie LNG PL

PGNiG PL

Swedish Gas Association SE

Stockholm liquefied Methane gas station SE

Page 47 of 90

Distributing stakeholders Location in the SBSR

Enagas S.A. SE

E.ON SE


As the main storage companies can be distinguished:

Table 13: Storage services providing stakeholders of the SBSR

Storage stakeholders Location in the SBSR

Dong Storage DK

Energinet DK Gaslager DK

Marine Service GmbH Hamburg DE

JSC Klaipedos Nafta LT

Budnaft PL

PL Energia PL

Polskie LNG PL

PGNiG PL

AGA AB in Nynäshamn port SE

Royal Vopak in Gothenburg port SE


Dovetailed with the storage companies are bunkering companies that are of paramount

importance when dealing with LNG-related issues. However, bearing in mind the bunkering

solutions landscape in the SBSR it appears to be scarce with a record of only 5 bunkering

service providing companies:

Table 14: Bunkering solutions providing stakeholders of the SBSR

Bunkering stakeholders Location in the SBSR

Dan-Bunkering Ltd DK

OW Bunker & Trading DK

Page 48 of 90

Bunkering stakeholders Location in the SBSR

White Smoke SE

Swedish Marine Technology Forum SE

SSPA Sweden AB and ÅF AB SE


Distributing, storage, shipbuilding & repair as well as shipping stakeholders are significant only in

a case, where there exists respective LNG-related sufficient “room” to operate for the

identified stakeholders. Here, this particular room or space to operate has to be understood as

infrastructure. Coming back to the LNG-related discourse, usually the infrastructure is located in

ports, and often, in in the immediate proximity. Taking the SBSR into account against this

background, the SBSR possess a series of ports that are relevant for LNG-activities. At the

second glance, however, 23 identified ports along the SBSR manifest different degree of

relevance for the LNG-activities and infrastructure. In order to provide a clear insight into the

significance of the identified ports, it was decided to build the following discussion concerning

the ports upon a proposed classification of these particular ports. After having studied the

information on the ports, there was made an observation that SBSR can be divided into some

groups in terms of their current participation into LNG activities (1), future participation into

LNG activities (2), high level of maturity / potential for LNG activities (3) and having potential,

but necessary to undergo further development (4). Based on these categories, following

allocations of the ports have been generated.

Ports below are currently integrating into LNG-related operations in a sense that there are

established and function LNG import / receiving terminals and / or other bunkering facilities etc.

Accordingly, ports that specify these activities are concentrated in the Northern part of the

SBRS, i.e. Sweden.

Table 15: Ports of the SBSR with LNG-related activities

Ports currently involved into LNG activities Location in the SBSR

Nynäshamn Port SE


Page 49 of 90

With regard to the second determinant, LNG-related activities will be mushrooming highly in

the Eastern SBSR part, in the Swedish, Lithuanian and Polish coastal regions, respectively. Based

on the available data, there will be established LNG terminals and / or small-scale bunkering

facilities in the following existing ports:

Table 16: Ports of the SBSR with forthcoming LNG-related activities

Ports involved into LNG activities in the near future Location in the SBSR

Gothenburg Port SE

Port of Klaipeda LT

Port of Swinoujscie PL


Ports that fall into the category of high level of maturity, or ports that are relevant because of

evolvement of LNG activities in the neighbouring regions (e.g. in case of Germany) are the

following:

Table 17: Ports of the SBSR revealing high potential for the LNG-related activities

Mature Ports and / or ports of high potential for LNG activities Location in the SBSR

Hirtshals Port DK

Port of Hamburg DE

Rostock Port DE

Port of Wilhelmshafen DE

Port of Brunsbüttel DE

Port of Lübeck DE


Finally, the information gathered revealed that there exist a certain number of ports in the SBSR

that have potential and could step in LNG-related activities. However, these ports underlie the

necessity to develop further and / or undergo some technical, infrastructural, political and

investment-related modifications in the regions concerned. The list of potential ports is the

following:

Page 50 of 90

Table 18: Ports of the SBSR under development for LNG-related activities

Ports having potential for LNG activities but requiring certain

modifications

Location in the SBSR

Esbjerg Port DK

Rønne Harbour

Aarus Harbour

Port of Copenhagen and Malmö

Port of Sjællands Odde

Rødby Færgehavn

Gedser Port

Helsingor Port

Spodsbjerg Port

DK

DK

DK

DK

DK

DK

DK

DK

Tårs Port DK

Port of Gdynia PL

Port of Gdansk PL

Port of Szczecin PL


By bearing on the potential stakeholders identified so far, the potential for the LNG

development in the SBSR appears of solid nature. However, solid supply chain is ground not

only on the private sector stakeholders, but involves actors from the public sphere that may be

crucial in changing, for instance, the perception of the development of LNG in the SBSR. Hence,

stakeholders that take significant decisions are involved into relevant ruling procedures, or

outlines, e.g. regulations pertaining to maritime industry etc., such as standards etc., provide

normative grounds that in the particular context of LNG development shows up as significant.

This study reveals that there are a number of such “regulators” involved into respective

processes. As key authorities can be listed:

Table 19: Authorities of the SBSR relevant for LNG-related activities

Authorities Location in the SBSR

Danish Maritime Authority DK

Page 51 of 90

Authorities Location in the SBSR

Danish Ministry of Business and Growth DK

Danish Ministry of Transport DK

Danish Ministry of Climate, Environment and Building DK

BSH – Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency DE

Federal State of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern DE

German Ministry of Transport (federal and / or regional) DE

German Ministry of Environment (federal and / or regional) DE

German Ministry of Regional Planning (federal and / or regional) DE

Lithuanian Ministry of Energy LT

Lithuanian Ministry of Transport and Communications LT

Lithuanian Ministry of Finance LT

Lithuanian Ministry of Environment LT

Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs LT

SE Klaipeda State Seaport Authority LT

Maritime Office Szczecin PL

Maritime Office Gdynia PL

Maritime Office Slupsk PL

Swedish Ministry of Defence SE

Swedish Ministry of Transport SE

Swedish Ministry of Enterprise SE

Swedish Ministry of Energy and Communications SE

Swedish Ministry of Environment SE

Swedish Maritime Administration SE


Key identified authorities (alongside a large number of regional municipalities and regional

authorities) are accompanied by the relevant organisations and / or associations, which may

have an important impact when developing LNG in the SBSR:

Page 52 of 90

Table 20: Associations of the SBSR relevant for LNG-related activities

Associations Location in the SBSR

Danish Ship-owners Association DK

Danish Maritime DK

Danish Gas Association DK

Danske Havne DK

Society for Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering DK

DTL DK

German Association for Positioning and Navigation (DGON) e.V. DE

German Ship-owners Association DE

Association of Lithuanian Stevedoring Companies LT

Lithuanian Ship-owners Association LT

Association of Polish Maritime Industries PL

Polish Ship-owners Association PL

Swedish Maritime Administration SE

Swedish Ship-owners Association SE

Swedish Gas Association SE

Swedish Transport Agency SE

Gothenburg Transport Agency SE


The last group of “regulators” refer to classification societies. When overviewing these ones in

the SBSR, the distribution of them tends to be equal. However, most of them refer to the same

organisations, but have a status of branch or are established in the particular region. There can

be listed following classification societies in the SBSR:

Table 21: Classification societies of the SBSR relevant for LNG-related activities

Classification societies Location in the SBSR

Bureau Veritas DK, DE, LT,

DNV DK, DE, LT, PL, SE

Germanischer Lloyd DK, DE

Page 53 of 90

Classification societies Location in the SBSR

Lloyds Register DK, PL

Polish Register of Ships PL

SIS SE

CIMET SE


Beside the regulation institutions providing with the norms and normative information, there can

be consulted companies, organisations or associations that may assist in LNG-related issues. To

the key consultants in the SBSR can be ascribed:

Table 22: Consultation services providing stakeholders of the SBSR

Consultants Location in the SBSR

Danish Gas Technology Centre DK

Rambøll Oil & Gas DK

Grontmij DK

Force Technology DK

IMAVIS – Maritime Wirtschafts- und Schiffbauforschung GmbH DE

Marinesoft – Entwicklungs- und Logistikgesellschaft mbH DE

ATI erc GmbH DE

ATI Küste GmbH DE

FGW – Forschungs-GmbH Wismar DE

DNV Lithuania LT

Klaipeda Science and Technology Park LT

Novikontas SCM, UAB LT

Association “Baltic Valley” LT

NPPE Klaipeda Shipping Research Centre LT

Sweco Lietuva LT

DNV Poland PL

Polish Register of Ships PL

Page 54 of 90

Consultants Location in the SBSR

AGA AB SE

CRYO AB SE

Skangass AS SE

White Smoke Consulting SE

Frederiet AB SE

FKAB Marine Design SE

Samson SE

Mann-Teknik AB SE

CIMET SE

DNV SE


To finalise the stakeholder profile, it is inevitable to look at the end-users that will be

approached in terms of LNG products, services etc. and thus are regarded of paramount

importance for demanding and absorbing the knowledge and competence accumulated in the

SBSR. Relevant for identification of end-users are, first, end-user technologies stakeholders that

are already available in the SBSR. As end-user related technologies are understood technologies

that refer to (1) ship-owners and ship operators, (2) land infrastructure (e.g. trucks, cars), (3)

industry power generation and (4) gas grid:

Table 23: Stakeholders of the SBSR involved into end-user oriented technologies

End-user technologies stakeholders Specification of end-user technology,

if available

Location

in the

SBSR

Østkraft produktion A/S DK

Dong Energy A/S DK

Clipper Group Looking at LNG but no concrete

initiatives planned

DK

Page 55 of 90

End-user technologies stakeholders Specification of end-user technology,

if available

Location

in the

SBSR

FjordLine A/S LNG-powered ferries launch soon DK

Lauritzen Kosan A/S

Carrying LNG but no concrete

initiatives to run on LNG DK

Maersk Line Ltd Research to create individual business

cases for ships to run on LNG

DK

Maersk LNG Carries LNG DK

Mols linien AS DK

Rederiet færgen DK

Marine Service GmbH Hamburg LNG fuel tank container, 40 feet

standard

DE

Energobaltic PL

AGA AB Propane sold in cylinders SE

ETG Electric and LNG services SE

Volvo AB Volvo FM Methane Diesel SE

Wayne Production of compressed natural gas

(CNG)

SE

Alfa Laval Cargo condenser and / or heater

aboard liquid petroleum gas (LPG)

carriers

SE

AGA Gas AB Supplying LNG for Viking Line’s new

passenger ferry

SE

AGA / Volvo Trucks First refuelling station for liquefied

methane gas, LNG / LBG in Statoil

Järna

SE


Page 56 of 90

Bearing in mind the overview of the main stakeholders and players within the SBSR, it is,

however, apparent that some of the identified actors across the SBSR can be ascribed to more

than one type of the stakeholders and players, since some of them are simultaneously involved

into more activities. Therefore, overlappings cannot be excluded. Nevertheless, when making a

comparison of the key stakeholders pinpointed, it is evident that the highest proportion of the

stakeholders and players consists of companies, where most of them are involved into

maritime-related activities, i.e. shipping, ship repair and construction as well as gas and oil supply.

What appears to be at stake at the moment is the involvement of the authorities and public

institutions into LNG activities and infrastructure. Hence, the promotion of LNG and awareness

of LNG advantages might be limited to the business sector, thus gaining little consent in the

public sphere and political support. Furthermore, when it comes to the assessment of the

stakeholders and players, it can be argued that also the SBSR in general has available

stakeholders and players relevant for the LNG supply chain, the bottlenecks tend to lie in LNG

itself as a primary resource and its supply or export. On the contrary, when it comes to those

components of the LNG supply chain that refer to LNG shipping, potential locations for LNG

importing (terminals), regasification, its storage, distribution and marketing, the region seems to

reveal a sound potential for the utilisation of LNG in the future. From the data gathered it is

apparent that there are actors capable of taking over the particular LNG activities within the

LNG supply chain, for instance, ports, manufacturers, shipyards, consultants etc.

3.3 LNG-related infrastructure

Regarding the infrastructure relevant to LNG in the SBSR, it is apparent that direct LNG

infrastructure facilities in the SBSR are very scarce. Certain involvement into LNG infrastructure

demonstrates the Swedish region, which possesses the LNG import (receiving) terminal in

Nynäshamn port.

Page 57 of 90

Figure 9: LNG Import Terminal in Nynäshamn

Source: LNG Import Terminal in Nynäshamn16

Additionally, planes have been generated to establish a new terminal at the Port of Gothenburg.

Looking at the other parts of the SBSR, there are no existing LNG terminals or bunkering

facilities at the moment, thus revealing very limited upstream LNG infrastructure with the case

of Sweden. Nevertheless, as the observations reveal, the potential for the developing LNG

downstream infrastructure in the region is present, especially when taking into accounts

knowledge, competences, stakeholders etc. prevailing in the SBSR. As the situation of the ports

in the SBSR demonstrates there are tangible initiatives to set up LNG terminals in Hirtshals,

Klaipeda and Swinoujscie. It may be argued that other regional ports would follow breakthrough

of the first LNG terminals, thus contributing to the evolving LNG infrastructure and attracting

other stakeholders, projects, initiatives etc. Beyond this, project regions do advocate the

establishment of LNG import or receiving terminals and building of offshore vessels and

16 LNG Import Terminal in Nynäshmn, 2012, http://ravarumarknaden.se/wp-content/uploads/lng-terminal-nynashamn-naturgas.jpg, accessed on 12 January 2013.

Page 58 of 90

regasification vessels, regasification, storage and bunkering stations as well as gas pipeline

systems.

3.4 LNG product portfolio

When dealing with LNG products, the situation is similar to that of the LNG infrastructure.

Since LNG products, services and other LNG-related initiatives and processes underlie synergy

effects with the infrastructure, scarce infrastructure results into rare LNG products in the SBSR.

Thus, leading is in this situation the Swedish region again listing some relevant LNG products,

such as tank and bunkering system design and building for the world’s first Marine LNG supply

vessel for ship to ship bunkering, standards for LNG bunkering, combo bunkering vessels,

procedures for bunkering operations of LNG in terms of safe and efficient technologies etc.

Compared to the Swedish region where the LNG-related products are mushrooming, other

regions in the SBSR are on development stage, and record very scarce LNG product range by

now, e.g. Becker Marine Systems LNG ferries and LNG barge as well as LNG fuel tank

container (Marine Service GmbH Hamburg (Germany).

Page 59 of 90

Figure 10: LNG Hybrid Barge developed by Becker Marine Systems GmbH, Hamburg

Source: LNG Hybrid Barge17

However, based on the observations in the participating regions, although the LNG product

range appears to be at the moment of quite limited extent, technological, knowledge and

competence capabilities spread over the SBSR underpin high potential for LNG product

evolvement. The point of departure for product evolvement can be found in the shipbuilding

and repairing industry (yielding especially strong competences) that is able to provide products

directly related to LNG, for instance, LNG bunkering and tank facilities, ferries run on LNG,

LNG tankers and containers, bunker / feeder vessels, trucks etc.

17 LNG Hybrid Barge, 2012, http://www.lng-hybrid.com/5_press/zpics/LNG_HYBRID_Barge.jpg, accessed on 12 September 2012.

Page 60 of 90

3.5. LNG-related services

When it comes to LNG-related services in the SBSR, similarly, as in case of products, the

majority of the services has been allocated to the shipbuilding industry providing services in

building LNG fuelled vessels, unloading LNG from carriers and tankers, processing LNG storage

and regasification, monitoring and testing etc. To exemplify, the Swedish stakeholder “White

Smoke” plays important role in catalysing LNG-related services. More specifically, since the start

of the activities by the company, significant investments have been made to develop supply

chain for LNG as a marine fuel. By assisting with technical, commercial and regulatory expertise

as well as project management services in terms of LNG and LNG bunkering this particular

stakeholder accelerates LNG service development.

Nevertheless, as it is apparent from the data gathered, LNG activities should not be limited to

one directly linked with LNG as a marine fuel, bunkering and accompanying measures. By

contrast, overview of LNG activities in the SBSR implies the need of further relevant services,

such as special software for LNG-related solutions, services provided by design and construction

companies, R&D and consultation services required to assess, e. g. environmental impact, safety,

feasibility of LNG use or to conduct LNG-related cost and benefit analyses as well as

engineering assessments etc. Furthermore, in order to utilise LNG effectively, there are needed

efficient LNG distribution and trading services provided by respective service provides.

Nevertheless, when bearing in mind the bundle of services related to LNG, number of these

particular services can be provided by the ports, which have been identified as significant

stakeholders.

As a result, it may be stated that currently important services pertaining to LNG refer to (1)

LNG utilisation as efficient and clean marine fuel, (2) bunkering facilities and related solutions.

What direct with LNG linked services are still lacking to a certain extent (except Sweden), are

these ones that point to LNG liquefaction, processing, safety, competitiveness etc.

Taken together, the analysis of the supply chain segment covered here revealed what segments

of the supply chain are covered with the relevant stakeholders and which parts are very scarce

and lack relevant stakeholders. Generally, the current stage of the supply chain in the SBSR can

be elucidated as follows:

Page 61 of 90

Figure 11: Distribution of stakeholders capabilities along the LNG supply chain in the

SBSR


In particularising the observations regarding the SBSR supply chain it is apparent that the single

segments of the SBSR supply chain are covered, however, some of them are subject to more

intense capability building or are of quite moderate nature. Capabilities of the regions put in

brackets indicate their evolvement in the near future, since at the date of compiling this joint

LNG study such capabilities did not exist, but are planned to be launched and implemented

soon.

To anchor the capabilities presented in the region concerned, the following matrix was

delineated. On the one hand, this matrix embraces the information reflecting what parts of the

supply chain and to what extent entail developed knowledge and competence portfolio, which,

in turn, is capable to support businesses to with the LNG-related knowledge and technologies.

On the other hand, the matrix unveils the capabilities of the SBSR supply chain more specific

how LNG-related infrastructure has been handled at present and will be dealt with in the next

future.

Liquefaction Shipping

DK, LT, DE, SE

LNG Import Terminal SE (PL, LT)

End-users

DK, (PL), DE, SE

Page 62 of 90

Table 24: Specification of present LNG-related activities of the SBSR supply chain

Segment of

the Supply

chain of the

SBSR

Short specification of the

capabilities

Distribution of capabilities

along the SBSR

Evaluation

criteria

Existing ++

Developing +

Planned 0

Missing -

Shipping LNG feeder vessels -

LNG bunker vessels SE ++

Ship-to-ship bunkering (STS) SE ++

LNG

Terminals

LNG Import terminal SE / LT & PL ++ / +

LNG

onshore

infrastructure

Small-scale export / bunker

facilities

DE, DK, LT, PL 0

LNG bunker stations DE, DK 0

LNG filling stations DE 0

LNG fuel tank containers DE ++

LNG trucks SE ++

End-users Tank & bunkering solutions SE, DK ++

Shipping SE, DK ++ / +


4. LNG-related initiatives and projects

On basis of the data gathered from the project regions it is evident that LNG initiatives and

projects in the SBSR are mushrooming. However, most of the initiatives pinpointed are at the

beginning stage, and there have been implemented limited to LNG related projects, e.g. in

Sweden. However, in this vein the SBSR in terms of LNG projects and initiatives appears to be

Page 63 of 90

very unbalanced, since other parts of the region have not communicated topical finalised

projects. By drawing on observations it is apparent that nearly all the participating regions are

currently involved into LNG-related initiatives, thus generating more or less an equal concern

for LNG in the whole SBSR. Besides, by looking at the catalogue of initiatives and projects, these

ones can be categorised in the same manner as the stakeholders and correspond to the

respective LNG supply chain segments. Against this background initiatives have been launched

and projects implemented in the following categories: bunkering (1), shipbuilding & repair (2),

ports and infrastructure (3), shipping (4) and end-user oriented technologies (5).

Table 25: Overview of LNG-related initiatives and projects across the SBSR

Project specification Allocation to the category Location in the SBSR

Building LNG Terminals and LNG

onshore infrastructure

Ports and infrastructure LT, PL

LNG in Baltic Sea Ports Ports and infrastructure Baltic Sea Region

Clean Baltic Sea Shipping Ports and infrastructure Baltic Sea Region

North European LNG Infrastructure

Project

Ports and infrastructure Baltic Sea Region

LNG filling stations and small-scale

bunker solutions

Ports and infrastructure &

end-user oriented

technologies

DE, DK, PL

Bunkering liquid gases in German

ports 2012

Bunkering DE

Fjord Line LNG ferries MS

Stavangerjford & MS Bergensfjord

Shipping, shipbuilding & end-

user oriented technologies

DK

MS Viking Grace Shipping, shipbuilding & end-

user oriented technologies

SE

Bunker vessels Bunkering SE

POLAR Shipping & shipbuilding DE


Page 64 of 90

At a closer look, the majority of the initiatives and projects refer to such segments as shipping,

shipbuilding and end-user oriented technologies. However, worth mentioning is that some of

the initiatives and projects can be allocated to the same segment, for instance, projects on

building passenger ferries can be allocated to shipping, shipbuilding and end-user oriented

technologies.

To provide more detailed information at this point, the Danish, Polish, German and Lithuanian

regions have launched initiatives for LNG terminal sites at respective regional ports, for instance,

at Klaipeda (LT) and Swinoujscie (PL). Interests to introduce LNG-related activities have been

also recorded in the context of Hirtshals (DK), Rostock, Brunsbüttel, Hamburg (DE). However,

at the date of this study, there seems to be no consensus prevailing. The plans appear to be of

more indicative nature and have not found concrete approval in the political and business

discourses.

In this respect, the building up of the respective LNG terminals would enable to establish the

SBSR LNG cluster, facilitate cross-border gas transfer etc. In this particular case, of special

importance is the project regarding new facilities of the gas pipeline between Swinoujscie and

Szczecin and Szczecin-Gdansk. This project can be regarded as important trigger for the

development of the cross-border gas transfer across the SBSR.

In addition to the initiatives concerning the LNG terminals on national and regional level, there

have been conducted sound projects in the SBSR. Such projects have been implemented on the

interregional or transnational level and benefit for more regions and countries at the same time.

Some of them were mentioned in the previous chapters, e.g. Clean Baltic Sea Shipping project

or projects ascribed to the Swedish region. Regarding the project Clean Baltic Sea Shipping

launched in 2011, this project has been part-financed by the European Regional Development

Fund and European Neighbourhood and Partnership Agreement in the frame of the South

Baltic Sea region Programme 2007-2013. In accordance with the EU strategies the project aims

at developing clean shipping strategy, harmonising environmental differentiated port dues and

developing technical solutions for the ports. Of special importance is in the context of this study

development of technical pilot systems gas and LNG supply in Baltic Sea Region ports18.

18 Clean Baltic Sea Shipping, 2013, http://www.clean-baltic-sea-shipping.com/project/background, accessed on 13 January 2013.

Page 65 of 90

Furthermore, the SBSR records further projects relevant for LNG development that have been

implemented on the transnational level and can be referred to as multi-country projects, as they

involved more partners and regions from the SBSR and the adjacent regions, similar as in case of

the Clean Baltic Sea Shipping. To mention some recent activities, the LNG in Baltic Sea Ports,

which started in 2011, and the LNG Northern Europe Project run by Danish Maritime

Authorities have gained resonance not only on national but as well as on international arenas.

Regarding the project LNG in Baltic Sea Ports it was initiated to foster new a harmonised

approach towards LNG bunker filling infrastructure across the Baltic Sea Region. This project

emerged as a response to new sulphur content limits in marine fuels sailing in Emission Control

Areas, covering, among others, areas of the Baltic Sea. Seven ports as partners from the

Northern part of the Baltic Sea aim at developing port infrastructure to offer LNG bunker

stations to ship-owners that are to a large extent missing across the Baltic Sea, what, in turn,

hampers LNG business development19. In terms of the latter project, North European LNG

Infrastructure Project, this project resulted in a feasibility study for an LNG filling station

infrastructure and test of recommendations across the Baltic Sea, which was compiled in 201120.

When looking at initiatives and projects on regional scale, all participating project regions record

respective activities. Regarding Lithuania, Poland and Germany, most of the identified projects

refer to the scientific-research array, whereas projects in Danish and Swedish regions can be

treated as more business-oriented, since some of them have already resulted in “tangible”

products or technological solutions. To exemplify some of them, projects conducted in the

Swedish region refer to development of reliable solutions for shipping and bunkering in case of

using LNG. The project on LNG/FO Bunker vessel WS1 carried out by White Smoke Shipping

AB and White Smoke AB aims at a technological solution with a flexible cargo configuration

combining traditional fuels with LNG. As a result, designing and launching such a vessel enables

change the cargo mixes in line with a changing market etc.21. Moreover, in the context of LNG,

Sweden has been involved the projects on international standards for LNG bunkering and LNG

19 LNG in Baltic Sea Ports, 2013, http://lnginbalticseaports.com/en/about, accessed on 12 January 2013. 20 North European LNG Infrastructure Project, 2011, http://www.dma.dk/SiteCollectionDocuments/Tema/LNG-tender/Final%20Baseline%20Report_%20LNG%20Infrastructure_MGG_20111020x.pdf, accessed on 12 January 2013. 21 LNG/DO Bunker vessel WS1, 2013, http://www.whitesmoke.se/en/shipping/ws1-lngfo-combo-vessel, accessed on 12 January 2013.

Page 66 of 90

STS Transfer Procedures22. Beside bunkering-related projects, Sweden demonstrates sound

results in the shipping and end-user oriented technologies segment with the project Viking

Grace.

Figure 12: MS Viking Grace passenger as novel LNG technological solution

Source: Viking Grace23

As a result of initiatives, there has been designed and constructed MS Viking Grace passenger /

cruise ferry running on LNG and combined with traditional heavy fuel oil (dual-fuel and engine

technology). It was build by Wärtsilä and represents a new generation of ferries. This ferry is

owned and utilised by Viking Line (FI) and will operate between Turku (EE) and Stockholm

(SE)24.

Projects of similar nature have been carried out in Denmark. Design and construction of new

generation ferries run on LNG by Fjord Line have brought already positive results. MS

Stavangerfjord will be put in operation between Bergen, Stavanger and Hirtshals end of May

2013 and run exclusively by LNG with a single LNG engine. Since it will be the first cruise ferry

in the world with single LNG engine employing environmental technology, avoiding emissions

22 White Smoke Consulting: Projects, 2013, http://www.whitesmoke.se/en/consulting/iso-tc67-wg10-pt1, accessed on 12 January 2013. 23 Introduction to MS Viking Grace, 2012, http://www.vikinggrace.com/about/?lang=en, accessed on 15 January 2013. 24 Viking Grace, 2013, http://www.vikinggrace.com/about/, accessed on 15 January 2013.

Page 67 of 90

from sulphur or heavy metals, thus meeting all environmental standards, this technological

solution can be labelled as an important stepping stone for further evolving of similar LNG-

related activities, what, in turn, accelerated LNG business development across the SBSR25. The

second LNG cruise ferry MS Bergensfjord is planned to be launched for operation from autumn

2013.

Figure 13: MS Stavangerfjord LNG ferry with single LNG engine

Source: Fjord Line MS Stanvangerfjord26

Under scrutiny of Lithuania, it can be underscored that although the majority of the projects is

allocated to the scientific-research array, scientific-research solutions have been already

transferred into products and exploited. In this particular case it is important to mention LNG

fuelled double-ended ferry Fjord1, which was built in cooperation of Norwegian and Lithuanian

companies – Fiskerstrand BLRT AS and Western Shipyard in 2011 and delivered to Norway for

operation in the Norwegian waterways.

25 Fjord Line: MS Stavangerfjord, 2012, http://fjordline.com/en/About-Fjord-Line/Media/Press-releases/230712-Fjord-Line-worlds-first-cruise-ferry-powered-by-natural-gas-alone/?backUrl=1, accessed on 16 January 2013. 26 Fjord Line: MS Stanvangerfjord, 2012, http://fjordline.com/en/About-Fjord-Line/Media/Press-releases/230712-Fjord-Line-worlds-first-cruise-ferry-powered-by-natural-gas-alone/?backUrl=1, accessed on 15 January 2013.

Page 68 of 90

Figure 14: LNG fuelled Fjord1 ferry built in the Lithuanian shipyard

Source: Fiskerstrand BLRT AS, 2011.

Taking into account projects carried out in the German region, worth mentioning is the project

POLAR – Production, Operation and Living in Arctic Regions – Rostock (2010-2013), where

one of the key concerns is LNG ship and platforms building as well as LNG tanks and LNG

peripheral system development for regions with extreme climate and geographical conditions27.

Beside initiatives in the shipbuilding and shipping sector, the German region yields activities in

terms of LNG bunkering. The Feasibility study on bunkering liquid gases in German ports 2012

elucidates current LNG infrastructure in North Europe and Germany as well as focuses on

current stage of maritime projects in terms of LNG. As a result, there has been analysed and

discussed the paradigm of logistics chain on the basis of one German sea port in the context of

legal and competence-related conditions. Thus, this study implies respective conclusions and

27 POLAR, 2013, http://www.unternehmen-region.de/_media/WK_POLAR_web_bf.pdf, accessed on 12 January 2013.

Page 69 of 90

recommendations for further actions in terms of developing and anchoring LNG-related

activities in Germany a well28.

Although the addressed LNG-related initiatives and projects have gained positive response in

public and private arrays across the SBSR, the effective realisation and sustainability of that ones

is bound to several factors of influence that should not be ignored. More specifically, as

elaborated in the Danish study “Maersk LNG / Maersk Marine Technology”, the focus is on

investments for LNG infrastructure, specific investment projects, development of local LNG

market with perspective to include possible synergies with land-based demand as well as

European funding system for the development, construction and operation of LNG carriers and

bunkers at the early market introduction stage. Based on the recent LNG-related discourses,

bunkering possibilities and infrastructure solutions are evolving in the SBSR, since LNG as a

marine fuel has been highlighted in many SBSR initiatives as well as echoed by the end-users.

5. LNG-related interests and future prospects

Regarding future prospects and interests observed in the SBSR, there can be differentiated

technical / technological, economic, legal and environmental interests. In general terms, LNG

and increased involvement into LNG-related activities would stands for an attractive

technological solution contributing to environmental compatibility and resource efficiency. Since

all participating projects regions are bound to the implementation of sulphur limits (in force

form 2014 and 2016) as a result of having designated sulphur emission control areas in the

Baltic Sea, where special requirements have to be fulfilled in terms of sulphur content by the

shipping industry, LNG constitutes plausible environmental-friendly approach for shipbuilding

and shipping sectors. As a result, ship-owners are confronted with several options to meet the

requirements mentioned. Since LNG and LNG fuelled engines have positive effects both on the

environment and economy, shipbuilding industry sees shifting to LNG as a plausible

technological solution in order to trade in the Baltic Sea in the near future29.

28 Feasibility Study on bunkering liquid gases in German ports, 2012, http://www.bsh.de/de/Das_BSH/Presse/Aktuelle_Meldungen/Studie-LNG.pdf, accessed on 10 November 2012. 29 DNV, Greener Shipping in the Baltic Sea, 2010, http://www.dnv.fi/Binaries/Greener%20Shipping%20in%20the%20Baltic%20Sea_tcm146-429433.pdf, accessed on 15 October 2012, p. 3.

Page 70 of 90

From the economic security and political perspective, LNG has been associated with attractive

energy solutions for project regions, especially in order to meet energy demand. In case of the

Eastern South Baltic Sea regions (Lithuania and Poland), an increase in the economic

interdependence reflects an important trigger to proceed to LNG. As argued in the DNV

brochure advocating greener shipping in the Baltic Sea, LNG provides with the best economic

performance, since new shops with LNG engines usually have an added investments costs of

10-20 per cent, LNG technological solution has the lowest present value of costs as compared

to scrubber or Marine Gas Oil (MGO) option and constitutes economic advantages against the

background of increasing fuel consumption30. Besides, LNG is advocated economically because

an increase of LNG activities would accelerate entrance of the SBSTR into the global LNG

market, thus boosting growth of innovations and employability. In this context, LNG pricing

appears to be of great interest, since competitive and sound LNG prices would facilitate the

adoption of LNG to for the shipping industry. Against this background, reasonable LNG pricing

can be regarded as one of the core future prospects in the SBSR.

Taking into account safety-related issues in terms of LNG, LNG adoption can be favoured as

well. Technical obstacles and triggers to implement LNG solutions have been eliminated, and

respective records reveal safe operations by using LNG through the past 40 years without any

major safety incidents31.

Furthermore, flexible technological solutions associated with LNG constitute another positive

impulse for switching to LNG. LNG fuelled engines can be designed and manufactured in two

ways: duel fuel engine, which runs both on LNG and conventional fuel, and single LNG engine.

In this particular case, duel engine solutions provide with flexibility, as in cases of LNG shortage,

ships can run on conventional fuel. Besides, when using dual engines, the consumption of

conventional fuel in LNG mode is minor32. Since technically there can be adopted two concepts

for introducing LNG in the shipbuilding industry, that solutions leave enough room for

technological manoeuvring and adoption.

Bearing in mind these considerations, one of key interests articulated in the project regions it

the establishment of LNG infrastructure in order to enable the shipbuilding and shipping

30 Ibid., pp. 6-7. 31 Ibid., p. 6. 32 Ibid., p. 8.

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industry to enhance adoption to LNG technological solutions. From building up LNG terminals,

first, in Lithuania and Poland, there can be deduced further future prospects, such as alternative

gas supply possibilities, energy safety, decrease of natural gas prices for the end users, synergies

of involved industries and evolvement of new services required.

6. LNG-related challenges

By drawing on the insights extracted from the information it may be stated that there can be

distinguished diverse challenges in terms of LNG: time-specific, supply-related, technological,

regulative / legal, political, economic, safety-related and social challenges. Generally, the main

challenge the SBSR is facing refers to establishing LNG supply chain. From the analysis of existing

capabilities in the SBSR, it is apparent that the LNG supply chain of the SBSR is on development

stage, as in many scrutinised segment of the supply chain the SBSR is missing respective

competences. As a result, developing LNG infrastructure, enhancing capabilities in the

shipbuilding and shipping industry as well as accelerating end-user oriented technologies are of

paramount importance in the near future.

Concerning the time-specific challenges, there have been addressed such issues as too short

time frames for stakeholders to undertake capital investments, as investments appear to be one

of the main concerns in the business discourses. Besides, bearing in mind the fact that legal

requirements will enter into force in 2015 and 2016, shipbuilding and shipping stakeholders are

forced to search for optimal technological solutions and adopt to the changing legal

environment more quickly. Time sensitive is also the issue of bunkering procedures in ports,

since the operators of LNG ships, especially passenger ferries, have to calculate additional time

for LNG bunkering, as simultaneous bunkering and embarking or disembarking constitutes a

concern from the safety perspective.

In terms of supply-related challenges, there is only limited LNG infrastructure yet capable to

meet the supply side in the SBSR. Since there have been declared concrete intentions to

increase the use of LNG, a rising use requires and appropriate supply infrastructure. A reciprocal

relation between these two determinants is crucial. By drawing on DNV observations, ship-

owners will not make any investments into the LNG vessels until there is no LNG fuel supply

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infrastructure. Moreover, LNG fuel suppliers are not keen to invest into the infrastructure until

there exist a sound number of LNG-fuelled ships33.

Pertaining to the technology-related challenges, ship classification appears thwarting the

maritime LNG sector to some extent, since vessel sizes are rising, liquid motion and sloshing

inside LNG membrane tanks are becoming more important, and routes with the filled cargo

tanks are increasing as a result of increased vessel sizes. Furthermore, technological solutions for

using LNG are technologically intensive, for instance, liquefaction of LNG etc. LNG fuelled ships

are bound to design and implementation of very sophisticated system incorporating special fuel

tanks, vaporisers, double insulating pipes, available space for cylindrical LNG fuel tanks on board

and shift towards hull integrated tanks. In addition, the shipbuilding industry is currently struggling

with elimination of the so-called methane slip, where a small trace of gas fuel passes non-

combusted through the engine and is thus emitted with the exhaust gas, as well as the

technological challenge to develop non-cylindrical tanks suitable for fitting in hulls with less

available space, thus decrease the size of the ship, respectively34. Moreover, issues related to

ship design that are safe are also of particular importance. In this respect, constraints of bringing

new developed technologies to the market or get it down to the business shape the current

discussions.

Regulative or legal challenges appear to be most common across the SBSR. Safety reliability,

environmental risks and risk analyses, safety aspects including new safety regulations, for

instance, allowing bunkering while passengers are on board etc., as well as compliance with the

international regulations and the EC Directives are sensitive issues to be discussed and clarified.

Besides, with in the Baltic Sea established ECAs, these are bound to emission reduction

requirements. The fuel sulphur content of any ship in an ECA after 2015 cannot exceed 0.1 per

cent or the exhaust gas must be purified to an equivalent level35. Besides, design and adoption

of regulations referring to compatibility and classification of LNG ships, certification rules and

standards, harmonised procedures on competence building and unified courses seamen training

enhance regulative challenges, since these ones are currently to a large extent missing.

Furthermore, in addition to international regulations mentioned above, there is a need to

33 Ibid., p. 11. 34 Ibid., pp. 6-8. 35 Ibid., p. 5.

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introduce or revise national and port regulations, especially in the face of new developing LNG

infrastructure. Related to the LNG infrastructure is the regulation pertaining to bunkering

procedures. At present, there has not been recorded any harmonised standards for LNG

bunkering operations and bunker stations elucidating risk analysis and risk management.

Respective projects are on research and development stage.

Similarly as with the regulative challenges, political ones are common for some project regions.

Of specific concern tends to be the political will to support LNG-related initiatives.

Problematically has been assessed the involvement of local businesses and scientists. There has

been observed the tendency of clear position and political incentive by the respective

authorities that could provide with the baseline leading towards introduction of support

structures to acquire regulations and boost LNG development.

Beyond this, as it was frequently mentioned in this study, investments, cost savings and further

financial concerns related to the utilisation of LNG can be allocated the LNG-related challenges

in the SBSR as well. Additional costs for adopting LNG in the shipbuilding and shipping industry

are accumulated through the need to introduce sophisticated LNG storage tanks, fuel piping

system and a lager ship as well. As a result, investments into LNG fuelled ships as compared to

MGO will shoot up the costs. In this light, inducing shipbuilding industry stakeholders shifting to

LNG is very challenging aspect at present. Beyond this, LNG price uncertainty jeopardises

investments in to LNG. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that financial concerns are at stake not

only in the SBSR. It is a topical subject in the pan-European discourses as well.

Bearing in mind safety and security issues, LNG has been frequently cited in the context of

higher risk associated with the liquefaction of LNG, LNG carrying, operation of LNG fuelled

ships, infrastructure and design of ships etc. However, there are being conducted projects

focused on meeting technical safety or other regulative requirements as well as pointing to the

fact that potential risks and consequences are identified, analysed and assessed.

Important is to mention the challenge pertaining to the perception of LNG and related activities

in the public sphere, since it is being hard to meet the public expectations on safety when

dealing with LNG. As a result, there is a need for effective safety and environment-related

initiatives that would underscore minimal accidents risks and damage-free operations as well as

handling of LNG with no consequences for the environment and the public. Thus, increasing

public awareness of LNG and public acceptance of new technological and safe solutions should

Page 74 of 90

be treated as significant current and future challenge when compiling the challenge catalogue

and therefore communicated by stakeholders to the public when across the SBSR entering into

LNG-related activities.

Page 75 of 90

Conclusions

Based on evolvement of LNG as a fuel and new science and business opportunity in the South

Baltic Sea Region as well as under scrutiny of past and current development patterns there can

be drawn a series of conclusions. These refer to the respective segments of the LNG supply

chain in the SBSR discussed as well as can be traced back to the knowledge generation and

transfer portfolio accumulated in the SBSR.

Figure 15: Tracing LNG development in the SBSR

Source: own draft.

The general concluding overview can be gathered from the map generated after having analysed

and discussed LNG-related development across the SBSR. As it is apparent from the map, only

the Swedish part of the SBSR does yield LNG-related activities (marked blue). Lithuanian, Polish

and other Swedish regions are currently involved into activities leading to emergence of LNG

terminals (marked green). As yellow marked have been identified such locations / ports that due

to sound accumulated knowledge and competences bring with them high potential for LNG

Baltic Sea

Lithuania

PolandGermany

Sweden

Denmark

Nynäshamn

Göteborg

MalmöKøbenhavn Klaipeda

Rødbyhavn

Rønne

GdanskGdynia

Szczecin

Swinoujscie

HelsingørAarhus

Esbjerg

Hirtshals

Wilhelmshafen

Lübeck Rostock

Wismar

Brunsbüttel

Hamburg

Page 76 of 90

development and are therefore recommended to enter into LNG business area in the near

future.

In this light, the analysis of education, research, training and consulting portfolio in the SBSR

unveils comprehensive and competent knowledge in dealing with LNG and LNG-related

technological solutions, a variety of diverse initiatives, either research studies or projects and

sound cooperation patterns. The institutional shape in the SBSR is highly driven by investments

and constitutes a significant number of research institutions as a result of infrastructural projects

that have been conducted in these particular regions. As a result, such institutional situation

catalyses possibilities for specialisation, and all respective competence gathered in the frame of

the regional projects may be maintained and developed for the purpose to provide the

breeding grounds for the evolvement of services that are capable to compete in foreseen

markets and projects. What is lacking here when taking into account the institutional shape is,

however, demand form the business side on further scientific-research projects. Nevertheless,

reciprocally this is jeopardised by the fact that since there is limited access to the LNG in the

region, the demand from the business side remains limited as well.

When taking into account single segments of the LNG supply chain of the SBSR, conclusions

can be drawn in terms of five stakeholders group absorbing LNG-related knowledge in the

SBSR, as discussed in the previous chapters of this study. Therefore, the region records very

limited extent of bunkering-related operations that are concentrated in the Swedish project

region. Against this background, without any substantial bunkering infrastructure the

development of the LNG supply chain is deemed to freeze. Lacking LNG bunkering and storage

solutions keep end-users from entering LNG-related activities in the SBSR and consequently

hampers the development of end-user oriented technologies. Without any bunkering facilities

stakeholders from shipbuilding and shipping industry are not keen on investing into LNG fuelled

ships, and end-user technology providers are not willing to invest into technologies and

introduce them in the SBSR. As a result, bunkering and storage constitute the most sensitive

part of the LNG supply chain of the SBSR.

When compared with the bunkering solutions, the shipbuilding and shipping sector yields solid

development patterns, thus leading to the limited demand.

SBSR ports and their infrastructure are subject to extensive support, as it is apparent from the

observations gathered. On the one hand, ports have being searching for “green” and regulative

Page 77 of 90

solutions. On the other hand, ports are facing high demand, since they lack sound infrastructure,

which would accelerate LNG activities. Therefore, one of the key prospects for the ports is to

place the focus on establishing bunkering solutions, what, in turn, would generate positive effects

in terms of meeting the increasing demand for bunkering infrastructure, thus attracting LNG

industry stakeholders to the region.

With regard to the shipping industry, a concern refers to the SBSR ship-owners. In the face of

prevailing global trends and shifting business environment both globally and regionally, they

should take the responsibility for the environment and do lay the grounds for formalising

respective regulations. An obvious reciprocal correlation between the shipbuilding and shipping

industry and the ports should be seen as a chance to launch novel solutions.

Finally, in terms of the end-user technologies, observations gathered reveal the demand for such

technologies. In order to anchor LNG use as a novel solution in the SBSR, it is not enough to be

equipped with shipbuilding and shipping related solutions for LNG adoption. Important is this

light enhancement of onshore technological solutions, such as LNG in the context of port

operations, road and public transport. Established LNG filling stations, LNG storage and

transport solutions such as LNG trucks or LNG containers will strongly increase the demand for

LNG, what in turn, will accelerate the development of the LNG supply chain in the SBSR.

Page 78 of 90

Summary in German

Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt die grundlegenden Eckpfeiler der Wissens- und

Kompetenzentwicklung im südlichen Ostseeraum in Bezug auf das Flüssigerdgas (LNG) dar.

Unter Betrachtung der aktuellen einschlägigen Entwicklungsmuster im Bereich der regionalen

LNG-Wissens- und Kompetenzbildung basiert diese Arbeit auf einem für diese Studie

entwickelten methodischen Rahmenkonzept, das eingesetzt eine umfangreiche Analyse und

Diskussion des in der Region gesammelten LNG-bezogenen Fachwissens, des

Leistungsvermögens der LNG-Lieferkette sowie der heutigen und zukünftigen Engpässe und des

Einsatzpotentials hinsichtlich LNG präsentiert. Das LNG Wissens- und Kompetenzportfolio,

welches die Kompetenzen, Möglichkeiten und Fähigkeiten der Bildungs-, Forschungs-, Trainings-

und Beratungsinstitutionen aus der südlichen Ostseeregion widerspiegelt, erfasst alle in den

jeweiligen Projektregionen angesiedelten Institutionen, welche im LNG-Bereich wichtige

Bildungs-, Forschungs-, Trainings- und Beratungsaktivitäten verzeichnen sowie das größte

Potential für die LNG-Aktivitäten aufzeigen. Ergänzt wird dieses institutionelle Portfolio durch

die Informationen über Kompetenzbereiche der Institutionen, welche in Bezug auf LNG von

denen nicht abgedeckt sind. Zusätzlich werden die Möglichkeiten erörtert, welche sich für die

Wissenschaftler, Forscher und Akademiker durch deren Beteiligung an LNG-Aktivitäten

eröffnen, sowie die Einblicknahme in die institutionellen, finanziellen, rechtlichen etc.

Herausforderungen gewährt, denen die erfassten Institutionen ausgesetzt sind. Mit der

Erweiterung der institutionellen Dimension durch die Untersuchung der maritimen Lieferketten

im südlichen Ostseeregion wurde im Rahmen dieser Studie eine LNG-Lieferkette für den

südlichen Ostseeraum herauskristallisiert. Präzise Darstellung finden in diesem Zusammenhang

Aspekte der LNG-Infrastruktur und deren Entwicklung, LNG-Produkte und Dienstleistungen

sowie relevante LNG-Forschungsprojekte, die umgesetzt wurden bzw. sich im

Entwicklungsstadium befinden. Durch eine Verankerung der Wissenspotentials und- Transfers

(wissenschaftliche Dimension) mit der wirtschaftlichen Seite, d.h. Aufnahme und Integration

dieses Wissens in die wirtschaftliche Aktivitäten (wirtschaftliche Dimension), wird mit diesem

Vorhaben das Ziel verfolgt, eine Lücke in Bezug auf die Interaktionen zwischen Wissenschaft /

Forschung und der Wirtschaft zu schließen und somit das gegenseitige Zusammenspiel

hinsichtlich LNG in der Region zu optimieren. Unter Betrachtung der vorliegenden Kapazitäten

Page 79 of 90

im Wissensbereich und Wirtschaftssektor plädiert diese Studie für LNG als eine attraktive und

plausible Geschäftsmöglichkeit in der südlichen Ostseeregion. Die gewonnenen und erörterten

Beobachtungen können demnach als Anstoß und gutes Beispiel dienen, um mehr Resonanz

bezüglich LNG im unternehmerischen Umfeld sowie in der breiten Öffentlichkeit zu gewinnen.

Erschließung neuer LNG-Aktivitäten in den Projektregionen Litauens, Polens, Dänemarks,

Deutschlands und Schwedens, welche zum heutigen Zeitpunkt von einer moderaten Beteiligung

im LNG-Bereich geprägt sind, bzw. Stärkung der eingeleiteten Aktivitäten in den jeweiligen

Projektregionen, die bereits eine einschlägige Mitwirkung hinsichtlich LNG aufzeigen, eröffnet

eine verheißungsvolle Perspektive für die südliche Ostseeregion aus wissenschaftlicher und

wirtschaftlicher Sicht, die sich in eine Zunahme von Kompetenzen, Leistungen und

Wettbewerbsfähigkeit in Bezug auf LNG für die ganze Region ergeben wird.

Page 80 of 90

Summary in Polish

Niniejszy dokument omawia rozwój wiedzy oraz kompetencji związany z technologiami ciekłego

gazu naturalnego (LNG) w Regionie Południowego Morza Bałtyckiego (SBSR). Dokument ten

powstał w oparciu o badania, w których ramy metodologiczne stworzone dla celów analizy

regionu umożliwiły odzwierciedlenie nie tylko jego stanu i potencjału w aspekcie rozwoju wiedzy

związanej z technologiami LNG oraz możliwościami łańcucha dostaw LNG, ale również

obecnych i przyszłych przeszkód i trudności. Zgromadzony przez odpowiednie instytucje

edukacyjne, badawcze, szkoleniowe i konsultingowe zasób wiedzy i kompetencji w zakresie

LNG ujawnia, które z nich oraz które części SBSR przedstawiają wysoki potencjał możliwy do

wykorzystania w działalnościach związanych z LNG, jakich kompetencji i wiedzy brakuje, jakie są

szanse dla nauki i środowiska akademickiego oraz z jakimi wyzwaniami muszą sobie poradzić.

Poszerzając instytucjonalny wymiar SBSR przez zbadanie morskich łańcuchów dostaw

występujących na jego obszarze, artykuł charakteryzuje rozwijający się łańcuch dostaw LNG dla

SBSR i możliwości jego wykorzystania na powiązanych z LNG polach działalności, takich jak

infrastruktura LNG, związane z LNG produkty i usługi jak również stosowne projekty badań.

Przez połączenie ze sobą rozwoju (wymiar naukowy) i absorpcji (wymiar biznesowy) wiedzy

ustala cele badań, służące zapełnianiu pustki istniejącej pomiędzy nauką/akademią i biznesem.

Wykorzystane w badaniach aktualne możliwości nauki i biznesu na obszarze Południowego

Regionu Morza Bałtyckiego wskazują na LNG, jako pewny sposób prowadzenia działalności w

regionie. Zgromadzone i przedyskutowane w tej pracy obserwacje mogą posłużyć, jako bodziec

do zwiększenia dyskusji o LNG w obszarze działalności biznesowej. Rozpoczęte już w chwili

obecnej działania w branży LNG w regionalnych częściach SBRS wykazują na przeciętne

zaangażowanie do działań w tym obszarze aktywności lub wzrost aktywności w branży LNG w

rejonach, w których zarejestrowano, że przeprowadzone dyskusje związane z LNG osiągnęły

obiecujące rezultaty, które z kolei były czynnikiem powodującym wzrost kompetencji i

możliwości w całym SBSR w odniesieniu do branży LNG.

Page 81 of 90

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Bernhard Schulte Ship Management, 2012, http://www.bs-shipmanagement.com/maritime-

training/training-centres/poland/, accessed on 7 June 2012.

Clean Baltic Sea Shipping, 2013, http://www.clean-baltic-sea-shipping.com/project/background,

accessed on 13 January 2013.

Coastal Research and Planning Institute (CORPI), 2012, http://corpi.ku.lt/, accessed on 16 June

2012.

Department of Maritime Studies, 2012, http://www.sf.hs-

wismar.de/coop.html?&L=1%25252F%25252Fmodules%2525252....php%25253Fphpbb_root_pa

th%25253D, accessed on 20 June 2012.

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fuer-ingenieurwissenschaften/bereich-maschinenbauverfahrens-und-umwelttechnik/, accessed on

19 June 2012.

DNV, 2012, http://www.dnv.lt/, accessed on 15 June 2012.

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Page 82 of 90

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ships/Environmental-profile/, accessed on 11 January 2013.

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releases/230712-Fjord-Line-worlds-first-cruise-ferry-powered-by-natural-gas-alone/?backUrl=1,


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Page 89 of 90

List of Tables

Table 1: Research and training institutions in the SBSR ........................................................................................ 16

Table 2: Consulting institutions in the SBSR ............................................................................................................... 20

Table 3: Education institutions in the SBSR ................................................................................................................. 21

Table 4: Key topics in SBSR science and research related to LNG development ................................ 26

Table 5: Bunkering-related scientific-research projects in the SBSR ............................................................. 30

Table 6: Shipbuilding & repair-related scientific-research projects ................................................................. 31

Table 7: Ports-related scientific-research projects in the SBSR ........................................................................ 32

Table 8: Shipping-related projects in the SBSR ......................................................................................................... 34

Table 9: Existing key LNG solutions in the SBSR ..................................................................................................... 43

Table 10: Stakeholders from shipbuilding & repair industry of the SBSR ................................................... 44

Table 11: Stakeholders from shipping industry of the SBSR .............................................................................. 45

Table 12: Stakeholders involved into distribution activities across the SBSR ........................................... 46

Table 13: Storage services providing stakeholders of the SBSR ...................................................................... 47

Table 14: Bunkering solutions providing stakeholders of the SBSR ............................................................... 47

Table 15: Ports of the SBSR with LNG-related activities .................................................................................... 48

Table 16: Ports of the SBSR with forthcoming LNG-related activities ........................................................ 49

Table 17: Ports of the SBSR revealing high potential for the LNG-related activities .......................... 49

Table 18: Ports of the SBSR under development for LNG-related activities .......................................... 50

Table 19: Authorities of the SBSR relevant for LNG-related activities ....................................................... 50

Table 20: Associations of the SBSR relevant for LNG-related activities .................................................... 52

Table 21: Classification societies of the SBSR relevant for LNG-related activities ............................... 52

Table 22: Consultation services providing stakeholders of the SBSR ........................................................... 53

Table 23: Stakeholders of the SBSR involved into end-user oriented technologies ............................ 54

Table 24: Specification of present LNG-related activities of the SBSR supply chain ........................... 62

Table 25: Overview of LNG-related initiatives and projects across the SBSR ....................................... 63

Page 90 of 90

List of Figures

Figure 1: South Baltic Sea Region with the participating project regions ................................................... 10

Figure 2: Methodological framework ............................................................................................................................... 13

Figure 3: SBSR Institutional profile .................................................................................................................................... 15

Figure 4: Institutional portfolio in the SBSR ................................................................................................................. 16

Figure 5: WS1 LNG/FO Combo Vessel ........................................................................................................................ 30

Figure 6: Floating Storage and Regasification Unit (FSRU) – technology of the LNG Terminal

project in Lithuania ......................................................................................................................................................... 31

Figure 7: LNG Terminal Project in Swinoujscie, Poland ....................................................................................... 32

Figure 8: Profile of stakeholders in the SBSR .............................................................................................................. 42

Figure 9: LNG Import Terminal in Nynäshamn ........................................................................................................ 57

Figure 10: LNG Hybrid Barge developed by Becker Marine Systems GmbH, Hamburg ................. 59

Figure 11: Distribution of stakeholders capabilities along the LNG supply chain in the SBSR ....... 61

Figure 12: MS Viking Grace passenger as novel LNG technological solution .......................................... 66

Figure 13: MS Stavangerfjord LNG ferry with single LNG engine .................................................................. 67

Figure 14: LNG fuelled Fjord1 ferry built in the Lithuanian shipyard ............................................................ 68

Figure 15: Tracing LNG development in the SBSR ................................................................................................. 75