Mapping hotspots of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen Dioxide in Thailand using

SCIAMACHY

Mapping hotspots of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen Dioxide in Thailand using

SCIAMACHY

Presented by : Uday Dnyandeo Pimple RSGIS FoS

17/ 05/2010

Examination Committee: Dr. Nitin K. Tripathi, Chairman

Dr. Preeda Parkpian, Member Dr. Savitri Garivait, External Member Dr. Sheishiro Kibe, Member Dr. I.V. Murali Krishna External Member

2

Background

Climate change will change our lifeon Earth and will affect all nationsall plants, all animals, all humans

all living beings on Earth.

3

Background

High Temperature

Changing Landscapes

Wildlife at Risk

Increased risk of Drought, fire & flood

Stronger Storms

Heat Related Illness and Diseases

Climate Change: Variation in global and regional climates over time

4

Background

Global Warming: Increase in average temperature of Earth

Main Impact - Sea level rise- Increase in extreme weather trend

5

Global Warming and Climate Change

Serious issue related to human survival Main cause = increase in greenhouse gases such as Carbon Dioxide,

Methane, Nitrogen Oxide, Chorofluro carbon and Carbon Tetrachloride and some atmospheric pollutants

Current temperature increased by 0.40C and 2.50C temperature is enough to melt the glaciers

Copenhagen United Nations climate change conference 2009

- Reduction of CO2 and impact of climate change was the main issue

Impact on Human and

Nature

Emission of GHG

Socio economic development

path

Climate Change Rise Temperature,Sea Level

6

Need to monitor Greenhouse Gases (GHG)

The basic cause of rise in temperature is greenhouse gases

Need to measure the trace gases regularly

Need to understand sources and sinks of trace gases Limitations of ground stations ( Due to Spatial and temporal variability

of gases and vertical distribution)

Remote Sensing technique has capability to measure trace gases from space

Large scale or regional measurement is possible by satellite

7

Objective

1) Retrieval of vertical column (VC) of atmospheric Carbon dioxide in Thailand using satellite remote sensing ( 2004-2005)

2) Retrieval vertical column densities (VCDs) of Nitrogen dioxide in Thailand using satellite remote sensing ( 2004-2009)

8

Data and Software

SCIAMACHY: FSI-WFM- DOAS algorithm processed data of CO2 from 2004 to 2005

(Source: Leicester University, UK) Ground station data of CO2 from Wt. Waliguan China ( Station from NOAA)

DOAS algorithm processed data for NO2 from 2004-2009

(Source: University of Bremen, Germany) Ground station data of NO2 from 2004-2009 (Source:PCD, Thialand)

Software:

- ArcGIS 9.3 , ArcView 3.3, ENVI-IDL

9

SCIAMACHY

SCIAMACHY ( SCanning Imagine Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY)

Capability to determine O3, O2,O4,NO,N2O,BrO, OCIO, CO,H2O,SO2,HCHO,CO2,CH4, Cloud, Aerosol

Onboard on European environmental satellite ENVISAT Orbital height 790 km (±10km) Measure radiation between 240- 2380 nm wavelength region One pixel size is 60 x 30 Km

10

Study Area -Thailand

Country : Thailand

50th largest country

Population 68 Million

Sources of GHG: Urban areas, Industries

( Automobile and food processing plants), burning of crops and rice field

Ranked 22 in world for GHG emission

11

Carbon Dioxide emission and measurement in Thailand

Medium size country but responsible for GHG gas emission(Source: UNDP, 2007)

12

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide & Nitrogen Dioxide

Carbon Dioxide :

Major GHG ( more than 63% contribution in global warming) Sources : Burning of fossil fuels, deforestation are the main causes

Nitrogen Dioxide :

Reddish brown gas and irritating ordure Play an important role in atmospheric reactions NO2 and other compound very easily react with Ozone layer and causes the destruction of ozone layer Higher concentration of NO2 causes many respiratory problems Sources: Biomass burning, fuel combustion and electrical installations

- .

13

Satellite Remote Sensing for measurement of CO2 and NO2 from Space

Retrieval of trace gases using remote sensing is rapidly evolving area and very helpful to understand the sources and sinks of trace gases.

The precise measurement of trace gases is possible with combination of satellite observation theory , modeling and ground observations

It is very useful to understand the dynamic behavior of the trace gases from space

Measurement principle and retrieval methods DOAS ( Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) : It allows to extracting absorption of NO2 and other trace gases For measuring VCDi of gases following equation is used

14

Where rs(λ)is the measured slant optical densities VCDi is the Vertical column densities VCDi

mod is used for calculating ( Molded slant optical density) cj is the polynomial coefficient I-i mod is the calculated radiance without the ith absorber I mod is the calculated radiance with all absorber (Bovensmann, 1999) 

15

Weighting Function Modified Differential Optical Absorption

Spectroscopy (WFM-DOAS) retrieval technique designed to retrieve the total columns of CO2, CO, CH4, H2O and N2O.

For reducing the potential sources of errors in WFM-DOAS new algorithm is developed called FSI ( Full Spectral Initiation) WFM-DOAS

To derive CO2 total column from absorption at ~ 1.56 µm

Measurement principle and retrieval methods

16

METHODOLOGY

17

Retrieval of VC of CO2 by IDL Programming

FSI-WFM-DOAS Product

China Region Indian Region

Joint Two Regions

Separation of Study area

Gridding of VC of CO2

Read Files Data Filtration

Plot Display Set the Colors

Gridding

Normalized SCIAMACHY CO2 Columns

18

Retrieval VC of CO2 by GIS

FSI-WFM-DOASProduct

Data Extraction

Conversion to GIS format

Normalized Vertical Column of CO2

Generation of Point Data

Data Interpolation

Latitude Longitude Retrieved Error VC CO2

19

Retrieval of VCDs of NO2

DOAS – Product

Data Extraction

Latitude VCD of NO2Longitude

Conversion to GIS format

VCDs of NO2

Generation of Point data

Data interpolation

20

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

21

Vertical Column of CO2 for part of Asia

January 2004 February 2004

22

March 2004 April 2004

Vertical Column of CO2 for part of Asia

23

Vertical Column of CO2 for part of Asia

May 2004 June 2004

24

Vertical Column of CO2 for part of Asia

July 2004 August 2004

25

Vertical Column of CO2 for part of Asia

September 2004 October 2004

26

Vertical Column of CO2 for part of Asia

November 2004 December 2004

27

Vertical Column of CO2 for Thailand

28

Vertical Column of CO2 for Thailand

29

Vertical Column of CO2 for Thailand

30

Vertical Column of CO2 for Thailand

31

Vertical Column of CO2 for Thailand

32

Vertical Column of CO2 for Thailand

33

Comparison of SCIAMACHY result with in situ observations in China

372 374 376 378 380 382 384300

350

400

450

f(x) = 5.08703586470292 x − 1542.62624196509R² = 0.437539272402824

CO2 by Ground station ( ppm)

CO

2 b

y S

CIA

MA

CH

Y (

ppm

v)

34

January to April very high concentration observed over central and eastern part of Thailand which covers mostly urban and industrial area

During rainy season from May to August less concentration is observed

November December shows high VCDs of NO2

Location of emission is in eastern part of Thailand

The cities with higher concentrations in central , northeast and eastern part of Thailand can easily identified from SCIAMACHY result

Rayong, Chonburi and the nearest part of these provinces are observed as a hotspot for NO2 concentration

VCD s of NO2 for Thailand

35

Comparison of NO2 with major land use

36

Validation of NO2 VCDs with in situ Observations

2004-2008

37

Field Survey

Current concentrations of CO2 checked in Thailand using mobile sensor ( 2009)

Observation sites are Bangkok ( Urban), Nakhon Si Thammarat

( Costal area ) Higher concentration observed in Bangkok as compare to Nakhon Si

Thammarat

38

Conclusion ( CO2)

Good correlation between SCIAMACHY and in situ observations

The higher concentrations are observed over the urban and industrial zones

During burning of rice field, high concentration observed over agricultural field

During summer, high concentrations observed

During cloudy condition lack of observations

39

Conclusion ( NO2)

Eastern part observed as a hotspot and main source of NO2 emission (Urban and Industrial sector)

January to April high emission from agricultural field

Forest shows less concentration

Good correlations observed between some ground stations and SCIAMACHY result

Southern part shows less concentrations as compare to other part of Thailand ( many mangroves forests and costal zone)

40

SCHIAMACHY Challenges

It is not possible for SCIAMACHY to measure the trace gases during night time or cloudy conditions

The repeat cycle is 6 days ( Poor temporal coverage)

For understanding the source and sinks of Carbon dioxide better spatial resolution satellites required

For quantifying sources and sinks of trace gases a measurement accuracy need 1% or better than that

GOSAT is new GHG measurement satellite with better resolution than SCIAMACHY (0.5 km)

41

Acknowledgement

I would like to say thanks to

University of Leicester, UK ( Dr. Paul Monk, Dr.Alan Hewitte) University of Bremen, Germany ( Dr. Andreas Ritcher ) University of Edinburgh , UK ( Dr. Micheal Barkley ) Silpakorn University , Thailand ( Dr. Ornprapa Robert) Dr. I.V. Murali Krishna ( India) Pollution Control Department ( PCD), Thailand

42