Mao to Tiananmen Square

China divided• Taiwan= Nationalist China • -U.S. aided• Controlled by Chiang Kai-Shek

• Mainland=People’s Republic of China

• -Soviet Union aided• Controlled by Mao

PRC= People’s Republic of ChinaROC= Republic of China

INEQUALITIES BETWEEN RICH AND POOR

Many peasants were on military service and were away from their villagesSmall units

of land

No farm machinery, no fertilisers

Old-fashioned methods of farmingby hand.

The ordinary people lived in great poverty, poor housing, working long hours, often in dangerous conditions, for low pay, poor health, little education.

In the countryside, most of the land was owned by a few rich landowners

In the cities, factories and businesses were owned by an elite rich.

Years of foreign and civil wars had caused widespread damage to Chinese industry.

Lack of investment

Outdated machinesDamage to

transport systems –roads, rail, bridges

PROBLEMS FACING CHINA IN 1950’s

FARMING INDUSTRY

Mao Inherits a “post civil war” underdeveloped country

The Great Leap Forward

• A five year plan (1958-1963) to develop the agriculture and industry in China

• Ag = food to feed and sell

• Ind = manufacturing to build infrastructure and sell products

The Great Leap Forward

• What do you see in the picture?• What are the people doing?• Why are the people there?• Who are these people?• How many people do you think are in the picture?• How do they feel about the Great Leap Forward, and how

does this affect them?

Collective “manpower” - working collectively produces greater gains than working competitively (sound familiar?)

Mao ZeDong’s Aims

• ‘to overtake all capitalist countries in a fairly short time, and become one of the richest, most advanced and powerful countries in the world’

• To do this he must move the people from illiterate farm workers to a cutting edge productive modern society (realistic?)

Why Great Leap?

• Sputnik, Autumn 1957• Soviet Union economic achievement (model of communism producing results)

• Wanted China to succeed differently (less reliant on machinery, more reliant on man power)

• Wanted “Self-reliance”

，，

Mao wanted China to be a great military power But China was poor and over 90% of its population were peasant farmers.

HOW WAS THIS TO BE ACHIEVED?1. FIVE YEAR PLANS were introduced - based on the Russian model. Russian advisers were brought in to help.

2. IRON AND STEEL - Mao made iron and steel production the central focus of his industrial reform program.

3. FARMING REFORMS - The cost of modernizing industry would have to be paid by selling Chinese farm produce. Mao saw that Chinese farming also needed to be reformed. BUT he believed in manual “hands in the dirt” as being more valuable than a machine doing all the work.

* Believed in manual labor as being “connected” to the work. Building something with your own 2 hands produces pride and concern for quality

Mao’s belief

• The collectivized peasants would produce a surplus of food

• This surplus food could be sold abroad to raise money to expand Chinese industry

Sounds like capitalism (re-investing profit to expand and update the company), BUT the benefit is for the country not the individual

The emperor of the “Blue Ants”

• Mechanical diggers were shunned favor of the hands of workers

• Bridges, canals and dams were constructed by hand

• Thousands dressed in identical blue uniforms

Snap shot of the “Ideal”

• 25,000 peasant workers

• Organized into “People’s Communes” where they ate, slept, and worked together,

all for the benefit of the state, rather than the benefit of the individual.

Growing Division (1962-1965)

• Mao Zedong vs. Deng Xiaoping• charismatic leadership vs. bureaucracy

Deng Xiaoping

Mao Dies in 1976,

• Turning point in China – Mao dead, his ideals/plans/etc are dead as well

China since Mao• Mao dies in 1976 and Deng

Xiaoping comes to power. • Deng institutes the Four

Modernizations, which focuses on improving agriculture, industry, science and technology as well as defense.

• Deng was in power until his death in 1997

• He was the Leader during the Tiananmen Square event