Many soldiers, on both sides, did not return,Many soldiers, on both sides, did not return,leaving many widows and orphans leaving many widows and orphans

Post-war South: a desolate place Post-war South: a desolate place Many white southerners stripped of Many white southerners stripped of capital capital and slaves; little or no personal property and slaves; little or no personal property Some faced starvation and homelessnessSome faced starvation and homelessness>20% of adult white male population >20% of adult white male population deaddead

Elaborate southern monuments Elaborate southern monuments (at Gettysburg National Park )(at Gettysburg National Park )

North Carolina Lee (Virginia) Longstreet North Carolina Lee (Virginia) Longstreet

Cult of ritualized mourning in late 1860sCult of ritualized mourning in late 1860sRomanticism of the Lost Cause Romanticism of the Lost Cause

Thirteenth AmendmentThirteenth Amendment

Southerners: Southerners: Continue slavery Continue slavery in an altered formin an altered formKept black Kept black workers legally workers legally tied to plantationstied to plantationsFought to Fought to preserve local & preserve local & regional autonomyregional autonomy and white and white supremacy supremacy

The Freedmen’s Bureau Oliver HowardThe Freedmen’s Bureau Oliver HowardFunding for only 1 yearFunding for only 1 yearToo small to deal effectively with Too small to deal effectively with the enormous problems facing it the enormous problems facing it

ConcernsConcerns• Republicans: feared re-strengthening Republicans: feared re-strengthening the Democratic Party if citizenship the Democratic Party if citizenship restored to white southernersrestored to white southerners• Also feared that nationalistic economicAlso feared that nationalistic economic legislation would be in jeopardy if legislation would be in jeopardy if Democratic Party regained power Democratic Party regained power

• Northerners: South should be punishedNortherners: South should be punished• Radicals were vehementRadicals were vehement• Remake South in North’s imageRemake South in North’s image

Dealing with states of former confederacyDealing with states of former confederacyConservativesConservatives: : South accept abolition of South accept abolition of slavery but proposed few other slavery but proposed few other conditionsconditionsRadicalsRadicals: :

• Large numbers of Southern whites Large numbers of Southern whites should be disenfranchisedshould be disenfranchised• Legal rights of Blacks—protectedLegal rights of Blacks—protected• Confiscate property of wealthy white Confiscate property of wealthy white who aided Confederacy & who aided Confederacy &

redistribute redistribute to freedmento freedmen• Suffrage to former slavesSuffrage to former slavesModeratesModerates: : rejected punitive goals of rejected punitive goals of

Radicals—some concessions on South re:Radicals—some concessions on South re: rights of Blacks; lenient reconstruction rights of Blacks; lenient reconstruction policy policy

Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan •General amnestyGeneral amnesty to white to white southerners (not high officials southerners (not high officials of the Confederacy) who wouldof the Confederacy) who would pledge loyaltypledge loyalty to the U. S. to the U. S. government and government and accept the accept the elimination of slaveryelimination of slavery •Whenever Whenever 10% of the number of 10% of the number of voters in 1860 took the oathvoters in 1860 took the oath in any state, in any state, those loyal voters could set up a state gov’tthose loyal voters could set up a state gov’t•Extend Extend suffrage to Blackssuffrage to Blacks who were who were educated, owned property & served in armyeducated, owned property & served in army•LA, AR, & TN—1864LA, AR, & TN—1864•Radicals: deny seats to reps. from thoseRadicals: deny seats to reps. from those

Provisional governorProvisional governorMajority of white Majority of white malesmales in a state in a state pledged allegiancepledged allegianceMust Must abolish slaveryabolish slavery,, disenfranchise disenfranchise confederate civil and military confederate civil and military leadersleaders, and , and repudiate state debtsrepudiate state debtsPolitical rights for Blacks up to statesPolitical rights for Blacks up to statesLincoln pocket vetoedLincoln pocket vetoed

Wade-Davis Bill (July 1864)Wade-Davis Bill (July 1864)

Radical initiative Radical initiative

B. F. Wade B. F. Wade H. W. DavisH. W. Davis

Lincoln’s assassination Lincoln’s assassination

John Wilkes Booth John Wilkes Booth

Andrew Johnson (TN)Andrew Johnson (TN)Tactless; poor temper Tactless; poor temper Amnesty to southerners whoAmnesty to southerners who would pledge an oath of would pledge an oath of allegianceallegiancePolicy most resembled the Policy most resembled the Wade-Davis Bill Wade-Davis Bill

Black CodesBlack Codes

Re-establish Re-establish planter controlplanter control Apprehend unemployed blacks—fine for Apprehend unemployed blacks—fine for vagrancy—hire out to private employers vagrancy—hire out to private employers until fine was paid (a until fine was paid (a new form of slaverynew form of slavery) ) Blacks could not own or lease farms or Blacks could not own or lease farms or take any job other than farm laborer or take any job other than farm laborer or domestic servantsdomestic servants

FourteenthFourteenth Amendment Amendment

Due process and equal protection clausesDue process and equal protection clausesDefines citizenship Defines citizenship

Fifteenth Amendment Fifteenth Amendment Cannot deny suffrage to any citizen on Cannot deny suffrage to any citizen on account of race, color or previous account of race, color or previous condition of servitude condition of servitude

Elizabeth Elizabeth Cady StantonCady StantonSusan B.Susan B.Anthony andAnthony andLucy StoneLucy Stoneangeredangered

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

Tenure of Office ActTenure of Office Act—president could not —president could not remove civil officials without Senate’s remove civil officials without Senate’s approval approval

Fired Secretary of War, Edwin Fired Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton Stanton

Command of Army ActCommand of Army Act

House: Articles of impeachmentHouse: Articles of impeachmentSenate: 35-19—one short of Senate: 35-19—one short of required 2/3required 2/3Radicals dropped the effort Radicals dropped the effort

Whites: spoke bitterly about the governmentsWhites: spoke bitterly about the governmentsthat Congress helped impose on themthat Congress helped impose on them

African Americans: complained of the failure African Americans: complained of the failure of the national and state governments to go far of the national and state governments to go far enough to guarantee freedmen even the enough to guarantee freedmen even the most elemental rights of citizenship most elemental rights of citizenship

Scalawags and Scalawags and carpetbaggers carpetbaggers

Freedmen’s Bureau Freedmen’s Bureau

Dramatic Dramatic improve-improve- ment in Southern ment in Southern educationeducation4,000 schools built 4,000 schools built by 1870, staffed by by 1870, staffed by 9,000 teachers9,000 teachers (half Blacks)(half Blacks)1876: ½ White and 1876: ½ White and 40% Black children40% Black children in schools in Southin schools in SouthSeveral Several Black Black academiesacademies offered offered more advanced more advanced education education (HBCU)(HBCU)

But: no whites would attend Freedmen’s But: no whites would attend Freedmen’s Bureau schools (open to all)Bureau schools (open to all)Integration a dismal failureIntegration a dismal failureCivil Rights Act of 1875Civil Rights Act of 1875—lone effort to —lone effort to mandate school integration—had provisionsmandate school integration—had provisions for educational desegregation removed for educational desegregation removed before it passedbefore it passed

Per capita incomes during Reconstruction Per capita incomes during Reconstruction

Blacks: rose 46%Blacks: rose 46%Southern whites: declined 35% Southern whites: declined 35%

Crop-lien systemCrop-lien systemLien: legal right to hold another’s Lien: legal right to hold another’s property or have it sold or applied for property or have it sold or applied for payment to a claim, in order to satisfy payment to a claim, in order to satisfy a debt a debt Blacks gradually lost lands they had Blacks gradually lost lands they had acquired as they fell further and further acquired as they fell further and further into debt—into debt—impoverished small farmers impoverished small farmers and contributed to a general decline in and contributed to a general decline in southern agricultural economysouthern agricultural economy

Presidential Election of 1868 Presidential Election of 1868

Democrats: Horatio SeymourDemocrats: Horatio Seymour of NY of NY Republicans: General UlyssesRepublicans: General Ulysses S. Grant S. Grant

First election in which NorthernFirst election in which Northerncapitalists united behind the capitalists united behind the Republicans—made Republicans—made the GOP the the GOP the principal defender principal defender of industrial growthof industrial growth in U. S. in U. S. politics politics

Stalwarts: Republicans fervently committed Stalwarts: Republicans fervently committed to economic interests of Northern capitalists.to economic interests of Northern capitalists.Caused shift in party focusCaused shift in party focus

Spoils system: Grant used more blatantly Spoils system: Grant used more blatantly than most of his predecessors than most of his predecessors

Exception: Sec. of State Hamilton FishException: Sec. of State Hamilton Fish

Liberal Republicans opposed Liberal Republicans opposed Grantism: way Grant used Grantism: way Grant used patronage system to reward patronage system to reward political croniespolitical croniesPressed for a civil service Pressed for a civil service systemsystem

Election of 1872 Election of 1872

Grant from GOP Grant from GOP Horace Greely from DemHorace Greely from Dem

Credit Mobilier Scandal Credit Mobilier Scandal

Implicated: Implicated:

V. P. S. ColfaxV. P. S. ColfaxSpeaker of the HouseSpeaker of the House J. A. Garfield J. A. Garfield

Panic of 1873 Panic of 1873

Worse than Panics of 1819, 1837, & 1857Worse than Panics of 1819, 1837, & 1857

Jay Cooke and Company failedJay Cooke and Company failed

Four year depression Four year depression Debtors wanted inflationDebtors wanted inflationGrant: sound currency Grant: sound currency

based on gold reservesbased on gold reserves

Seward’s Folly Seward’s Folly

Purchase of Alaska from Purchase of Alaska from Russia Russia

Also “Seward’s Icebox” and “Johnson’s Also “Seward’s Icebox” and “Johnson’s Polar Bear Garden”Polar Bear Garden”

Undermining Republican state governmentsUndermining Republican state governments Secret societies such as the Ku Klux Klan Secret societies such as the Ku Klux Klan and the Knights of the White Camellia usedand the Knights of the White Camellia usedterrorism against Blacksterrorism against Blacks

Waning Northern commitment to Waning Northern commitment to Reconstruction in 1870s Reconstruction in 1870s

Passage of 15Passage of 15thth Amendment Amendment—long —long campaign on behalf of Blacks consideredcampaign on behalf of Blacks considered complete complete Panic of 1873 further undermined Panic of 1873 further undermined support for Reconstructionsupport for Reconstruction

Social DarwinismSocial DarwinismState and local governments short of State and local governments short of funds; funds; cut social servicescut social services to former slaves to former slaves

Election of 1876 and Compromise of 1877 Election of 1876 and Compromise of 1877

Democratic:Democratic:S. Tilden, NYS. Tilden, NY

Republican: Republican: R. B. Hayes, OHR. B. Hayes, OH

Election of 1876Election of 1876Disputed returns from LA, SC, FL & OR—20 E. V.Disputed returns from LA, SC, FL & OR—20 E. V.No constitutional method at the time to determineNo constitutional method at the time to determine validity of disputed returnsvalidity of disputed returnsCongress split: Senate—Rep.; House—Dem.Congress split: Senate—Rep.; House—Dem.January 1877: congress—special commissionJanuary 1877: congress—special commission

5 senators, 5 reps, 5 Supreme Ct. justices5 senators, 5 reps, 5 Supreme Ct. justicesHayes won by way of several compromisesHayes won by way of several compromisesDemocrats in Senate threatened a filibusterDemocrats in Senate threatened a filibuster

Led to secret congressional meetingsLed to secret congressional meetings MoreMore

Election of 1876Election of 1876Republicans pledged Hayes would withdraw the Republicans pledged Hayes would withdraw the last federal troops from the Southlast federal troops from the SouthRepublicans: Hayes would allow the overthrow Republicans: Hayes would allow the overthrow of last Republican state governments in Southof last Republican state governments in SouthSoutherners abandoned filibusterSoutherners abandoned filibusterIn addition to withdrawal of troops, Hayes would In addition to withdrawal of troops, Hayes would appoint at least one southerner to cabinet appoint at least one southerner to cabinet Southerners would control federal patronage in Southerners would control federal patronage in their statestheir states

His FraudulencyHis Fraudulency

Widespread charges that heWidespread charges that hewas paying off the South was paying off the South for acquiescing in his for acquiescing in his election election

Reconstruction: largely a failure Reconstruction: largely a failure

White Americans so “…disappointed, White Americans so “…disappointed, disillusioned, and embittered. . .that it disillusioned, and embittered. . .that it would be nearly a century before they would be nearly a century before they would try again in any serious way” to deal would try again in any serious way” to deal with the race problem.with the race problem.Most whites: Most whites: African Americans still African Americans still inherently inferiorinherently inferior Republican governments: same level of Republican governments: same level of success toward stability of South as success toward stability of South as antebellum southern governments antebellum southern governments 1414thth & 15 & 15thth Amendments: disregarded or Amendments: disregarded or ignoredignored

Redeemers or BourbonsRedeemers or Bourbons By end of 1877 southern governments had By end of 1877 southern governments had been redeemedbeen redeemed Powerful, conservative oligarchyPowerful, conservative oligarchy Alabama: throwback to antebellum periodAlabama: throwback to antebellum period Most places: Redeemers a Most places: Redeemers a genuinely new genuinely new ruling classruling class—merchants, industrialists,—merchants, industrialists, railroad developers and financiersrailroad developers and financiers

Readjusters in Virginia Readjusters in Virginia Revise state debt payment procedures Revise state debt payment procedures to make more money available for state to make more money available for state servicesservices

Southern agricultureSouthern agriculture Most important economic reality in post-Most important economic reality in post- Reconstruction South: impoverished stateReconstruction South: impoverished state of agriculture of agriculture Sharecropping: landlords supplied tenantsSharecropping: landlords supplied tenantswith land, a crude house, a few tools, seedwith land, a crude house, a few tools, seedand sometimes a mule. and sometimes a mule. Return: farmers promise the landlord a Return: farmers promise the landlord a large share of annual croplarge share of annual crop

Booker T. Washington Booker T. Washington

Tuskegee Institute in ALTuskegee Institute in ALUrged blacks on a roadUrged blacks on a road to to self-improvementself-improvementGoal of Black education:Goal of Black education: industrial, not classicalindustrial, not classicalForgo agitating for Forgo agitating for political rightspolitical rights and and concentrate on self-concentrate on self- improvement and improvement and preparation for equality preparation for equality

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) In In 18961896 the Court ruled, in the Court ruled, in Plessy v. Plessy v. FergusonFerguson, that Blacks could be placed in , that Blacks could be placed in separate facilities if they were “equal” to separate facilities if they were “equal” to those used by whites. School districts those used by whites. School districts therefore created therefore created separate “but equal”separate “but equal” schools; localities could incorporate schools; localities could incorporate separate but equal facilitiesseparate but equal facilities

Chief Justice Chief Justice Melville FullerMelville Fuller

Justice Henry BillingsJustice Henry BillingsBrownBrown wrote wrote majority majority opinionopinion (7-1 vote) (7-1 vote)

Only Only dissenting dissenting opinionopinion, Justice , Justice John M. John M. HarlanHarlan

Frank Matthews here. Woman, Frank Matthews here. Woman, tell the folk what we done to keep tell the folk what we done to keep

Blacks from voting.Blacks from voting.

No problem, Frank, you hottie. No problem, Frank, you hottie. Poll taxes and literacy tests Poll taxes and literacy tests

were used. The literacy tests were used. The literacy tests required voters to demonstrate required voters to demonstrate an ability to read and interpret an ability to read and interpret the Constitutionthe Constitution. Many African . Many African Americans could neither read Americans could neither read nor write. nor write. Literacy tests for Literacy tests for

whites were often easierwhites were often easier than than those for black people.those for black people.

Grandfather clausesGrandfather clauses: men who could not meet: men who could not meetthe literacy and property qualifications could be the literacy and property qualifications could be enfranchised if their ancestors had voted before enfranchised if their ancestors had voted before Reconstruction began (which automatically barredReconstruction began (which automatically barredBlacks from voting while allowing poor whites toBlacks from voting while allowing poor whites todo so)do so)

Williams v. MississippiWilliams v. Mississippi (1898)— (1898)—voided voided grandfather clauses but validated literacy grandfather clauses but validated literacy tests regarding votingtests regarding voting. Supreme Court . Supreme Court displayed a general willingness to let southern displayed a general willingness to let southern states define own suffrage standards…states define own suffrage standards…

Jim Crow Laws Jim Crow Laws

LynchingsLynchings1890s—dramatic increase1890s—dramatic increase in white violence against in white violence against BlacksBlacksServed to inhibit black Served to inhibit black agitation for civil rightsagitation for civil rights187 lynchings each year,187 lynchings each year, on average; 80% in Southon average; 80% in SouthMeans of white control overMeans of white control over black population in Southblack population in South (terror and intimidation)(terror and intimidation)

Ida B. WellsIda B. WellsCommitted black journalistCommitted black journalistLaunched international anti-Launched international anti- lynching movement lynching movement with a with a series of impassioned articles series of impassioned articles after 3 friends were lynchedafter 3 friends were lynched in Memphis, TN in Memphis, TN

Movement attracted support, mostly from white Movement attracted support, mostly from white women, in both North and South in early 20women, in both North and South in early 20thth century. century. Goal: federal anti-lynching lawGoal: federal anti-lynching law..