Many Cultures Meet

Chapter 1Pre-History to 1550

Obj: How did Natives get here

How did different cultures develop

What were the major cultural areas.

Section 1The American Indian

• A. First Americans– Called Paleo-Indians– Two Theories on how they got here

– 1. Land Bridge- ice age exposed a land bridge- Beringia- 15,000 years ag0

– 2. 40,000 years ago, natives sailed small boats here while hunting

B. Paleo Indians

• 12,000-10,000 years ago- earth warmed• Following game, natives spread out all over

North and South America

• Many different cultures would emerge.• Why?• Adapt to where they settle

C. Agriculture

• Natives developed farming in central Mexico 3,500 years ago.

• Starting growing corn- Maize • Let to the development of permanent

settlements• This would lead to civilization-ex. Mayas,

Aztecs, • Why?

D. Early Cultures

• 1. Southwest tribes– Had to adapt to dry climate- built canals, dams– Houses made of adobe- sun dried brick– Examples- Hohokam, and Anasazi – Disappeared about AD 1100 and 1300– Why??

– Cliff Palace in Chaco Canyon

• 2. Mississippi Valley– More fertile and temperate climate– Grew into big civilizations– Cahokia- center of Cahokia society- largest city in

NA- 10,000-40,000 people– Also disappeared

– Cahokia mounds?

• 3. Great Planes– Arid climate– People were nomads– Lived in tepees. Why??– Gatherer hunters, following buffalo– Horse changed the lives of the Great planes

Indians

• 4. Eastern Woodland– Lived in Eastern U.S. – Long winters and warm summers– Developed into two groups• Algonquin• Iroquois

– Iroquois league was first confederation in North America

E. Common Culture

• Did not develop into nations• Usually no central figure of authority- spread

out among many chiefs• Religions centered on nature• Little private property

Section 2The Europeans

• Describe Europe in 15th century• What changes were taking place• What was happening on Iberian Peninsula at

end of middle ages and into Renaissance

A. 15th Century Europe

• Middle Ages- after collapse of Romans– Basically sucked– No central governments – Famine, disease, foreign invasion– Bubonic Plague killed off 1/3 of Europe

– Society based on Feudalism– Ruling elite- Lords-knights-Peasants- most people

were peasants– These feudal states always warring

B. Europeans Explore

• Church dominated medieval society • 1400’s pope called on all good Christians to

raise armies to conquer the Holy Land from the Muslims

• Failed miserably, but ideas and goods spread through crusades

• Helped lead to the Renaissance- rebirth of learning

• Europeans started exploring the world again

C. New Trade

• Increase in exploration led to trade• Trade led to a increase in the middle class• Merchants brought wealth • Wealth led to the revival of nations- France,

Great Britain, Italy• End of Feudalism, start of monarchies

D. Reconquista

• Isabella and Ferdinand married to unite Spain against the Muslim moors to take back the Iberian peninsula

• 1492 Reconquista was complete

E. Portuguese exploration

• Three inventions– Caravel– Compass– Astrolabe– Quadrant

• Prince Henry the Navigator- directed exploration

• Portugal began building an empire exploring West Africa

Section 3West Africa

• OBJ: describe cultural characteristics of West Africa in 15th century

• Summarize contact between Europeans and Africans

• Explore how slave trade began

A. West African Kingdoms

• The Portuguese opened West Africa up to trade

• 3 African Kingdoms• Ghana- earliest• Mali- most famous ruler- Mansa Musa- • Songhai- latest kingdom- capital at Timbuktu

B. Slavery in Africa

• Slavery existed in Africa before Europeans arrived– Captured people, criminals, or undesirables

• How was slavery different in Africa?– Were adopted, given important jobs, and were

released with time

C. Portuguese Exploit Trade

• First- wanted gold• Then peppers, ivory, copper, and finally slaves • Relied on West African tribes to capture slaves

for them• By 1500, buying 1,800 slaves a year• Millions more would follow

Section 4First Encounters

• OBJ: identify goals of C. Columbus • Explain consequences of his journey to

Americas• Analyze effects of European Contact with

Indians

A. Spain looks West

• Portuguese explorers still going around Africa• Why? Italy dominated overland routes

• Bartolommeo Dias- reached Cape of Good Hope

• Vasco Da Gama- went around cape and reached India

• Spain wanted to find their own trade route

B. Columbus

• From Italy• Believed could sail west- based on bad math-

off by 7,000 miles• Also heard stories of Vikings visiting land in

west• In 1492, Columbus convinced Isabella and

Ferdinand of Spain to finance his trip

C. Set Sail

• 3 ships- Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria• 90 men- many of which were convicts • Reached the Bahamas after 33 days• Claimed all land for Spain

• God, Glory, and Gold?

• Called natives “Indians” • Thought he was in West Indies

D. Settlement

• Set up settlement of Hispaniola• Left men and when he returned, his men had

been killed• Used as an excuse to kill and subjugate the

native populations • Columbus died in 1506

E. Divided lands

• Pope divided new territory between Spain and Portugal with line of Demarcation. Treaty of Tordesillas

• Spain west of it in New World, Portugal east in Africa. However, Brazil did extent pass the line

• Why did pope do this????

• Native not considered

F. More Explorers

• John Cabot for English explored Newfoundland

• Pedro Alvarez Cabral for Portugal explored coast of Brazil

• Amerigo Vespucci named new continent America after himself

• Ferdinand Magellan- 1519 and 1522, circled the globe

G. Conquistadors

• Spanish soldiers in search of GGG’s• Hernan Cortes- led group of 600 volunteers• Took on the Aztec empire of central Mexico• Montezuma was the Aztec leader• Capital was Tenochtitlan- about 200,000

inhabitants • How did 600 take down the Aztecs???• City destroyed and Spanish take the wealth

• Francisco Pizarro- another conquistador • Marched south with 180 soldiers• Took on the Incas and their empire in Peru and

Chile and capital of Machu Picchu • Destroyed the Incas and sent back riches to

Spain

• Advantages- steel, guns, horses, and germs• Indian populations devastated

E. Transatlantic Exchange

• Europeans brought many things to new world and took things back to Europe.

• Examples????