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Measuring Antenna Systems

With the SA6000ex Site Analyzer




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Agenda

Introduction Short introduction and agenda

Problems on antenna system

Measurement methods Reflection Measurement

• Theory of match, standing waves• Forward / reverse: Methods

• VSWR/Return Loss etc., what does it mean?

Fault location (DTF)

Cable loss

Power measurement Hands on measurement

Match measurement

Distance to Fault

RF Power measurement

Recommendations Open questions




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Antenna Systems




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Antenna Transmission System

50 Ω Transmission Line System




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Problems with Antenna

Lightning, water & wind damage

Damage from UV radiation

Damage due to icing & long termtemperature cycling

Corrosion from airborne pollutants

Antenna radome dielectric changes




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Problems with Cables

Installation damage such as over-tightening

Water penetration of cable dielectric Corrosion of outer conductor caused by

damaged insulation




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Problems with Connectors

Corrosions caused by improperlyinstalled weather seals

Improper termination of cable centeror outer conductors

Improper tightening at installation orloosening due to temperature cycling




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Measurement methods

How can I find out, how my antenna system performs?

Basically there are three major measurement methods:

Measurement of the antenna match and the resultingreflection

Cable fault location with Distance to Fault (TDR or FDR)

RF power testing with transmit equipment




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Match measurement by reflection method

Impedance Matching = Maximum Power TransferImpedance Matching = Minimum Reflection Power

50 Ω50 Ω




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Reflection measurement

Using reflection measurement, the antenna match, which is

most important for antenna system performance, can bemeasured directly and precisely.




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss


What is match? Just think about abasic circuit: The Efficiency is

maximized, if the sourceresistance and the loadresistance are equal:




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss


Modern transmitting installations are prepared for aimpedance Z=50 Ohms. This means, that antenna, cable

and all other parts, such as splitters or connectors, need tobe matched for 50 Ohms as well.




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss


If the impedance is deviating from 50 Ohms, we define this asmismatch.

RF Energy is not terminated correctly at the antenna,but reflected. The more the impedance is deviating,the more valuable RF energy is reflected from theantenna and brought back to the PA.




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss


If we consider an energy model, the following effects areresulting:

Reflected energy is not radiated from the antenna and cannot be used for radio transmission.

Reflected energy is brought back to the transmitter‘s PA,

where it causes heat loss. This can end up in a destructionof the PA modules.

Reflected energy leads to intermodulation in the radio aswell.




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss


But RF energy is not just energy, but a moving wave along the cable:

In case of mismatch, the reverse energy causes standing waves in

the antenna line (reflection due to the change of media).

Current and voltage maxima generated by the standing wave canalso e.g. destroy filters by adding reverse and forward voltage.




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss


General:

The better the antenna match is, the more RF energy is

radiated.




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

How can the antenna system match be tested?

All reflection istruments are based on a Wheatstone

bridge, where a unknown resistor (the antenna system, inthis case) is compared with a reference. Even smalldifference result in a misbalance, which can be measuredeasily:


Input port

Test Port

Detector

Port




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Measurement: Reflected Power Ratio

Reflected Power Ratio is a percentage ratio betweenreflected and forward power.

Reflected Power Ratio = PR / PV [%]




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Measurement: Reflection coefficient

The natural reflection coeffcient r or ρ is a pseudo unit, thequotiend of the forward and reflected voltage vectors.

ρ = 1 is full reflection (100 % reflected power), mρ = 100 areabout 1% reflected power.

( )

( ) hin

rück

Last

Last

U

U

Z Z

Z Z =

+

−= ρ




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Measurement: VSWR

Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) is an usual unit forreflection measurements. It is generated from the reflection

coeffcient.

It is still very common in RF service and engineering,however it is referring to the voltage, which is less

interesting as we are more interested in power efficiency.

A VSWR of 1,5 is compareable to a ρ of 0.2 or 4% reflectedpower ratio.

ρ

ρ

−

+=

11VSWR




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Measurement: Return Loss

For professional testing, the antenna reflection is mostlymeasured in return loss.

It is measured with the logarithmic pseudo unit dB and canbe calculated from reflected power.

20dB is the same as ρ = 0.1 resp. a reflected power ratio of

1% or a VSWR of 1,25

ρ

1log20

log10

=

=

RL

P

P RL

V

R




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Measurement units: Which is the right one?

Retrun Loss is easy to handle and recommended for dailyuse at major cellular network operators.

Your customer decides, which unit is his favourite!

Units:




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Units:Overview

1.0000.00endless

0.9800.17100.00

0.8181.7410.00

0.6673.525.00

0.5006.023.00

0.3339.542.00

0.20013.981.50

0.16715.561.40

0.13017.691.300.09120.831.20

0.04826.441.10

0.04327.321.09

0.03828.301.08

0.03429.421.07

0.02930.711.06

0.02432.261.05

0.02034.151.04

0.01536.611.03

0.01040.091.02

0.00546.061.01

0.000endless1.00

Reflectionfactor ρ-Return Loss (dB)VSWR (xxx:1)




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Physical Antenna System

C t L ti




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Connect Location

ProbableFault

ProbableFault

ProbableFault

Probable

Fault

Fault location




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Fault location

Fault location with Distance to fault is an importantmeasurement for network operators, focusing on cableperformance.

It is measuring impedance changes in feeder cables andcan also be called structural return loss.

Fault location




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Fault location

Formerly the TDR measurement wasused, nowadays the FDR method ismore common.

After measuring reflection, a reverse

FFT is performed by the analyzer,putting frequency domain data back intothe time or location domain.

Time Domain Frequency Domain

Distance To Fault Location Lets You Identify Costly




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Distance To Fault Location Lets You Identify CostlyFaults Without Climbing the Tower

1

1.00

1.01

1.02

1.03

1.04

1.05

1.06

1.07

1.08

1.09

1.10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Site-213, Gamma, Rx-130-Jul-1998 09:27a (238 points)

M1:(100.30,1.06)

V S W R

D istance (feet)

J u m p e r

C o n n e

c t i o n P o

s s i b l e

P r o b l e

m s

Antenna

DTF helps you to identify cable problems such as kinks orfaulty connectors.

C bl l




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Cable loss

INPUTPOWER

Po

OUTPUTPOWER

Pi

Cable Loss in dB = [10 Log ( Po - Pi)]

C bl L M t




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Cable Loss Measurement

RF




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

RF power measurement

RF power measurement is used to measure RF power ofRF transmitter, such as transmitter of BTS.

SA6000 accessories




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

SA6000 accessories

6 GHz Calibration Kits CAL-MN-C CAL-FN-C CAL-ME-C

CAL-FE-C

Test Cables Armored, Phase Stable Cables TC-MNMN-XX

TC-MNFN-XX TC-MNFE-XX

XX=1.5 or 3.0 meterN = N-type connectorE = 7/16 DIN Connector

Adapters PA-MNME PA-FNME PA-MNFE

PA-FNFE

Hard Shell Transit Case

7002C870

External Battery Pack

SA-BATPAK

Serial-USB Adapter

DC-DB9 USB

Antenna System testing by SA6000ex




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Antenna System testing by SA6000ex

Hands on measurement ! Measure Match Mode

• Physical set-up

• Set-up configuration

• Measure process

• Result

Fault Location Mode

• Physical set-up


• Measure process

• Result Measure Power mode

• Physical set-up


• Measure process

• Result

Measure Match Mode




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Physical connect as below diagram. Use Test cable with available connector as: N-type or DIN

7/16

Remember that input/output port of SA is N-type (male)

Feeder

AntennaSA6000

Measure Match Mode




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Set-up configuration B1: Select measure match mode

• Turn on equipment by press on/off key

• Press the mode key

• Press the measure match soft key

B2: Setting the measure frequency

• Press the Config key

• Press frequency soft key

• Use left right scroll key s to select Start, Stop, Centeror Span

• Use the keypad keys to enter a value and pressEnter when finished

• Press Esc key to escape the configuration screen

B3: Calibrate the Site Analyzer

• Press Calibrate key

• Connect Cal Combo “Open” connector to the unit

antenna port• Press the open soft key then wait for unit to beep

and display Done

• Do similar with “Short” and “Load” mode

• Remove Cal Combo and the screen display “Full”

Measure Match Mode

Measure Match Mode




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Set-up configuration (continue) B4: Select measure unit

• Press config key

• Press scale soft key

• Press the left or right scroll key to select Units

• Press up or down key to open the Unit list menu

• Press up or down key to the desired unit

• Press Enter to accept the selection

• Press Esc to exit the configuration screen

B5: Set the measure scale limit

• Press config key• Press Scale soft key

• Can use Auto Scale or manual enter value scale

• Press Esc to exit this screen

Measure Match Mode




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Set-up configuration(continue) B6: Set the measure data points


• Press Scale soft key

• Press left or right to select Pts

• Press the up scroll key to open theselection list

• Press up or Down to select data point(238, 475 or 949)

• Press Enter to accept the selectionand return to the configuration screen

B7: Set the graph display type



• Press left or right to select Disp


• Press up or Down to select displaytype (envelope, maximum, minimum)


Measure Match Mode




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Measure process Connect Site Analyzer to the component by directly antenna or use

jumper connected.

Wait at lease 10 seconds for the sweep to update.

When trace appear on the screen, you can do any the following:• Hold the trace

• Adds marker to the trace

• Save the trace

• Print the trace

Measure Match Mode




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Measure process Hold the trace

• Press hold key to hold the measurement;press Run key to resume sweeping

• Lock symbol indicates measurement is held

Add marker to the trace

• Press Marker key to enter marker setup

• Press Mark soft key to select a marker (1-6)

• Press Active /Off soft key to On theselected marker (active) or turn off theactive marker (off)

• Press the type soft key to select trianglemarker (4 in figure) or line marker (1 infigure)

• Press Esc to return select screen

Printing

• HP desk Jet printer that support PCL level 3

protocol

Measure Match Mode




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Measure process Save the trace

• In Measure Match Mode, press Save/Recallsoft key

• Press Save soft key

• Enter the name of file need to save

Fault Location Mode




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Physical connect as below diagram. Use Test cable with available connector as: N-type or DIN

7/16

Remember that input/output port of SA is N-type (male)

Feeder

AntennaSA6000

Fault Location Mode




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Set-up configuration B1: Select measure match mode

• Turn on equipment by press on/off key

• Press the mode key

• Press the Fault location soft key

B2: Setting the measure frequency

• Press the Config key

• Press frequency soft key

• Use left right scroll key s to select Start, Stop, Centeror Span

• Use the keypad keys to enter a value and pressEnter when finished

• Press Esc key to escape the configuration screen

B3: Calibrate the Site Analyzer

• Press Calibrate key

• Connect Cal Combo “Open” connector to the unit

antenna port• Press the open soft key then wait for unit to beep

and display Done

• Do similar with “Short” and “Load” mode

• Remove Cal Combo and the screen display “Full”

Fault Location Mode




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Set-up configuration(continue) B4 (A): Setting the cable type

manually• Press config key

• Press Cbl type soft key• For both Vel Prop and Loss, scroll

select the item (Vel Prop or Loss)

• Enter Vel Prop value or enter theLoss value

• After you enter the Vel Prop or Lossvalue , press enter key

• Press Esc to exit the configurationscreen

B4 (B): Setting the cable type fromlist


• Press Cbl type soft key

• Press left or right to select cable list• Press the up scroll key to select item

on the cable list

• Press Enter to accept the selection

• Press Esc to exit this screen

Fault Location Mode




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Set-up configuration (continue) B5 (A): Setting the start and stop distance


• Press Distance softkey

• Press right or left key to scroll to start or

stop• Use numeric keypad to enter a value for

start or stop

• Press enter key after entering value

• Press Esc key to exit the configurationscreen

B5 (B): Setting the distance unit• Press config key

• Press Distance softkey

• Press right or left key to scroll to select Unit

• Press up or down key to select the unit fromthe list

• Press enter key

• Press the Esc to exit the configurationscreen

Fault Location Mode




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Set-up configuration (continue) B6 (A): Setting Fault location scale units



• Press right or left key to select the unit

• Use up or down scroll key to activate theunit menu and select the unit you want

• Press enter key

• Press Esc key to exit the configurationscreen

B6 (B): Setting Fault location Auto Scale



• Press right or left key to scroll to selectAuto scale

• Press enter key

• Press the Esc to exit the configurationscreen

Fault Location Mode




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Set-up configuration(continue) B7: Set the measure data points



• Press left or right to select Pts


• Press up or Down to select data point(238, 475 or 949)


B8: Set the Graph Display type



• Press right or left key to scroll to

select Disp• Use the up or down scroll key to

select a display type (envelope,maximum, minimum)

• Press enter key and return to theconfiguration screen

Fault Location Mode




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Measure process Connect Site Analyzer to the component by directly antenna or use

jumper connected.

Wait at lease 10 seconds for the sweep to update.

When trace appear on the screen, you can do any the following:• Hold the trace

• Adds marker to the trace

• Save the trace

• Print the trace

Fault Location Mode




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Measure process Hold the trace

• Press hold key to hold the measurement;press Run key to resume sweeping

• Lock symbol indicates measurement is held

Add marker to the trace

• Press Marker key to enter marker setup

• Press Mark soft key to select a marker (1-6)

• Press Active /Off soft key to On theselected marker (active) or turn off theactive marker (off)

• Press the type soft key to select trianglemarker (4 in figure) or line marker (1 infigure)

• Press Esc to return select screen

Printing

• HP desk Jet printer that support PCL level 3protocol

Fault Location Mode




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Measure process Smooth

• Press Config key

• Press the smooth key: First presssmooth average is low, second press

smooth average is medium, thirdpress smooth average is high, fourthpress smooth average is none (off)

• Press Esc to exit the configurationscreen

Display with high smooth

Fault Location Mode




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Measure process Save the trace

• In Measure Match Mode, press Save/Recallsoft key

• Press Save soft key

• Enter the name of file need to save

Measure Power Mode




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Measure the match of thecomponent Select Power measure mode after

press mode key

Connect to measure power asbelow diagram

1: Connect Power Sensor to SA“Remote Power Sensor” port

2: DO NOT connect transmitter to SA

“Antenna Test” port.

Measure Power Mode




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Display result on Power Mode Sensor status: Indicate the

connection status of the sensor

Primary measurement: Identifies themeasurement displayed on the

analog dial Primary value: Numeric display of the

primary value

Measurement scale: Indicates thedial’s full scale

Dial: Graphic display of the primarymeasurement

Secondary measurement: Identifiesmeasurements not displayed on thedial

Second value: Numeric display of thesecondary values.

Recommendations




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

For devices:

Should be use Calib Combo for Calibration

Maximum input signal (Damage level): >= 22dB Appro. 4hours charging and 3 hours of continuos usage

For good site:

VSWR =<1.5:1

Return loss =< -14dB

Open questions




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss




Introduction

Measurementmethods

Reflection

Fault location

Hands on

Open questions

Power measure

Recommend

Cable loss

Thank you for listening!

Documents

Manuals Bird