Manned Space Flight Experiments Gemini 11 Mission

8/7/2019 Manned Space Flight Experiments Gemini 11 Mission

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(NASA-TH-X-E X P E R IH E N T SReport, 12-

3t 9 41 MSC-TA-R -67-2N A T I O N A L A E R O N A U T I C S A N D S P A C E A D M I N I S T R A T I O N

INTERIM REPORTMANNED SPACE FLIGHT EXPERIlVIENTS

GEMINI XI MISSIONSeptember 12-15, 1966

-74348) MANNED S P A C E PLIGHT N 77-73 238: GEHINI 11 1ISSION Interim15 Sep. 1976 ( N A S A ) 137 p Unclas' 0 0 / 9 8 16358

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INTERIM REPORTM A N N E D SPACE FLIGHT EXPERIMNTS

G E M I N I X I MISSIONSeptember 12 t o 1 5 , 1966

8 ,

Prepared by: Mission and Data Management OfficeS c i e n c e a n d A p p l i c a t i o n s D i r e c t o r a t e

Approved :

Wilmot N . HessD i r e c t o rSc ience and Appl i ca t ions Di rec to ra te

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATIONManned Spacecraf t Center

Houston , TexasMay 1967


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CONTENTS

Sect ion PageINTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . 91. EXPERIMENT ~ 0 0 3 ,MASSDETERMINATION . . . . . . . 172 . EXPERIMENT ~015,NIGHT IMAGE INTENSIFICATION

3 . EXPERlMENT ~ 0 1 6 ,POWER TOOL EVALUATION . . . . . . . . . . 354. EXPERIMENT SO&, RADIATION AND ZERO-G EFFECTS ON BLOODAT\SDNEuROSPORA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 . EXPERIMENT S005, SYNOPTIC TERRAIN PHOTOGRAPHY . . . . . . . 676 . EXPERIMENT s006, SYNOPTIC WEATHER PHOTOGFAPHY . . . . . . . 757 . EXPERDENT soog, NUCLEAR EMULSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838. EXPERIMENT S O U , AIRGLOW HORIZON PHOTOGMPHY . . . . . . . 93. . . . . 1059. EXPER= s013, ULTRAVIOLET ASTRONOMICAL CAMERA

i o . E X P E R W T s 0 2 6 , ION-WAKE m a s m . . . . . . . . . . . 11711. EXPER~MENT s030, DIM SKY PHOTOGRAPHS/ORTHICON . . . . . . . 131

D I S T R I B U T I O N L I S T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137


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TABLES

TableII1

2-14-1

4-11

9-1

EXPERIMEf\JTS OR G E M IN I X I . . . . . . .MPERIMESJ T FL IG HT PLAN FOR GEMINI X I .FLIGHT PIAN FOR EXPERIMENT ~015. . . .

. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .

R ES UL TS O F G E M I N I X I SO& BLOOD EXPERIMENT CHROMOSOMEABERRATION ANALYS I S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .COEFFICDNTS OF ABERRATION PRODUCTION FOR GEMINI X I SO&BLOOD EXPERIMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .EXPERIMENT so13 INFLIGHT EXPOSURES . . . . . . . . . . .

Page24

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FIGURES

Figure Page1-1 Experiment D003, mass d e t e r m i n a t i o n ( t e l e m e t r ym e t h o d ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 42-1 Experiment D O 1 5 equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282-2 Experiment DO15 equipment loca t ion . . . . . . . . . . . 292-3 Comparison o f DO15 exper iment da ta record of Cal-

c u t t a , I n d i a , w i t h t h e map l o c a t i o n of same a r e a . . . 302-4 Co as t l i ne s o f wes t e rn Af r i ca and Saudi Arab i a . . . . . . 3 12-5 Co as t l i ne of Somalia Republ ic , a c o un tr y i n e a s t e r n

A f r i c a . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 12-6 Comparison of DO15 exper iment da ta record of Is tmodos Tigre s wi th map loca t i on o f same a r e a . . . . . . . 322-7 Cloud fo rma t ion i l l umina t ed by a l i g h t n i n g f l a s h . . . . 332-8 L i g h t s o f v i l l a g e s and c i t i e s i n A f r i c a . . . . . . . . . 332-9 I l l u min a t i o n e f fe c t on c louds caused by l o ca l l i gh t -

n i n g f l a s h e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342-10 Ea r th ho r izo n, a i rg low , and s t a r f i e l d . . . . . . . . . 3 43-1 Power t o o l equ ipment i n t e r r e l a t i o ns h i p . . . . . . . . . 403-2 Power t o o l i n t e r n a l drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 13-3 Si mp l i f ied drawings of impactor assembly op era t io n . . . 423-4 Power t o o l ope ra t i ona l concep t . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434-1 Blood c e l l and Neurospora experim ent equipment . . . . . 614-2 The SO04 exp er im en t mounted on t h e Gemini X I l e f t -

hand h a t c h , s h o r t l y a f t e r r e co v e ry of s p a c e c r a f t . . . 624-3 The SO04 Neurospora device mounted on inboard sideo f r i g h t f o o t w e l l of Gemini X I s p a c e c r a f t . . . . . . 63


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Fig u r e4-4

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7-17- 27- 37- 48- 1

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D os e- ef fe ct c u rv e s f o r s u r v i v a l i n f l i g h t a nd g ro un dsamples of SO04 Neurospora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Dose-e f fec t cu rves fo r fo rward-mutat ion i n t h e ad-3reg ion f o r f l i g h t and ground samples o f SO04Neurospora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D o se - ef f ec t c u r v e s f o r ad -3 m u ta t i o ns d ue t o i n t r a -

genic a l t e r a t i on s (ad-3R) and gene l o s s by chromo-some de le t i on (ad-31R) a f t e r exposure t o 250 kVX-rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ty p ic a l s y n o p t i c t e r r a i n ph o to g ra p hy . . . . . . . . . . .Sou the rn Ind ia pho tog raphed on revo lu t ion 26 wi thth e 80-mm fo ca l le ng th le ns on t h e Maurer 70camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Southern India and Ceylon photographed on revolu-

t i o n 2 6 w i t h t h e 38-mm wide-ang le l ens on theHasselblad camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A montage o f t e lev i sed p ic tu res f rom ESSA 1weathe rs a t e l l i t e o f s o u t h e rn I n d i a an d C eylon . . . . . . . . .Southern India and Ceylon , a t t h e u pp er l e f t , ph oto -graphed on rev olu t i on 27 wit h t h e 80-1t~1l e n s o n t h eMaurer camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Experiment f l i g h t hardware conf i gu r a t i on . . . . . . . . .D is tp ib u t i o n o f a r r i v a l t im e s o f he av y p r ima r y n u c l e in u c l e i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Charge ( z ) e s t im a t io n from io n i z a t i o n l o s s . . . . . . . .Charge spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ind iv idua l and combined t ransmi t tances o f l ens

f i l t e r a n d f o c a l p l a n e f i l t e r s . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maurer cam era i n f / 0 . 9 5 c o n f ig u r a t i o n w i th r e f l e xs i g h t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Camera a tt ac he d t o window br ac ke t . . . . . . . . . . . .

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79

80

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89909 199100101


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Figure Page8- 4 Ten-second exposure looking north . . . . . . . . . . . . 1028- 5 Ten-second exp osu re looki ng so ut h . . . . . . . . . . . . 1038-6 Four-second exposure witho ut le n s f i l t e r , l o o k i n geastward over South Afr ica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1049-1 Middle-ul t ravio1et .spect ru-n of Canopus . . . . . . . . . 1139- 2 Comparative s p e c tr a of Canopus and S i r i u s . . . . . . . . 1149- 3 U l t r a v i o l e t s p e c t r a o f hot s t a r s i n c o n s t e l l a t io n

Scorp ius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1159- 4 U l t r a v i o l e t o b j e ct i ve - pr i sm sp e c t r a o f t h e s t a r s i nc o n s t e l l a t i o n O r i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 610-1 P a r t i c l e f l u x es t o s a t e l l i t e i n t h e low erionosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12310-2 Curves o f c o n s t a n t p a r t i c l e d e n s i t y i n t h e r a r e f a c t i o nreg ion beh ind a c i r c u l a r c r o s s s e c t io n f o r aMach no. of 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12410-3 Experiment so26 equipment location on GATV Targe tDocking Adapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12510-4 Elec t ron and ion senso r cu r r en t ou tpu t dur ing t e t he r edf l i g h t a t 2 9 O k m . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12610-5 Ion-wake measurement during night out-of-orbital

plane maneuver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12710-6 Ion-wake measurement during ni gh t in -o rb it a l p la nemaneuver . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12810-7 Ion-wake measurement during daylight out-of-orbitalpl an e maneuver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12910-8 Ion-wake measurement during l i n e a r dep ar tu remaneuver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13011-1 Airglow and s t a r f i e l d s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . 1 3 5


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INTERIM REPORTM A N N E D SPACE FLIGHT EXPERIMENTS

G E M I N I X I MISSION

INTRODUCTION

Th i s c o m p il a t i o n of p a p e r s c o n s t i t u t e s a n i n t e r i m r e p o r t o n t h er e s u l t s of manned s pace f l i g h t exper iments conducted on t h e Gemini X Imiss ion .h av e be e n p u b l i sh e d i n s imi lar i n t e r i m r e p o r t s w h i c h a re a v a i l a b l e o nr e q u e s t f ro m t h e M i ss i on a n d Data Management O ff ic e, Sc ien ce and Appli-ca t i on s Di re ct or at e , Code TF2, Houston, Texas.

Manned space f l i g h t exper iments conducted on e a r l i e r f l i g h t s

Twelve s c i e n t i f i c o r t e c h n ol o g i c a l e x pe ri me nt s were o r i g i n a l l yp lanned fo r the Gemin i I X miss ion . A f t e r a 3-day de la y, t h e Gemini X Im is si on l i f t o f f o cc ur re d a t 8:05:02 a . m . e a s t e r n s t a n d a r d t i m e ( e . s . t . )on September 12, 1966, wi th spacecra f t t ouchdown a t 71 h o u r s17 minutes 8 seconds ground elapsed t i m e (g . e . t . ) on Sep tember 1 5 , 1966.The Gemini Agena Target Vehicle was l aunched a t 6:28 e . s . t . on Septem-b e r 1 2 , 1966.SO29 L ib ra t i on Regions Photography experim ent beca use t h e earth-moonl i b r a t i o n reg ion s became obscured by t h e Milky Way s t a r background, pre-ve nt i ng t h e exper iment f rom meet ing i t s b a s i c o b j e c t i v e s . T a bl e I l i s t st h e 11 schedu led experimen t s i n a lphanumer ic o rd er , and shows th e exper -iment t i t l e , s p o n s o r i n g a g e n c y , p r i n c i p a l i n v e s t i g a t o r , a n d q u a l i t a t i v es u c c es s o n t h i s m i s s io n .shown i n t a b l e 11, w a s r e c o n s t r uc t e d f ro m t h e p r e f l i g h t p l a n , o nb oa rdv o i ce t a p e s , m i s s io n n o t e s , crew f l i g h t l o g s , a nd s c i e n t i f i c d e b r i e f i n g s .

The 3-day d e l a y e d l a u n ch r e su l t e d i n c a n c e l l a t i o n o f t h e

The a c t u a l s c h e d u le of e xp e ri me nt a c t i v i t i e s

A n al ys es o f a v a i l a b l e p ho t og ra p hi c an d t e l e m e t r y d a t a i n d i c a t e t h a tt h e f u n d a m e n t a l o b j e c t i v e s w e r e o b t a i n e d f o r 9 o f t h e 11 schedu led exper -i m e n t s .cause o f p rematu re $e rmina t ion of t h e u m b i li c a l e x t ra v e h ic u l ar a c t i v i t i e s( E V A ) . The SO30 D i m Sky Photographs/Orthicon experiment w a s s u c c e s s f u l l yp e rf o rm e d ; h ow ev er , o n l y o ne o f t h e s e v e r a l s c h e d u l e d a c t i v i t i e s w a sp h o t o g r a p h i c a l l y r e c o r d e d .

The ~ 0 1 6Power- Tool E va lua tio n experim ent w a s no t a t t empted be-

Each experiment i s d e sc r ib e d i n t h e s e c t i o n s t h a t f o ll o w , a nd t h es u c c e s s o r f a i l u r e o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t i s in di ca te d . For most exper imentsd e t a i l e d e v a lu a t io n o f t h e d a t a w i l l r equ i r e more t ime f o r a n a l y s i s a n dc o r r e l a t i o n ; t h e r e f o r e , o n ly p re l im i na ry r e s u l t s a re r e p or t ed f o r t h o s ee x pe r im e nt s . S p e c i f i c s c i e n t i f i c or t e c h n o l o gi c a l r e p o r t s w i l l be pub-l i s h e d as a p p r o p r i a t e .


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91. EXPERIMENT D003, NASS DETERMINATION

by Rudolph J . HamborskyDepartment of t h e A i r ForceDetachment 2Manned Spacecraft Center

SUMMARY

The accuracy of using a d i rec t con tac t me thod wi th a s p a c e c r a f t t ode te rmine the mass of an or b i t i ng ob jec t (Gemini Agena Target Vehic l e)w a s eva lua ted .Target Vehic le (GATV) were use d. The As tr on au t Method w a s accomplishedby t h e f l i g h t c rew i n r e a l t ime us ing da ta co l lec ted onboard and theTele metry Method w a s .ac co mpl is he d a f t e r t h e f l i g h t u s in g t e l e m e t r y d a t a .The re s u l t s o f bo th methods o f c a lcu la t i on were compared t o th e i t e r a t e dm a s s o f t h e GATV. For t h e tim e of t h e m a ss -d e te rm ina t io n t r a n s l a t i o nmaneuver, t h e weight of th e G A T V w a s e s t im a te d as 7268 pounds. Usingt h i s v al ue as a s t a n d a r d , t h e r e l a t i v e e r r o r i n d e t e r m i n i n g mass by theAstronaut Method i s 7.6 p e r c en t a nd t h e e r r o r u s in g t e l e m e t r y d a t a i sapproximately 4 .9 per ce nt. However, some of th e ve hi cl e weight va lue sused i n c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e s u b j e c t t o a dj us tm en t u n t i l s t a t i s t i c a l samplingi s accomplished. Both methods appear t o be fea s i b l e .

Two methods f o r ca lc u l a t in g the 'mass of t he Gemini Agena

OBJECTIVE

The obj ec ti ve of t he D003'Mass Deter minat ion experiment was t o ev al-u a t e t h e a c c u r a c y o f u s in g a direc t contac t method with a s p a c ec r a f t t ode te rmine the mass of an o rb i t ing ob jec t . The method cons i s ted o f acce l -era t ing the Gemini Agena Target Vehic le (GATV) using the Gemini space-c r a f t pro pul sion system. The mass of t h e GATV was c a l c u l a t e d f r o m th er e s u l t a n t a c c e l e r a t i o n , u p d a t e d s p a c e c r a f t mass, a n d c a l i b r a t e d t h r u s tl e v e l s o f t h e ve h i c le s .

EQUIPMENT

No sp e ci al equipment was requir ed f o r t h i s experiment; however, t h efollowing spacecraft equipment was used.

( a ) Computer: Computed ve l o ci t y change ( A V ) d u r i n g t h e t h r u s t i n gp e r io d s


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10( b ) Manual Data I n s e r t i o n U n i t : D i s pl a y ed AV( c ) T i me Refe rence Sys tem: Ind i ca t ed t o t h e crew and reco rdedth r o u g h t e l e m e t r y t h e e v e n t t i m e i n g r ou nd e l a p s e d t i m e( d ) Or bi ta l At t i tu de and Maneuver System (OAMS): Used t o performrequired spacecraf t maneuvers( e ) Ins t rumen ta t ion Sys tem: Prov ided s tanda rd te l eme t ry measure-

ment s( f ) Voice ta pe rec o rde r : Used by f l i g h t crew t o reco rd exper imen td a t a

PROCEDURES

This experiment w a s per fo rmed us ing s tanda rd spacec ra f t p rocedures ;A c a l i b r a -t h e r e f o r e , a d d i ti o n a l t r a i n i n g w a s no t requ i red by the c rew.t i o n a c c e l e r a ti o n o f t h e s p a c e c r a f t w a s f i r s t r e q u i r e d so t h a t t h e t h r us to f t h e a f t - f i r i n g t h r u s t e r s c o ul d be a c c u r a t e l y d et er mi ne d. A mass-

deter minat ion a cc el er a t io n with t h e Gemini spacecraft /GATV i n t h e dockedc o n f ig u r a t i o n w a s t h e n r e q u i r e d t o c o m plet e t h e e x p er im e nt .o p e r a t i o n a l c o n s i de r a t i on s , t h e mass d e t e r m in a t i o n w a s performed ear ly i nt h e m i s s io n ( 1 :5 5 :29 . 3 g . e . t . ) a f t e r t h e f i r s t docking . The ca l i b r a t io nmaneuver w a s accomplished l a t e r (54 :37 :28 .1 g . e . t . ) a f t e r t h e s p a c e c r a f thad been separa ted f rom the GATV.

Because of

The planned procedure w a s t h a t , a f t e r dockin g, t h e spacecraft/GATVcombination was t o b e t h r u s t e d f o r 25 s ec on ds w i t h t h e a f t - f i r i n g OAMSt h r u s t e r s . The f i r s t 18 s ec on ds o f t h e t h r u s t i n g a s su r ed t h a t a minimumGATV f u e l motion would occur d ur ing t h e subsequ ent 7-second measurementpe r iod . The average ac ce l e ra t i on w a s t o b e d e t er m ine d o v er t h i s 7- se co ndp e r io d an d i s d e r i v e d by m e as ur ing i n c r e m e n ta l v e lo c i t y ( A V ) a n d t h r u s t -i n g t i m e ( A T ) i n t e r v a l s .

The mass o f t h e GATV w a s t o be computed from

whereMA = GATV mass, s l ugs

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F = m a n e u v e r i n g t h r u s t o f t h e sp a c e c r a f t , lbCA t = measured thrust ing t i m e i n t e r v a l , secAV = measured inc rementa l ve lo c i ty , f t / s ec

MG = Gemini spacecraf t mass, s l u g sCTh e g r e a t e s t e r r o r i n th e eva lua t ion would normal ly a r i s e f rom var i -a b l e o r unknown t h r u s t e r o u t p u t ; t h e r e f o r e , i n f l i g h t c re w e v a l u a t i o n o f

t h e s p a c e c ra f t OAMS t h r u s t was re q u i r ed p r i o r t o d oc ki ng . Th i s v a l u ef o r Fc w a s u se d i n t h e GATV mass computations.

Two m ethods f o r c a l c u l a t i n g t h e mass o f t h e GATV were t o b e employed.The Astronaut Method w a s t o be a c co mp li sh ed by t h e f l i g h t cre w i n r e a lt i m e u s i n g d a t a c o l l e c t e d o n b o a r d .p l i s h e d a f t e r t h e f l i g h t u si n g t e l e m e tr y d a t a . The r e s u l t s of b o thmethods of ca lc ul a t io n were t o be compared wi th t h e mass o f t h e GATVdetermined f rom t h e known i ns er t i on weight and t h e consumpt ion of ex-pend ables . Due t o t i m e c o n s t r a i n t s o n t h e f l i g h t c r e w d u r i n g t h e m i s s i o n ,c a l c u l a t i o n s f o r bo th methods were a c t ua l l y accompl ished po s t f l ig h t .

The Telemetry Method w a s t o be accom-

( a ) As tr on au t Method: The Manual Data I n s e r t i o n U n i t ( M D I U ) i n t h es p a c e c r a f t w a s u se d f o r t h e A t measurement.0 . 1 f t / s e c r e s o l u t i o n a n d A t h a d e r r o r s o f l e s s t h a n 0 .2 second. Thecrew computed the thrust , m a s s , and updated m a s s u s in g t h e s e i n f l i g h tda ta . The crew per formed th e predocking pa r t of t h e exper iment by th ru st -i n g t h e s p a c e c r a f t f o r 7 -seconds w i t h t h e a f t - f i r i n g t h r u s t e r s , measur-i n g t h e AV and A t , and then computing %e maneuvering thrust based onupda ted spacecra f t mass and t h e measured pa ramet ers. After docking andr ig id iz ing the spacecra f t /GATV combina t ion , the c r ew th rus ted wi th theOAMS and a ct iv at ed t h e event t imer t o commence t h e mass d e t e r m i n a t i o nphas e of t h e expe rimen t. The crew monit ored a countdown t o 7-seconds,t h e n a c t i v a t e d t h e com puter f o r t he A V c a l c u l a t i o n o v e r t h e 7 - s e c o n dpe ri od . When t h e t imer r eached ze ro , t h e c rew s topped th ru s t in g . Thecrew then computed an updated spacecraf t mass and use d t h i s v a l u e , w i t ht h e computed predocking value o f th e maneuver ing th ru s t and th e measuredAV and A t , f o r c a l c u l a ti n g t h e GATV v e h i c l e mass.

The A V . w a s a v a i l a b l e w i t h

( b ) Telemetry Method: An i ndependen t ana lys i s w a s accomplished Ia f t e r t h e m i s s i o n , u s i n g te l e m e t ry d a t a as shown i n f i gu re 1-1. Thismethod employed t h e same equat ion as t h e Ast ronaut Method, but th e AVw a s obtained from computer telemetry data and A t through the Time Refer-ence System (TRS).t i o n s o f 0 . 1 f t / s e c a n d 0.125 of a s e co nd , r e s p e c t i v e l y .d a t a sy s t e m s , t h e v a l u e s o f AV and A t were obt a in ed f o r th e undocked and

The values of AV and A t w e r e a v a i l a b l e w i t h r e so l u -Using these


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1 2

the docked phases of the exper iment . Mass u p d a t i n g d a t a , i n c l u d i n g p ro -p e l l a n t consumption and envi ronm ental oxygen consumption, were used i nupda t ing the mass o f t h e s p a c e c r a f t a t t h e midpo in t o f bo t h maneuversa nd i n u p d a ti n g t h e GATV mass a t t h e m i dp o in t o f t h e mass d e t e r m i n a t i o nmaneuver. Po st f l ig ht comparisons were t h e n m a d e w i t h t h e d a t a o b t a i n e dfrom t h e Astron aut Method of mass d e t e r m i n a t i o n .

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

During t h e ca l ib ra t i on maneuver , t h e assumed s pac ecr a f t w e igh t ,based on prelaunch con di t ion s and consumables expended p r i o r t o th e man-euver , w a s 7402 pounds.nau t Method, fo rward t r an s l a t io n wi th th e OAMS a f t - f i r in g t h r u s t e r s l a s t e d11 se co n ds and r e s u l t e d i n a ve loc i ty change o f 9.8 f t / s e c .c a l c u l a t e d f r o m t h e s e v a l u e s , assum ing a c c e l e r a t i o n of g r a v i t y t o be32 .17 f t / sec / sec , w a s 205.0 pounds. Using t h e Telemetry Method, t h ef i r i n g t im e w a s a c t u a l l y 11 .2 se c o n d s a n d t h e a c t u a l v e l o c i t y c h a n g e w a s9 . 71 f t / s e c . The t h r u s t c a l c u l a t e d from t h e t e l e m e t r y v a l u e s w a s200.4 pounds.189 pounds t h r u s t c i t e d i n DOD/NASA Gemini Expe rim ent s Stud y, M AC Repor tSSD-TDR-63-406 , January 1964.

For t h e c a l i b r a t i o n m an eu ve r, u s i n g t h e A st ro -The th rus t

These va lue s compare f avo rab ly wi t h th e nominal val ue o f

During the mass de te rm ina t io n maneuver i n th e docked co nf ig ura t ion ,t h e OAMS a f t - f i r i n g t h r u s t e r s were f i r e d f o r 25 s e co n ds . The f i r s t18 seconds were u s ed o n ly t o m in im iz e t h e e f f e c t s of p r o p e l l a n t s l o s hi n t h e GATV. The th re e -ax i s ve loc i ty changes dur ing th e subsequen t7 -second per iod were the n r ecorded . The r e su l t an t ve l oc i t y changeob ta in ed was 2.9 f t / s e c .assuming a spacecra f t we igh t o f 7881 p ou nd s, t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n o f g r a v i t y ,and t h e measured val ues of AV and A t , t h e we i gh t o f t h e GATV w a s ca lcu-l a t e d by the As trona ut Method t o be 7820 pounds.

U sin g t h e c a l i b r a t e d t h r u s t o f 2 05 .0 p o u nd s,

For the Telemetry Method, a t h r u s t i n g t i m e of 7 s e c o n d s a c t u a l l yr e s u l t e d i n a ve loc i ty change o f 3 .05 f t / sec .of 7881 pounds, the mass o f t h e GATV w a s c a l c u l a t e d t o be 2 14.9 s l u g s ,co r r espond ing t o a weight of 6912 pounds.

U s i n g t h e sp a c e c r a f t w e i g h t

For the t i m e o f t h e mass d e t e r m i n a t i o n t r a n s l a t i o n m an eu ve r, t h eweight of the GATV w a s e s t i m a t e d as 7268 pounds.s t a n d ar d , t h e r e l a t i v e e r r o r i n de t er m in in g mass by t h e As t ronau t Methodi s 7 . 6 p e r c e n t a n d t h e e r r o r u s i n g t e l e m e t r y d a t a i s approximately4 .9 percen t .

U sin g t h i s v a lu e as a

I t shou ld be noted th a t some of th e veh ic l e we igh t va lue s used i nt h e c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e s u b j e c t t o a d j us t m en t . C a l c u l a t i o n s a re very sen-i t i v e t o p rec i se measurements o f ve lo c i ty changes a n d d u r a t i o n o f t h r u s t -i n g , e sp e c i a l l y o ve r v e r y sh o r t p e r i o d s su c h as th o s e employed. Both of


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the mass determination methods appear to be feasible; however, neithershould be adopted until confirmation by additional statistical samplesis accomplished.


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ual1112 58

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0543726 54:37:46:28 :x) :32 :34 :36 :38 :40 :42

G r oun d e la pse d l im e , h r : m in : s e c

( a ) C a l ib r a t ion m a ne uv e r .F i g u r e 1-1. - E x pe r im e nt D003, m a s s de t e r m ina t ion ( t e le m e t r y m e t hod ) .


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2. EXPERIMENT ~ 0 1 5 ,NIGHT IMAGE INTENSIFICATION

By Thomas J . Shopple, George F. Eck, andAlbert R . P r i n c eNaval A i r Development Center

SUMMARY

T h i s e x p e r i m e n t i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e a s t r o n a u t s c a p a b i l i t y t o d i s -c r i m i n a t e o b j e c t s o n t h e g r o u n d i n d a r k n e s s c a n b e i n c r e a se d t h r o u g huse o f n i g h t im age i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n e q ui pm e nt . Ea r t h g e o g ra p h i c fea tureswere l o c a t e d a n d t r a c k e d . The Gemini Agena ac qu is i t io n l i g h t w a s a l s od e t e c t e d u s in g t h e D O 1 5 equipment. A r e d u c t io n i n p i c t u r e q u a l i t y oc-c u r r e d when t h e o p t i c a l axis of the equipment exceeded 20' f rom then a d i r . A p r o b a b l e c a u se of t h e d e g r a d a t i o n w a s e a r t h a i r g l o w . P e r-formance of t h e D O 1 5 experiment equipment provided a b a s e l i n e f o re v a l u a t i o n an d d e s i g n o f f u t u r e a p p l i c a t i o n s of i m a g e i n t e n s i f i c a t i o nequipment i n manned space f l i g h t .

OBJECTIVE

The ob je ct iv e of exper iment D O 1 5 w a s t o t e s t the ' per formance of an i g h t image i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n s ys te m f o r use as a v i s u a l a i d i n t h e o bs er -v a t i o n o f su r f a c e f e a t u r e s u n d e r c o n d i t i o n s o f d a r k n e s s a n d w i t h o u tcrew dark-adapta t ion .

EQUIPMENT

The experiment equipment consisted of f i ve b a s i c u n i t s ( f i g . 2-1)which a re t h e (1)i m a g e i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n c a m e r a , ( 2 ) camera con t ro l ,( 3 ) viewing moni tor , ( 4 ) r ecord ing moni to r and pho tograph ic r ec ord er ,and ( 5 ) moni to r e l ec t r on ic s and equ ipment co n t ro l .The camera views an a rea , t hen focuses the image on a s e n s o r t h a tc o n v e r t s t h e o p t i c a l image i n t o an e l e c t r o n i c v id e o s i g n a l which i s

c a b l e d t o t h e m o n i to r s . The cam era l i n e o f s i g h t i s p a r a l l e l t o t h el o n g i t u d i n a l axis of t h e Gemini s p a c e c r a f t a nd t h e r e f o r e t o t h e l i n e o fs ight of both crewmembers through the spacecraf t windows.m o n i t o r , r e c o r d i n g m o n i t o r , a n d t h e p h o to g r ap h i c r e c o r d e r r e c e i v e t h eThe viewing


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v ideo s i gn a l f rom th e camera, r ep roduce and d i sp lay t h e scene viewed onc a tho d e r a y t u b e r e a d o u t s .when actuated by a manual pushbutton switch .r e c o r d w a s t h us o b t ai n ed f o r p o s t f l i g h t a n a l y s i s . The u n i t l o c a t i o n sof the experiment equipment are shown i n f ig u r e 2-2.

The reco rd ing mon i to r d i sp lay i s photographedA permanent photographic

A d e s c r i p t i o n o f e a ch u n i t i s p r es e nt e d i n t h e fo l lowing pa rag raphs .

I m a g e I n t e n s i f i c a t i o n CameraThe camera opt ica l sensor views an area a n d c o n v e r t s t h e o p t i c a limage in to a n e l e c t r i c a l v i d e o s i g n a l which i s c a b l e d t o m o n i to rs . Thecamera system contains a n o b j e c t i v e l e n s , a l i g h t c o n t r o l a n d p r o t e c t i v esh u t te r a s sembly , an image i n te ns i f i e r a s sembly , an image o r th ic on tub e ,

a d e f l e c to r , f o cu s an d a l i ne m e nt c o i l as s em b ly , a n a m p l i f i e r a nd re gu -l a t o r a ss em bly, a u to m a ti c beam c o n t r o l c i r c u i t r y , a nd a v id e o p r o c e s s o rand regu la to r a s sembly .

T h e l i g h t c o n t r o l a n d p r o t e c t i v e s h u t t e r a s s e m b l y r e g u l a t e s t h eamount o f l i g h t w hich s t r i k e s t h e p h o to c ath od e o f t h e image i n t e n s i f i e rby movement of a t a p e o f v a r y i n g d e n s i t y t h a t p r o v i d e s a cons tan t ave r -a g e b r ig h t n e s s t o t h e p h o to c ath od e as t h e l i g h t l e v e l c ha ng es . T h isa ss em bly a l s o p l a c e s a s h u t t e r i n t o t h e l i g h t p at h when l i g h t l e v e l sexceed 1 0 foot-candles as a means o f p r o t e c t i n g t h e image i n t e n s i f i e rtube from damage.

4

The image in tens if ie r assembly w a s a 40-mm e l e c t r o s t a t i c t u b e w i t han S-20 photocathode and P-20 phosphor . The in te ns i f ie r i s o p e r a t e dw i t h a d i f f e r e n t i a l o f 20 kV between the photocathode and the phosphor.The vol tage i s s u p p l i e d by a n o s c i l l a t o r a nd v o l t a g e m u l t i p l i e r a ss em blywhich transforms 20 V dc t o 20 000 V dc . The phosphor o f t he in t en s i -f i e r a l s o o p e r a t e d a t -600 V w h i l e t h e i n t e n s i f i e r p h o t o c a t h o d e i s oper-a t e d a t -20 000 V.

The image o rt hi co n tu be was des igned t o wi ths tand abnormal env iron -men ta l cond i t ions . The tube has a f i b e r o p t i c f a c e p l a t e a n d a t h i n - f i l mmagnesium oxide ta r g et . The tu be i s m a g n e t i c a l l y f o c u s e d a n d d e f l e c t e d .The d e f l e c t i o n c o i l as se mb ly c o n s i s t s of v e r t i c a l and h o r iz o n t ald e f l e c t i o n ' c o i l s , v e r t i c a l a n d h o r i z o n t a l a l i n e m e n t c o i l s , f o c u s c o i l s ,

and wir ing which provide cont inui ty of power and s ignals fr om f r o n t t ot h e r ear of the camera head.


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The ampl i f i e r and r egu la to r assembly inc ludes a high-voltage powersu p p l y , t h e image o r t h i c o n g r i d - v ol t a g e r e g u l a t o r s , a focus-cur r en t r eg -u l a t o r a n d t h e p r e a m p l i f i e r su b a s se m b l y .The purpose of t h e a u to m at ic beam c o n t r o l c i r c u i t i s t o i n cr e as el i g h t l e v e l dynamic range of t he camera by au tomat i ca l ly ad jus t ing beamc u rr e nt t o t h e p ro pe r l e v e l t o m a i n t a in a n.op ti mu m t a r g e t c u r r e n t t obeam-current ra t i o . The beam cu rre nt i s c o n t i n uo u s l y a d j u s t e d t o m axi-m iz e t h e s i gn a l- t o- n oi s e r a t i o as w e l l as t o i n c r e a se t h e dynamic o p e r-

a t i n g r a n ge of t h e c a n e r a .Th e v i d e o p r o c e s so r c i r c u i t s p r o v i d e c o n s t a n t a m p l i t u d e , b a l a n c e d ,noncomposi te v ideo t o bo th t h e v iewing monito r and r ecord ing mon i to r ,a nd f u r n i s h c o n t r o l s i g n a l s t o t h e a u to m a ti c l i g h t c o n t r o l a ss em bl y.The r e g u l a t o r c i r c u i t s pr ov id e c o ns ta n t c u r r e n t t o t h e v e r t i c a l a nd ho r-i z o n t a l a l in e me n t c o i l s a n d r e g u l a t e d d c v o l t a g e s f o r t h e a u t om a t ic beam

c o n t r o l c i r c u i t s .The camera c o n t r o l u n i t c o n t ro l s t h e o p e r a t i o n o f t h e t e l e v i s i o ncamera by p rov id ing power , t iming and ga t in g s ig na l s , ho r i z on ta l andv e r t i c a l sweep d r i v e s , and b la n ki ng a nd au t om a t ic l i g h t c o n t r o l s i g n a l s .The u n i t a l s o p rov id es power, sync , and d r iv e s ign a l s fo r bo th moni to r s .The power supply assembly i s a h i gh e f f i c i e n c y , v a r i a b l e p u ls e -wid th , r eg u l a t e d conver t e r which uses c ons tan t inp u t power and conve r t sa 26 * 4-V d c i np u t i n t o va r io u s dc l e v e l s r e q u i r e d f o r t h e o p e r a t i o n

o f t h e e n t i r e system.The sync generator assembly provides a l l t h e sy n c h r o n i z a t i o n p u l s e sn e c e s sa r y f o r t h e o p e r a t i o n o f t h e sy s te m . The as se mb ly i s composed ofa c r y s t a l - c o n t r o l l e d o s c i l l a t o r , countdown s t a g e s , l o g i c g a t e s , m u l t i -

v i b r a t o r s , f l i p - f l o p s , l e v e l t r a n s l a t o r s , a nd o u tp ut a m p l i f i e r s .'

A f a i l - s a f e c i r c u i t , l o ca t ed on t h e v e r t i c a l d e f l e c t i o n as se mb lyp r o v i d e s t a r g e t b l a n k i n g and b i a s v o l t a g e s t o t h e image o r t h i c o n t u b ea n d c u t s o f f t h e image o r t h i c o n t a r g e t t o p r e v e n t damage t o t h e t u b ewhenever e i t h e r h o r i z o n t a l o r v e r t i c a l d r i v e i s l o s t .

The programer assembly provides cont ro l s ignals f o r t h e a u t om a t icl i g h t c o n t r o l o f t h e cam era. S i gn a l c o n d i ti o n i n g c i r c u i t s l o c a t e d ont h e p ro gr am er p r o c e s s t h e image o r t h i c o n t a r g e t b l a n k i n g , v i d e o o u t p u tl e v e l , and camera shut ter command s ignals before they are processed byt h e sp a c e c r a f t t e l e m e t r y sy st em .


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20Viewing Monitor

The viewing moni to r r ec e i ve s th e v ideo s ig na l and rep roduces andd i sp la ys the scene v iewed by t h e camera . The un i t con ta ins a cathoderay tube and yoke assembly, a v i d e o a m p l i f i e r , a h o r i z o n t a l d e f l e c t i o nc i r c u i t , a sweep f a i l u r e p r ot e ct i on c i r c u i t , a 12-kV high-voltage powers u p p l y , a n d a m u l t i p l i e r and re gu la to r assembly. The viewing scr een i sa sq u a r e (3.5 i nches on a s i d e ) w i t h a m a x i m u m s c r e e n b r i g h t n e s s o f20-foot -lamber ts . The un i t con ta in s a m o n i to r b r i g h t n e s s c o n t r o l a nda manual pushbut ton swi tch which cont ro ls the photographic camerar e c o r d e r .

V e r t i c a l d e f l e c t i o n f o r t h e v ie wi ng mo n it o r i s su p p l i e d b y a v e r t i -c a l d e f l e c t i o n a ss em bl y l o c a t e d i n t h e m o n it or e l e c t r o n i c s a nd e quipm entc o n t r o l u n i t .

When the viewing monitor i s viewed from a d i s t a n c e o f 1 2 . 9 i n c h e st h e m a g n i f i c at i o n power o f t h e p r e se n t a t i o n i s 1:l i f t h e s p a c e c r a f t i sl o c a t e d a t an a l t i t u d e of 1 60 n a u t i c a l miles above the v iewing area.

Recording Moni tor and Photographic RecorderThe r e c o rd i n g m o n i to r r e c e i v e s t h e v id e o s i g n a l , r e p r o d u c es , d i s -

p la ys t h e scene viewed by th e camera, and r ecord s t h e monito r d i s p la yby use o f t h e p h o t o g r a p h i c r e c o r d e r .v e r t i c a l and h o r i z o n t a l d e f l e c t i o n a m p l i f ie r s , a p h o t o g r a p h i c d r i v e l o g i cassembly , d a ta l amps , l amp d r iv e r assembly , h igh vo l t a ge conv er t e r andm u l t i p l i e r s , a n d a pho tograph ic recorder assembly .r e c o r d er o p t i c s i n c l ud e m i r r o rs f o r f o l d i ng t h e o p t i c a l p a th t o t h er e c o r d e r l e n s .The frame r a t e o f t h e ph o t og r a ph i c r e c o r d e r w a s 3 frames per second.

The un i t con ta ins a v i d e o a m p l i f i e r ,

The photographicThe f i lm magazine accommodated 180 f e e t o f t h i n - b a se f i l m .

Monitor Elect ronics and Equipment ControlThe moni to r e l ec t ron ics and equ ipment con t ro l un i t con ta ined a syncdr ive assembly , a sawtooth generator assembly, a v e r t i c a l d e f l e c t i o nassembly, a h o r i z o n t a l d e f l e c t i o n t i m i n g a s se m b l y , a n d a low-voltagepower c o n v er t e r . The u n i t su p p l i e s o p e r a t i n g p ow er, v e r t i c a l d e f l e c t i o nc u r r e n t , h o r i z o n t a l d e f l e c t i o n t i m i n g p u l s e s t o t h e v i ew in g m o ni to r ,

operat ing power , a n d d e f l e c t i o n s a w t o o t h g e n e r a t i o n for t h e r e c o r d i n gmoni tor and photographic reco rde r .


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PROCEDURES

The exper imen t r equ i r ed par t i c ipa t ion o f bo th the command p i lo t andt h e p i l o t . The p i l o t s w ere re q u ir e d t o o p e r a t e t h e e qu ip me nt , m a i nt a int h e r e q u i r e d sp a c e c r a f t a t t i t u d e , i n some c a se s m aneuv er t h e sp a c e c r a f tt o keep a sc e n e i n vi ew , a nd v o i ce r e c o r d t h e i r o b se r v a t i o n s .

The experiment w a s a c t i v a t e d n e a r t h e e n d o f r e v o l u t i o n 34 and theTh e e x p e r i m e n t a l f l i g h t plan u se d f o r t h i s p e ri o d i s shownexper iment was p er fo rm e d du r i n g t h e n i g h t s i d e p o r t i o n s o f r e v o l u t i o n s 35an d 36.

i n t a b l e 2-1.The system w a s i n s t a l l e d i n th e s p a c e c r af t w i th t h e c amera l i n e o f

s i g h t p a r a l l e l t o t h e s p a c e c ra f t l o n g i t u d i n a l a x i s . Each o b s er v at i onr e q u i r e d o r i e n t a t i o n o f t h e s p a c e c r a f t so t h a t i t s l o n g i t u d i n a l axisw a s n om in al ly norm al t o t h e s u r fa c e o f t h e e a r t h . The i n t e n s i f i c a t i o ncamera viewed an ear th scene which w a s p re s en te d t o t h e p i l o t on t h ev iewing moni to r and t o th e r ecord ing moni to r .t h e same s c e n e d i r e c t l y t h r o u g h t h e l e f t window of t h e sp a c e c r a f t .The command p i l o t viewed

Three modes of o pe ra t i on , scan mode, t r a c k mode, and sea rc h andt r a c k mode were p lanned f o r crew obse rvat io n . The th r e e modes a re de-sc r i b e d i n t h e f o l l o w i ng p ar ag r ap h s.

Scan ModeThe s c a n mode r e q u i r e d t h a t sp a c e c r a f t l o n g i t u d i n a l a x i s b e a l i n e dn orm al t o t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e e a r t h as t h e s p a c e c r a f t p a s s e d o v e r t h eground t r ack area t o b e o bs er ve d. A p h o t o g r a p h i c r e c o r d o f t h e f e a t u r e s

o f i n t e r e s t w ere t o be made as long as t h e f e a t u r e rem ained i n t h e f i e l dof view.

Track ModeThe t r a c k mode r e q u i r e d t h a t s p a c e c r a f t b e o r i e n t e d t o an a t t i t u d ew hic h would e a se a c q u i s i t i o n o f a sp e c i f i c f e a t u r e ( n o t n e c e s s a r i l y on

t h e s p a c e c r a f t g r o u n d t r a c k ) as t h e sp a c e c r a f t a p p r o a c h e d t h e f e a t u r e .A f t e r a c q u i s i t i o n t h e f e a t u r e was t o be t r a c k e d a n d p h o to g r ap h i c r e c o r dw a s t o b e made u n t i l t h e f e a t u r e was 20 p a s t t h e n a d i r .


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Search and Track ModeThe s e a r c h a n d t r a c k mode r e q u i r e d t h e sp a c e c r a f t b e o r i e n t e d t o

s e a r c h f o r a s p e c i f i c f e a t u r e on t h e gr ou nd t r a c k a h e ad of t h e s p a ce -c r a f t .n a d i r .t i o n u n t i l th e f e a tu r e w a s 20' p a s t t h e n a d ir .

Upon acqu i s i t ion , the f e a t u r e w ou ld b e t r a c k e d t o 20' p a s t t h eA pho tograph ic r ecord w a s t o be made f rom t h e t i m e o f a c q u i s i -

An o ra l re po r t w a s t o be made by both t h e command p i l o t , v iewingt h e s c e n e d i r e c t l y th ro ug h t h e l e f t v ie win g p o r t , and t h e p i l o t , o bs er v-ing th e v iewing moni to r dur ing each sequence . S ince th e r e ' w a s a losso f r e s o l u t i o n i n t h e p h o t o g r a p h i c r e c o r d i n g sy s t e m as compared t o t h ev iewing moni to r , t he pho tographs d id no t c o n t a i n a l l t h e i n f o r m a t i o nt h e p i l o t ob ser ve d on t h e vi e wi n g m o n i to r . V e r b a l d e s c r i p t i o n s we rer e q u i r e d t o d et e r m in e w hat t h e p i l o t i n f e r s from w ha t h e o b se r v e s .Ev a l u a t i o n of e x pe ri me n t r e su l t s w ere t o b e ba se d on a comparison of t h et h r e e r e c o r d s o b t a i n e d f o r e a c h o b s e r v a t i o n .

RESULTS

For ty-two f i lm sequences of th e exper iment were r e c o r d e d u s i n g9 minutes and 8 se c o n d s o f a v a i l a b l e f i l m t i m e . Of t h e 42 f i l m sequencest a k e n , 13 were of medium t o heavy clo ud fo rm at io ns an d 1 4 were taken overopen ocean ar ea s , Some of th e sequences were t a k e n d u r i n g d a y l i g h t ast h e s pac ecr a f t passed over South America; however , t h e ma jo r i ty o f se-quences were taken a t n ig h t dur ing t h e e x i s t in g new-moon phase .t h i s new-moon phase , t he ambien t ea r th - scen e i l l um in a t io n w a s n e a r1 x foo t - cand les .

During

The dayl ight sequences taken over South Amer ica conta ined no usefulin fo rmat ion fo r eva l ua t io n . These sequences w e r e t ak e n t o i n s u r e s u f -f i c i e n t s ce ne i l l u m i n a ti o n f o r o b t a i n i n g t h e s y st e m' s l i m i t i n g r e s o l u -t ion and fo r eva lua t ing the sys tem 's max imum capab i l i ty . A t t h ep o s t f l i g h t d e b r i e f i n g , t h e f l i g h t crew r e p o r t e d t h a t d u r in g t h e d a y l i g htsequences they were a b l e t o v i s u a l l y i d e n t i f y f e a t u r e s on t h e m on it orw hi ch t h e y d e te r mi n ed t o b e d r y l a k e b e d s . U n f o r t u n a t e ly , t h e p h o to -grap hs taken were of ar ea s which d i d not i n c l u d e t h e s e f e a t u r e s a n d s y s -t e m p e r f o r m a n c e c o r r e l a t i o n i s n o t p o s s i b l e . A lt ho ug h t h e s i z e o f t h ed r y l a k e s was not known, they were observed a t t h e l i m i t i n g r e s o l u t i o nof abou t 550 TV l i n e s , e v e n t h o u g h t h e y P r e se n t e d a very low con t r as ta g a i n s t o t h e r e a r t h b ac kg ro un ds .


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The con ten t o f the f i lm sequences 0 : t h e n ig h t o b s e r v a t , m par t o ft h i s experiment i s summarized i n th e fo l low ing t a b l e .

~~

ContentsL i g h t s of t o w n s a n d c i t i e sCloud formationsL i g ht n in g f l a s h e sHorizon and s ta rsAirglowC o a s t l i n e sPen in su la

2 3

RemarksC i t i e s c an b e i d e n t i f i e d by l i g h t sGood quali tyGood quali tyGood quali tyGood quali ty (excellent when com-p a r e d t o n i g h t p h o to g ra p h s)Good t o poor co n t r a s tM o s t s i g n i f i c a n t g e o g r a p h i c f e a t u r e

Repres en ta t iv e pho tographs of t h e s e o b s e r va t i o ns a re shown i n f i g-ures 2-3 t o 2-10. The f i lm sequences a re p r e d o m i n a n t l y l i g h t s a n d c l o u d sbecause of a l a c k o f s u i t a b l e s i t e s , s uc h as i s l a n d s , on t h e gr ou nd t r a c ko f r e v o l u t i o n s 3 5 t o 36.ob ta ine d had i t b ee n p o s s i b l e t o s e l e c t r e v o l u t i o n s w here i s l a n d s o ro t he r prominen t l an d f ea tu res were a v a i l a b l e f o r p h o to g ra p h in g .

More s igni f icant informat ion would have been

Clouds and l ights f rom small v i l l a g e s , t ow ns , and c i t i e s were prom-i n e n t f ea tu res i n t h e p h ot og ra p hs . I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h e c ha r-a c t e r i s t i c s h ap e o f t h e c i t y o f C a l cu t ta , I n d i a , w hich i s def ined byi t s l i g h t s i n t h e p ho to gra ph s of f i g u r e 2 - 3 ( a ) as compared w it h t h e mapof t h e C a l c u t t a area i n f i g u r e 2 -3 ( b) . S e v e r a l c o a s t l i n e s w ere p ho to -g ra ph ed w it h t h e r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e d i n t h e p ho to g ra p hs o f f i g u r e s 2-4and 2-5. The pho tographs o f th e th r ee d i f f e r en t sec t ion s o f co as t l in eshow contrast of t h e l and and ocean r ang ing from good t o poor . S incet h e area photographed w a s f a i r l y re g u l ar , t h e c o n t r as t was o n ly s u f f i -c i e n t enough t o a l l o w d e l i n e a t i o n of t h e c o a s t l i n e .

The most s igni f icant photograph obta ined w a s t h a t o f t h e p en i ns u laThe photograph,Is tmo dos Tig res (Angola) on t h e west co ast of Af r ic a .f i gu re 2 -6( a) , when compared wi t h th e 1:l 000 000-scaled map of t h e a r e a ,f i g u r e 2 - 6 (b ) , c l e a r l y shows i t s i d e n t i t y .i s a l o n g , n a rr ow s t r i p o f a b ou t 7:l l e n gt h -t o -w i d th r a t i o e x te n d in gThe shape o f t h e pen insu la


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24

ou t from the main land and terminated by a l a r g e r , r ou nd ed a r e a h a v in g a3:1 length- to-width-ra t io .Dev ia t ion f rom the exper imen t p lan w a s necessa ry as the exper iment

progressed because heavy c loud cover w a s encountered i n many areas on theground t rack .craf% w a s pitched down a nominal 70' or more f rom t h e ho r i zo n t a l .a r e s u l t , t h e areas l i s t e d i n t h e m i ss i on p l a n on t h e gr ou nd t r a c k wereobserved , but no a t tempt w a s made t o pe rf or m t h e t r a c k i n g t a s k s f o r s i t e sl o c a t e d a t p o i n t s o f f t h e g ro un d t r a c k .i n g s were made i n th e scanning mode and on ly th os e fe a t ur es whichappeared prominent were t r a c k e d .i n g t h e s p a c e c r a f t .

A s u i t a b l e p r e s e n t a t i o n w a s obta ined only when the space-As

Most observations and record-Tracking w a s genera l ly done by p i tch -

D u r in g n ig h t p e r io d s t h e p i l o t w a s a b l e t o o b se rv e on t h e t e l e v i s i o nmoni to r ea r th scenes such as co as t l in es and pen ins ula s . The same scene swere not v i s i b l e t o t h e command p i l o t ; however, th e command p i l o t ' s win-dow w a s d i r ty and the compar i son i s n o t c o m p le t e ly v a l i d .s t a t e d t h a t t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e m onit or p r e s e n t a t io n w a s s up e r io r t o t h a to f t h e p h o to g r a p h i c f i l m sequences o f the same coas t l ines and pen insu las .Th i s d e g r ad a t io n ha d be e n o b se r ve d d u r in g l a b o r a to r y t e s t s an d w a s ex-p e c t e d .Gemini Agena Target Vehic le with the te lev is ion monitor when they weren ot a b l e t o see i t w i th t h e u n a id e d e y e .

Th e p i l o t

The f l i g h t crew w a s a l s o a bl e t o s e e t h e f l as h in g l i g h t o f t h e

The D O 1 5 equipment funct ioned prop er l y , e xc e pt f o r t h e f o ll o w in ganomalies :( a ) D uring e x p er ime nt a c t i v a t i o n , t h e f i e l d o f view a p p e ar e dt i l t e d by a n ang le o f app rox ima te ly '45 ' on t h e v iewing mon i to r .graphs f rom the record ing monitor show a s i mi l a r m is a l i n e m e n t , i n d i c a t i n gt h a t t h e anomaly o r i g i n a t e d i n t h e i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n c am era or m ir r o r .The camera was mounted 20' from t he Y-axis o f th e sp ac ec ra f t . Prov i s ionswere made in t o the spacec ra f t fo r an up r ig h t d i sp l ay on t h e v iewingmonitor .

viewing monitor from i t s b r a c k e t , r o t a t i n g t h e m on it or u n t i l t h e s c en ew a s c o r r e c t e d , t h e n h o l d i n g t h e u n i t b e t w e e n h i s l e g s . An a n a l y s i s w a sperformed t o de te rmine if a change had occur red i n t h e equipmen t du r in gt h e f l i g h t which would have c a us ed t h i s r o t a t i o n . R e s u l t s o f t h e a na l -y s i s ind ic a ted t h a t no change had occur red .t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n a n d a l i n e m e n t p r o c e d u r e s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e c a m e r a w a sp ro p er ly i n s t a l l e d and a l i n e d p r i o r t o f l i g h t .i n s t a l l e d i n t h e r e t r o g r a d e a d a p t e r s e c t i o n wh ic h w a s j e t t i s o n e d b e f o r er e e n t r y , no p o s t f l i g h t a n a l y s i s ca n be p e r f o r m e d o n t h e f l i g h t h a r d w a r e .Th e c a u s e f o r t h e r o t a t i o n h a s n o t b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d f r o m th e d a t a avai l -a b l e .

Photo-

Th e p i l o t c o r r e c t e d t h e d i s p l a y o r i e n t a t i o n b y r e m o v in g t h e

I n s p e c t i o n r e c o r d s o nS in c e t h e ca me ra was


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( b ) The f i e l d v i e w o f t h e camera d i d n o t a pp ea r t o be p r o p e r l ya l i n e d w i t h t h e o p t i c a l s i g h t on t h e command p i l o t ' s window. A f t e ri n s t a l l a t i o n , t h e camera w a s o p t i c a l l y a l i n e d a t t h e s p a c e c r a f t con-t r a c t o r ' s f a c i l i t y t o an accuracy o f 1/2' o f t h e s p a c e c ra f t c e n t e r l i n e .The camera w a s removed f rom t h e spa cec raf t f o r sh ipment t o t h e KennedySpace Center (KSC).s p a ce c r a ft m ou ntin g f i x t u r e were s u f f i c i e n t t o r e t a i n t h e d e s i r e d a l i n e -ment accuracy during camera removal and replacement. A comparison oft e s t resul ts f rom t h e con tr ac t or and f rom KSC in di ca te t h a t t h e cameraw a s r e i n s t a l l e d p ro pe rl y a t KSC. No e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e m i sa l in em e nti s apparen t a t t h i s t i m e ; h owever, t h e e f f e c t may b e r e l a t e d t o t h et i l t e d f i e l d o f v i e w p r e v io u s ly d i s c u s s e d .

Toler ances on t h e camera mounting base a n d t h e

( c ) A b r i g h t area n e a r t h e c e n t e r o f t h e v i e w in g a n d r e c o r d in gd isp lays pe r s i s t ed th roughou t the exper iment . Adjus tmen t o f th e beamc o n t r o l r e d u c e d t h e area b u t c o u l d n o t e n t i r e l y e l i m i n a t e t h i s c o n d i t i o n .F igu re 2-9 shows a s e l e c t e d frame f rom the 3 frame per second,1/30-second exposure, 16-~t~mf i l m i l l u s t r a t i n g t h i s c on di ti on . The b r i g h tarea w a s p r ob a bly c a u se d b y a n i o n s p o t b e g inn in g t o d e v elop i n e i t h e rt h e i m a g e i n t e n s i f i e r or image o r th icon tube sec t ions o f the camera .

( d ) Severa l pho tog raph ic sequences t aken du r ing the SO30 exper i -m e n t w i th t h e u s e o f t h e DO15 equipment were not on the f l ight f i l m . Af a i l u r e a n a ly s i s c o n d u c t e d f o l l o w in g t h e f l i g h t o n t h e r e c o r d in g m o n i to rand pho tograph ic reco rde r revea led tha t a f a i l u r e h ad o c c u rr e d i n t h ec a th o d e r a y t u b e d u r in g t h e SO30 exper iment . A f t e r t h e ca thode- ray tubef a i l u r e , pho tograph ic da ta cou ld no t be reco rded and a l o s s o f a l a r g ep a r t of t h e SO30 d a t a o c c u r r e d .

( c ) Stowage and handling o f t h e v i e w in g m o n i to r w i th in t h e c a b inwere per formed wi thou t d i f f i c u l ty . S towage o f th e v iewing mon i to r i nthe foo twe l l , however , w a s a cause of c rew discom for t dur i ng t h e miss i on .

CONCLUSIONS

The experimen t demons tra ted t h a t geograph ic fe a tu res on th e su r fac eo f t h e e a r t h c an b e o b se rv ed under s t a r l i g h t i l l u m i n a t i o n as l o w as5 x 10-5 foot-candles .

The a i rg low w a s very prominent under a new-moon co nd it io n, re s u l t -i n g i n an a p pa r en t r e d u c t i o n i n s c e n e c o n t r a s t , a washed-out presenta-t i o n , a n d r e d u c e d r e s o lu t i o n . The a i rg low w a s the p robab le cause o ft h e r e d uc ti on i n p i c t u r e q u a l i t y when t h e s p a c e c r a f t w a s pitched downa t a ng le s l e s s t h a n a nominal 70' b e lo w th e h o r i z o n t a l .


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Objec t s obse rved on the v iewing mon i to r cou ld be t r acked by thep i l o t , u s i ng t h e m on it or as a r e f e r e n c e .

Clouds a t n ight were q u i t e pr om in en t on t h e d i s p l a y be c au s e o f t h e i rh ig h r e f l e c t i v i t y . The r e s u l t s o f t h e ex p er ime n t p h oto gr a ph y a nd t h ecrew comments in di ca te t h a t i t i s p o s s i b l e t o map n i g h t c l ou d p a t t e r n so v e r l a r g e a r e a s .

L ig h t a r e a s o n t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e e a r t h , s u c h as c i t i e s , a p p e a r e das ex t remely b r i gh t spo ts on t h e mon i to r s . Many of t h e l i g h t a re asviewed over Africa were r e p o r t e d by t h e crew t o be f i r e s . L i g ht s un de rc lo u d c o v e r were a l s o r e a d i l y d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e from t h e b ac kg ro un d.S t a r s were q u i t e a p p a r e n t on t h e m o n i to r . Dur ing revo lu t ion 4 1 a t6 5 :2 7 :2 1 g . e . t . , t h e GATV w a s s igh ted on the v iewing mon i to r wh i le int o t a l d a r k n e s s a t a d i s t an ce of approx ima te ly 1 5 m i l e s . The acqu is i t ion

l i g h t w a s e a s i l y d i s t i ng u i s h ed i n t h e s t a r f i e l d bac kg ro un d.Success fu l ope ra t io n o f t h e exper iment equ ipment p roved t h a t d e l i -ca te e le c t r on i c components, such as image or th icon tubes , can be de-

s ig n e d , p ack age d, a nd i n s t a l l e d t o w i th s t an d t h e s e v e r e l a u n ch e nv ir on me nto f s p a ce v e h i c l e s .


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TABLE 2-1.- FLIGHT PLAN FOR EXPERIMENT DO15

Task

e v o l u t i o n 35

L

56

e v o l u t i o n 367a91011

12o t a l

Area t o b e o bs er ve da

West coast of South AmericaSouth AmericaS e a f e a t u r e sA f r i c aEast c o a s t of A f r i c aI n d i aC a l c u t t a

San F e l i x I s l a n dSouth AmericaS e a f e a t u r e sS t . H e l e n a I s l a n dA f r i c aS a ud i Ar a b ia c oa s tGulf of Kutch

Mode of opera t ion

bS e a r ch a n d t r a c kScanCScan

S e a r c h a n d t r a c kScanTrackd

TrackScanS e a r c h a nd t r a c kTrackScan

Track

F i lm r e c o r d ing t im ese c

303060

120306030

30506030

1206030

% e a t ur e s o f i n t e r e s t : c o a s t l i n e s , i s l a n d s , p e n i n s u l a s , r i v e r s , l a k e s , d e s e r t s , snow-c a ppe d m oun tains , c i t i e s , c loud s , a nd sh ips .

bThe s e a r c h a n d t r a c k mode r e q u i r e d t h e s p a c e c r a f t t o b e o r i e n t e d t o a s p e c i f i c f e a t u r ea h e a d o f t h e s p a c e c r a f t g ro u nd t r a c k . Upon a c q u i s i t i o n , t r a c k i n g w a s p e r f o r m e d u n t i l 20 p a s tt h e n a d i r . P h o t o g ra p h i c f e a t u r e s we re r ec o rd e d u n t i i 20 p a s t t h e n a d i r .

'The s c a n mode r e q u i r e d t h e s p a c e c r a f t l o n g i t u d i n a l a x i s t o b e a i i n e r l n o rm a l t o t h e s u r f a c eo f t h e e a r t h as t h e s p a c e c r a f t p a s s ed o v er t h e g ro u nd t r a c k a r e a t o b e ob s er v ed . P h o t o g ra p h i cf e a t u r e s o f i n t e r e s t we re r ec o rd e d as l png a s the y r e m aine d i n v i e w.

% he t r a c k mode r e q u i r e d t h e s p a c e c r a f t t o be o r i e n t e d t o a n a t t i t u d e w hi ch wo ul d f a c i l i -t a t e a c q u i s i t i o n o f a s p e c i f i c f e a t u r e as t he spa c e c r a f t a np r oa che d th e f e a tu r e . Upon a c qu i s i -t i o n , t h e f e a t u r e w a s t r a c k e d u n t i l 20O p a st t h e n a d i r .f ro m t i m e o f a c q u i s i t i o n u n t i l 20O p a s t n a d i r .

P ho togr a ph ic f e a tu r e s wer e r e co r de d


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Image Intensi f icat ioncameraCamera con trol

"1 n

-

Viewin g monitor

-Mo ni to r e lec tron ics andequipment contro l

Recording cathode-ray tubephotograph ICcamera

Figure 2-1. - Experiment DO15 equipment.


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LU0S.-s

I

icv


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(a) Lights of Calcutta, India.

(b) Map location of Calcutta, India and surrounding area.Figure 2-3. - Comparison of DO15 experiment data recor d ofCalcutta, India, with the map location of same area.


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Figure 2-4. - Coastlines of western Africa and Saudi Arabia.

.

Figure 2-5. - Coastline of Somalia Republic, a country ineastern Africa.


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(a) Peninsula of Istmo dos Tigres on the west coast of Africa.

(b) Map location of Istmo dos Tigre s.Figure 2-6. - Comparison of DO15 experiment data record ofIstmo dos Tig res with the map location of same area.


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Figure 2-8. - Lights of villages and cities in Africa.

33

Figure 2-7. - Cloud format ions illuminated by a lightning flash.


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Figure 2-9. - Illumination effect on clouds caused by locallightning flashes,

Figure 2-10. - Ear th horizon, airglow, and sta rfi elds.


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3. EXPERIMENT ~016,POWER TOOL EVALUATION

By Vic to r L. Et t r e d g eDepartment o f t h e A i r ForceSpace Systems Division, D e t . 2

Manned Spacecraft Center

SUMMARY

The ~016Power Tool Evaluat ion exper iment w a s no t a t t empted dur ingt h e Gemini X I m i ss i o n due t o p re m at ur e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e u m b i l i c a l e x t r a -veh icu la r ac t i v i ty . However, t h e o b j e c t i v e , e q u i p m e n t d e sc r i p t i o n , a n de xp er im e nt pr oc e du re s a r e b r i e f l y d e s c r i b e d i n t h i s r e p o r t .

OBJECTIVE

The p r imary ob jec t ive o f the ~016Power Tool Evalua t ion exper imen tw a s t o e v a l u a t e t h e c a p a b i l i t y of man t o p e rf or m work i n t h e sp a c e en v i-ronment . Encompass ing t h i s ob j ec t ive were th e fo l lowing sp ec i f i c ob jec -t i v e s :( a ) To d et er mi ne t h e a b i l i t y o f a n a s t r o n au t t o p er fo rm a con-t r o l l e d work t a s k(b) To compare th e a b i l i ty o f an as t r ona u t t o per fo rm work undert e t h e r e d a n d u n t e t h e r e d c o n d i t i o n s( c ) To determine the performance of the minimum reaction powert o o l r e l a t i v e t o o ut pu t and re a c t i v e t o r q u es

EQUIPMENT

The ~016exper iment equipment consis ts of a minimum reaction powert o o l , a t o o l r e s t r a i n t box, a convent ional hand wrench, a w o r k t a sk p l a c e ,and a t e t h e r t o b e a t ta c h ed i n t h e knee a r e a of t h e s p ac e s u i t . T h isequipment and i t s i n t e r r e l a t i o n i s shown i n f ig ur e 3-1.

The general arrangement of componen t s loca ted wi th in the power too li s i l l u s t r a t e d i n f ig ur e 3-2. Direct -cur rent power i s s u m l i e d t o t h e


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m otor th r ou gh t h e e l e c t r i c a l s l i p r i n g a ss em bly shown t o t h e l e f t of t h ed ra w in g . S im p l i f i e d i n t e r n a l v ie ws a re shown i n f i g u r e 3-3.

For r e f e re n c e pu r po s es , t h e d i r e c t i o n s o f r o t a t i o n o f t h e i m pa ct ora s se m bly d i s c us s e d i n t h e f o l l o w ing p a r a g ra p h s a r e v iewed f rom the rea rof t h e t o o l and a r e t h e d i r e c t i o n s e nc o un te re d when o p e r a t i n g t h e t o o lf o r t i g h t e n i n g f a s t e n e r s .

When dc power of the proper polarity i s a p p l ie d t o t h e m ot or , i t sa r m at u re r o t a t e s c l oc kw i se , d r i v i n g t h e p l an e t a r y g e ar t r a i n , w hich i nt u r n c a us e s t h e i mp ac to r d r i v e s h a f t t o be r o t a t e d i n a c lockwise d i rec -t i o n . A s C a m A i s i n i t i a l l y r o t a t e d , C a m B i s for ced t o move rearw ardas a s t e e l b a l l r i d e s up t h e i n c l i n e d p l a n e . ( S ee f i g . 3-3, i l l u s t r a -t i o n A . )t h i s t ime . due t o th e engagement o f t h e hammer l ugs wi th t he an v i l lu gso f t h e o u tpu t s h a f t . The o u tp u t s h a f t i s , p reven ted f rom tu r n i ng by t h ef r i c t i o n a l f or c es o f t h e C o n t ro l le d I n t e r n a l R e s t r a i n t ( C I R ) c o l l a r ,which i s h el d s t a t i o n a r y w it h r e s p ec t t o t h e t o o l b a r r e l t h ro ug h t h es l i d i n g s l e e v e l i n k a g e .

The impactor barre l assembly i s r e s t r a i n e d f r o m r o t a t i n g a t

A s C a m A i s ro ta ted th rough approx ima te ly 50, t h e i m p a c t o r b a r r e lassembly i s moved rearward s uf f i c i e n t ly t o d isengage th e hammer lug s f romt h e a n v i l l u gs . ( Se e f i g . 3-3, i l l u s t r a t i o n B . ) The impactor barre lassembly i s now f r e e t o r o t a t e . The s t o r e d e n er g y i n t h e s p r in g s c a u se st h e cams t o a t te m pt t o a l i n e t h e m se l v es , t h e r eb y a c c e l e r a t i n g t h e impac-t i n g b a r r e l i n ' a c lo ck wi se d i r e c t i o n .a l s o c o nt r ib u te s t o t h e a c c e le r a ti o n o f t h e b a r r e l .C o n ti n u al d r i v e - s h a f t r o t a t i o n

A s t h e b a r r e l r o t a t e s and t h e cams b eg in t o a l i n e , t h e b a r r e l assem-bly moves forward.t a t i o n , t h e hammer l u g s on t h e f a c e o f t h e i mp ac to r b a r r e l s t r i k e t h ea n v i l l u g s .o u t p u t s h a ft assem bly e xc ee ds t h e s t a t i c f r i c t i o n a l c o e f f i c i e n t o f t h eC I R c o l l a r , and t h e o ut pu t s h a f t r o t a t e s , t i g h t e n i n g t h e b o l t .

( S ee f i g . 3-3, i l l u s t r a t i o n C . ) A f te r 180 o f ro-Th e r e l a t i v e ly l a r g e v a lu e o f t o r q u e d e v e lo p e d o n t h e a n v i l /

I n summary, i t c o ul d b e s a i d t h a t t h e r e l a t i v e l y l ow power l e v e ld e l i v e r e d by t h e motor g e a r t r a i n a s se mb ly i s g r a d u al l y s t o r e d i n t h et o o l b a r r e l a ss em bly o v er a r e l a t i v e l y l o n g p e r i o d o f t i m e and de l ive redi n t h e form of a h ig h- en er gy , s h o r t -d u r a t io n p u l s e t o t h e a n v i l / o u t p u tshaf t assembly .

The r e a c t i o n t o t h e t o r q u e on t h e b o l t i s f e l t b ac k t hr ou g h t h e o ut -pu t sh a f t and an v i l l ug a ssembly t o th e hammer lu g a ssembly 09 t h e impac-t o r b a r r e l c a us in g t h e b a r r e l t o re bo un d. The re bo un d f o r c e i s i n t e g r a t e dby t h e s p r i n g i n t h e i mp ac to r as se mb ly w hich i n t u r n r e f l e c t s t h e f o r c ebackward through t h e dr ive -sha f t assembly and d i v i de s a t t h e p l a n e ta r yg e ar t r a i n . P a r t o f t h e r e a c t i v e fo r c e i s t r a n s f e r r e d t h ro u gh t h e g e ar


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c a s e assem bly d i r e c t l y t o t h e t o o l b a r r e l , w h il e p a r t o f t h e f o r c e i sr e f l e c t e d b ac k t hr o u gh t h e a r ma tu r e, t h e m ag ne ti c f i e l d s , t o t h e motorf i e l d r i n g , and i n t u r n t o t h e t o o l b a r r e l . B o t h r e a c t i v e f o r c e s a r r i v -i n g a t t h e t o o l h o us in g are i n p ha se , t h u s c au si ng t h e t o o l b a r r e l t or o t a t e co un te rc lo ck w is e. The r a t e o f r o t a t i o n o f t h e t o o l b a r r e l i sr e s t r a i n e d , due t o t h e d ra g br ak e a c t i o n o f t h e C I R .

The t o o l b a r r e l i s suppor ted by l a rge-d iamete r r i ng be ar i ngs , whosei n n e r r a c e i s p r e ss e d o v er t h e t o o l b a r r e l a nd t h e o u t e r r a c e i s suppor tedby t h e t o o l h ou si ng .hous ing i s t h a t r e s u l t i n g from t h e f r i c t i o n of t h e r i n g b e a r in g s.The o n ly r e a c t i v e f o r c e t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e t o o l

The sp a c e power t o o l p h y s i c a l a n d o p e r a t i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a rel i s t e d b elow .

SPACE POWER TOOL PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

W e i g h t , l b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 . 6 2Length :

H a n d l e e r e c t e d , i n . 1O-7/8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Handle fo lded , in . 10-13/16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Height :

H a n d l e e r e c t e d , i n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1/16Handle fo lded , in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-112. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Width, in . 5

C e n t e r o f g r a v i t y( fr o m o u t pu t s h a f t e n d ) , i n . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5/321122O ut pu t s h a f t , i n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Power supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S e l f - c o n t a i n e d ,r e c h a r g e a b l e ,N i - Cd bat tery


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38SPACE POWER TOOL OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS

Speed:C I R o n - f u l l l o a d , b e a t s /m in . . . . . . . . .b ea ts /min . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C I R o ff -n o l o a d ( d r i l l i n g m ode), 1550-16501250

Opera t ing vo l tage . v o l t s . . . . . . . . . . . 6 t o 7Curren t :C I R on-full mode, amps . . . . . . . . . . .

C I R of f -no load ( d r i l l i n g mode) , amps . . . . 13 t o 1 63O p e n c i r c u i t v o l t a g e , V dc . . . . . . . . . . 7 .6 t o 8 .2Output torque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exceeds 4 5 foot-poundsdeveloped on 1 /2- inchNF AN-type b o l tWork capac i ty pe r ba t te ry cha rge :Impact ing , 3-sec burs t . . . . . . . . . . .D r i l l i n g , r un ni ng t i m e i n m i nu t es . . . . . . 1008 to 10

PROCEDURES

The experiment w a s t o b e pe rf or med d u r i n g e x t r av e h i c u la r a c t i v i t i e sF ig u r e 3-4 shows an a r t i s t ' s concep t ionThe p r o c e d u r a l s e q ue n ce o f e v e n t s f o r t h ea t approximate ly 24:30 g .e . t .o f t h e ex pe ri me nt a c t i v i t i e s .EVA p i l o t was as f o l l o w s :

1. G rasp h a n d r a i l an d p o s i t i o n s e l f f o r k n e e - t eth e r a t t a c h m e nt .2. A tt ac h r i g h t k nee t e t h e r t o h a n d r a i l .3. G rasp to o lb o x h a n d l e , r e l e a s e l o c k , a nd e xt e n d t o o lb o x u n t i lp o s i t i v e l o c k i s engaged.4 . Open too lb ox , ex tend power -tool hand l e , check l i g h t swi tc h on ,fo rward - reve rse swi tch t o fo rward po s i t i on , and t o o l i n impac t mode.5. G rasp power t o o l , t i g h t e n i n s t r u m e n te d b o l t f o r 5 seconds .6 . R ev er se s w it c h , l o o s e n i ns t ru m e nt e d b o l t u n t i l " j u s t l o o s e ."7 . Unscrew i n s u c c e s s i o n f o u r w o r k s i t e b o l t s .


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8.b o l t s .9 .10.11.

b o l t .1 2 .1 3 .14.1 5 *16.1 718.19.

Stow power toc , turn over works t e p l a t e a n h a n d - s t a r t t h r e eUnstow power t o o l , r e v e r se sw i t c h , t i g h t e n t h r e e b o l t s .Stow power t o o l on toolb ox l i d and remove handtool .Tigh ten ins t rumented b o l t for 5 seconds and loosen inst rument

Stow hand too l i n too lbox.Detach knee t e the r f rom handra i l .Remove power t o o l , check l i g h t on and to o l i n impact mode.U s in g power t o o l , t i g h t e n i n s t r u m e n te d b o l t f o r 5 seconds.R e ve rs e s w i t c h , l o o se n i n s tr u m en t e d b o l t u n t i l " j u s t l o o s e ."Stow power t o o l i n too lbox , fo ld hand le .Remove handt001.Tigh ten ins t rumented b o l t for 5 seconds, and loosen inst rumen-t e d b o l t .

20. Stow handto ol i n toolbox.21. C l ose t o o l b o x l i d .22.23. Experiment complete d.

Release l a t c h on w o rk s i te an d s to w bo x i n a d a p t e r s e c t i o n .

RESULTS

This exper iment w a s no t a t t empted dur ing the miss ion because o fp rematu re t e rmina t ion of t h e u m b il i ca l EVA.


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fool Housing Ring Bearings

Figure 3-2. - Power tool internal drawings.


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C a m 'A ' A' Hornmar7 IC a m ' B '

AJ I' ID r iv e s ha f t I Steel ; 'B H a m m e r " O u t p u t S h a f t ,

C

Ball II I

I'A ' H a m m e r II / I

III

! \ I1iI II IIIIIII

' B ' H a m m e r

1 1 'B 'HammerII / , ' A ' A nv i l

is ' A ' H a m m e r-Figure 3-3 . - Simplified drawings of impactor assembly operation.


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Figure 3 -4. - Power tool operational concept.


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454. EXPERIMENT S 0 0 4 , RADIATION AND ZERO-G EFFECTS

O N HUMAN BLOOD AND NEUROSPORA

B y M . A. Bender, F. J . de Ser res , P . C . Gooch,I . R . M i l l e r , D. B. Smith, and S. Kondo*Biology Divis ion,Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)

The SO04 exper iment w a s d e s ig n e d t o t e s t f o r t h e e x is t en c e o f apo s t u la t e d synerg ism ( sugges ted by obse rva t ion s from prev ious spacef l i g h t s ) between r a d i a t io n and some spa cef l igh t pa ramete r such as "weight-l e s s n e s s . "miss ion . A se r ie s o f whole human blood samples w a s i r r ad i a t ed onboard .t h e s p a c e cr a ft d u ri ng t h e o r b i t a l p ha se o f t h e f l i g h t . A d u p l i c a t e ser ieswas i r r a d i a t ed s imul t aneous ly on th e g round. Po s t f l ig h t compar isons weremade between the induced rates of si ng le - and mu lt ip le- bre ak chromosomala b e r r a t i o n s i n t h e i n f l i g h t and g round p o r t i o n s o f t h e e xp er im en t t od e t e c t any p o s s i b l e e f f e c t . While t h e r e w a s n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c ebetween the r a t e s o f m u l ti p le - b re a k a b e r r a t i o n p ro d u c t i on i n t h e g ro un da n d i n f l i g h t p o r t i o n s o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t , a s i g n i f i c a n t ly g r e at e r r a t e o fs i n g l e -b r e a k a b e r r a t i o n pr o d uc t io n w a s o bs er ve d i n t h e i n f l i g h t mater i a l .

This experiment w a s f i r s t c a r r i e d o u t d u r i n g t h e G e m i n i I11

Because o f the pecu l i a r resul t s o b t a i n e d i n t h e Gemini I11 SO04 ex-per imen t , the exper imen t w a s repea ted and extended dur ing t h e Gemini X Im i ss i o n . I n a d d i t i o n t o r e p e a t i n g t h e e x p e ri m en t w i t h human b l o od c e l l s ,a no th er p a r a l l e l t e s t w a s car r i ed ou t us ing the b read mold Neurospora asexper imen ta l mater ia l .exper iment as c l o s e l y as pos s ib le , t h e much longe r du ra t i on o f th e Gem-i n i X I m i s s i o n n e c e s s i t a t e d a much longer p re - i r r ad ia t io n "weigh t less"p e r i o d , and i n o r d e r t o b e s u r e t h a t t h e c e l l s would s u r v i v e t h e l on gs t o r a g e t i m e n e c e ss a r y , t h e b lo od s am pl es w ere r e f r i g e r a t e d u n t i l s h o r t l ybef o re i r r a d i a t io n . The Gemini X I exper iment w a s c a r r i e d o u t su c c e s s -fu l l y , and mos t ana lyses o f t he exper imenta l ma te r i a l have been comple ted .

A lt ho ug h t h e e x p er i m en t s d u p l i c a t e d t h e f i r s t SO04

No s ig n i f i ca n t d i f f e r e nce between th e r a t e s f o r t h e i n f l i g h t andth e g round por t ion s o f t h e experimen t were found fo r e i t h e r s ing le - o rmult iple-break chromosome aberrat ions.i me nt h a s t h u s f a i l e d t o c o n f ir m t h e a p p ar e n t sy ne rg i sm see n i n t h eGemini I11 exper iment .

The Gemini X I SO04 blood exper -

iDepartment of Fundamental Radiology, F ac ul ty of Medic ine,Osaka Univers i ty , Osaka, Japan; on ass ignment t o ORNL.


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46The SO04 Neurospora exper imen t u t i l i zed spo res o f a two-componenth e t e r o k a r y o n o b t a in e d f r o m th e f u s io n o f tw o d i f f e r e n t ( h a p lo id ) s t r a in s

each conta in ing a se r i e s o f gene t ic marke rs. These spo re samples weres u b s t i t u t e d f o r b lo o d sa mp le s i n a n a d d i t i o n a l SO04 i r r a d i a t i o n d e v i c e .Su r v iv a l o f t h e h e t e r o k a r y o n a s e x u a l s p o r e s w a s s t u d ie d i n a d d i t i on t omuta t ion of two d i f f e r e n t g en es t o de te rm i ne t h e e f f e c t o f i r r a d i a t i o ndur ing space f l i g h t on t h e f re quenci es of chromosome breakage and genemuta t ion. Spore samples were i r ra d i a t ed bo th co l l ec ted on t h e su r f aceo f M i l l i po r e f i l t e r s ( s t a n d a r d p r oc e du r e) and as suspens ion ( t o mimicthe human blood experiment) .

I n a c t i v a t i o n of t h e h e t e r o k ar y o t i c c o n i d i a w i t h i o n i z i n g r a d i a t i o n sr e s u l t s from 1 -h i t even ts be l ieve d t o be te rm ina l chromosome d e le t i ons .Gene muta t ion r e s u l t s f rom both 1-h i t and 2-h i t even ts . The ty pe of1 - h i t e ve nt r e s u l t i n g i n m ut at io n i s q u a l i t a t i v e l y d i f f e r e n t from t h e1 - h i t e v en t r e s u l t i n g i n c e l l i n a c t i v a t i o n . The 2 - hi t m u t a t io n s r e s u l tfrom chromosome breakage and deletion and a re e x pe c te d t o r es p on d t ochanges i n envi ronmen ta l con d i t ions i n th e same way as t h e 1 - h i t e v e n tsr e s u l t i n g i n c e l l i n a ct i v at i o n .

No s ig n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e was found between dose-e ffec t curves f o rs u r v i v a l or muta t ion - induct ion o f th e i n f l ig h t and ground samples i r r a -d i a t ed on f i l t e r s . Thus t h i s p a r t o f t h e Gemini SO04 e x p e r im e n t , l i k eth e b lo o d e xp er ime nt , f a i l e d t o c o n fi rm th e a p p a re n t s y ne rg is m s ee n i nthe Gemini I11 SO04 b lood exper imen t. In add i t i on , t he Neurospora ex-per iment provides conclus ive data t h a t t h e r e i s no d i f f e r e n c e i n t h eg e n e t i c e f f e c t s o f i r r a d i a t i o n d u r i n g s p a c e f l i g h t a n d t h e g e n e t i c e f -fe c ts obta ined i n ground-based exper iments .S ig n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e found between t h e dose-effec t curves

f o r s u r v iv a l ( P = 0 .02) bu t no t mu ta t ion - induc t ion ( P = 0 .0 9 ) o f t h ei n f l ig h t and ground Neurospora samples i r ra d i a t ed i n suspension . A tface va l ue thes e d a t a might sugges t an tagon ism between space f l ig h tpa ramete r s and rad ia t ion .da ta f rom the SO04 blood exper iments on e i ther the Gemini I11 orGemini X I miss ions , o r wi t h th e d a ta ob ta ine d from Neurospora sampleson Mi l l i p o r e f i l t e r s . The d i f f e r e n c e be tw ee n t h e d a t a o bt a in e d frominf l ight and ground suspensions i s b e l i ev e d t o be due t o d i f f e r en c e s i nr e l a t i v e a n ox i a r e s u l t i n g f rom h igh s p a c e c r a f t c a b in t e m p e r a tu r e , r a t h e rthan "we igh t le s sness .

However, t hey c l ea r l y do not agree wit h th e

Both the Gemini X I SO04 blood exper iment and the SO04 Neurosporaexperiment have thus f a i l e d t o c o n fi rm th e a p p a r en t s y n er gi s m s e e n i nthe Gemini I11 experiment. I t i s c on cl ud ed t h a t t h e d i f f er e n ce i n t h eGemini I11 s ingle -break chromosome ab er ra t i on r a te s w a s probab ly ther e s u l t o f s t a t i s t i c a l s am pl in g e r r o r s . I n any c a s e , even i f t h e e f f e c tfound i n th e Gemini I11 experiment were i n f a c t " r e a l ," i t w a s e v i d e n t l yn o t t h e r e s u l t o f a gene ra l synerg ism between "weight le ssness " and rad i-a t ion .


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The SO04 experiment w a s d es ig ne d t o t e s t w h et h er or n o t t h e r ee x i s t s a synerg ism between r ad ia t i on and some fa c to r as soc ia ted withs p a c e f l i g h t ( s u c h as " w eig h tl e ss n es s ") f o r t h e p r o d u ct i o n o f q u a n ti -t a t i v e r a d io b io lo g i c a l e f f e c t s . The e x i s t e n c e o f s uc h a synerg ism,which i s not expected on t h e ba s i s of ground-based rad i obio log y, hasb e en s u g g e s t ed l a r g e l y b e ca u se o f o b s e r v a t i o n s o f b io lo g i c a l materialsf l o w n o n v a r io u s p r e v io u s s p a c e f l i g h t s ( s e e r e f s . 1, 2 , and 3 ) .

The SO04 human blood experiment w a s s u c c e s s f u l l y c a r r i e d o u t d u r i n gthe Gemini I11 miss ior , i n March , 1965.e xp er im en t h av e a l r e a d y be en d e s c r ib e d i n d e t a i l ( r e f s . 4 and 5 ) . I nb r i e f , no e v id en c e o f s y n er gi s m f o r t h e p r od u c t i on o f m u l t i pl e - b re a kchromosomal aberrations w a s found, nor w a s t h e r e any e v id e n ce t h a t t h espace f l i g h t i t s e l f had induced abe r ra t i ons . However, app rox ima telytw ic e as many s ing le -b reak abe r ra t i ons were found i n th e i r r ad ia te df l i g h t s a m p l e s as i n t h e s a mp le s i r r a d i a t e d on t h e g r ou nd , a nd t h ed i f f e r e n c e w a s s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g ni f ic a nt . This unexpected r esu l t couldnot be explained by known physical phenomena.ground e xp er im en ts r u l e d o u t t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n s a ndv i b r a t i o n s a s s o c i a t e d w it h t h e s p a c e f l i g h t had i n f l ue n c e d t h e a b er r a-t i o n y i e l d s i n t h e i n f l i g h t b l oo d sa mp le s.repea t the Gemin i I11 SO04 human blood experiment as n e a r l y as p o s s i b l eon a subsequent Gemini mission, i n a n at te mp t t o c o nf ir m t h e r e a l i t y ,or a t l e a s t t h e g e n e r a l i t y o f t h e G e m in i I11 " e f f e c t . "experiment w a s ca r r ied ou t du r ing the Gemin i X I miss ion .

The r e s u l t s f rom t h e Gemini I11

Furthermore , subsequent

I t w a s d ec id ed , t h e r e f o r e , t o

The repeat

The exper iment cons is ted of two pa r t s . One, l i k e t h e Gemini I11SO04 exper imen t , u t i l i zed human whi te b lood ce l l s as t h e b i o lo g i ca l t e s tm a t e r i a l and chromosome abe rr at io n pr odu ct io n as t h e e n d p o in t .o t he r u t i l i z ed t he mold Neurospora c ras sa as t h e b i o l o g ic a l t e s t mat e r i a land measured surv ival and muta t ion as endpo in t s .c o n s i s t e d o f s im u l t a n e o u s ly i r r a d i a t i n g tw o s e r i e s o f b io lo g i c a l s a m p le swith measured doses of 32P B rays , one on the g round and the o the r aboa rdt h e s p a c e c r a f i , d u r i ng t h e o r b i t a l ph as e o f a s p a c e f l i g h t .ana lyses o f the wh i te ce l l s f rom the in f l igh t and g round b lood samplesfor induced chromosomal aberra t ions , and of the spores f rom the inf l ightand ground Neurospora samples f or su rv iv al and f o r mut a t i on , providet e s t s f o r t h e e x i s t e n c e o f t h e p o s tu l a t ed s y ne rg i sm , a t l e a s t f o r t h es ep a r t i c u l a r r a d i o b i o l o g i c a l e n d p o i n t s .

TheBoth the exper iments

P o s t f l i g h t

The Neurospora portion of the Gemini X I SO04 experiment was addedt o t h e o r i g in a l human b lo od e xp er im en t i n o r d e r t o e x t e n d t h e o b se r -v a t i o n s t o a n o th e r o r ga ni sm a nd t o o t h e r r a d i o b i o l o g i c a l e n d p o i n t s .Neurospora assay system i s d es ig ne d t o e v a l u a t e t h e g e n e ti c e f f e c t s o fThe


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any " i ns u l t " t o t h e o rgan ism wi th r eg

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