Mann e Thompson - Rhetorical Structure Theory

8/12/2019 Mann e Thompson - Rhetorical Structure Theory

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R S Ty

A Ty Tx Ogz

Repinted from Te Structue o Discourse

Wllam C MannSandra A opon

ISI/RS-87190June 1987


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Wllam C. Mann

anda A Thmpsn

SI Re See

ISRS-87 190

Je1987

ivriyo o

or

Rhetorical Structure Theory:

A Theory of Text Organization

Reprinted fomThe tucu f Du

Ths reseac was sponsoed in pa by Nat1oal Scee Foudao gan S-8408726, i pa y AOSR conatsQ8784000 and 4960 8C005. anm pat y DARPA conat MDA903 8 C 0335 Any pnons, fndngs,


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SI Rp S

Ths repo is one n seres of reprnts acles and ppers wrtten by SI

research taff nd ublhed n roeonal journs and onerence

roceedng. For a complete st of SI reors, wrte to

Document Dstrbuton

USC/Inorton Sences Insttute

Adrlty Way

Mrn del Rey CA USA


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Table of Contents

1 Itrduct2 Deft fr Relat, Scem ad Structure

2.1 Termgy2.2 Relat2.3 Scem2.4 Scema Applcat2.5 Structural Aalye ad Structure Dagram

3 Relat ad Reat Deft3.1 vdece ad Jutfy

3.1.1 vdece3.1.2 Jutfy

3.2 Atte ad Cce

3.2.1 Atte3.2.2 Cce4 Order f Spa5 Dtct Amg Reat fect ad Fuctalm7 Ue ad Cequece f RST

7.1 Reult fm Text Aaly7.2 Reut fm Stude f Relatal Prperte

8 Aaly f a arger Text9 Multple Aalye RST

9.1 Varete f Dfferece betwee Aalye911 Budary Judgmet9.12 Text Structure Ambguty9.1 .3 Smultaeu Aalye9.1.4 Dfferece Betwee Aalyt9.1.5 Aalytcal Errr

9.2 Ambguty, Dagreemet ad Preferred Aalye10 Nuclearty

10.1 Wat uclearty?10.2 Tt Pemea tat Demtrate Nuclearty

121 Nucleu Delet ad Nuclear Fuct122 Satellte Deet ad Nuclear Fuct123 Relat Amg Dctuu Part f te Text102.4 Hyptax

10.3 Mult-uclear Ctruct10.3.1 velpg Structure10.3.2 Paralle Structure

10.4 uctal Iterpetat f Nuclearty11 RST relat t ter reearc

11 . 1 Itercaual relat11.2 Grme ad related wrk

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11. Gz ad de They Dcue tuctue 211 Mat Cjuctve Relat 45115 Jda 6

12 Cclu 6

I. Appendix Moe Reaions 8I. Ccumtace 8!.2 uthd 49!. labat 52!. Backgud 53!.5 ablemet ad Mtvat 54

!.51 ablemet 5!52 Mtvat 55

!6 The "Caue" Clute: Caue Reult ad Pupe 57!61 Vltal Caue 57

!.62 NVltal Caue 58!.6. Vlta Reult 62!. 6. N-Vltal Reut 62!65 Pupe 6

. 7 Cdt ad Othewe 65!71 Cdt 65!7 2 Othewe 66

!8 tepetat ad vauat 67!81 tepetat 67!82 vauat 68

!9 Retatemet ad ummay 70!.9 1 Retatemet 71!92 ummay 72

I Othe Relat 7!11 The MultNuclea Relat equece Ctt, ad Jt 7

.. equece 7.1.2 Ctt 7.1. Jt 75

Appendi: Teminoogy fo he Deniions 78I Peetg ad peg 78

II2 Kwg ad Regadg 78I2.1 tat ad the Realzat 79I22 Act 79


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List of Figures

Figue Figue Figue 3Figue Figue 5

xample f te Fve Scema TpeRST dagam f "Ta Pgam" tetRST dagam f Mc Da" tetRST dagam f "Nt aze" textRST dagam f "Dx text

Figue 6 RST dagam f e" tetFigue 7 RST dagam f "Scm" tetFigue 8Figue 9

Sme ffect Statemet f te Scm AdvetemetTp f a RST dagam f Update" Text

Figue Figue Figue 1

Figue 1-Figue 1-3Figue 1-Figue 1-5Figue 1-6Figue 17Figue 1-8Figue 1-9Figue 1Figue 1-

Figue 1-Figue 1-3Figue 1-Figue 1-5Figue 16Figue 1-7Figue 1-8Figue 1-9Figue 1-

RST dagam f "Tec Rept" tetRST dagam f Ut 2 f " Scm textRST dagam f "Vt Feve tet

RST dagam f Meet te Ace" textRST dagam f Seepg Bag" textRST dagam f Cfeece" textRST dagam f Tag textRST dagam f Balet" textDffeece Betwee Cae ad Relt RelatRST dagam f Tpe Decetl tetRST dagam f Atala Mg text

RST dagam f "Tafe f Teclg" textRST dagam f "Bt text

RST dagam f Repacemet Dk" textRST dagam f Update" textRST dagam f Dece textRST dagam f Al Add Up" textRST dagam f Well Gmed Ca textRST dagam f Mem ad Pefmace textRST dagam f Oage Amba" textRST dagam f Cmpatmetalzat" textRST dagam f "Beefca text

7 215

62

27

29

33

6

49

5051

53

56

759

6066

646869

70

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776

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List of Tabls

Ogazat t Rat DftCacal Od f Spa S Rlat

Rat Clcat Sujct Matt Ptatal

g 1718


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Rheoric Sucue heor A heor of ex Orgiio

Wllam C. MannUSC nfrmatn Scence nttute

Sandra A. ThmpnLnutc DepartmentUC Santa Barbara

Asc

Rhetrcal Structure Thery a decrptve thery f a majr pect f theranzatn f natural text. It a lnutcally uefu methd fr decrbn naturatext, characterzn ther tructure prmarly n term f relatn that hd beteenpart f the text Th paper etabhe a ne defntnal fundatn fr RSTDefntn are made mre ytematc and explct, they ntrduce a ne functnalelement, and ncdentally refect mre experence n text analy An th thedefntn, the pape eamne three cam and fndn f RST the pedmnance

nucleuatelte tuctural pattern, the functna b f herarchy, and thecmmuncatve re f text tructure


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nn

a dcriptive framewok for text, Rhetorical Stucture Theory provides acombination of features that h tuned out to be useful in seveal kinds of discousestudies. It identies hierarchic stuctue in text It describes the relations between textpats in functional terms identifying both the tansition point of a relaton and the

extent of the items related It provides compehensive analyses rather than selectivecommentary. It is insensitve o text size and h been applied o a wde variety ofsizes of text

The denitions in this pape provide a specic and examinable intepretation foran RST structual analysis They identify the sorts of facts and judgments on whichsuch an analysis is bed and provide most of the famewok needed for analyzing newtexs

The purpose of this pape is to make Rhetoical Stuctue Theory RST moreexplicit and thus moe usable and open to examinaton. In additon o povdngdenitions the paper reviews vaious kinds of conequences of RST and identies thesense in which it s a functional theoy o text structure. Its scope is writtenmonologue; RST h not yet been extended to descibe dialogue multilogue and spoken

language.1

Several studies have used RST a desciptive famewok for investigatinglinguistic iues. Succeful use of RST in this way validates its umptons Some ofthese studies ae described below

First RST provides a general way to descibe the relations among clauses in atext whether or not they ae grammatically o lexically signalled. Thus RST is auseful famework for relating the meanings of conjunctions the grammar of clausecombining and non-signalled parataxis Fo discuion see [Matthieen Thompsn86], Thompson Mann 87] and [Thompson ann 86].

1We have been developng RST over the t evel ye at Informaton Scec Intitute, wtvluable nput from Cec Ford, Barb Fox Pete F an Chta Matthsen n the contet ofwork on te generton dgnng computer pogram tt ve me of te capabt of uthor; RSTthu h both anc and conructve ue. In t pape owever we cu RST an atcl on. For prenar dcon of RST an text generton ee

ann 84

ad

ann Thompon

86a Authohp of h pper hed equll.

We e gefu he Netherand Inttute fo Avaced Stud for felowhp upport forS. Tompn durng part of the preparaton of pape, nd Joan Bybee Erca Garc NkoluHmelmann, Teun Hoektr Lne Marche Lva Po ad epecaly Chrta Mthsen fordcun o me of the de n t

T mtea be on wok upporte n pt by te toal Scence Founaton unde GrtIST-8408726 n pat b DRPA contract A903 81 C 0335 n n pat b the Ar Force Offce ofScentfc Reearch contrac FQ8671-84017 n F46287C y opnon ngconcluon or recommenaton exprse n th publcaton are te of the author n do notneealy reflect he vew of the pon


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Scond, dscrptv RST hs bn usd an analytcal tool for a d ran oftxt typs [No 86 for xampl shos ho t can b usd to charactrz nsbroadcsts [Fox 84] dmonstrats ho xplanatons of th choc btn pronoun andfull n xpostory Enlsh xts can b drvd from th oranzatona structurrvald by RST.

Thrd, dscrptv RST lays a foundaton for studs n contrtv rhtorcCus analyss of Mandarn and Enlsh ssays Cu 8] s an xampl

Fourth, RST hs provn to b usful n analyzn narratv dscours l.Kumpf 86 s a study of th ntrlanua of Japans and Spansh spakrs. Th

author shos that RST s valuabl n dscrbn th rammatca and rhtorcalproprts of th narratvs producd by ths spakrs

Fnally, RST provds a framork for nvstatn Rlatonal Propostons,

hch ar unstatd but nfrrd propostons that ars from th txt structur n thprocss of ntrprtn txts (s Mann & Thompson 86b]) Snc th cohrnc of atxt dpnds n part on ths Rlatonal Propostons, RST h bn usful n th studyof txt cohrnc.

n rtn ths papr, prsumd of th radr no pror famlarty th RSTTh ntndd audnc s lnusts, computatonal lnusts ad othrs famlar thcommon nustc trmnoloy. Our mthod s to dn th symbolc mchansms ofRST and thn prsnt thr applcaton alon th natura xampls Thos mostntrstd n th consquncs and contnt of actual anayss can skp Sctons 2 and I

and concntrat on th xampls n Sctons and 6 throuh 10, snc thy llustratth ffcts of th dfntons

Deinions or Reaons Shem an Sruures

Ths scton dfns th mnts of RST ndpdnty of th partcularlanuas and txt typs to hch t hs bn appld. t dfns RSTs four knds ofdnd obcts

1 . Rlatons

2. Schm

Schma Applcatons

4 Structurs

Brfy, th raton dfntons dntfy partcular rlatonshps that can holdbtn to portons of a txt Bd on th rlatons, th schm dfn pattrns nhch a partcular span of txt can b anayzd n trms of othr spans Th schma


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pplcon convenon defne he y h chem cn be nnced, ome hmore flexbly hn ju lerl pr-forpr nncon. The noon of he rucure ofn enre ex defned n erm of compoon of chem pplcon.

TermoogyA text pan n unnerruped lner nerl of ex. The erm wte refer o

he rer of he ex ben decrbed eade refer o he nended reder() of he ex,he udence. W nd R denoe he rer nd reder. The analyt he peron homke udmen bou he ex o produce he nly.

Reaos

Relon re defned o hold beeen o nonoverlppn ex pn here clled

he nucleu nd he atellte,2

denoed by N nd S.A relon defnon con of four feld

1 osrais o he Nes

osrais o he Saee

3 osras o he ombao o Nes ad Saee

4. The Ee

Ech feld pecfe prculr judmen h he ex nly mu mke nbuldn he RST rucure. Gven he nure of ex nly hee re judmen ofplubly rher hn cerny In he ce of he Effec feld, he nly judnheher pluble h he rer dere he pecfed condon

One ol of h pper o mke poble o denfy he nvolvemen of henly judmen n he nly In h ve of nly, he nly h cce ohe ex, knolede of he conex n hch ren, nd hre he culurlconvenon of he rer nd he expeced reder, bu h no drec cce o eherhe rer or oher reder Durn he nly, judmen mu be mde bou he

2Te tems ae smply spa abes ee; Set 10 tey ae desbed ad justed apppateabes.

3Te us te eet s peseted a sepaate eld smply veee. t s deved m teEet eld ad tas addtal mat abut te elat

ausblty s a tesd ept bed a degee sale ad a etal ay ddg tesae pde a bay judgmet


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rter r readers. Snce such judments cannt be certan, they must be plausbludgm nts In effect, every judment f the cmpleted analyss s f the frm, t splausble the analyst that .. Ths s hat t means fr a prpstn t hld partf an analyss see als Crthers 9] fr a smlar ve f the rle f plausblty nanalyss).

Smlarly, all judments f the readers cmprehensn f the text are made nthe bs f the text rather than the analysts drect knlede f the reader, and thusare frm the rters perspectve. These, t, are plausblty judments

Fr example, the statement Cmprehendn S and the ncmpatblty beteenN and S ncrees Rs pstve reard fr N appears n the defntn f the ntthessrelatn. A mre explct, but equvalent, statement uld be t s plausble t theanalyst that t s plausble t the rter that cmprehendn S and the ncmpatbltybeteen N and S uld ncree Rs pstve reard fr N. Eschen bfuscatry

verbsty f lcutnal rendern, the crcumscrptnal appelatns are excsed.

In judn the functns f text, the anayst smetmes must beynd lteralreadns Fr example, n analyzn unt 1 f the text presented n Sectn !62( e've been able t mne ur n rn re all the materals e need ), the analystmust recnze that the unt s nt smply abut ablty t mne re, but abut actualmnn

Nte that snce every defntn h an Effect feld, the analyst effectvelyprvdes a plausble ren the rter mht have had fr ncludn each part f the

hle text.

Ths s a mre explct frm f defntn than that used n prevus paperThuh stll bed n judments, necessarly, t prvdes a checklst f affrmatns andthus makes t ey t dentfy the clams underlyn a partcular analyss.

3 Shem

Sche defne the structural cnsttuency arranements f text. They areabstract pattern cnsstn f a small number f cnsttuent text spans, a specfcatnf the relat beteen them, and a specfcatn f h certan spans (nucle) arerelated t he hle cllectn They are thus lsely analus t rammar rulesWth the cnventns bel, they determne the pssble RST text structures

RST s an abstract set f cnventns. We can ve the cnventns etherndependent r nclusve f partcular relatn defntns The ft ve mrecprehensve, but the latter s mre cnvenent e use the latter The frst veuld be eental fr a crlnustc r crscltural cmparatve study n hchrelatn defntns mht dffer) Ths ve ves rse t varus vesn f RST text


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tude proceed Thee veron re bed prmrly on vrnt et of reltondefnton nd econdrly on mnor vrton n the et of defned chem

Schem, defned n term of the relton pecfy how pn of text cncooccur. Wth the chem pplcton condton they determne the poble RST text

tructure

RST reconze fve knd of chem repreented by the fve exmpledrmmed n Fure 1. The curve repreent relton holdn nd the trht nerepreent dentfcton of the nucler pn. Schem for reton not mentoned nthe fure l folow the mpl ptt rn r pr nt d by Crcumtnce ngl reltonwth nucleu nd tellte. The chem nme for thee re the me thecorr pondng relton nme. The lre mjorty of both chem nd chempplcton follow th mple pttern; t poble to nlyze dozen of ordnry textnd encounter nothn ele

The multnucler chem re ued to repreent porton of text mnorty nwhch nother pttern of ornzton ued nted of ornzton round nlenucleu The CONTT chem wy h exctly two nuce EQENCE hndefntey mny one for ech equence eement, nd ucceon relton betweendjcent nucle. OT lo h ndefntely mny nucle. Of coure, thee re nucle byconventon only, nce there re no correpondn tellte.

24 Shema Appiatos

Schem tht pper n text tructure rechem defned ome vrton re permtted.poble pplcton of chem

not lwy exct cope of theThree conventon determne the

ordered spas: The chem do not contrn the order of nucleu ortellte n the text pn n whch the chem pped.

2. optioa reatos For mult-reton chem ll ndvdul relton reoptonl, but t let one of the relton mut hold.

repeated reatios: A relton tht prt of chem cn be ppled nynumber


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mmv m

q qFgure Examples f the Fve Schema Types

A stucual analyss f a text s a set f schema applcatns such that thefllwn cnstants hld

ompeteness: The set cntans ne schema applcatn that cntans a set f textspans that cnsttute the ente text.

onneteness: Except fr the ente text a text span each text span n theanalyss s ethe a mnmal unt a cnsttuent f anthe schemaapplcatn f the analyss.


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unqueness: Each schema appcatn cnssts f a dfferent set f text spans, andthn a mult-relatn schema each relatn apples t a dfferent setf text spans

adjaeny The text spans f each schema applcatn cnsttute e text span.

Nte that cmpleteness cnnectedness and unqueness taken tether aresuffcent t cause RST analyses t be trees.

The defntns n ths sectn are suffcent t ve a defnte nterpretatn tthe ntn that a certan structure s an RST structural analyss f a certan text.

Darams representn the RST structures f texts are fund thruhut hspaper. n these, the arcs, labeled th relatn names, cnnect prtns f a structure

fr hch the relatn hds Each vertcal lne descends frm the text span bendecmpsed by a schema applcatn dn t the nucleus f the schema applcatn.Numbers represent the sequence f undecmpsed unts f the structure.

A very fe texts, typcally advertsements n hch a ttle lne plays a rle n thebdy f the text, can be anayed nly f the adjacency cnstrant s relaxed. Othertexts are best analyed f the unqueness cnstrant s reaxed ths apprach hepsaccunt fr paralelsm and fr spans n hch mre than ne relatn hlds fr a parf spans. Fr sme texts, mre than ne analyss may be apprprate, descrbed nSectn 9.

3 Reatons and Reaton Dentons

Ths sectn ntrduces all f ur defned relatns by name, and presents arepresentatve sample f defntns the remann defntns are n Appendx I Amajr al f ths paper s t cnvey the defntns f these relatns

Table 1 shs the defned relatns, ruped accrdn t a specfc knd fresemblance Each rup cnssts f relatns that share a number f characterstcsand dffer n e r t partcuar attrbutes.

T a n dub ains wi mig b na nsus in a suu;n u is a s wi a pn ms usu anass daa w a amnd Anumb ains in is pap a as disud and ilusad, w sm dins, n [Nl6


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===============

rcumtanceSolutonhoodElaboratonBackround

Tbe

Enablement and MotvatonEnablementMotvaton

Evdence and JutyEvdence

utyRelaton o aueVoltonal aueNonVoltonal aeVol tona ReultNonVoltonal ReultPrpoe

Oranzaton o the Relaton Denton

Antthe and onceonAnttheonceon

ondton and OtherweondtonOtherwe

nterpretaton and EvaluatonnterpretatonEvaluaton

Retatement and SummaryRetatementSummary

Other RelatonSequenceontrt

n the relaton denton ecton, here and n the appendx, each relatondenton accompaned by the analy o a natural example o t occurrence Manyo thee are analye o whoe text or ubtantal extract, on beyond lutratn thenle relaton ben dened

The our relaton denton below compre two o the roup rom Tabe 1They lutrate a dvere rane o textual eect, whch one an denty, dependn onone technca orentaton, a nterperonal or ocal eect, deatona or arumentatoneect and textual or preentatonal eect

3 Evene an Jsy

Evene and Jsy orm a ubroup both nvove the reader' atttudetoward the nucleu An Evene atellte ntended to ncree the reader bele nthe nuclear materal a Jsy atelte ntended to ncree the reader readne toaccept the wrter rht to preent the nucear materal


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3 Evidence

relton nme: EDENCEconstrnts on N R mht nt beleve N t a eree atfactry t w

constrnts on S: The reaer beleve S r ll fn t crebeconstrnts on the N S combnton:R cmprehenn S ncree R belef f N

the effect R belef f N ncreeocus of the eect: N

Th extract frm a letter t the etr f BYTE maazne h an example f theEvidence relatn. The rter pran a feeral ncme tax prram publhe n aprevu ue

The prram publhe fr calenar year really rk

2. n nly a fe mnute, entere all the fure frm my tax return ant a reut hch aree th my han calculatn t the penny

The RST aram n Fure 2 h unt 2 3 n an Evidence relatn thunt ; they are prve t ncree the reaer belef n the clam expree n unt 1

3..2 Justify

The flln hrt text, fm the electrnc bulletn bar at SI, prve anexample f the Justify relatn

The next muc ay cheule fr July 21 Saturay nn-mnht

2. ll pt mre etal ater,

3. but th a tme t eerve the place n yur calenar.

n th tet, unt 2 - 3 are n a Jutify relatn th unt 1. They tell reaehy the rter beleve he ha the rht t ay unt thut vn "mre etal," npartcular thut vn the lcatn f the muc ay event. Thee relatn arearamme n Fure 3

F anther example f Justfy, an analy f a text cntann "Let be clea"

6In R bif is a s a g cnc his is n a cna fa f h fniins, bu ihps lain cain fas .g i ins f vinc A gns f h a's sasan acins ncssaiy s f h anays's vi f h s v snc hy a bs n h


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vdn

1 2 3

Figure 2 RST aram fr Tax Prram ex

relton nme STIFYconstnts on N: nneconstrnts on S nneconstrnts on the N S combnton

R' cmprehenn S cree R reane accep WS rh preen N

the effect R reane accep W rh preen N ncreelocus of the eect N

ee he Cmmn Caue ex analyze n eal Mann & Thmpn 86b, Mann &Thmpn 8, an [Thmpn & Mann 8.

32 Atithess ad Cocesso

Thee relan n he tthess/Ccessio ubrup hare he flln

prpery Te ere effec caue he reaer have pve rear fr henucleu. They ffer n ha Atthesis a ubype f Cott reflece n heefnn, hle Cocesso n.

3.2. Atthess

The cnr n pve rear, hch a he cre f he Atthesis relan, ell llurae by he fr pararaph frm an eral n The Hatfod Couant


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3

justfy

2 3

onssv

2

Figure 3 RST aram f "Mc Day txt

3

lton nm ANTITSSconstnts on N W h ptv rar fr th tuatn prnt n Nconstnts on S nnconstnts on th N S combnton

th tuatn pnt n an S ar n cntrt cf.CONTRAST, . ., ar (a cmprhn th am n manypct b cmprhn frn n a f rpct an (ca cmpar th rpc t n r mr f th ffrncbcau f an ncmpat t that ar frm th cntrt, ncannt av ptv rar fr bth th tuatn prnt n an S cmprhnn S an th ncmpatbty btn thtuatn prnt n N an S ncr R ptv ra f

th tuatn pnt n Nth ffct R ptv ar fr N ncrlocus of th ffct


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1. Famio poic ha o hlp cool affic cly

2. wh hudd of popl lid up o amo h fi appyi fo job ah y-op Maio ol

. Th hol hlpwad aoucm - fo 00 opi - w a aoppouiy fo may umpoyd

4. Th popl waii i li caid a ma, a fuaio, of caim ha hjobl coul b mployd if oly hy howd ouh moxi

. Ey ul h xcpio

bu h aic ad commo ablaux of hudd o houad of

popl ak-lii up fo ay k wih a paychck illua a lack ofjob,

. o azi

Fiu 4 i h RST diaam fo hi xcp

i 6 i hi xcp illua h Aiesis laio ui hdioial wi coid h hi ha umploym ca b xplaid i m ofazi, bu h claly fao (i.. h poii ad fo) h popoiio i ui

mploym h i oo i a ack of job.

322 Cocessio

O obiou way o ial a Cocessio laio i a althouh clau bu [Thompo & Ma ] fo dicuio of h fomfucio laiohip wih

Cocesso) i a cla xampl i a Sentf Ame abac:

Til ioxi

1 o ha hi maia i hamfu o hah o h iomay b miplacd.

. Ahouh i i oxic o cai aimal,

. ic i lacki ha i h ay iou lo-m ffc o humabi

a csig h b a f aaysis i is iu pvi h ac f

h ia saiv hs


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background

voitional esutevidence

23 4 57

cicmstance concession_ 2 3 5 67

antithesis -6 7Fgure 4 RST agram for ot azn txt

n t txt th wrtr ot gnal tat unt an ar compat an

acknowlg tr potnta ncompatlty That , oxn toxcty to crtananmal compat wt t lack of vnc that t harmfu to human ut t alo potntally ncompatl wth t, nc toxcty to anmal oftn mpl toxcty tohuman Fgur gv th RS agram for t txt

Cncessn n not gnal wth a hypotactc althouh clau wllknown t can appar n otr form, on common on ng paratax gnal ybut Hr an xampl from a -unt crpton of on of th announcr on a Longl pulc rao taton


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5

===========

relation name CONCESSIONconstraints on N W h positve regard for the situation presented n N

constraints on S W is not claiming that the situation presented in S doesnt holdconstraints on the N + S combination:

W acknowledges a potential or apparent incompatibility betweenthe situations presented in N and S; W regards the situationspresented in N and S compatible recogzg thecompatibility between the situatons presented in N and Sincreses Rs positve regard for the situation presented n N

the eect Rs positive regard for the situation presented in N s incresed

locus of the eect N and S

==================

1 - 3

elaboraton

1 2 -

concession

2

Figure 5: RST diagram for "Dioxin" text

17. Athough Jm lsts tennis, Chinese food and travel to exotic

ocales among hs favorite hobbes

18. one can't hep but wonder at the unmentioned nterests that hepspark Jms creatvity leadng hm to concoct an unending stream ofimagnative programs


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ti xtrct unit 7 in which th thr hbbi r mntin i ptntiyincmptib with uit 8 which u t unmntin intrt. Bcu f thunmentone hwvr th writr viw th cntnt f th tw unit cmptibn hp tht t rr by rcgnizing thi cmptibiity wi viw th cntnt funit 8 wit pitiv rgr. ht i th rr i iy t bjct t unit 8 by

ying "but im ny h thr hbbi h RS igrm fr thi tt i givn inigur 6.

1 1 8

concession

1 18

Figue 6 RS igrm fr Hbbi txt

Dfiniti t tr rtin r giv in Appix ctin bwgiv mr cmprhiv viw f RS ny n thir intrprttin.

4 Order o Span

iict bv, th rtin n chm fiitin nt ctri thrr f pn in th txt Orring m t b unr th inpnnt cntr f thwritr.

Dpit ti ipc, m trng pttrn f rring prticur rtinhv bcm vit i th txt nyi n fr. W prnt thm hr trngtnci rtr tn cntrit. b prt th cnnic unmrk, mtfrunt rr f pn fr my f t rtin h rt might hv cicrr

W hv brv tht i ntur txt i rwrittn t cvrt t intc fnn-cnnic p rr t cnic rr it m ruc txt uity n tn


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17

mprv t ppt tru f cnvrtng cannca rr t nn-canncal .g.,by puttng bckgrun atllt at th n.

Tabe 2 Canncal Orr f Spn fr Sm Rlatn

Satllt Bfr uclu

uclu Bfr Satllt

ntthBckgrunCncv

lbrtnnablmntvnc

CntnalutfySl u tnh

PurpRtatmnt

5 Dstctos og Reatos

Svra ppl av uggt tat crat taxnmy f t rlatn n rrt prnt t mprtant ffrnc amng tm. Hvr, n ngl txnmy m

utabl Dpnng n n ntrt, any f vrl fatur an mnn f thrlatn cul b ma t b fr grupng tm. grupng f rltnrflct n abl 1 n Sctn , rflct n uch b Otr b cul b tmrtr n rar partcptn, n lcu f ffct

ntrtng ty vn n b n tnctn btn hat mght call "ubjct mttr" an "prntatnl" pct f txt tructur. u,rlatn, uc Votoa ause, xpr part f th ubjct mattr f th txtVotoa ause rlt t txt pan f ty r unrt cually rlt nth ubject mttr. Otr, uch Justfy r u nly t facltat t prnttnprc tlf

Justfyrlat t txt pn nly f n f tm m lkly tncr t rr ccptanc f t tr.

fllng cart uggt pbl nam fr th tnctn, n tn tt lbl Subjct Mttr /Prnttnal

Subjct MttrSmantctnl

PrntatnlPragmatc ( van Djk 7708] n Fr 87]

W can, tn, v t rlatn av prnt nt t t grup.Wt trmn t prpr grup fr a gvn rltn? h clrt nctr t


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8

ffct a rlation h on th rar givn in th finition for ach rlation Subjctmattr rlation ar tho who intn ffct i that th rar recognize th rlationin qution prntationa ration ar tho who intn ffct i to incr omnclination in th rar uch th ir to act or gr of th poitiv rgar forblif in or accptanc of th nuclu Tabl prnt thi clification

Tab 3 Rlation Clifcation on Subct Mattr / Prntational BiSubect Mattr PrntationallaborationCircumtancSolutionhooolitional Cauoi tiona Rulton-olitional Cau

onolitional RultPurpoConitionOthrwintrprtationvaluationRtatmntSummarySquncContrt

MotivatonAntithiBackgrounnablmntvincJutfy

Concion

(incr ir)(incr poitiv rgar)(incr ability)(incr ability)(incr blif)(incr accptanc)

(incr poitiv rgar)

Clary RST ration can b taxonomiz in othr way W coul itinguihtho with locu of ffct in th nucu from tho with ocu of ffct in th nucluan th atlit. Or w coul itinguih tho that involv rar action from thothat o not Th itinction coul b uful in way w will not puru hr thitinction of ubjct mattr an prntational appar to u an with implicationfor txt intrprtation.

6 Effcts and unctinasm

An ntia part of a rlation finition i th ction abl ffct t containa tatmnt o om conition that i routinly achiv through u of th rationWhn th analyt appli th finition an crat a particular RST cription of atxt th ffct r a contraint againt inappropriat u of rlation.

8W nt that ths istintin is inisnt f bt nt th sa , Haay an Hsans istintinbtn tna an intna atins [Haiay & Hsan [atin an [Nl


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T la to t followng obrvaton about RST tructura crpton oftxt

For ac rlaton an cma fiton t finton al only f t laublto t

analyttat t wrtr wat to u t

ann ortonoft txt to acv t ffct

a rult an RST analy alway conttut a plaubl account of wat twrtr want to acv wt ac part of t txt. An RST analy tu afunctonal account of t txt a wol

T pont mportant n tablng ut ow our approac offr a functonalaccount of txt tructur RST prov an xplct plaubl functonal account of atxt a ffct of t analy, prcly bcau t fnton ar tat n trmof ow t txt prouc an ffct on t rar wc t wrtr coul ronably avntn. n applyng a rlaton nton t analyt affrm t plaublty of acffct

T applcablty of a rlaton finton nvr pn rcty on t form oft txt bng analyz t fnton o not ct conuncton tn or partcularwor RST tructur ar trfor tructur of functon ratr tan tructur ofform

7 Use and Consequences of RST

To t pont t papr bn vot to fnng an xmplfyng tconvnton mto an mcanm of RST. t not prnt rarc rultxcpt ty rprnt a pont n a vlopmnt qunc a qunc of uccvlymor fnbl convnton foun ncrngly uful n mprcal crptv work onnatural txt

Atoug t prmary purpo of t papr fntonal w can rvw omrult of applyng RST contruct to natural txt. But frt w oul not tat tfntonal cton o not mply tat txt wll av RST tructur On coul

magn tat no txt wt uc tructur xt t fact tat om txt av RSTtructur tu a rult

Two group of rult ar rvw blow on from txt analy an t otrfrom tu of rlatonal proprt.

f s it s nt h h funtina an any ffs f a t d nt n n its Rstu


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7. Resuts ro Text Anaysis

At this wrt, hudreds f texts, represeti thusds f cluses r uits,hve bee lyzed us RST. They represet wide vriety f text typesdmiistrtive mes mzie rticles, dvertisemets pers letters, pliticlessys, scietific bstrcts d mre. riely, the utcmes f these lyses re

1 Virtully every text hs RST lysis.

erti text types chrcteristiclly d t hve RST lyses Theseiclude lws, ctrcts, reprts "fr the recrd" d vrius kids flue--rt cludi sme petry.

. ur culture, texts tht hve RST lyses predmte It is thus typcl,but t uiversl, fr texts t be herrchiclly structured d fuctlly

rized.

7.2 Resuts ro Stuies o Reationa Properties

Whie studyi text reltis d devepi RST, we becme wre tht thepresece f structurl relts i text h cseueces tht clsey resemble thecseueces f clusl serti. The text structure cveys prpsitis, dprpsits cveyed i ths wy re clled elatonal popotons We hve expliedd dcumeted the pheme i ther ppers M & Thmps 86b, [M &Thmps 85.

These reltl ssertis hve sever uusul prpertes

1 They re t cluslly expressed.

. Althuh cjuctis r ther mrphemes, smetmes sil the presece such prpsitis, they c be cveyed wth frml sil t ll

. The reltl prpsitis crrespd t the reltis f the RST structuref the text. Oe reltl prpsiti rises frm ech relti f thestructur

4 The reltil prpsitis re essetil t the cherece f ther texts.Perturbi text t prevet the (implicit r explict) expressi f e f tsreltl prpsitis cuses the text t becme icheret.

Recizi the relts f text, which is ttmut t reczi its RSTstructure d the bsis f its cherece, s thus essetl t uderstdi the text

Fr ive relt, e c idetify crrespdi ertil frm

red turl texts, peple csistetly jude tht the text cveys the

reltil


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2

prpsitis, v i cs whr mrphsytctic sil f th rlti xists iFiurs I-4 d 2.)

Tk, fr xmpl, th txt i Fiur 2

. Th prrm s publishd fr cldr yr 980 rlly wrks

2. I ly fw miuts, trd ll th fiurs frm my 980 txrtur

d t rsult which rd with my hd clcultis t th py.

Ppl cmmly rciz tht th txt cvys th id tht rsult thts with hd clcultis is vidc tht t prm wrks Th writr's us fth Evdc rlti thus h th ffct f rt tht thi is vidc frthr, suitbl bis fr cri th rdrs blf

Th thr rltis, likwis, cvy tl prpsitis, ch rprsttivf th rlti dfiiti Rltil prpsts rprst w cls f rtilffcts. Thy r t ivitd ifrcs Grc mplicturs r mr pprtusticifrcs frm vilbl kwld, l f whch r uit vidbl. Rltilppsitis r s ivitbl s txt structur tsl

W fd ll th rltil prpsitis sstil t th chrc f th txt. Ifthy c smhw b utrlizd, s by xplict ctrry srtis, th chrc f thtxt is brk t th pit f th mii rlti it bcms ichrt r tks sm ltrt itrprtti.

Sic th rltis d sil th txt, ithr d th rltilprpsitis Rltil prpsitis r t cmpsitil i th usul ss - thcmmuicti ffct riss frm smthi thr th th cmpsiti fitrprttis f xplicit prts. Ad thy r but s umrus s idpdtcluss

Rltil prpsitis, thrfr, chll thris f lu tht ut thcmmuicti ffct f txt with th "ms f its stcs d cmps thsmis frm th mis f its sytctic structurs d lxicl itms

A f ths pcts f rltil prpsitis hv b rcizd i prir wrk.Th w lmt i this ppr is tht rltil prpsitis r s drivd dirctlyfrm th rlti diiti itslf. I prticulr, th Effct fld pprs t b suffcit bis fr drivti f th rltil prpsti.

Whil th dtils d t b wrkd ut it sms clr tht th rltil


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prpsiti eed t be specified a stipulated effect f the relati stead, t sliked directy t the writer's itet.

8 Aayss f a Largr TxtThus far, ur exampe texts illustrati RST relatis have bee relatively shrt.

this secti we wil appy RST t the aalysis f a larer text. I a earlier paperwe have aalyzed this text i terms f relatial prpsitis [Ma & Thmps 8b,ad as discussed it i [Thmps & Ma 8 It is a advertisemet fr cmputerdiskettes frm YTE maazie.

1From an advertsemen by Synom appearing n e Jne sse of BYE magazine. Copyrgt 1982 Bye ubiatons, In. Ue w permsson o BYT baons, In


30/89

. Wht if yure hvi t cle flppy drve heds t fte

. sk fr SCOM dskettes ith burished Ectype cti ddustbsrbi jcket liers.

. s yur flppy drve rites r reds

4. Sycm diskette s rk fur ys

5. t keep lse prtcles d dust frm cusi sft errrs drputs.

6 Clei ets the burshed surfce f the Ectype cti ctuyremve buld-up frm the hed

7. hile ubricti it t the sme ime.

8. A crb dditive dris y sttc eectrcty

. befre it c ttrct dust r lit.

0. Str biders hld the sl-crryi xides thtly ith thect.

A. Ad the ve jcket ler,

mre h just pi the surfce,

. prvides thusds f tiy pckets t keep ht t clects.

. T see hich Sycm diskette ill replce the es yure us ,

14 sed fr ur free FexiFder select ude d the me f the

suppier erest yu.5 Sycm x 0, Mitchel S 570. 8008486 6056800

The RST lysis f ths text ppers Fure 7 We ill discuss ech prt

r analysis his infiniiva case par ni raher han a separae n, derves frmhe dgmen ha o keep wh olles is an infiniiva reaive case n he head nn pokes,raher han a prpse case fr he predicae povdes hosds o y pokes; he pckes areinended keep ha he iner cecs, n he iner isef The aernaive anaysis, hever, d nchange r vera pin


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4

f the lysis i detil but will utlie its cetrl clms fr the verll structure fthe text

iure 7 shws tht the Sycm text is ried i terms f Soutonhoo

relt Uit 1 a f you e avng o clean floppy dve ead oo ofen? presets prblem which the rest f the text slves The ext fer level rssly lyes thissluti by mes f the MOVAON/NAN Schem ucler impertiveAk fo yncom dkee wth tw steltes e fr the Motvaton reltuits 3 - 1 d e fr the Enabement relti uits 13 15

The ext fier level f lysis ivlves ech f these tw stellites. TheMotvaton stellite is relied AORAON Schem where the ucleus mesfour way tht dust d lse prticles c cuse mischief d fur Eaboatonstellites detil the fou way

y referri t iure 7 we c ctiue ur utie f the rhetricl lysis fthis text.

The ucleus f this AORAON Schem uts 5 csists f CCAC Schem where uit 3 prvides the circumstces uder which yurSycm diskette wok four way At the termil level f this CCUMANCSchem we fid URO Schem where the Pupose stellite uit 5 ves thepurpse fr which the Sycm diskette w desied t wok four way

Mv bck up t the Eaboaton stellites uts 6 - 1 we see tht uits 6 7 8 9 10 d 11 ech list e f the fou way the Sycm diskette wrks.Three f these fur stellites re themselves cmplex.

Exm these cmplex stelltes e t tme we see frst tht CCUMAC Schem represets uits 6 d 7 but the cleanng agen emovngbuldup while lubrcang Next we see tht bth uits 8 9 d uits 11 - 1 re i ntthess relti.

I the first pir uit presets the thesis" stellite the ide tht stticelectricity ttrcts dust d dirt. y the use f befoe the writer sils lck fpsitive rerd r this ide i fvr f the ucler "tithesis uit 8 which climstht the sttic electricity is dried wy.

Ai i the secd pir the tithesis ucleus fllws the thesis" stelliteThis time the writer ctrts the thesis the ide tht the jcket lier ju wipes thesurfce with the psitively rerded tthesis -- the de tht this jcket lierpovde ouand of ny pocke o old wa collec

This discusi mkes it cler tht the bulk f this text mely uits 1 10


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motivation

3 5

crcumance

_ 3 4 5

4 5

soluton hood

3

6 - 8 - 9

ccumsance antithesis

6 8 9

1 - 5

2 5

"enableen O'(.

3 5 >

.

0 3 4 5 ra"0

anthess enaement

>

4 5


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26

ut f th 15 uts mk up this txt is dvtd t mtivt th rdr t buy thSycm disktts. RSTs wy f stti such rliztis but th structur frdiry txts s mur f ts usfulss s lyticl tl.

Th Ebeme stllt rprsts th fil txt sp uts 3 5 th d wrtr hs ptd fr Soiohood rlti ut 13 pss th "prblm"(rly psud-prblm wth umbr f bltty uwrrtd sumpts f hwt dtrm wc yncom dkee wll eplace e one you e ung now Th"slut" f curs s t sd fr th fr "Flx-Fidr" slcti ud d m frst dlr. it 15 prvds frmti dd t bl this cti.

ht r w s lysts syi by ms f ths lysis but th ffctstdd by th wrtr Fur 8 shws Effcts sttmts tht crrspd t prtif th tp thr lvls f th structur i Fur 7

9 Mpe Ayses RST

It ft hpps tht txt h mr th yss it is rml dprdctbl utcm v th wy tht RST s dfid. Ths scti xplrs thsurcs d sficc f multipl lyss.

9 reies of Dffereces bewee Ayses

W d thrs hv hd th xpric f v th sm txt t svllysts wh th crtd diffr lyss smtms mr th frm dvidul lyst. Thr r svr ulttvly dffrt kds f multiplicity:

Budry udmts

Txt Structur mbiuty

3 Smultus lyss

4. ffrc Btw lysts

5 lytc Errr

Bodry dgmes

uistc thrs clud RST frc th yst t mk ctry judmtsbut th pm cutrd. ll such ctry judmts cutr brdrcs wich must b frcd it th ctrs f th thry. Th prblm smshrt fr thrs tht mk us f th ti f ctrs.

Hwvr ur xprc ds t sust tht this is mjr surc fmultplicty f ST lyss


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2

Figure 8 Sme Eects Sttemets r the Sycm Advertsemet

Solutionhood:

The reader recognizes that the body

of the text pesents a soluton to the

problem of havng to cean floppy

disk heads too often.

Motvation

Enablement

The reades desie to

ask for Syncom diskettesis increased

The reader's potental abity

to effectvely ask fo Syncomdskettes s nceasedc

Eaborato

The eade recognies that when ceang

agents remove build-up, t s oe of thefou ways that the dskette is woking t o

prevet eosC

7


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2 Tex Sce Ambiguiy

Evn vn wll bundd catri raitic linuitic thri admit altrnativanaly f thir phnmna at all lvl. Ambiuity i nrmal in rammatcaltructur and i cmmnly ncuntrd n uch tk yllabl bundarydtrminatin dciin n whthr a t f wrd rprnt a inl lxical tmdtrminatin f th crrpndnc f phnlical mntatin t rammaticalmntatin dntificatin f wrd n dtrminatin f uantifir cpdtrminatin f cp f natin idntificatin f indirct pch act and rlutinf anaphra.

Ambiuity i al nrma in RST. Nthin in th dfinitin f RST cntrainit t nl analy T d wuld b unralitic and uit unxpctd ivn thcuntrcurrnt f xprinc in linutic Whn an analyt find ambity t i arcnitin that any f vral incmpatibl analy ar plauibl and that th txtd nt prvid a ufficint bi t diallw any f thm. Thi diffr frmimultnu anay dcrbd blw.

3 Simneous Anyses

Smtim thr i a pair f pan in a txt fr which th anayt rcniz thatmr than n rlatin dfinitin hld i.. th analyt affirm th dfinin cnditinf mr than n rlatin call th ove t h bn dicud in Frd 87 .Th ky diffrnc btwn ambiuity and multanu analy i in th cmpatibilityf th atrnat analy.

T illutrat multanu analy cnidr th flwin txt which i prntdwth th dfinitn f th Othrwi rlatin in Sctin 17:

1 . t' nw brchur tm

2 and that man a chanc fr nw prjct writ-up

A. Anyn

4 drin t updat thir ntry in th brchur

B hud hav thir cpy in by c. .

. Othrwi th xitin ntry wil b ud.

Fiur hw th tp f an RST anayi f th txt Th upprmt ratnbtwn unit 2 and unit , hwn Bckgoun but culd a b hwn utfy Bckgon fit inc unit - 2 mak th rmainin unit


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cmprehesbe ut preset the "pprtuty" fr ew wrteups they als makeacceptabe te reuest fr cpy the deadle ad the etle war at the ed. It sute plausbe that the wrter wated t justfy the reuest ad als make tcmprhesble. It happes that these tw dssmlar relats bth hld, ad s theyexemplfy smultaeity rather tha ambuty

1 5

bakgound

1 2 3 - 5

Fgur 9 Tp f a RST daram fr "Update Text

Dffereces detfcat f relats are the mst freuet type fsmultaety. ses f smultaeus aalyses wth dffere structures als ccur. e such ce, a etter t supervsrs ad emplyees, a se text had tw aalyses efr each semet f the audece.

9..4 Dncs Btw Aaysts

A aayss aways vlves three elemets the text, the structure ad theaalyst. aayss s a statemet that a partcular aalyst fds a certa cllect fprpsts plausble. Dffereces betwee aalysts bed eue dffereces ter reacts t the text are t be expected. Such dffereces ccur but we fd themfreuet Mre fte we fid that whe tw aalysts' aalyses dffer each wll acceptthe structures that the ther psts, ad s they wl cme t aree tat a partcularambuty exsts


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9 Aaytca Error

RST aalysis sailies ih pracice. Errrs are freue, especially a fis, ade fid ha a apparely divere clleci f aalyses fe cllapses acsesus he he differeces are examied. I als appears ha he defiiial sis

fr RST made explici i his paper makes ha cverece smeha mre likely hai had ee.

92 Amiguty Dsagrmt ad Prrrd Aayss

There is a ell-k pheme sciaed ih rammaical amiuiy ihich peple iiially reard a csruc uamiuus, ad ly laer recie hahere are her aalyses . This fixai paricular aalyses arises i RST ell.This is see he several aalyss aalye he same ex ad he accep each hersaalyses.

Eve fr a sile aalys he several aalyses are accepale here arepreferred ad marial aalyses. These reacis are aalus peple's reacis rammaical aalyses. Hever, ulike he ce fr rammaical aalyses, RSTprvides a ay rejec cerai srs f aalyses ha echically cfrm defiiialcrieria u seem urelaed he acual use he he lauae i cex. Because eachrelai defii h a Effec field, he aalys mus affirm ha he rier plausilyieded he ive effec herise he aalysis is rejeced. This resrics RST aalyses euiely plausile descripis

Imaie, fr example, ha a saellie prvides evidece fr a paricularprpsii expressed i is ucleus ad happes d s y cii a ariue f smeeleme expressed i he ucleus. The, ide frm he Effec cdiis, he cdiisfr h Edc ad Eaorato are fulfilled. If he aalys sees he riersie icrei he reader's elief f he uclear prpsiis, ad eihe reader recie he jecariue relaiship he he ly aalysis is hee ih he Evidece relai. This sr f discrimiai ives RST a kid fseleciviy ha frm-ed mehds f aalysis ca have, a he cs f havi heaalys ivlved i a explici ay i he aalysis.

Thu we see ha mulipliciy f RST aalyses is rmal, csise ihliuisic experiece a hle, ad is e f he kids f paer y hich heaalyses are ifrmaive


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0 Nuceay

0 Wa is nuceaiy?

th rly dvlpmt f RST, w ticd tht txts culd grlly b

dscribd by brkig thm dw it pirs f sps th vrius kids f rgulrrltiships btw th mmbrs f th pir bcm th rtis .

At th sm tim, w td tht th rltis wr mstly symmtric. If A isvidc fr , th is t vidc fr A. dditi, thr wr rgulritis crrltis i th wy tht th sps fuctid fr th txt whl I prticulr, ifth ymmtris f th rltis wr rrgd i prticulr wy, i ffct it tw"clums, " ch clum hd cmmlitis mg th lmts W lbrtd ths cmmlitis d frmd thm it ur ccpts f uclus d stllit.

Thr cmmlitis r ticbl

1 Oft, mmbr f th pir is icmprhsibl idpdt f th thr, -suitur, but t vic vrs Withut th uclr clim, th vidcstllit is -suitur, s is th bckgrud stllt withut th uclrsp it illumits.

2 Oft, mmbr f th pir is mr suitbl fr substituti th ththr. A Evidence stllit c b rplcd by tirly diffrt vidcwithut much chg t th pprt fucti f th txt s whl

rplcmt f clim is much mr drstic. Oft, mmbr f th pir is mr sstil t th writrs purps th

th thr12

Ths ymmtris frm sigl pttr which is rprstd i th rltisdfiitis by th sigmt f th uclus d stlit lbls. lyzig txt thidtifcti f ucli is thus grlly byprduct f rcgiti tht prticulrrlti hlds Th ly xcptis r i th cus clustr

0.2 e henomena ha Demosae Nuceaiy

Svrl idpdt fcts but txt structur supprt th clim tht Eglishtxts r structurd i uclus-stllit rltis d, thrfr, supprt thry iwhich uclrity is sumd t b ctrl rgizig pricipl f txt structur

12This s lws mtter o judgmet but ofte uotroves eople ofte strogl gree tht text wh prtculr stellte deleted woud be more stsoy o the wrter substtute text t txt wth orrespodg ueus deeted


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O way t rciz th fuctial ditictiv f ucli ad atllit i txami th ffct f prturbi txt

2. Nuceus Deen and Nucear Fncn

W prdct that if a particular ucu i rmvd th th iifcac f thmatrial i it atllit will t b appart Vry car xampl f thi ari whth mt-uclar ut f a txt a il uit idtifid by traci dw thruh thtxt tructur th uclu at ach lvl i rmvd I th Sycm ad xpctd,th iificac f th rt f th txt wuld b diffcut t ifr withut uit . Firtw wuld hav awr t th quti pd i uit Wa f you e avng ocean foppy dve ead oo ofen Scd w wuld kw ithr why th pratif Sycm diktt w bi dcribd uch atttv dtai r why w wr biadvid t writ fr a fr lcti uid

Thi fdi charactriz ur clcti aalyzd txt I th fllwi txt,aai frm th ISI lctric bullti bad fr xampl apart frm qut faaphra, th txt cat fucti a aucmt withut th mt-uclar ut,uit

Th w Tch Rprt abtract ar w i th jural ara f th libraryar th abrdd dctiary.

2. Pl i yur am by ay that yu wuld b itrtd i i.

Lt day fr i up May.

Th itrtd radr ca vrfy th caim that th mt-uclar uit tialby xprimti with th xampl accmpayi th rlati dfiti

22 Saee Deein and Nucear Fnctin

Athr prdct tat mht flw frm th claim f uclarty i: If uitthat ly fuct a atllit ad vr ucli ar dltd, w huld till hav achrt txt wt a ma rmbl that th riial it huld b mth lik

a ypi

t ral txt If, hwvr, w dlt all uit that fuct ucliaywhr i t txt, th rult huld b ichrt ad th ctral ma diffcultr impibl t cmprhd

A tt thi f prdicti aat th Sycm txt trly crm ur prdicti.Fiur 7 hw that th fllwi uit ar uclar withi m chma th RSTaalyi


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1

nabmnt

1 2

nablmnt2

Fiue RST dirm fr "Tec Reprt" text

2. k fr SOM dikette wit buried Ectype cti ddut-brbi jcket ier

4 Sycm dikette i wrki fur wy

6 lei et te buried urfce f te ctype cti ctullyremve buidup frm te ed

8. A crb dditive dri wy ttic electricity

10 Str bider ld te ilcrryi xide titly witi tecti

11 Ad te -wve jcket lier .. prvide tud f tiy pckett keep wt it cllect

14 ed fr ur free "Flexifider" eleci uide d te me f teupplier eret yu


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34

hle hs gup f uclea us lacks sme ches ad he gamma f clausecmbg s mg, e sll have a eable dea f ha he ex s abu. I ellsus buy Sycm dskees ad gves fma mvag ad eablg us d s.

I sak c s hs "ex," hch csss hse us he Sycm adha fuc ly saelles

1 ha f yue havg clea flppy dve heads fe

3 yu flppy dve es eads

5 keep lse pacles ad dus fm causg sf es, dpus

7 hle lubcag a he same me

9 befe ca aac dus l

1 me ha us pg he suface

13 T see hch Sycm dskee l eplace he es yu'e usg

h f hese "exs," he gamma f clause cmbg s apppaeThe cucal dffeece s ha e ca' dsce he upse f he saellely ex s

cmpehesble ad chee Fuheme, he saellely ex cas aumbe f seuus. Omss f he saelles des have hs effec heucle-ly ex These facs csue sg evdece f he sgficace f ucleayf a hey f ex sucue.

2.3 Raons on Dsconnuous Pas o h T

Nucleay als accus f he ay dscuus pas f he ex ae elaedkg aga a he Sycm ad, a RST aalyss eveals he elas amg u 4ad s fu aoaon saelles he Sycm ad. F sace, he RST aalyss

Fgue 11 eecs he fac ha u 7 s peceved a elaba f u 4 adha u 6 s ake a elaba f u


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35

. yur flppy drve rte r read

4 a Sycm dikette i rki fur ay

5 t keep le partice ad dut rm caui ft errr drput.

6 . leai aet the burihed urface f the Ectype cati actuallyremve build-up frm the head

7 hile lubricati it at the ame time

8. A carb additive drai aay tatic electricity

. befre it ca attract dut r lit

0. Str bider hld the al-carryi xide tihty ithi thecat

A. Ad the -ve jacket lier

mre tha jut pi the urface

B. prvde thuad f ty pcket t keep hat it cllect

.2.4 Hyotxis

Nuclearity i text tructure i a plauibe cmmuicative bsi fr the rammarf hyptactic claue cmbii s h bee arued i me detail i Matthee &Thmp 86 . Grammar i may lauae dra a diticti betee hyptacticad mai claue becaue f the ucleu-atelite dticti i dicure

3 Mutnucer Constrcts

S far we have umed that a thery i hich relati ith a ile ucleu

play a cetra rle ca accut fr text tructure We have ackleded thatmultucear eat ext ad have idetfied Sequence ad Contrt uefulmultiuclear relati

Hever, uclearity eem les relevat t ther phemea f text tructure,hich e ill briefly meti i thi ubecti


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7

4 Fuctoa Itepretto o ucearty

escripti i terms f fucti h bee ivlved i every prt f this pperthis is clerest i the wy retis re defied i terms f their effects tki upthe fucti terprett f uclerity, we exted the discussi t dditil

tis f fucti the cse f the reltil defiitis, the prticur effectsicluded defiitil cstrits were ifrmlly bstrcted duri the study fvrius texts, the stiputed s prts f the defiitis. The stiputi ws successful,i tht it did t cstri the relti defiitis s much tht istces were trecized i lyses

csideri the fuctis f uclerity, we tke cmprble pprch butct fr Prticulr texts suest fuctis f uclerity, thruh the elemetsf te uclerity ptter d truh the isttil ptters i which ucerity ccursWe c describe these hyptheses but the fuctis f uclerity, but we d t

hve cfrmi experiece with sufficiet utities f text t see hw the hypthesesfre.

Still, it is useful t idetify the hyptheses, hwever ifrmlly, preprtifr further study di s we tuch issues tht seem much prt f idividulr scil psychly f liuistics Althuh we use terms tht re techicl i thsefields, ur use is vercur.

The relity f uclerity, pheme, w seems rebly certiNuclerity, ike l ctery udmets f iuistics, h its bscure d brderie

ces, but rmmticizt f uclerity i hyptxis cfirms str ptter

ut why des ucerity rise pheme Wht is its fucti icmmuicti?

recizi text structure, the reder dds structure t lier stri Evethuh ucleus d stellite re usully djcet sps, the witer c use uclerity tsi them diffret rles

f we see prt f the fucti f cmmuicti buildi memries, the we

c see ucerity suesti riztil detils f thse memries. f the textstructure, eve i prt, represets the cce ptters tht re fcilitted i memry,the uclerity c be see wy t sil tht the memry f stellite cusefully be ccessed thruh memry f the ucleus

fr memry, fr the immedite fucti f ucleus d stelite i receivithe text he stellite is its siificce thruh the ucleus, s the writer cidicte, by uclerty, tht the ucleus is mre deservi f respse, icuditteti, deiberti d recti


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8

n boh o h way, h nucu mor cnra han h a n a ran. Takng h cnr h rucura r o h x (h nod rrnng hnry and hn racng ou rom h roo, h nucu away ncounrd borh rad a Thu h mahor o cnray ud.

Byond h noon, wo or o xanaon m arora or drnc o raon dnon:

Whn h ocu o c h nucu, n h Evidene raon,nucary rrn h quaav drnc n ro bwn h naand h nna, hough and arhough. Th a uor hnucu, bu do no conrbu o . Th wrr no ony mak adncon bwn na and nna, bu ao wan h radr orcognz h dncon Nucary rovd ha rcognon.

2. Whn h ocu o c boh nucu and a, n h Condiionand Eaboaion raon, a drn or o uncon rormd. Thrucura drnc bwn nucu and a rrn omdncon n h organzaon o h ubjc mar Th dncon rnd moran o h radr and h gncanc o h and o b ound n h nucu. Boh nucu and a conrbu oh ru.

Nucary hu an xrv rourc ha drc h radr o rond o h

x n a arcuar and ocay rucurd way m o rongy nunc hovra ron ha h wrr nndd.

RST in eaion o ohe eseah

A numbr o rvou rarchr hav nuncd work on h hory o xorganzaon. In h con w w bry characrz hr o.

Ineasa eaions

ary nunc on our work h bn ha o [Bkman & Caow 74],[Bkman a 8 ] , [ongacr 76], and [ongacr 8]. Th choar wr among hr o am a ymac dcron o nrcaua raon n uncona rmha woud b vad crongucay, ha , ndndn o h grammacaror o cau combnng n any arcuar anguag. In 74, Bkman andCaow, budng on arr ud o h oc n h raur on Bb ranaon hr no 2, 29, roo " a ym o raon bwn rooon n hconx o dcour " ongacr am o rn a axonomy o h d rucur o

13See Seto .


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9

inaua aion." H aknowdg [Gim 75] [Bkman & Caow 74], and hai n hy i Howv, inad o oniving o h aion pdia, h hm b dibd in m o a popoiiona auu.

Bkman, . a 8] pn a x anayi bd on aionhip bwnau and high uni. n hi viw, au and highv uni goup inou, wih on, o omim mo uni(, oming h pominn . Thau hu and in a "-uppo" aionhip. n om iuaion, no on aui mo pominn han h oh. In hi , hy a a and a aid oand in an " addiion" aionhip. -uppo and addiion m o paaGim hypoai and paaai pdia, pivy. (S Sion 2 bow

Th -uppo aion upiiay mb ou nuceussaee aionHowv, ou nuu-ai diinion i uniona and dinia goa on

h pa o h wi o Bkman a., h noion o "pominn" and h ab appa o gammaia making.

Coh 7 i onnd wih a ymai amn o h inniauu o ho x hough hi i mo ambiiou han h goa w hav oouv, Coh' in in inn ad him o h iu o "indonniv," i, inaua aion ha nd no b ignad

Win, in a numb o pubiaion ading up o [Win 82] and Hoy [Hoy8] ugg ha a poduiv way o anayzing diou i o a i "h podu omani aion hoding bwn nn o popoiion" ( [Hoy 8] p. 7.Win diniion o "au aion" mak i a ha h aion a noid o ing au o nn, bu an inud ag pan

A au aion i h ogniiv po whby w inp h maningo a nn o goup o nn in h igh o i djoining nn ogoup o nn ( [Hoy 8, p. 8

[Hoy 3 diu a numb o au aion wih popi imia o ho

o ou hoia aion, uh h CauConqun aion and hSiuaionEvauaion aion, hough hi o aion h w mmb hanou.

iin om h au aion, o Hoy, a wha h a "dioupan" whih h dn a "ombinaion o aion oganiing (pa o adiou" (p . o daid udy, h hoo h "obmSouion" pan,hough h ao du h "Gnaaiua" pan

4Hoey so provd uend opreensve nnoed ogrpy o work wn e Wnerradon nd of eser on nerus reons nd ex nyss gener


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40

Hoy u nguh bwn rlaon ha bn clau or grou o clauan o a characrz nr x ST r n clamng a h am or orlaon characrz x rucur a all lvl.

Th axonom or by lngu hav hr rnc bu ar mlarn rcognzng rlaon among clau an grou o clau. Thy all conan rlaonha w av alo oun uul.

Th rmary rnc bwn work an our ar:

. or h colar rlaon among ar o a x mana rom rlaon among clau. Whl all o hm acknowlg ha h rlaonmgh hol among grou o clau wll r crv mo yluccv combnaon o clau rahr han n ST a unconal

mol ha k wa h x ong or h wrr. Thu our conana numbr o rlaon ha o no aar n a axonomy a gn oaccoun or rlaon bwn clau.

2 Whl h cour ornaon o h axonom o h rarcr vn y a r axonom o nrclaual rlaon n rm omanc rncl o clau combnng rar han n rm ocour-organzng rncl

3 W hav oun ha a gnral hory o wrr' goal ncary orunranng rhorcal organzaon o a x. Tu rlaon oST ar n barng mlc popoon whch o ar o h work onormng ruang movang c Th rooon ralz h wrr'uro

4 In accor w a rcognon o wrr goal ST xlcly rcognz conc o nucaiy whn a gvn rlaon on a mor cnral oh wrr' goal han ohr. Non o h or o nrclaualrlaon amn o ar ncorora h unconal n o nuclary

2 Grim and ad workT or rmary nraon or ST Grm cuon o rorcal

rca" n Car 4 o [Grm 75].

On rhorcal rca Grm roo on 56, a


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4

he choces a seaker h avalable whn he conen sysem can beexree by means o PRPSTNA srucure Each rooson conans aPREDTE whch exresses a semanc relaon among AGNTS whchmay hemselves be roosons . The recaes whose argumens nvolve role

seccaons recly are he ones call EXCAL he one ha unerlesEnglsh ea s an examle. Those whose argumens are relae n oher ways call RTRCAL he one ha unerles Englsh beaue s an examle .

or examle he senence

he save he ay he mae hree ouchowns ( 23)

can be reresene by he rheorcal rooson:

Z gves eals or X

where he rhetorcal recae s SPECCAY he argumen Z "he maehree ouchowns", an X "he save he ay " heorcal recaes can akeanyhng rom lexcal ems o large "semanc subrees" argumens.

rom hs characerzaon, s clear ha Grmes s scung wha we calrheorcal relaons. n se o such locuons " he one [recae whch uneresbeaue" hs examles show ha he oes no nn exlc srucural elemens o

realze all rheorcal recaes. We have aoe some o hs recaes no our workon ST or examle, he Ebrt relaon s eenally Grmes SPECCALLY

One o he mos neresng eaures o Grmes resenaon o rheorcarecaes s hs sncon beween "araacc" an "hyoacc " relaons

PARTCTC recaes omnae all her argumens n coornae honPTT recaes have one o her argumens, he ENTER a ermwh reec whch he rooson a whole s subornae o someoher rson by beng ae o an exra argumen ( 29)

Thus n he examle gven above, argumen X ( "he save he ay" sconsere he CENTER o he hyoacc SPECY recae Our snconbeween uceus-stete an muti-ucer rheorcal relaons roughly corresonso hs sncon o Grmes.

One erence bewen Grmes work an our own s ha Grmes h nocommene on he uncon o hs rheorcal recaes, whle we see he rheorcalrelaons unconng mlc rosons n a ex an caable o erormngrheorcal acs us exlc roosons ha aear as clauses erorm hem (see

[Mann & Thomson 86b or urher scuon


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n [My 75] My h made u o Grm ramewok o develo a hoy oex ucu n m o h conn o a ag Her heory would accoun orc o comrhenon and recall Sh ay

Th arch o b decrbed n h book xlore he c o cranc o h rucur among he de rned n a ag on wha da ead call om h age. . 1)

H chnqu or analyzng h x o dcover he rucur among he dn drvd om [Grme 75] We are no eccally concnd whcomhnon and call, bu o h xn ha Myr u Grm aoach orhocal edca, h analycal ar o her duon relevan o and nlunaluon ST.

In [Myer 84], Myr reen urer duon o hr adaaon o Grm'aoach ald o cc x.

Hobb, n Hobb 85] and n ror en a rlaonal vw o hcohenc o ex boh a and abov he al level. H e cohrnc n a boadnenal ramwork.

Lk My, E. ke [k & k 8 c ) concernd wh h rucu oh conn o a ag h grammacal cure o a ag decrb he vnand a o aar o whch rr. Unlke Mye, howver, k no concend

wh he rhorcal relaonh among he even, o hr analycal goal d romour.

Whn Naural Languag ocng e r o [Mcown 85] who h alobn nluncd by Gme hghly rlvan he lad wok o ar ar &McKown 86].

3 Grosz and Sdner's Theory of Dsors Sruture

o val on arorae o rovde onger commn on h work oGoz and Sdn. Th wok har wh S a movaon om ComuaonalLnguc and on o ho rlavely rare eor whoe rou lnguc camabou dcou alo hav cla comuaonal coequnc.

Goz and Sdnr vw on dcoure rucur are b rrnd n [Goz &Sdn 86] or convnnc, we wll call Groz and Sdn' Dcour Theoy GSDT

ST and GSDT a rongly elad, arly becau hy ha val moranumon abou h naure o h u o languag nd how o accoun o


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Accontng o dcoe eqe explct accont o the volvement o thepeae and heae. Jt analyzng text elatve to the conventon olangag nadeqate

2. The tcte o dcoe elect moe than anythng ele the ntentonand goal o peake. ntenton geneally heachc .

Attenton and Intenton ae elly egaded ndependent nteactngpect o text.

4 . We take Goz and Sdne to be ayng that l angage om langagencton and dcoe tcte ae elated n a looely cocontanng way,not by anythng eemblng onetone mappng Th thee ae notctal eate that ae alway gnaled nqely by patcla om.e agee.

One can ctcze detal, bt t mpotant o to ecognze mmedately thatGoz and Sdne have podced an accont that capte eveal o the motgncant apect o text tcte. Lke ST t a om beng a completeaccont.

Havng med o ageement on ome bc we note that ST and GST aevey deent n cope. GST attempt to cove ntentonal, attentonal and"lngtc" phenomena ST accont pmaly o what Goz and Sdne woldcall ntentonal.

GST alo attempt to cove daloge whee ST n t peent om doe not.We ntend to extend ST to daloge we do not expect that extenon to change theway ST accont o monologe

Thee ae ome mpotant deence n the way that the two theoe aepeced.

5We see e enon goup nludng man oe unons n addon o e eeenal onesed b osz and Sdne

l o ese penomena ae popel lngus and ave been o deades [Haanek 32 [anes 74[Hallda ] Hallda [Hallda 70] Te em "lngus ees pmal e sud o

ueane oms nludng ose pes a ealze expess e nenonal and aenonal enes

17See Mann 7a o a dsuon o aenonal and oe dsouse enomena ousde o RS


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Mos iorly, GSD does o seciy where is discourse purposes coero or ow hey c be cosruced or eriied RS h secic ccouor how riculr urposes (ieded eecs) re siged o ex sps.

2. Similrly, GSD does o speciy how discourse segmeio is doe, dwheher i is guided by heory or preheoreicl

hese diereces mke i diicul o predic jus how GSD would ccou or ewex.

Grosz d Sider he rejeced he imorce o RS (log wih comprblework o obbs, Grimes, Reichm d ohers Grosz & Sider 6, p. 79 24, syig heory o discourse srucure co deped o chsig [discourse puroses ro ixed lis.. which relecs exree isudersdig o ll o hese bodies o workoweer, Grosz d Sider he sy h Alhough here re iiie umber oieios, here re oly sll umber o relios h c hold bewee em.We could pply he sme words i RS. I GSD he iiy o urpoes coes, ocourse, rom he ubouded diersiy o he subjec mer o ex. he se o urosesi RS is similrly iiie. he seses i which he heories re proidig srucurlccous re prllel.

Rher h seeig GSD d RS direcly compeig heories, we see hepoeil or ugeio o ech rom he oher, kid o syhesis Such syhesis seems ecery o ccou or he rge o pheome d srucure hboh hey d we hope o ccou or

GSD eeds ugeio. For exple, lhough Grosz d Sider cie pper o reliol proosiios [M & hoso 6b, ey do o proide yccou o he wo cerl pheome o h pper, mely

. reliospeciic eriolike eecs h rise rom he use i ex o RS'srelios, d

2. coherece roduced by he reliol proposiios, d icoherece producedby disruig he. (I is prese or GSD does o proide y

ccou or coherece.)

Sice ese eecs re relio-speciic, hey re o ccoued or i GSD. Ic, ohig i GSD suggess h i c ccou or he. Siilrly i does occou or ucleriy

opriso o he wo pproches suggess ddiiol diereces ere ero be srucurl coigurios, icludig o-ierrupie discoiuous schemplicios, h re llowed i RS, oud i url ex, bu o llowed i GSDRS geerlly roduces ergried ccou, ideiyig gols h GSD ies.

GSD mkes se cosrucs roposiiol ee hogh hey re recogizbly


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structr, re exczed dscourse structres d hve chrcterstc ce phres;coceves wt lthouh re oe kd. Ad RS seems cpbe o provdg erccout o the ce phres th GSD. For uer descrpto o how tese teoresre reted, d dsco o the prospects or eret bsorpto o textretos to GSD, see M 8b], whch s expected to be vbe the o98.

Let s suggest the wy to more costructve sythess. Grosz d Sder postgos or purposes or the mjor structres whch they recogze. So does RSSometmes tese gos cocde For text yss purposes oe c tke te o othe GSD d RS ccots s ytc hypothess, oe tht c be teryrecoced d reed to produce teto d tteto yss o text.

Mars Cojucve eaos

kg dy d s dscuo o cojucto [dy & s6] hs strtg pot, Mrt [Mrt 8] pposes deted Systemc yss oEgsh cojctve retos. For hm, ONNTION s the semtc system werebyspekers rete cses terms o tempor eece, coseqece, compro, dddto p . ) e goes o to ckowedge ht these ogc retos my or myot be mde expct (p )

Mrt cosders types o retos smr to those tht udere or rhetorcretos. our rmework, Mrt ckowedges retos mog sps o text

rger th sge cuses. owever, Mrts tretmet o tese retos ders romours sever respects.

. Mrt recogzes set o retos restred to those potety rezbeby dverb or pr sg or oe o three types o cusecoectgptters

. osubordtg

b sbordtg te

c sordtg oteWe thk tt retorc retos exst depedety o y expct sgsthus, tt oe types o rhetorc retos hve o correspodgcojctve sgs

2. poted out bove, respect to the reserch o tercs retos, orretorc retos re dymc s commuctve acts ey ucto cheve cert gos or the wrter. Mrts ojuctve retos re sttceemets o txoomy semtc system.


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Lke oey Mrtn mkes dstnton between retons hodng t thenterus eve nd rgerse dsourse ptterns he tter re onsdered petso sttbertuted theory o "gener struture."

.5 JordanJordn Jordn 84 ims to provde n understnding o "strutures n everydy

Engsh prose" nd " the etures o nguge tht sgn these strutures" (p ) isdsusson is spey onerned wth the "b mettruture o normtion."Reng oey, Jordn desribes the mettruture n terms o the sequeneStuton-Probem-SoutonEvuton:

. . .texts invovng probems nd probemsovng re extremey ommon n wks o proeon nd person e .. the ommunton o probem

reognton soutons nd ther evuton s n ssue o entr mportne to o us. (p 2

By ousng on texts orented to probem-sovng Jordn n nsghtuy reve number o etures o Engsh prose wrtng. Our pproh ders rom hs n tht

. We re nterested not ust n rge-se ptterns or expostory prose textsbut n the rhetori orgnizton o suh texts rom the hghest eve downto the eve o the use.

2 Our purpose s to rtuterhetor orgnizton oprobem-sovng orgnzton.

2 Concusons

theory o text struture tht n reve theny text not ust those exhbtng

The dentons in this pper provde spe nd exmnbe nterpretton orn RST strutur nyss. hey denty the sorts o ts nd judgments on whhsuh n nysis is bed nd they provde most o the rmework needed or nyzngnew texts

desriptive rmework or text Rhetori Struture heory oers ombintion o etures tht h turned out to be useu n sever knds o disoursestudes It identies herrh struture n text It desrbes the retons mong textprts in untion terms dentying both the trnston pont o retion nd theextent o the tems reted. It provdes omprehensve nyses rther thn seetveommentry. It s uneted by text sze nd h been useuy pped to wde rngeo text size


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Becse of the nucleusstellite distinction, RS s descriptive bis orstudying cse cobining. And becuse text reltions hve prticulr sertionlefects RS provides bsis for studying coherence in discourse

hus RS is linguisticlly useful ccount of the nture of text, both becuse it

describes such phenoen nucerity nd hierrchy nd becuse it is vibledescriptive strting point for wide vriety of studies.


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I Appendx: More Relatons

This dix prsts th rti diitis xpt r th sEvid, Justiy, Cssi d Atithsis rdy prstd i Sti 3, rgizd

wig th grupig shw i Tb 1 i tht stiDspit ur rts t sy th ppsit, sm hv rd ur thr pps s

suggstig tht th rtis r sd ist, kid -dimsi txt thryW s it p st, susptib t xtsi d mditi r th purpss prtiur grs d utur stys Th rtis i this ppr r suiit tut r rg prprti th txts w hv utrd. Athugh thy iud th high rquy rtis, thr r thrs.

A umbr th rtis w wi disuss bw r s disussd d iustrtd

with sm dirs, i [N 86.

1 Ccumtace

eation name CCUMSTANCEcontaint on N containt on S S rsts situti t uridcontaint on the N S combination

S sts rmwrk i th subjt mttr withi whih R is

itdd t itrrt th situti prstd i Nthe eect R rgizs tht th situti prstd i S rvids th

rmwrk r itrrtig Noc o the eect N d S

Th stit i Ccumtace rti sts rmwrk, g, tmpr rspti rmwrk withi whih t itrprt th uus. This uti hs bgrmmtiiz i Egish i th rm irumstti hyptti uss; hr is xmp xtrtd rm humrus wsppr um by Erm Bmbk:

Prb th mst xtrm s Visitrs Fvr I hv vr witssd w w summrs g

2 wh I visitd rtivs i th Midwst

Figur I shws th ysis ths tw uits, whr th stit uit 2prvids th tmpr rmwrk r trprtig th ur uit .

Th wig xtrt, rm um i th uy 982 guid r s Ags


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rumstan

Fge 1 RS digrm or Viitor ever text

pbl rdio progrm led Meet the Annoner , how tht the Cicmstancetelite need not tke the form of hypott le; the Cicmstance tellite nit5 i n independent e. igre I2 how the trtre

. P. M h been with KUSC longer thn ny other tff member.

2. While ttending Oidentl College,

. where he mjored in phioophy,4. he volnteered to work t the ttion il m nnoner.

5 ht w in 9.

Cicmstance differ from Coniton ee Setion {. in tht Conitiontellite preent n nreized ittion, while Cicmstance telite doe not. hedefinition me thi ditintion expliit.

Noti tht the definition doe not rely on morphologil or yntti ignl.Reognition the reltion wy ret on fntionl nd emnti dgment lone.We hve ond no reibe nmbigo ignl for ny of the reltion.

12 Sotonhoo

ere i n exmple from et of intrtion on reditribting the filer in leeping bg


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1 5

elabratn

1 2 5

crcumstance

2 4 - 5

elabatn ccumstance- -2 4 5Figure 1- RT dagam o "M h Annonc" x

relation name: OLUIOOOD

constraints on N: nonconstraints on S n a oblmconstraints on the N S cobination

h aon nd n N a olon o h oblm adn ;

the effect: R cognz h aon nd n N a olon o hobm nd n

locs of th effect: N and


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Oe difiuty .. is with sleepig bgs i whih dow d fether fillers reused isutio.

2 his isutio hs tedey to slip towrds the bottom

. ou redistribute the filler.

4 . . . . .

he rest of the text, ot gie here, detils how to redistribute the filler. Uits lerly proide the solto to the problem preseted i uits 2 Figure Ishows the RS digrm of ths text

1 1 1

s tn h d

1 2 1 1

eabatn1 2

Figure 1-3 RS digrm for Seepig Bg text

I the defiitio of the solutiohd reltio, the terms problem d soutio rebroder th oe might expet. he sope of problem iludes


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questions

2 requests including requests for information

. some descriptions of desires, goals, intellectua issues, gaps in knowledge or

other expreions of needs

4 conditions that carry negatie alues, either expressy or culturally includingcalamities and frustrations

It thus compares to Grimes Response predicate Gres 5

13 Eaborato

elation name EORATIONcontaint on N nonecontaint on S nonecontaint on the N + S combinato

S presents additiona dea aot the situation or some elementof subject matter wh is presented in N or inferentialyaccessible in N in one or more of the ways listed below In thelist, if N presents the fst meber of any pair then S incldesthe second

. set member2 abstract insane whole part4 proce : step5 obect attribe6 generalization p

the effect R recognizes the situatio presented in S proiding additionaldetail for N R identes the element of subect matter for whichdetail is proided

loc of the effect N and S

his annoncement from the newsetter anguag cence nicely illustratesEaborato

8 dt Elaboration al p a ad f la Elaboratio mgt at a x a dt a Ma 87a) Wav t d bt gad m p


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Sg-Sby-Kurgrd, Swede, wl be the te of the 969 Itertoloeree o omputtol Lguts, September 4

2. It epeted tht ome 25 lgut wl tted from , West Europe,Et Europe ludg Ru, d th ted Stte

3. he ofere wl be oered wth the pplto of mthemtl domputer tehque to the tudy of trl lguges, the deeopmet ofomputer progrm tools for lgut reerh, d the pplto olgut to the deelopmet of m-mhe ommuto ytem

Ge tht the gol of the tet to otfy reder of the oferee, we tkeut uler he tellte uts 2 d 3 prode further detl bout theoferee metoed ut

he RS y of th tet s gur 4

1 -

eaboaton1

Figure 1-4: RS dgrm for "oferee" tet

A ull ly o tet ote formto o elborto beyod the truture

tself, mely the detty o the elemet of ubet mtter whh ould be etee the uleus telf) beg elborted So, for emple, we ote tht the ofereerther th Swede, the elemet elborted

1.4 Bckgroun

he Bckgroun relto pper the frt two prgrph of ote LA peroel ewletter:


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relation name BACKGROUNconstraints on N R wont comprehend N suffcenty before redng text of Sconstraints on S none

constraints on the N + S cominationS ncrees the bty of R to comprehend n eement n Nthe eect Rs bty to comprehend N ncreeslocs of the effect N

ome ddrees nd teephone numbers of pubc empoyees w beprotected from pubc dscosure under new b pproed by Go. Georgeeukmejn

2 ssemby B mends the Goernment Code, whch requred tht thepubc records of stte nd oc gences contnng home ddresses ndteephone numbers of stff, be open to pub c nspecton

In these two prgrphs, unt 2 prodes mter necessry for comprehendng ofthe eement of subject mtter new n unt by sttng tht t mends n ererdscosure pocy n the Goernment Code.

15 Enabemen and Movaon

he retons Enabemen nd Movaon form subgroup, snce both eoke reder cton ht s, they re found n texts tht exhort reders to ct bypresentng offers, requests, ntton, commnds, or suggestons. Enabemenprodes nformton desgned ncree the reders bty to perform the cton;Movaon prodes nformton desgned to ncree the reders desre to performthe cton.

15 Enabemen

relation name: ENABENconstraints on N presents R cton ncudng cceptng n offer, unreed wthrespect to the context of N

constraints on S: noneconstraints on the N + S comination

R comprehendng S ncrees Rs potent bty to peform thecton presented n N

the effect Rs potent bty to perform the cton presented n Nncrees

locs of the effect: N


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eple of Enaeme ppers n squb fro the gzneEnvronment Acton It begns:

nng on jobs A seres of nfortve nepensve pphlets ndbooks on worker heth dscues such topcs fng cpenston cl,onzng rdton bestos nd severl occuptonl dsees

After descrpton of these terls, unt 6 gves the enbng nforton

For ctlog nd order for wrte OES 2520 Mv St BekeeyA 954

Wthout specfyng the ntervenng ter ths tet cn be dgred nFgure I5

.5.2 Moaon

1 6

enabement

1 - 5 6

igure -5 RS dg r rnng tet

Lke Enaeme the Moiaio re coonly found n tets evongn cton on the prt of the reder; dvertg tet typcly lrgey conssts ofotvng ter ere s nondvertsg epe fro n nvtton thtppered on the eectronc bulletn bord t ISI


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relation nme MOTIATIONconstraints on N: preses a aio i whih R is he aor iudig aepig

a offer ureaized wih respe o he oex of Nconstraints on S oe

constraints on the N S combinationComprehedig S irees R's desire o perform aiopreseed i N

the effect R's desie o perform ao preseed N is ireedlocs of the effect N

. The os Agees Chamber Bae he bae ompay Im daig wih isgiig 4 oers ex week ...

2 Tikes are $5 exep for he opeig igh .. The show is made up of ew horeography ad shoud be very eeraiig

4 Im i piees

Ceary, uis ad 4 are ieded o moivae he auhor's o-workers o aedhe performae Ths exra is diagrammed i igure .

1 - 4

1

motv tion-motvaton

3

Figure 1-6 RST dagram for Bae ex

4


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16 Th "Cu" Cutr Cus Rsut nd Purpos

Seerl eltons nole notons o use In brody denng these reltons, ts hrd to nlude both stutons tht re ntended outomes o some ton nd

uston tht does not nole ntended outomes, suh s physl uston. Beuseo ths dulty, we he dded the reltons nto oltonl nd non-oltonlgroups. Fgure - ndtes some o the systemt rton n the dentons.

DIFFERENCESINOLITION

DIFFERENCES IN CLEI

Voltonl Cuse Voltonl Resut

Non-Voltonl Cuse Non-Voltonl Result

Fgur 17: erenes Between Cuse nd Result Reltons

he e reltons onsdered n ths subseton ll nole uston Reltons ths luster n, o ourse, be tegorzed n mny wys see, eg, Longre 83] [Grmes5] he dstntons mong the e reltons dsussed below he proen to be themost useul or our purposes.

he nulerty o the usng stuton dstngushes Cuse nd Result reltons.When the usng stuton s the stellte, we reer to tht relton ether VotonCus or Non-Voton Cus when the usng stuton s nuler nd theused stuton s le entrl, we reer to tht relton s ether Voton Rsut orNon-Voton Rsut Wthn eh o the Cuse nd Result prs, we ndstngush Voltonl nd NonVoltonl rnts Purpos s dentonlly neutrl,nludng both oltonl nd non-oltonl ses.

Voltonl use noles the ton o n gent, typlly person, who ontrolsn ton tht yelds the nuler stuton It s perormed beuse the gent preersthe outome or pobly the ton tsel. Non-oltonl use s the resdue onseuentlty wthout hosen outome.

6 Voton Cus

he ollowng extrt rom personl letter llustrtes the Voton Cusrelton:

19S Seo 10 o a uo of dr uary


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=====================================

relation nam VOLIIONAL AUSE

constraints on N presens oiion cion or ese siion h cod herisen from oiion cion

constraints on S noneconstraints on the N + S combination

S presens siion h cod he csed he gen of heoiion cion in N o perform h cionwiho he presenion of S, R migh no regrd he cion smoied or know he pricr moiionN is more cenr o Ws prposes in ping forh he NScombinion hn S is.

the effec t R recognizes he siion presened in S cse for heoiion cion presened in N

locs of the effect N nd S

. Wriing hs mos become impoibe

8 so we hd he ypewrier sericed

9. nd I my ern o ype deceny fer hese yers.

ere, ni proides he cse of he oiion cion presened in nis 8 9, digrmmed in Figre I-8.

Votona Cause is someimes confsed wih Motvaton Or defniionsdisingish hem, in h he inended effec of he Motvaton reion o mke hereder wn perform n cion eoked in he ex

162 NonVotona Cause

he foowing exmpe comes from pbic reions derisemen from n

Asrin mining frm. In his ex, he firm is jsifying exensie exrcion ofnr resorces by poining o he economic benes o Asrins

h ela eembl he e we defed a & hm 86b e We haehaed he ame emphe he mlae am he fve ea he ae le


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1 7 - 1 9

votonal ca se

7 8 1 9

votona case

1 8 1 9

Fgur 18 RS digrm for ype Decety text

relation name NONVOLIION CAUSEconstraints on N: presets sittio tht is ot oitio tioconstraints on S oeconstraints on the N S combination

S presets sittio tht, by mes other th motitig oitio tio sed the sittio preseted i N withotthe presettio of S, R might ot kow the prticr cse of

the sittio; presettio of N is more cetr th S to Wsprposes i pttig forth the N-S ombtiothe eect R reogizes the sittio preseted i S se of the

sittio preseted i Nlocs of the eect N d S


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. . . .wee been ble to mine ou own ion oe, col, mngnese, dolomite, llthe teis we need

2. to mke ou own steel

3. And becuse we n mine moe thn we need,

4. we'e hd plenty of mngnese nd ion oe fo expot

In this extct, unit 3 pesents cuse fo the sitution pesented in unit 4.

Figue I-9 shows the RST nlysis of this extct.

1 - 4

elaborato

1 - 3 - 4

1

purpose ootoal cause 3

gure 1-9 RST digm fo Austin Mining text II

4

Non-olitionl cuse lso includes ces in which the nucle outcome esultsfo ppliction of deductie pocess Fo exmple, the following bstct fomScientific Aeicn mgzine exhibits deduction fom genel mol obigtion tospecic obigtion to ct.


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The Trsfer Techlgy t Uderdeelped Cutres

Th et f ss perty s ecessry t suppy the ttfr ertlty ctrl such cutres.

2. Other cutres shuld sst ths prcess,

3. t est becuse they he rl blgt t d s.

Ut 3 presets the geerl rl blgt; ut 2 presets the bgt frstce, whch s deduced r the re geerl bgt Fgure I0 shws theRST lyss f the bstrct.

1 - 3

backgond.1 3

nonvoltonal case- 3

Fgure -0: RST dgr fr Trsfer f Techlgy text

Aga, we ae ot oeg te ttle e oe of te t of aayss; t s e ee ove te ateeet fo uch t


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63 Voon Resu

elation name: VOITION RESUT

constaints on N oeconstaints on S pesets oltol cto o stuto tht could he sefo oltol cto

constaints on the N S combinationN pesets stuto tht ould he cused the stutopeseted S; the stuto peseted N s oe cetl toW's puposes th s tht peseted S;

the eect R ecogzes tht the stuto peseted N could be cusefo the cto o stuto eseted S

locs of the eect N d S

The followg exple s fo ele pt of the pesol lette cosdeed coecto wth Fgue I-8; ous Mget es tht she ct st becuse she sgog to he thub sugey fte 2ut dso of the hstoy of the pobleshe cocludes

* Usg thubs s ot the poble* but heedty s* d the ed esult s o use of thubs* f I dot do soethg ow.

To ths ucle tel, ous Mget the dds the followg VoonRes stellte, whose stuctue w ge Fgue I-8.

5 Wtg h lost becoe possble

we hd the typewte seced

d I y le to type decetly fte ll thee yes

64 NonVoon Res

Fo eple of the NonVoona Resu elto, we tu to [Noel 8 p88 ff. Ths s fo BB Wold Sece ews te bout exploso Mexcg stoge fclty:

The blt the wost dustl ccdet Mexco's hstoy destoyed theplt d ost of the suoudg sububs

2 Seel thousd people wee ued

3 d bout 3 e stll hosptl.


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relation name: NONVOLIIONL RESLconstraints on N: oeconstraints on S presets stuto tht s ot votol ctoconstraints on the N + S combination

N presets stuto tht cused the stuto preseted S;presetto of N s more cetrl to W's purposes puttgforth the NS combto th s the presetto of S.

the eect: R recogzes tht the stuto preseted N could hve cusedthe stuto preseted S

locs of the effect: N d S

I ths extrct, ut , whch gves the formto bout the exposo, s uclerd presets the cuse of the jures preseted uts 2 - he defto ofNonVotiona Reut thus pples; the cusg stuo s ucler d the cusedstuto s o-voltol

Fgure I- shows the lyss of ths extrct. Lke No-Voltol us,No-Voltol Result cludes deductve cses.

165 Pupoe

1 3

non-votonal resut

1 - 3

Figue 1 RS dgrm for Blst text

hs extrct, from the ed of dvertsemet for floppy dskettes, llustrtesthe Pupoe relto .


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relation name PURPOSEconBtraints on N preen n iiycoBtraints on preen iuion h i unrelizedconBtraits on the N + combinatio

S preen iuion o be relized hrough he iiythe eect R reognize h he iiy in N i inied in order o

slocu8 of the eect N nd S

in Nreize

. o ee whih Synom dikee wil reple he one youre uing now,

2 end or our ree FlexiFinder eleion guide nd he nme o he uppliernere you

he urose relion i eily idenied here. he nuleu, uni 2, preen heiiy o ending or he eleion guide nd nme o nere upplier, whih iuppoed o be inied wih he im o eeing whh Synom dikee hould relee one he reder i now uing. he ex i dgrmmed in Figure 2

1 -

pupose

1

Figure 1-2: RS digrm or Replemen Dik ex

menioned boe, he urose relion i deiniionly neur wih repeo oliion. Purpoe elie n be oied wih nulei h re no, rilypeking, oliionl.

he exmple below i rom bk on ize ee in biologi eoluion[MMhon & Bonner 83] p. 4:


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Pesumbl thee is competition mong tees in cetin oestenionme to become tll possible so s to ctch much othe sun oibl o photosynth sis.

owee in ll such exmples tht we he ound o imgined some puposeseems implied. ht is thee is in the subject mtte some tendency towd pticulclses o outcomes o sttes nd the spn tht expesses pupose identies thoseoutcomes o sttes o which the tendency supposedly exists.

In the exmple just cited the pupose cluse implies teleologicl pespectie onntomicl ttibutes. Fom this pespectie tees e they e becuse they eembedded in mewok in which ognisms tend towd photosynthesismximiztion.

7 Condton and Otherwse

hese two eltions she the popety h eiztion o the sitution in thenucleus h something to do with the e

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Mann e Thompson - Rhetorical Structure Theory