Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny in the Fortiesin the Forties

William Henry Harrison William Henry Harrison Inaugurated as the Inaugurated as the

ninth president in ninth president in 18411841

Inaugural address Inaugural address shows his shows his inexperienceinexperience

Clay and Clay and Webster Webster figured to figured to control the control the presidentpresident

April 4, 1841 April 4, 1841 President President

Harrison dies Harrison dies of pneumoniaof pneumonia

President John TylerPresident John Tyler

President John TylerPresident John Tyler

Tyler was Tyler was anti-Jackson - anti-Jackson - strong states-strong states-righter.righter.

Clay and Webster were pro-Clay and Webster were pro-bank, pro-tariff, pro-internal bank, pro-tariff, pro-internal improvements.improvements.

Tyler’s Democratic beliefs Tyler’s Democratic beliefs were at odds with most were at odds with most WhigsWhigs..

Whig problems with TylerWhig problems with Tyler

Clay passes a Fiscal Bank bill Clay passes a Fiscal Bank bill - does not compromise with - does not compromise with Tyler.Tyler.

Tyler vetoes Fiscal Bank and Tyler vetoes Fiscal Bank and subsequent Fiscal subsequent Fiscal Corporation Bill.Corporation Bill.

Whigs burn Tyler in effigy - Whigs burn Tyler in effigy - seek to impeach him - seek to impeach him - formally kick him out of the formally kick him out of the Whig Party.Whig Party.

His entire cabinet resigns His entire cabinet resigns (except Daniel Webster, who (except Daniel Webster, who as Secretary of State is as Secretary of State is negotiating with Britain).negotiating with Britain).

Tyler vetoes a tariff bill Tyler vetoes a tariff bill that calls for distribution that calls for distribution of land sales revenues - of land sales revenues - signs 1842 tariff bill that signs 1842 tariff bill that is mildly protective.is mildly protective.

Problems with EnglandProblems with EnglandWar of words between British War of words between British

and Americans.and Americans.Americans defaulted on British Americans defaulted on British

loans during the depression loans during the depression following the Panic of 1837.following the Panic of 1837.

Canadian rebellion and Caroline Canadian rebellion and Caroline Affair increased tensions,Affair increased tensions,

Canadian citizen is indicted for Canadian citizen is indicted for murder. murder.

British officials offer asylum to British officials offer asylum to rebel slaves on the American rebel slaves on the American ship Creole.ship Creole.

Canadian attempts to build a Canadian attempts to build a road to Nova Scotia leads to road to Nova Scotia leads to “Aroostook War” between “Aroostook War” between lumber jacks in Maine.lumber jacks in Maine.

Webster - Ashburton agreement Webster - Ashburton agreement split the difference of the land split the difference of the land in dispute.in dispute.

The Lone Star Republic fades away.

The Lone Star Republic fades away.

Texas President Lamar Texas President Lamar negotiates with Britain negotiates with Britain and France for and France for protection.protection.

British and British and French French schemes for schemes for Texas made the Texas made the area a major area a major issue in the issue in the 1844 election.1844 election.

1844 Election1844 Election

Martin Van Martin Van Buren Buren opposes opposes Texas.Texas.

Andrew Andrew Jackson Jackson supports supports James K. James K. Polk.Polk.

Clay also opposes Texas Clay also opposes Texas gets Whig nomination.gets Whig nomination.

Democrats nominate Democrats nominate Polk - first “Dark Horse” Polk - first “Dark Horse” candidate.candidate.

Democrats Democrats campaign for campaign for Texas and Texas and “fifty-four forty “fifty-four forty or fight.” or fight.”

To gain all of To gain all of Oregon territory.Oregon territory.

Polk wins for Texas, Polk wins for Texas, California and Oregon by California and Oregon by 170 to 105 electoral 170 to 105 electoral votes. votes.

Tyler proposes and Tyler proposes and Congress passes annexation Congress passes annexation resolution - to bypass 2/3rds resolution - to bypass 2/3rds majority needed for treatymajority needed for treaty..

Annexation of TexasAnnexation of Texas

Zachary Taylor is Zachary Taylor is dispatched to the Rio dispatched to the Rio Grande to protect Texas.Grande to protect Texas.

Texas votes for Annexation Texas votes for Annexation - never was a territory.- never was a territory.

President James K. PolkPresident James K. Polk

President James K. PolkPresident James K. PolkDeveloped a four point program Developed a four point program

and achieved it in four years.and achieved it in four years.Lower the tariff, restore the Lower the tariff, restore the

independent treasury, get Oregon independent treasury, get Oregon and California.and California.

His policies are tied to the idea of His policies are tied to the idea of “Manifest Destiny.”“Manifest Destiny.”

Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny

Walker Tariff - 1846.Walker Tariff - 1846.Secretary of the Treasury Robert Secretary of the Treasury Robert

Walker created a revenue tariff Walker created a revenue tariff that reduced tariffs from 32 to 25 that reduced tariffs from 32 to 25 percent.percent.

Clay’ Whig supporters denounced Clay’ Whig supporters denounced the new tariff, but boom times the new tariff, but boom times made it successful.made it successful.

Independent TreasuryIndependent Treasury

Polk gets congress to restore the Polk gets congress to restore the independent treasury that had been independent treasury that had been dropped by the Whigs in 1841.dropped by the Whigs in 1841.

It will remain in effect until the It will remain in effect until the creation of the Federal Reserve creation of the Federal Reserve System in 1912.System in 1912.

Oregon CompromiseOregon CompromisePolk had no intention of holding Polk had no intention of holding

out for 54º 40’ line.out for 54º 40’ line.He proposed the old compromise He proposed the old compromise

line of 49º, but Britain refused.line of 49º, but Britain refused.

Britain Britain eventually eventually agreed to give agreed to give in with out a in with out a fight and the fight and the line was set at line was set at 49º.49º.

The War with MexicoThe War with MexicoLand to the Land to the

south of the south of the Nueces River Nueces River was disputed was disputed between between Texas and Texas and Mexico.Mexico.

Mexico broke off Mexico broke off diplomatic diplomatic relations with the relations with the US when the US when the United States United States accepted Texan accepted Texan claims to the Rio claims to the Rio Grande as the Grande as the southern border.southern border.

Slidell MissionSlidell MissionPolk sends John Slidell to Mexico Polk sends John Slidell to Mexico

City offering to buy California and City offering to buy California and New Mexico for $25 million.New Mexico for $25 million.

The Mexican government refused The Mexican government refused to even hear the “insulting” to even hear the “insulting” proposition.proposition.

““Old Rough and Ready”Old Rough and Ready”

General Zachary Taylor and General Zachary Taylor and 4,000 troops move to the Rio 4,000 troops move to the Rio Grande valley near Matamoros.Grande valley near Matamoros.

8,000 Mexican troops gathered 8,000 Mexican troops gathered south of the Rio Grande.south of the Rio Grande.

General Zachary TaylorGeneral Zachary Taylor

First BloodFirst Blood

April 25, 1846 1,600 Mexican April 25, 1846 1,600 Mexican troops crossed the river and troops crossed the river and attacked 60 US cavalry. 16 attacked 60 US cavalry. 16 American casualties.American casualties.

May 8, 1846 -- Taylor defeats the May 8, 1846 -- Taylor defeats the Mexican force at Palo Alto.Mexican force at Palo Alto.

War News From MexicoWar News From Mexicoby by

Richard WoodvilleRichard Woodville

War ResolutionWar Resolution

Congress declared war on Congress declared war on Mexico – anti-slavery Mexico – anti-slavery Northerners declared the war Northerners declared the war was for the expansion of was for the expansion of slavery.slavery.

War ProtestsWar Protests Henry David Henry David

Thoreau refused to Thoreau refused to pay his taxes until pay his taxes until the war was over - the war was over - wrote “Civil wrote “Civil Disobedience” to Disobedience” to justify his actions.justify his actions.

                             

                                                                        

““Under a Under a government government which which imprisons any imprisons any unjustly, the unjustly, the true place for a true place for a just man is also just man is also in a prison.”in a prison.”

The Spot ResolutionsThe Spot Resolutions Whig Congressman Whig Congressman

Abe Lincoln of Abe Lincoln of Illinois introduced a Illinois introduced a resolution seeking to resolution seeking to determine the exact determine the exact “spot” that “spot” that American blood had American blood had been spilt on been spilt on American soil.American soil.

The War with MexicoThe War with Mexico

The war was fought on three fronts - The war was fought on three fronts - California, New Mexico and in Mexico.California, New Mexico and in Mexico.

Captain John C. Captain John C. Fremont in Fremont in California with a few California with a few dozen well-armed dozen well-armed men -- overthrew the men -- overthrew the Mexican government Mexican government and declared the and declared the California Bear Flag California Bear Flag Republic. Republic.

The Pathfinder

The Bear Flag RepublicThe Bear Flag Republic

General Stephen General Stephen Kearney leads a Kearney leads a force from Ft. force from Ft. Leavenworth, Leavenworth, Kansas to Santa Kansas to Santa Fe, New Mexico Fe, New Mexico and then on to and then on to California.California.

General Zachary General Zachary Taylor - “Old Taylor - “Old Rough and Ready” - Rough and Ready” - invaded Mexico invaded Mexico from Texas and won from Texas and won a close victory a close victory against Santa Anna against Santa Anna at Buena Vista.at Buena Vista.

General Winfield General Winfield Scott - “Old Fuss and Scott - “Old Fuss and Feathers” - landed Feathers” - landed with 10,000 troops at with 10,000 troops at Veracruz, Mexico Veracruz, Mexico and marched through and marched through the mountains, lakes the mountains, lakes and swamps to reach and swamps to reach Mexico City.Mexico City.

General Winfield ScottGeneral Winfield Scott

The Capital fell in hand-to-hand street The Capital fell in hand-to-hand street fighting on September 14, 1847.fighting on September 14, 1847.

Battle of ChapultepecBattle of Chapultepec

13,000 Americans lost their 13,000 Americans lost their lives (11,000 by disease) and lives (11,000 by disease) and over $100 million was spent.over $100 million was spent.

Many of the battlefield officers Many of the battlefield officers went on to be generals in the went on to be generals in the Civil War.Civil War.

February 2, 1848 -- The Treaty February 2, 1848 -- The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo formally of Guadalupe Hidalgo formally ended the war.ended the war.

The US gained California, The US gained California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, and Colorado and Arizona, and Colorado and Wyoming.Wyoming.

Mexico gave up its Mexico gave up its claim to Texas and claim to Texas and received $15 million in received $15 million in compensation.compensation.

U.S. Territorial ExpansionU.S. Territorial Expansion

U.S. Territorial ExpansionU.S. Territorial Expansion

The Gadsden PurchaseThe Gadsden Purchase

In 1853 the US purchased a In 1853 the US purchased a disputed territory south of the disputed territory south of the Gila River for $10 million Gila River for $10 million called the Gadsden Purchase.called the Gadsden Purchase.

The war soured relations The war soured relations with Latin America and with Latin America and brought back the slavery brought back the slavery issue.issue.

The Wilmot ProvisoThe Wilmot Proviso

During the Mexican War the During the Mexican War the House passed a measure known House passed a measure known as the Wilmot Proviso - as the Wilmot Proviso - declaring slavery outlawed in all declaring slavery outlawed in all territory that might be acquired territory that might be acquired during the war.during the war.

The Senate refused to The Senate refused to pass the measure but pass the measure but the issue of slavery had the issue of slavery had again been broached.again been broached.