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Renzo Perissinotto, Janine B Adams, Ricky H Taylor, Anusha Rajkaran, Nelson AF Miranda, Nasreen Peer, Jacqueline L Raw. Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa

Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,

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Page 1: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,

Renzo Perissinotto, Janine B Adams, Ricky H Taylor, Anusha Rajkaran, Nelson AF Miranda, Nasreen Peer, Jacqueline L Raw. 

Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa

Page 2: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,

Ecosystem stability and resilience

…a greater biodiversity promotes ecosystem stability and resilience through the assured maintenance of ecosystem processes and reduced susceptibility to 

species invasion. …a greater biodiversity insures the delivery of 

ecosystem goods and services which are economically valuable.

Macarthur 1955, Goodman 1975, Loreau 2000, Chapin et al. 2000

Page 3: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,

Ecosystem stability and resilience

Page 4: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,

“Systems need to be managed for flexibility rather than stability”“managing for resilience requires directing a system in a way that provides flexibility during times of disturbance and that allows a way to take advantage of the latent diversity within the system and the range of opportunities following release.”

Ecosystem stability and resilience

Page 5: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,

Stress events are not always negative

“Thus, with continued degradation caused by local stressors, altered communities become composed of disturbance‐tolerant species…making the ecosystem more resilient to climate disturbance”

Ecosystem stability and resilience

Page 6: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,
Page 7: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,
Page 8: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,

South African mangrovesIn sheltered bays or estuaries

Subtropical and temperate

Thrive at latitudinal limits

Macnae 1963

Page 9: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,

South African mangroves

NORT

HER

GRO

UP

SOUTH

ERN

GRO

UP

Page 10: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,

What has changed….

Page 11: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,

What has changed….

Page 12: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,

What has changed….

Page 13: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,

2015/2016 dedicated survey

Page 14: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,

2015/2016 dedicated survey• Physico‐chemical data• Microphytobenthic biomass• Tree density, diversity, and age structure

• Meiofauna density and dominant groups

• Macrobenthos – mollusc and arthropod diversity and density

Page 15: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,
Page 16: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,
Page 17: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,

The cosmopolitan distribution of fiddler crabs

www.fidd

lercrab.info/uca_ran

ges.html

Page 18: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,

a. Uca annulipes

b. Uca chlorophthalmus

c. Uca hesperiae

d. Uca urvillei

e. Uca inversa(Photo courtesy of Branch et al. 2010)

Page 19: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,

Uca inversa

XX

Uca hesperiae

Page 20: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,

Uca urvilleiUca chlorophthalmus

Page 21: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,

Uca annulipes

Page 22: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,

Complications – continuous climate and land use   changes

Resilience and 

adaptable nature

Global changeBo

th

Page 23: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,

Uca annulipes

The St Lucia fiddler crab community as a case study…

Page 24: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,

The St Lucia fiddler crab community as a case study…

Page 25: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,
Page 26: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,
Page 27: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,

Fiddler crab resilience

Influenced by:

physico‐chemical variables

• Eurythermal (Edney 1961)

• Euryhaline (Khanyile 2012)

• Soil moisture (Macnae 1963)

environmental cycles 

• Diel

• Tidal

• Seasonal

?

Page 28: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,

Feeding dynamics of the fiddler crab Uca annulipes in a non‐tidal mangrove forest

Page 29: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,

• Fiddler crabs are largely herbivores feeding on microphytobenthos (MPB)

• Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms, temperature, time of day, sexual dimorphism

Feeding dynamics of the fiddler crab Uca annulipes in a non‐tidal mangrove forest

Page 30: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,
Page 31: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,

Seasonal and diel variation

Summer Winter

Page 32: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,

Seasonal and diel variation

Summer Winter

summer winter

4.0 – 10.7 3.4 – 6.4

% of available MPB consumed per day in each season

Page 33: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,

Requires an open connection to the ocean

LIFE CYC

LE

Page 34: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,

Suspended silt and salinity tolerances of the first zoeal stage of the fiddlercrab Uca annulipes (Decapoda: Brachyura) 

• First stage larvae were maintained under various salinities and silt levels in the laboratory

• They were well cared for• Mortality was measured at 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours 

Page 35: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,

RESPONSE TO SILT LOADINGNo significant difference in survival but a lower turbidity level appears to be optimal

Between 40 – 60 % survival rate overall

Turbidity in the Narrows ‐> 50 – 100 NTU

Page 36: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,

RESPONSE TO SALINITY FLUCTUATIONS

20 – 35 is the ideal salinity for development (~ 60 % survival rate)

At salinities < 20 and > 35 survival is 0%

Salinity in the Narrows ‐> 5 ‐ 10

Page 37: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,

Conclusion• Adaptable• Maintain ecological role in the absence of important environmental rhythms

• Potentially resilient species

BUTrequire a connection to the marine environment

Not all life stages display the same level of resilience

Page 38: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,

Conclusion• Adaptable• Maintain ecological role in the absence of important environmental rhythms

• Potentially resilient species

BUTrequire a connection to the marine environment

Only sustainable due to refuge populations

Page 39: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,

IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSERVATION?

• Consider what the most resilient ecosystem components require to survive

• This knowledge gives us a direction and priority for conservation efforts 

…In this case…marine connectivity is key

Page 40: Mangrove resilience and fiddler crabs in South Africa...•Fiddler crabs are largely herbivoresfeeding on microphytobenthos (MPB) •Feeding behaviour is affected by tidal rhythms,

THANK YOU