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Unit: 11.2MANAGING THE ECONOMY; A
MICRO-ECONOMIC FOCUS
PREPARED BY TPALALA 1
Learning outcomes:On successful completion of this topic, students will be able to:
Explain The role of price in the market system
Explain the Limitation of price theory
Explain Demand and Demand Schedules and demand Curves
Explain Extension and Contraction of demand
Discuss Factors affecting Demand
PREPARED BY TPALALA 2
Timeframe and Instructions• This course will take you for weeks to complete and is accompanied by a
worksheet.
• If you set an average of 3 hours per day, you should be able to complete theunit comfortably by the end of the assigned week.
•Ask your parents or guardians to help you complete it. The worksheetshould be completed within the given period.
• You will have to read the notes before attempting the activities.
• The activity is done to check your understanding of the topic.
• Please ask your parents to assist you in dropping off your answered activityat the front office. Alternatively a scanned copy can be emailed [email protected]
PREPARED BY TPALALA 3
Topics to Cover
PRICE THEORY; DEMAND
The Role and Importance of Price
Demand, Demand Schedules and Demand Curves
Extensions and Contractions of Demand
Factors Affecting Demand
PREPARED BY TPALALA 4
PRICE THEORY1.1 The Role and Importance of Price
•Price plays an important role in determining the allocation ofresources. Allocation refers to the distribution of resources.
•By now you know very well that resources are scarce and participants’that is buyers and sellers in the market want to get the most out ofthese scarce resources. How can these scarce resources be efficientlydistributed? These resources can only be distributed efficiently whenthere is a price.
•To understand the importance of price to resource allocation, let usfind out what price theory is. Price is part and partial of the pricetheory. We will firstly study the definition of price theory.
PREPARED BY TPALALA 5
What is Price Theory?
Price theory is the study of how price for any specific good or serviceis reached by the relationship between the forces of supply anddemand.
We will use the term price mechanism.
What is Price mechanism?It is a process by which resources are allocated according to the supply and
demand for goods and services, which in turn determines market prices andthe quantity of these goods that will be produced.
PREPARED BY TPALALA 6
Limitations of Price Theory
• In the real world in any economy, market forces of supply and demand does not workpurely as we have studied earlier. There are some forms of government intervention infixing prices. This comes about as a result of the following limitations or struggles by suchcountries like ours, Papua New Guinea
• Unfair distribution of resources• Non-provision of public goods • Failure to provide merit goods to the society • Non-recognition of externalities • Imperfect information flow • Market instability• Wastes of resources• Failure to address poverty
PREPARED BY TPALALA 7
Importance of Price Theory
• Price theory as we have studied earlier is about price being determined by the market forces of supply and demand. Though it may not exist purely in any one economy it plays an important role in all economies, developed and developing, capitalist, socialist and mixed.
What are some of the importance of price theory? • Price determines the decisions of production in capitalist economy
• Price serves best interest of societies
• Price influences how goods are produced
• Price influences people’s ability to pay for goods and services
PREPARED BY TPALALA 8
Invisible-Hand of the Market
What is the invisible hand of the market?The invisible hand of the market is actually the market forces of demandand supply for goods and services which determines the prices for thesegoods and services.There is no government intervention.Government agencies and authorities like Independent Consumer andCompetition Commission or Internal Revenue Commission do not set theprices for all goods and services. In the real world, the buyers orconsumers and the sellers or suppliers reach a stage where the buyergains maximum satisfaction from consuming these resource whilst theseller is able to meet its marginal costs
PREPARED BY TPALALA 9
Student Learning Activity
PREPARED BY TPALALA 10
1. What is price theory?
2. List five (5) limitations of price theory and explain each.
3. What is the importance of price theory? (Explain)
4. Briefly explain what an invisible hand is in price theory.
You are to complete the
activities in your economics
exercise book
2. Demand, Demand Schedules and Demand Curves
What is Demand? • Demand is the quantity or the number of
goods and services that people are willingand able to buy at a given price and at agiven time.
We all know that when prices of goods orservices increases less number of thesegoods and services will be bought and viceversa. That is, when price decreases more ofthese goods and services will be bought.
• The basic law of demands states that asprice falls the quantity demanded will riseand as price rises the quantity demandedwill fall.
What is Demand Schedule? • Demand schedule is a table showing
the quantity of good and services that consumers are able and willing to buy at various prices over a given period of time.
PREPARED BY TPALALA 11
What is a Demand Curve?
• A demand curve is a graph showing the quantity of a good or service thatconsumers are able and willing to buy at various prices over a given period oftime.
• There are two types of demand. They are individual demand and market demand. Let’s find out what they are.
1. Individual Demand
2. Market Demand
• Individual demand is the quantity of a particular good or service that a consumeris willing and able to buy at different prices during a period of time.
• Market demand is the quantity of a good that all consumers in a market arewilling and able to buy at different prices during a period of time.
PREPARED BY TPALALA 12
How to Prepare a Demand Schedule Step 2. Give the schedule a title. Always have a title for your schedule.
Step 1. Draw a table with twocolumns. One column for the priceand the other for the quantity. Aswe proceed on you will be able tosee the law of demand clearly in thetable where increasing prices leadsto fall in quantity demanded whilstdecreasing prices leads to rise inquantity demanded.
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The demand schedule must be drawn and labelled correctly. When it is drawn up well you can be able to work out the law of demand easily.
DEMAND SCHEDULE
PREPARED BY TPALALA 14
• Step 3. Enter the price and the quantity demanded respectively
•So, for you to draw a correct demand schedule follow the steps and the illustration we have just gone through.
How to Construct a Demand Curve
Let us now go through the steps on how to draw a demand curve.
NB: Refer to the handout for more information or the web link given below
..\LESSON NOTES\GRADE 11 ECONOMICS\g11ecom3.pdf
PREPARED BY TPALALA 15
Reasons for Upward Sloping Demand Curve
Usually demand curves slopes downwards from left to right. Occasionally, the curves may slope upwards.
• The reason for upward sloping curve is because as prices increases the demand for the good increases as well. What could be the reason for this movement?
Factors (reasons) which cause an Upward Sloping Demand Curve
1. Conspicuous Consumption
2. Goods bought for Speculative Reasons
PREPARED BY TPALALA 16
What is the difference between extension and the contraction of Demand?
It is important to distinguish betweentwo types of change affecting demandcurves.
One causes a movement along ademand curve, while the other causesa shift of the whole curve. We will lookat the change causing movementalong the demand curve. When thishappens we call these the contractionand the extension of demand curves.(We will see these when we constructextension and contraction of thedemand curve.)
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What is the difference between extension and the contraction of Demand?
PREPARED BY TPALALA 18
• Extensions and contractions happen when changes in prices affect quantity.• That is the effect of the change in price on quantity results in a movement along a demand curve. Only
the changes in price and not the other factors affecting demand.
You will study the other factors that affect demand as we proceed on.• Contraction happens when there is a movement up along the demand curve.• This shows that quantity demanded has decreased due to increase in price.• As you can see when price increases from P0 to P1 the demand is stretched along the curve from Q0 to
Q2.• There has not been a change in the intensity of demand so the demand curves have not shifted. Likewise
for extension.• Extension happens when there is a movement downward along the demand curve.• This shows that quantity demanded has increased due to decrease in price.• As you can see when price decreases from P0 to P2 the demand is stretched along the curve from Q0 to
Q1. The extension and contraction of demand is due to change in price other than the factors ofproduction.
Difference between the Increases and Decreases of Demand and Extensions and Contractions of Demand
The difference between increase anddecrease of demand and extension andcontraction of demand is that;
• Increase and decrease of the demand curveoccurs when there is a change in demand.The change in the demand curve causes thedemand curve to shift either to the left orright of the original curve. This happenslargely due to the factors affecting demandother than price. For example, either anincrease or decrease in consumers income.When people’s income increase theydemand more goods and vice versa.
• Note here that there is no change in the prices.
• Look below to see the increase and thedecrease of the demand curve.
PREPARED BY TPALALA 19
Difference between the Increases and Decreases of Demand and Extensions and Contractions of Demand
PREPARED BY TPALALA 20
• A change in demand causes a shift in the existing demand curve demand to the right or left as price remains constant at P0.
• Demand decreases when quantity moves to the left from Q0 to Q2.
• Demand increases when quantity moves to the right from Q0 to Q1.
• These changes in demand is referred to as changes in the conditions of demand.
• As mentioned earlier increase and decrease of demand is due to the changes in the factors affecting demand other than price.
• Extension and contraction of the demand curve occurs when there is a change in quantity demanded as result of change in price.
• These will cause movement along the demand curve either upwards or downwards. There are no changes in factors affecting demand.
Factors Affecting Demand
Demand for a particular good is determined by a number of factors. These factors arereferred to as determinants. Let us go through these factors.
• The Price of the Goods
• Prices of Related Goods
a) Substitute Goods
b) Complementary goods
• Consumer Income
• Consumers Expectations
• Tastes and Preferences
• Number of consumers
PREPARED BY TPALALA 21
YOU HAVE COME TO THE END OF THE TOPIC
Student Learning Activity
1. Define the following terms,
a) Demand
b) Supply
c) Individual demand
d) Market demand
2.Explain the difference between theextension and contraction of the demandcurve to the increase and the decrease of thedemand curve.
3. And draw simple graphs illustrating theextension and the contraction of the demandcurve and the increase and the decrease inthe demand curves.
• And draw simple graphs illustrating the extension and the contraction of the demand curve and the increase and the decrease in the demand curves
PREPARED BY TPALALA 22
You are to complete the activities in your economics
exercise book
Reference Source
• Flexible, Open and Distance Education,PNG. 2017
PREPARED BY TPALALA 23
