MANAGING MANGO INSECT PESTS IN PAKISTAN

BYDR.ABDUL SATTAR BURIRO

ENTOMOLOGISTAGRICULTURE RESEARCH INSTITUTE

TANDOJAM (SINDH) PAKISTAN

ON 28 MARCH 2006 @ MULTAN

MANGO (Mangifera indica)

King Of All Fruits

MANGO ORCHARD

Mango yields in Pakistan are considerably low being 9-10 tons / ha compared with world yields being 10 – 30 tons/ha , in countries like China , Mexico and India.The main constraints for low yield are new developing diseases and insect pests on mango .The insects like Hopper , Scale , mealy bugs, Thrips , shoot borer , mango midges and Fruit fly .The massive use of pesticides on fruit crops are most concerning in increasingly health conscious therefore Pakistans export of fruits may face serious threat .So efforts are needed to introduce expectable MRL .

INTRODUCTION

INSECT PESTS OF MANGO

1. MANGO HOPPER Amriotodus atkinsoniIdioscopus clypealisI.niveosparus

2. MANGO MEALYBUG Drosicha mangiferae3. MANGO FRUIT FLY Dacus dorsalis4. MANGO SCALES Aspidiotus destructor

Pulvinaria psidi5. MANGO MIDGE7. MANGO THRIPS Rhipiphoro thrips

Thrips tabaci6. MANGO BARK BEETLE Chryphalus spp

INSECT PESTS

MANGO HOPPERAmriotodus atkinsoniIdioscopus clypealisIdiocopus niveosparus

MANGO HOPPER

Though out the year first out break in Feb –April.

Damage to fruit yield may be as high as 60 per cent.De- saping young foliage and inflorescence during reproductive and growth period.More active practically during spring & monsoon season.

(Mango hopper)

MANGO HOPPERCONTROL OPTIONS

Chemical control with non-selective pesticides.No Biological control.

RD & E AreaResearch on alternative pesticidesAttempts to be made on biological control.Impact of pesticide spray during inflorescence on pollination & fruit setting.

MANGO MEALY BUGDrosicha mangiferae

MANGO MEALY BUGDAMAGE SYMPTOMS

Only the nymphs & wingless females are destructive & suck plant juice , causing tender shoots and flowers to dry up.

The nymphs crawl on the plant during January- March period and feed on the twigs, leaves and inflorescence

The young fruits also become juiceless and drop off

No fruits are set when early infestation is serious on inflorescence.

(Mango mealy bug)

MANGO MEALY BUGCONTROL MEASURES

Destroy eggs laid under infested trees after scraping the soil 6”deep to expose the eggs. Burn all dry leaves and twigs in May-June.

To prevent nymphs from crawling up the stem, apply 8 cm wide sticky bands, or polythene sheets, about a meter above ground towards mid.

Burn nymphs congregated below the bands, or drench them in kerosene mixed with water.

Chemical control with non-specific pesticides.

RD & E AreaThe predator Sumnius renardi is available in Pakistan its argumentation and releases may be made on large scale.

MANGO SCALES

MANGO SCALESAbout 27 species of scale insects attack mango.Scale is usually dispersed by birds and bats through their feathers and fur.Male scale is smaller in size as compared to female scale.Female scale is oval in shape having transparent skin coat.These insects differ from other insects in shape .Life cycle is completed in 31-35 days with upto 10 generation in year.

MANGO SCALESDAMAGE SYMPTOMS

Severe infestation completely coats the underside of leaves which become yellow and die .It also caused cracking of bark and decline symptoms.Flower spikes and fruits may also be infested.

MANGO SCALESCONTROL MEAURES

Chemical control with non specific pesticides .

RD & E Area• Research on Bionomics and control of scales is

necessary to confirm the role of scales in mango decline symptometology.

PROJECT PROPOSALA project on biological management of important Coccoidea associated with mango in Sindh in collaboration with CABI Pakistan central Rawalpindi have been submitted for ALP funding.

(Mango Scale)

MANGO FRUIT FLY

MANGO FRUIT FLYBactocera zonatus attack up to 97% and B.dorsalisdamage the fruit up to 3%.Fruit flies are most active in garden when temperature is 25-30 C and become inactive below 20 C.

FRUIT FLIES INFESTATION ON DIFFERENT MANGO CULTIVARS

(Bectocera zonatus)

3100973Sindhri251007525Began Pali8100928Collector

111008911Swanarika111008911Desi201008020Langro

TOTALNON-ATTACKED

ATTACKED

%ATTACK

NO. OF FRUITS OBSERVEDMANGOCULTIVAR

MANGO FRUIT FLY

DAMAGE SYMPTOMS

Maggots feed on the pulp and make it unfit for human consumption.At first the infestation is not visible on the fruit surface; later on brown spots appear on the surface of the infested fruit.

MANGO FRUITFLYCONTROL MEASURES

Destroy all infested fruits & dropping to reduce future pest populations.Fruit fly traps of methyl eugenol (one traps / ac.) is effective against fruit fly. Traps need to be reapplied every 14 days.Spray with Dipterex 80 SP @ 100-150 gm / 100 lit Of Water

RESEARCH IN HANDA project integrated management of fruit fly in Pakistan has been funded through ALP to comprising IPEP , NARC , IIBC , NIFA , D.I.Khan , ARI , NIA and ARI – Quetta components.

MANGO FRUITFLYISSUES

Lake of facilities for hot water treatment , weak linkage between growers , Extension workers and researchers .Weak linkage between research institutes at federal and provincial levels.Regional control programme.Mix cropping of various fruit crops

RD & E AREASConcern over carcinogenicity of methyl eugenol call for development of other types of para-pheramones to attack Bectocera spp.Research on combination of augumentative releases of parasitoids and use of sterile insect techniques and bait application of protein for female.

(Mango fruit fly)

VARIETY WISE CUMMULATIVE RECORD REGARDING EXTENT OF DAMAGE AND INCIDENCE OF SURVEYED MANGO

ORCHARDS IN SINDH

5.72321541951341056821TOTAL:

10.308971031000200Desi10.8.802282225050Almas9.8.601019961115223Began Phali8.5.271615901705341Dusari7.7.661048871135227Swarnerika6.

10.76870105975195Fujri5.6.8814201051525305Siroli4.7.7421451802325465Langra3.9.02539053559251185Chausa2.

3.4617522628181503630Sindhri1.

INCIDENCE

HEALTHY

PLANTS

DISEASEPLANT

TOTAL PLANT

INSPECT/CHECKED

TOTAL HOLDING IN ACRE

NAME OF VARIETY

S.#

Mango Midge

Mango Midge

• The mango gall midge or mango blesster midge is a major pest destroying inflorescence up to 70% of fruit set . Eggs normally laid in folds between sepal and petals of flowers .

• Larval feeding prevents flower opening and consequently also development.

• No awareness to growers regarding this pest and damage.

PROJECT PROPOSAL / RD & E AREA

• A project on gall midges has been prepared at country level in collaboration with CABI , NARC and Sindh research .

OCCURANCE

Mango ThripsRhipiphoro thrips

Thrips tabaci

OCCURANCE• It is blossom pest caused damaged by ovipositing the panicle and feeding on floral rectories and anthers , which may result into pre-mature loss of pollens .

Chemical Control

• With non-specific pesticides.

RD & E AREA

• Determine EIL and control measures that will not significantly reduce pollinators.

Mango Quick Decline / Sudden Death

Objectives

•To evaluate the efficacy of Alitte 80WP , Derosal 500SC , Topsin-M and RidomilGold toward :

To stoop or minimize the gummosis.Control on Sudden deathPlant health (Pre & Post Applications)Flowering & Fruit retentionTree lives (Period) after treatmentYield

MANGO DECLINE CAUSES AND MEASURES TO PROTECT MANGOES IN SINDH

By Dr.A.Sattar Buriro &

Ali Muhammad Khaskhali (Plant Pathologist SHRI – Mirpurkhas)

VARIETY WISE SURVEYS

VARIETY WISE CUMMULATIVE RECORD REGARDING EXTENT OF DAMAGE AND INCIDENCE OF SURVEYED MANGO

ORCHARDS IN SINDH

5.72321541951341056821TOTAL:10.308971031000200Desi10.

8.802282225050Almas9.

8.601019961115223Began Phali8.

5.271615901705341Dusari7.

7.661048871135227Swarnerika6.10.76870105975195Fujri5.

6.8814201051525305Siroli4.

7.7421451802325465Langra3.9.02539053559251185Chausa2.3.4617522628181503630Sindhri1.

INCIDENCEHEALTHYPLANTS

DISEASEPLANT

TOTAL PLANT

INSPECT/CHECKED

TOTAL HOLDING IN ACRE

NAME OF VARIETY

S.#

ASSOCIATION OF BARK BEETLE WITH MANGO DECLINE

MANGO BARK BEETLE

The mango trunk beetle can be found in trunk all branches as well as root .Adults generally appear in hot weather. Full grown larva is a stout, yellowish-white, fleshy grub.

DistributionNative range tropical and sub-tropical Asia, currently found in equatorial, Africa, India, SriLanka, China, Japan, South East Asia, Indonesia, Hawaii, Southern United States. Wood 1982, Kovach and Gorsuch 1985, Deyrup and Atkinson 1987.

124 species of trees, shrubs nd vine world wide. Mango, Papaya, Coffee, Cacao, Rubber, CamphorTea & Teak, Sweet potato

Host plant:

Adult females are minute (2 to 3) mm stout bodied dark reddish brown andhave hunched-back appearance.

Asia Ambrosia beetle(Xylosandrus crassiuculus)

Suspected cause of decline

Asian Ambrosia beetleAnd hole on trunk caused by beetle.

Efforts taken by the DepartmentIdentification of beetles

Insect samples have been sent to CAB International Rawalpindi for identification. The beetle could not be identified in Pakistan. The samples were sent to National Museum U.K. The identification is as under:Cryphalus Sp. (Bark Beetle)

J.E .Pena (Australia) reported that the scolytlidsH.magniferae and Xybsandrus compactus directly attack main stem and branches.Fungus mycelium growth can extend terminally and basally from beetle gallery in the mango tree and can kill effected branches. The evaluation of trap is tools for managing ambrosia beetle to reduce damage in newly established groves

Mode of damageIt does not consume tissue. The female transport spores of blue to black fungus (Ambrosia) in to the core of stem or create entry point for Fusarium Sp. etc.

Branches and stem are usually attacked, low about 1 to 3 feet above the soil line.

Beetle actively are wilting of foliage and eventually death of plant due to severed and fungal clogged water pipe lines (Xylem). Ultimately gum ozesfrom plant.

SEASONAL POPULATION OF BARK BEETLE

Month Beetle population on 100 samples

December 2004 02January 2005 03February 2005 04March 2005 17April 2005 11May 2005 26------------------------------------------------------------The peak populations recorded during March, April and May months.

CHOISE METHOD FOR BARK BEETLESAMPLE SIZE 10 BEETLES/HOT

10--10Gadori15.10--10Sufida14.10--10Jamon13.10--10Devi12.10--10Pipper11.10--10Chiku10.10--10Kirol9.10--10Sarih8.10--10Acasia7.10--10Beer6.10--10Injir5.10--10Mulbery4.10--10Gold Mohr3.10--10Talhi2.020810Mango1.

DEADALIVENO. RELEASE BEETLENAME OF TREE

S.#

FUNGI ISOLATED FROM SOILSS.# FUNGI ISOLATED

1. Alternaria, Aspergillus2. Fusuarium - Rhizopus3. Botrydiplodia4. Penicillium

SURVEY & DEMONSTRATIONS

Survey has carried out of Gardents of Abdul Hakim Dayo, JakhraCrossing, Ansari Farm, Rahoki, Noor Ahmed Nizamani Farm, TandoQaiser, Haji Allah Bux Memon, Matiari, Syed Nadeem Shah, located in District Tando Allahyar, Syed Hussain Shah Rashdi, District Mirpurkhas, Mr.Mahmood Nawaz Shah, Bukhera Sharif and Mr.Maqbool Memon, District Tando Allahyar, Rais Mohamamd Irshad Mahar, Coconut & Chiku at Mirpur Sakaro District, Mr.Aijaz Ahmed Qureshi, Citrus, Chiku, Ber at Gadab Karachi and at Mr.Asad Ali Johar Farm, Quarter Stop Taluka & District Tando Allahyar. Where demonstration of Injection Methods has been done against Mango Decline.

To Test Some Systemic Fungicides Against Quick Decline Of Mango Trees

At Different Farm

2004 – 06

Hyderabad

To Test Some Systemic Fungicides Against Quick Decline Of Mango Trees

At Different Farm

2004 – 06

Hyderabad

Objectives

•To evaluate the efficacy of Alitte 80WP , Derosal 500SC , Topsin-M and RidomilGold toward :

To stoop completely or minimize the gummosis.

Control on Sudden deathPlant health (Pre & Post Applications)Flowering & Fruit retentionTree lives (Period) after treatmentYield

Mango Quick Decline

Disease SymptomsDisease Symptoms• Plant looks dark green compared to other plant

trees.• Crumbling / shrinking of leaves.• Die back symptoms.• Bark Splitting / Gummosis.• Sudden Death of plant.

Mango Quick DeclineCausal OrganismsCausal Organisms

• There are more than one causal organisms involved in the proceeding of this disease major includes :

• Botroidiplodia 70%• Colletotrichum• Xanthomonas• And in some cases Phytophthora.• Imbalance nutrition.• Excessive moisture.• Bark beetle (Asian Ambrosia) --- Career of diseases

Mango Quick DeclinePreventive Measures:Preventive Measures:• Catch early symptoms.• Cut down 2/3 rd of branch or foliage to give relief

to the diseased plant.• Prepare Bordeaux Mix. Paste & paste it on the

injured parts.• Make 1st ring around the trunk ( 6 inches ).• Make 2nd drip ring tunnel around the trunk at 10 ft.• Dig out soil from that ring maximum of 1ft depth• Replace it with fresh soil ( canal soil ).

Selected diseased mango trees.

Gummosis ranged in-between 10 - 20% at Ist application.

Injection MethodInjection Method

First make hole in trunk with hand drill or motorized drill at 45 angle.

Make 2-3 hole / tree depends on trunk girth.

Hole dia approximately 4 cm.

Hole depth up to 20- 25 cm.

Small pieces of sponge insert in to hole.

Apply products with 100 ml syringe.

Product mixed in 50- 75 ml water / tree.

Hole closed with Plaster of Paris.

Material and Methods

Drenching MethodDrenching Method

• Make 1st ring around the trunk ( 6 inches ).•Make 2nd ring tunnel around the plant canopy •Clean out the soil from weeds at that ring. •Irrigate the whole ring before drenching.•Apply product in a moister condition near feeding roots and inner portion of the ring under canopy (Within 7 days after irrigation).

Material and Methods

Foliar Application MethodFoliar Application Method

• Prepare a solution in a drum or big tank (minimum 200 L capacity).•Spray on the whole plant with a care so that whole plant especially the wood parts are well sprayed.

Material and Methods

Field Trials Of Systemic Field Trials Of Systemic Fungicides Against Fungicides Against

Mango Quick decline.Mango Quick decline.

Abdul Abdul HakeemHakeem DayoDayo FarmFarm

DethaDetha –– MirpurkhasMirpurkhas RoadRoad

HyderabadHyderabad

Trial No : 1Trial No : 1

General Information

Foliar method Foliar method ---- NONO

Drenching method Drenching method –– NONOInjection method Injection method –– 75 ml/Tree75 ml/TreeMethod Of Method Of

Applications and Applications and water volume used / water volume used / TreeTree

SindhriSindhri , , LangraLangra , , SaroliSaroli & & DesiDesiVarietiesVarieties

IstIst –– 2828--1212--04 204 2ndnd –– 0303--0202--05 , 05 , 33rdrd –– 1616--0303--05 405 4thth –– 2323--0505--0505Application datesApplication dates

MangoMangoOrchardOrchard

DayoDayo AgriAgri: Farm : Farm -- DethaDethaLocationLocation

Treatments

200 ml/100 LTalstar 10ECT13

50 mlConfidor 200SLT1150 mlTamaron 60SLT12

50+50 gmAliette+Ridomil+(Talstar foliar)T10

50 gm+50 mlAlitte+ConfidorT550 gmDerosalT450 gmRidomil GoldT350 gmTopsin-MT250 gmAliette 80WPT1

50+50 gmAliette+Rido+( Lorsbane foliar)T8

50 gm+50 mlRidomil+ConfidorT7

----------Un-Treated (2 tress)T14

50+50+50 mlAliette+Rido+ConfidorT9

50 gm+50 mlTopsin-M+ConfidorT6

Dose gm/TreeProductsTreat

15%10%22%

10%12%20%15%

15%10%15%10%12%15%

10%

PrePre--treatmenttreatment

Gummosis %age Gummosis %age

Plant Dead

12%35%

15%

Plant Dead

30%25%

15%

Plant Dead

10%8%12%

Plant Dead

6%

60 DAA 60 DAA IstIst

Plant Dead

18%

Plant Dead

20%

Plant Dead

Plant Dead

Plant Dead

22%

Plant Dead

6%5%10%

Plant Dead

3%

180 180 DAA DAA IstIst

Plant Dead

Plant Dead

Plant Dead

Plant Dead

Plant Dead

Plant Dead

Plant Dead

Plant Dead

Plant Dead

2%1%10%

Plant Dead

1%

After 13 After 13 Months Months

Dead

Dead

Dead

Dead

Dead

Dead

Dead

Dead

Dead

AliveAliveAlive

Dead

Alive

Dead / Dead / Alive Alive

trees 13 trees 13 MAAMAA

Talstar 10EC (Foliar Application)

Confidor 200SL

Tamaron 60SL

Aliette+Rido+ (Talstar foliar)

Alitte+ConfidorDerosalRidomil GoldTopsin-M

Aliette 80WP

Aliette+Rido+ (Lorsbane foliar)

Ridomil+Confidor

Un-Treated (2 tress)

Aliette+Rido+ Confidor

Topsin-M+Confidor

ProductsProductsResults against Q.D 13 months after Results against Q.D 13 months after IstIst applicationapplication

Aliette 80 WP Treated tree

Plant have good look condition

5 Months A.A 13 Months A.A

Aliette 80 WP + Confidor 200SL Treated tree

Pre - Treat 5 Months AA

Plant have good look with full of flowering.

13 Months A A

Derosal Treated tree

Plant have slightly good look with full of flowering

2 Months AA 5 Months AA

13 Months A.A

Topsin – M Treated tree

Pre 20 DAA II

Plant Completely Dried Up 30 DAA II

Aliette+Ridomil Gold+ Confidor treated tree.

17 DAA 1 20 DAA II

Plant Completely Dried Up 28 DAA II

17 DAA 1 20 DAA II

Plant Completely Dried Up 28 DAA II

Ridomil Gold treated tree.

Pre - treatment

5 months after Appli:Plant shows slightly better look as compared to pre - treatment.

13 Months after Application

5 Months after Application

Aliette+Ridomil +Confidor

Pre 5 months after appli:Plant partially Dried Up

Tamaron treated tree

150 DAA I Tree is near to death due to heavy gum oozed from many branches and up till now four branches died up out of eight.

Plant completely dried 6 M.A.APlant completely dried 6 M.A.A

Topsin – M + Confidor

Pre - Treat 20 DAA II

Plant Completely Dried Up 20 DAA II

Aliette + Ridomil Gold

Pre - Treat 5 Months after appli:

Plant completely dried 6 Months after application

Un-treated tree - 1

17 DAA 1 20 DAA II

Plant Completely Dried Up before 20 DAA II

Un-treated tree – 2

17 DAA 1 5 months after application

Plant completely dried 6 months after application

Conclusion (Dayo Farm) ( 13 Months after Application)

• Aliette and Ridomil alone showed good efficacyAgainst quick decline through injection method and

plants are still alive after 13 months of application.

• Topsin-M proved inferior efficacy against Q.D and plant completely dried after 2 months of application.

• Alliate + Ridomil showed antagonisium actionand provided un-satisfactory results in case of mixing and plant dried 6 m.a.a.

• Beetle activity has been enhanced with increased in temperature particularly during March.

• Trunk spray with long residual insecticides likeTalstar treatment had less population of beetlewhen compared with un-treated check.

Abdul Abdul ShakoorShakoor Ansari FarmAnsari Farm

UsmanUsman Shah (Rahuki)Shah (Rahuki)

HyderabadHyderabad

Trial No : 2Trial No : 2

General Information

Foliar method Foliar method ---- 33 L/Tree33 L/TreeDrenching method Drenching method –– 66 L/Tree66 L/TreeInjection method Injection method –– 75 ml/Tree75 ml/Tree

Water Volume used / Water Volume used / TreeTree

SindhriSindhri , , LangraLangra , , SaroliSaroli & & DesiDesiVarietiesVarieties

FuradanFuradan applied @ 500 gm/tree applied @ 500 gm/tree in all methods before in all methods before IstIst appliappli: of : of Fungicide including untreated Fungicide including untreated trees.trees.Granules ApplicationGranules Application

IstIst –– 1010--1010--05 205 2ndnd –– 1616--1111--05 , 05 , 33rdrd –– 2222--1212--05 405 4thth -- ……………………Application datesApplication dates

MangoMangoOrchardOrchard

Ansari Ansari AgriAgri: Farm : Farm -- RahukiRahukiLocationLocation

Treatments

----- do -----50 mlDerosalT3

3 / Method Of Application

50 gmAliette 80WPT2

----- do -----50 gmRidomil GoldT5

----- do -----50 gmTopsin-MT4

………..……..Un-treatedT1

ReplicationDose gm/Tree

ProductsTreat

Detail Of Treatments

Foliar15135

Drenching15135

Injection15135

Methods Of Applications

Total trees / Method

Trees/Treat

Replications

Treat

Water Volume And Product dose / tree.Injection method Injection method –– 75 ml/Tree75 ml/Tree

Water Volume Water Volume used / Treeused / Tree

Drenching method Drenching method –– 66 L/Tree66 L/TreeFoliar method Foliar method ---- 33 L/Tree33 L/Tree

Products and dose in gm / treeProducts and dose in gm / tree

83 gm50 gm50 gmRidomilRidomil GoldGold

50 gm50 gm50 gmTopsinTopsin –– MM

50 ml50 ml50 mlDerosalDerosal

83 gm50 gm50 gmAlietteAliette

Foliar methodDrenching method

Injection method

Product

Position Of gummosis position Pre and Post Applications

(150 Days After Application)

HighLow

Foliar MethodFoliar Method

Un-treated

VLLowAliette

LowLowDerosal

Low LowTopsin M

MediumLowRidomilGold

HighLow

Drenching MethodDrenching Method

Un-treated

VVLLowAliette

ZeroLowDerosal

Low LowTopsin M

LowLowRidomilGold

HighLowUn-treated

LowLowRidomilGold

Low LowTopsin M

VLLowDerosal

VVLLowInjection MethodInjection Method

Aliette

Post (Gummosis)Pre (Gummosis)Method of ApplicationTreat

Conclusion (Ansari Farm)

( 5 months after Application)

• Only Aliette 80WP proved to be best efficacy among all products against gummosis of mango in all three methods.

• Derosal shows also high efficacy in drenching method followed by Injection whereas in foliar application it gives medium efficacy.

• Topin – M and Ridomil Gold showed Low results in all methods.