Managing Health and Safety in Swimming Pools

Date: February 2017

Document summaryThis guidance will focus on the need for pool operators to make provisions for health and safety based on risk, taking into account the circumstances that apply to each individual pool. It also emphasises the need, when addressing the hazards associated with running a swimming pool, for pool operators to consider both pool users and employees.

Contents

1. Introduction..................................................................................................................32. Responsibilities...........................................................................................................33. General........................................................................................................................54. Pool Safety Operating Procedures..............................................................................75. Pool Operation............................................................................................................86. Hygiene.....................................................................................................................117. Energy Conservation.................................................................................................148. Hydrotherapy Pools...................................................................................................159. Cleaning, Maintenance & Repairs.............................................................................1810. Staff Training.............................................................................................................1911. Lettings (see also model Letting Agreement)............................................................2012. Specialised Activities.................................................................................................23Appendix 1: Swimming Pool Users Safety Code................................................................24Appendix 2: Signs to be displayed in the Swimming Pool Area.........................................25Appendix 3: Trouble Shooting............................................................................................26Appendix 4: Information Sheet on Cryptosporidium and Giardia.......................................29Appendix 5: Sources of Advice & Information....................................................................30

About this document:

Enquiries: Health and Safety Team

Author: Health and Safety Team

Telephone: 01273 481938

Email: paths@eastsussex.gov.uk

Download this documentFrom: Health and Safety online pages

Version number: 05

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Managing Health and Safety in Swimming Pools

1. Introduction

1.1 Swimming is an important and popular element of the Physical Education Curriculum. However, safety precautions must be specific and rigorously observed by those responsible for the management and operation of pools. This document provides guidance for pool operators and all managers responsible for school pools. This will ensure that staff are aware of their responsibilities and that swimming pools are maintained and operated to the highest possible standards.

1.2 The guidance will focus on the need for pool operators to make provisions for health and safety based on risk, taking into account the circumstances that apply to each individual pool. It also emphasises the need when addressing the hazards associated with running a swimming pool and for pool operators to consider both pool users and employees.

1.3 The guidance has been revised to include policy information at the front of the document with the day to day management of the pool area being contained in the model Pool Safety Operating Procedures.

2. Responsibilities

2.1 Head of Establishment2.1.1 The head of each establishment will be identified as the Pool Operator and therefore has responsibility for:

ensuring that health and safety measures are implemented to reduce the risk so far as is reasonably practicable

ensuring that the pool is used in a safe manner with respect to adequate

supervision and teaching activities

ensuring that the pool is maintained in a safe condition

ensuring that a competent person is appointed as a pool manager to maintain the pool and effect necessary repairs. (See also "Control of Contractors")

establish Pool Safety Operating Procedures (PSOP), consisting of Normal Operating Procedures (NOP) and Emergency Action Procedures (EAP)

ensuring that the PSOP are complied with, that there is a monitoring system in place to ensure compliance, and that there is a system of periodic review in place

ensuring that repairs are carried out in accordance with East Sussex County Council specifications for swimming pool construction and repair

ensuring that pool water quality is maintained

acquiring an Electrical Safety Certificate from an approved electrical contractor. A certificate is required before the pool is used initially and annually thereafter

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ensuring that where duties regarding pool operations are delegated to a "pool manager", that this person is competent to perform those duties specified; has received sufficient training, and is conversant with this guidance

ensuring compliance with any local regulations, temporary or permanent, affecting the use of hose pipes or swimming pools

obtaining adequate pool supplies

ensuring a system is in place to report and correct defects

ensuring that all staff carrying out lifesaving duties are adequately trained in both lifesaving skills and knowledge of the PSOP

ensuring that when the pool is used by other organisations or groups they do so safely and in accordance with the PSOP and that a monitoring system is in place to ensure that the necessary standards are maintained.

2.2 CS Procurement and Contracts 2.2.1 At present, school swimming pools will be inspected by a designated officer of the Orbis, Property Services, Contracts Management team. Swimming pools are regarded as high risk areas in terms of health and safety and the Authority must take all reasonable action to ensure pool safety.

2.2.2 A service agreement is negotiated each year between the Orbis, Propery Services, Contracts Management team and schools with swimming pools and special schools with hydrotherapy pools.

2.2.3 Orbis Contracts Management team’s designated officer is empowered to make recommendations regarding the closure of a pool and will include the reasons and necessary action to return the pool to use. The headteacher will also be notified of the required closure.

2.2.4 The Orbis, Contracts Management team provide training to caretakers. Advice is available from the team on 01273 482984.

2.3 Supplies2.3.1 The school is responsible for replenishment of pool chemicals in accordance with the approved list of chemicals.

2.4 Children’s Services Department2.4.1 The Children’s Services Department has responsibility as the employer in community and controlled schools and must therefore ensure that a safe place and safe systems of work are provided. To this end, Children’s Services may direct a headteacher to comply with these requirements if it feels that the health and safety of staff and pupils is at risk. Similarly, if work is required to be carried out, Children’s Services may carry out the work and charge the establishment if it feels there is a serious risk to health and safety.

2.5 Environmental Health Officers2.5.1 The District or Borough Environmental Health Department has an overall responsibility to ensure that the pool is operated in accordance with hygiene regulations.

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2.5.2 Environmental Health Officers (EHO's) are entitled to visit the school and carry out inspection tests on pool water, pool environment etc. If any contraventions of the recommended requirements are identified they have the power to shut the swimming pool until these have been rectified.

3. General

3.1 Risk Assessment

3.1.1 All establishments with swimming pools require safe procedures to be developed to ensure the health and safety of pool operators and users.

3.1.2 As a pool operator, under the Management of Health & Safety at Work Regulations 1999, an assessment of the risks to employees and others, as a result of the work activity is required. These requirements also take into account members of the public using the pools. Appropriate action should then be taken to eliminate or reduce those risks as far as is reasonably practicable.

3.1.3 An assessment of risk is a careful examination of the hazards and risks associated with the pool:

A hazard is anything that may cause harm A risk is a chance, great or small, that someone will be harmed by a hazard.

3.1.4 There are five steps which pool operators need to ensure a proper risk assessment is completed:

Step 1 – look for the hazards Step 2 – decide who may be harmed and how Step 3 – assess the risks and take appropriate action Step 4 – record the findings Step 5 – regularly review the assessment and revise when necessary.

3.1.5 The assessment must be carried out by a competent person and training is available to schools.

3.1.6 The hazards associated with swimming pools must, therefore, be identified and assessments made, taking into account local circumstances such as the pool structure, equipment, manner of use and characteristics of those who may use the pool. These guidelines will provide a starting point to enable establishments to develop their own detailed arrangements.

3.1.7 The implementation of safe procedures must start with an appreciation of the main hazards and who may be at risk.

3.1.8 A model swimming pool risk assessment has been developed for your information. The risk assessment is aimed at the general hazards associated with the pool rather than the curriculum although there is obviously overlap. A model risk assessment is available on the Webshop.

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3.2 Written Operating Procedures (See also Sections 3 & 4)

3.2.1 As a result of the risk assessment, every pool operator should prepare written operating procedures setting out the organisation and arrangements for ensuring pool safety. The procedures will be for reference by school staff and hirers.

3.2.2 The document will vary considerably according to the circumstances of the particular pool but it should include a normal operating plan and an emergency action plan. The procedures should be updated regularly. The Pool Operator must ensure that the plan is prepared, issued and adhered to. Model documents are available on the Webshop.

3.3 Insurance

3.3.1 The County Council's legal liability, both as owner of the pool and in connection with official school activities relating to its use, is covered by insurance which indemnifies the County Council against claims on the grounds of negligence.

3.3.2 The policy also includes members of a Parent Teacher/Friends Association provided such members are acting in a voluntary capacity in connection with a school function. The headteacher should be satisfied that the persons involved are suitably qualified and fully aware of all rules relating to the use of the pool.

3.3.3 If a PTFA were involved in using the pool in a private capacity then they, in the same way as any other organisation, must ensure that adequate insurance cover is available as protection against possible liability to third parties.

3.3.4 The use of the pool by outside organisations is governed by the conditions under which the pool is hired. See Lettings Section 10 and model letting agreement.

3.4 Design of Pools

3.4.1 Schools may wish to commission the construction of a new swimming pool and it is therefore recommended that schools obtain advice from Business Services (Property), to ensure that an approved contractor on the Swimming Pool Allied Trade Association register is used.

3.5 Controlling Access to the Pool

3.5.1 Effective precautions e.g. physical barriers should be taken to prevent unauthorised access to a pool intended to be out of use e.g. under repair, winterisation, etc. Children are often most at risk and special measures may need to be used. Plant rooms, chemical stores and other areas should be secured against unauthorised access. The risk assessment should include these factors.

3.5.2 High walls or fences around an open air pool may be an inadequate deterrent to prevent unauthorised use. The risks should be assessed and appropriate measures taken to reduce those risks e.g. installation of intruder lighting and/or alarms. Signs prohibiting unauthorised use should also be displayed.

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3.6 Pool covers

3.6.1 Various types of pool cover are available, including simple hand operated roller systems, automatically deployed covers, etc. Where pool covers are used as the primary means of preventing bathers’ access (e.g. in some open-air pools) the covers must be capable of supporting the weight of any person walking or falling onto them. They should also be resistant to vandalism.

3.6.2 Pool operators will need to ensure that their employees are not at risk from hazardous manual handling when dealing with this type of equipment.

4. Pool Safety Operating Procedures

4.1 Every establishment must prepare detailed operating and emergency plans, including a description, policy and arrangements.

4.2 The Normal Operating Procedures (NOP) must include information on the depth of pool; the emergency arrangements; water quality testing, etc. A comprehensive model NOP has been developed and is available on the Webshop. It is recommended that schools use this document to develop their own plan.

4.3 The Emergency Action Procedures (EAP) must include action required if an emergency arises in the pool area and should include poor clarity of water; overcrowding of pool; outbreak of fire (or sounding of the alarm to evacuate the building); discovery of a casualty in the water; diarrhoea in pool (Cryptosporidium and Giardia – see Appendix 4 for further information).

4.4 The procedure should make it clear, if it becomes necessary, how to clear the water or evacuate the building. To ensure the effectiveness of emergency procedures management should ensure that all staff, pupils and hirers are aware of the arrangements contained in the NOP. A comprehensive model EAP has been developed and is available on the Webshop.

4.5 A log book must be kept which will include the following documents:

daily log including any backwashing, chemicals added, testing results reports from Environmental Health Officers reports fromOrbis, Property Sevices, Contract Management team team

(results of bacteriological analysis will be noted on officer visit reports) completed reason for closure forms copy of hire agreements including risk assessments.

5. Pool Operation

5.1 Water Quality

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5.1.1 The standard of water quality is extremely important to reduce the risk of infection. Lack of clarity of water will indicate a problem with the standard of the water. This is in addition to the safety hazard presented by cloudy water, preventing persons from being seen at the bottom of the pool. Water quality must be maintained in accordance with pH and disinfectant levels as below.

5.2 Personnel

5.2.1 Competent trained personnel should only be considered for the management and testing of school swimming pools. The equipment used will require an ability to match colours; therefore staff should have good eye sight and not be colour blind. It is a requirement for staff using colourmetric testing, i.e. comparator, for them to be tested for colour blindness across the red and green spectrum.

5.3 Testing the Water

5.3.1 Regular testing of pool water is essential to ensure effective water treatment. Disinfectant residuals and pH values should be checked by sampling the pool before it opens and after closing.

5.3.2 In general, disinfectant residuals and pH values should be carried out at least three times per day on lightly used pools or every two hours at a heavily used pool. If a pool is more heavily used e.g. swimming during the evening as well as the school day, the pool may need to be tested as often as every two hours.

5.3.3 It is recommended that in manually dosed pools the water should be tested on a two hourly basis including a test before the pool is used.

5.3.4 These tests should cover the following: pH disinfectant clarity.

5.4 Equipment

5.4.1 It is recommended that a photometric tester that uses a beam of light to differentiate between the levels is used. The use of this equipment would remove the need for eyesight testing.

5.4.2 It is essential that. where pools are open throughout the year, a Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Meter is available for use.

5.4.3 The following equipment is not considered essential, however, pools that are open throughout the year should consider these as desirable:

cyanuric acid test kit (for outdoor pools) calcium hardness test kit total alkalinity.

5.4.4 Any equipment that requires caliberation should be done so in line with manufacturers instructions.

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5.5 Recommended Levels in the Pool

chlorine (free) 1.0 ppm – 3.0 ppm*bromine 4 ppm - 6 ppmpH (bromine) 7.8pH (chlorine) 7.2 - 7.6cyanuric acid 25 – 50mgl/ppmtotal alkalinity 75 mg/1 - 150 mg/1calcium hardness 80 mg/1total dissolved solids

1000 ppm max above source water.

* pools will generally operate a minimum free chlorine level of 1.0 ppm – 3.0 ppm, although this may be increased up to a maximum of 5.0 in exceptional circumstances. If a pool has secondary levels of disinfection such as UV or Ozone the free chlorine may be lowered to between 0.5 ppm – 1ppm. The minimum and maximum operating levels within these ranges need to be determined by the pool operator depending on the quality and effectiveness of the water treatment system, the microbiological testing results and the comfort of swimmers and spectators. Further guidance can be obtained from the Pool Water Treatment Advisory Group (PWTAG) – Swimming Pool Water Treatment and Quality Standards. See Appendix 10 for purchasing details.

5.6 Testing Procedures

5.6.1 Ensure all equipment is clean and personnel are conversant with manufacturers’ instructions.

5.6.2 Samples of pool water are to be taken at the same point in the pool and in the worst area. The testing point for the pool should be documented to ensure that all tests are carried out in the same place. Periodically, additional samples should be taken at different points around the pool.

5.6.3 Whilst the pool is in constant use, it is recommended that two hourly tests should be carried out during the day. This may be reduced on a sensible basis if the pool is not in constant use such as weekends. However, on these occasions, tests need to be made before and after each swimming session.

5.6.4 Water testing should be carried out away from the pool and surrounds to avoid the possibility of broken glass dropping into the pool.

5.6.5 Personnel should be familiar with dilution techniques and how to recognise high levels of chlorine which do not show on test equipment. Chlorine or Bromine at high levels will bleach the colour out of the sample tested giving a false reading. If chlorine has been added or is suspected in the pool but no readings can be obtained, a No. 3 DPD tablet should be added to 10ml of pool water. If the water is over chlorinated or brominated a yellow to brown colour will develop. The extent of overdosing can then be established by diluting another sample with tap water and the results calculated according to the dilution used. Example 50% tap water with 50% pool water = double reading on test kit. This technique should also be used if the reading is above the scale range for test kit.

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5.6.6 The following should be tested in line with the manufacturers instructions ensuring the above levels are complied with:

Chlorine/Bromine testing pH testing Total Alkalinity test Calcium hardness Cyanuric acid.

NB: A Photometric tester will do a cyanuric test, total alkalinity and some will also do Calcium Hardness.

5.7 Clarity

5.7.1 Testing for turbidity by measuring the amount of light transmitted through a sample of water is not practical for normal pool water operation. A visual assessment of clarity should be made the criteria being to be able to see the bottom of the pool clearly from any position on the side (a "see through" distance of about 12 m or 40 ft).

5.8 Other Tests

5.8.1 Microbiological problems should be insignificant in a well managed pool with an adequate disinfectant residual, a pH value maintained at the recommended level and regular filter backwashing.

5.8.2 Nevertheless samples of pool water should be tested at appropriate intervals to ensure that all is well. In general, a routine monthly test will suffice; but samples should also be taken before a pool is used for the first time, before it is put back into use after it has been shut down for repairs or cleaning and if there are difficulties with treatment system. Samples should also be tested when there is contamination and as part of any investigation into possible adverse effects on bathers’ health.

5.9 Turnover Period

5.9.1 Turnover period is the time taken for a volume of water equivalent to the entire water volume in the pool to pass through the filters and treatment plant and back to the pool. In principle, the shorter the turnover period, the more frequent and thorough the water treatment.

5.9.2 Turnover period and the action of the filters will have an effect upon the clarity of the water. In practice, removal of turbidity by an amount at least equal to the added pollution is required. It is extremely important that efficiency of filters is maintained.

5.9.3 The clarity of the water that can be maintained in a pool depends on the relationship between bather load, available water volume, turnover rate (or circulation rate), hydraulics and the efficiency of the filters. If the filters continue to retain suspended matter and there is no further pollution, then continued filtration should give nearly perfect clarity. In practice turbidity must be removed in amounts at least equal to the added pollution. Pollution

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works progressively as it is removed over a series of passes through a filter. Approximate turnover times are given below:

in older school pools the turnover time is approximately 4 hours in newer teacher/learner/training pools the turnover time is between approximately

30 minutes and 1 ½ hours in hydrotherapy pools the turnover time should be ideally less than 1 hour and

never more than 1 ½ hours in newer hydro therapies pools the turnover time is between approximately 30

minutes and 1 hour.

5.9.4 For older pools, extra care needs to be taken in the maintenance of filters and also the control over numbers of bathers per hour.

5.10 Backwashing

5.10.1 Failure to backwash regularly will result in unacceptable water quality, chemical residue problems and the need to frequently replace filter sand, which can turn like concrete. The filters should be backwashed when the flow gauges and the pressure gauges indicate but at least weekly and prior to a time when the pool will not be used i.e. last thing at night. Indicate that back washing has taken place on the weekly record sheet.

5.10.2 Backwashing is done at the end of the day as the pool must then be topped up with fresh water afterwards, which lowers the temperature. Normally the pool's heat exchangers will raise the temperature by half a degree per hour. Backwashing by reversing the flow of the filters will mean that the pool must be given a few hours for its filter bed to ripen - the sand to settle down and for the filter bed to return back to full efficiency.

6.1 Hygiene

6.1.1 Various forms of pollution from bathers themselves and also from other sources are introduced almost continuously into the water and environment of swimming pools. If left untreated, the pollutants build up with the risk of infection from increasing numbers of bacteria and other micro-organisms.

6.1.2 Many products such as cleaning materials used for the pool surrounds may contaminate the pool water. Care must be taken over the use of such products. Open air pools may be contaminated directly by dusts, leaves, grass, etc.

6.1.3 It is therefore imperative that hygiene rules are established for bathers and included in the NOP and communicated to all staff and pool users.

6.2 Infections

6.2.1 Many bacteria and other micro organisms are introduced into pool water but most of these are harmless and are normally present in healthy people; only in exceptional circumstances could they cause disease. It is possible if disinfectant is inadequate or the

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standard of hygiene of the pool surround is not maintained that certain infections could be transmitted by the pool water or environment.

Gastro-intestinal infections may be spread in this way: Cryptosporidum and Gardia are microscopic unicellular organisms. They can cause diarrhoeal illness. Due to the size of these protozoa it is unlikely that the filters will entrap them and therefore it is imperative that a flocculant is used. It is recommended that a synthetic flocculant such as Poly Aluminium Chloride or Poly Aluminium Sillicate is added into the circulation system prior to filtration whenever bathing is taking place. Ensure that the coagulant is being dosed correctly (at least 0.1mg/l as aluminium if alum is used, and 0.1ml/m3 if PAC). There is only a threat from these protozoas from liquid faecal matter (diarrhoea). See Appendix 4 for further information.

Certain foot infections may be associated with swimming pools: I. Athlete's foot is spread by contact with floor surfaces contaminated by skin

fragments infected with the fungus. The numbers of infected particles diminishes as the frequency of floor cleaning increases

II. Verrucae (plantar warts) can be acquired through contact with floor surfaces contaminated by skin fragments infected with the virus

Conjunctivitis, or inflammation of the eye, may occur but it is rarely infective in origin. Bacterial or viral infections are essentially contracted through close contact with infected persons or infected articles such as towels

Outbreaks of pharyngo-conjunctival fever (or viral infection) of the nose and eyes have also been associated with swimming pools with too little disinfectant. Naso-pharyngeal and respiratory infections are usually spread by infected airborne droplets; bathers are more likely to contract these diseases in crowded areas than through contact with pool water

Skin rashes associated with pools are mainly due to one or more of the following factors; wetting and degreasing, chemical irritant or infection. Chemical irritation is usually trivial in chlorinated pools but more from pools using bromochlorodimethylhydantoin (BCDMH). It is alleged that this is due to the build up of Dimethytlhydantion and adequate dilution of the water will prevent this. Skin rashes associated with swimming pools are traditionally attributed to the pathogenic bacteria, pseudomonas aeruginosa, which can multiply with disinfection failure. Most of reported outbreaks of "swimming pool rash" are associated with whirlpools, jacuzzis and hot spas, where disinfectant residuals are difficult to maintain, although persons with sensitive skin, mild rashes may occur in the absence of infection. Good water management and adequate dilution is the most important safeguard against skin problems

Ear infections can also be due to high numbers of pseudomonas aeruginosa due to inadequate disinfection. Swimmers ear is caused by wetting, dewaxing and degreasing of the outer ear

Naegleria fowleri, a pathogenic free living amoeba, is a very rare cause of meningitis associated with swimming. Circulation systems, including balance tanks, should be designed to avoid long periods of stagnation and debris should be removed regularly.

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6.2.2 In all the foregoing, effective disinfection of the pool water and regular cleaning of the pool surround area should confine and prevent the spread of disease.

6.3 Other Factors

6.3.1 Mechanical or osmotic conjunctivitis may occur particularly during prolonged diving or underwater swimming, especially if the eyes are kept open because of the difference in the concentration of electrolytes (various salts) between the fluid of the eye and the pool water. High levels of free chlorine residuals, even at the top of the recommended range, are not responsible for eye irritation. Washing the eyes with fresh water will alleviate the soreness.

6.3.2 Urea in pool water - urination, sometimes involuntary due to the shock of immersion, takes place in swimming pools. Although this does not give rise to any infection in well managed and adequately disinfected pools, it is unhygienic. The organic matter added to the water reacts with the disinfectant. This is the main cause of high combined chlorine residuals in the water and fumes above the water. The cost of maintaining the pool increases in terms of air changes.

6.3.3 Regular dilution with fresh water should be carried out in conjunction with preventative measures to minimise contamination with urine.

6.4 Clear & Safe Water

6.4.1 To achieve clear and safe water in pools, it is essential for filtration and disinfection to be operated continuously day and night. In addition, regular dilution with fresh water is essential to avoid excessive accumulation of organic substances. The dilution should be 30 litres of fresh water per bather. The use of a TDS meter will inform the operator/manager that this is being carried out adequately.

6.4.2 The water of swimming pools must be adequately disinfected and filtered to ensure that there are little or no risks of infection to bathers. Overcrowding must be avoided and pool surrounds and facilities must be kept clean.

6.5 Disinfection of Swimming Pool Water

6.5.1 Swimming pool water cannot be sterile. The aims of disinfection are to keep the number of micro-organisms to a minimum and ensure that any harmful organisms entering the pool water are rapidly inactivated so that the water will not transmit infections to bathers. Proper and adequate disinfection is essential to maintain the pool water in a condition which is safe for bathing. This is achieved by maintaining the correct concentration of disinfectant in the water and at the same time, ensuring that other water quality parameters, in particular, the pH value, are at the correct levels for the disinfectant to act effectively. For details see Section 4 - Pool Operation.

6.6 Chemicals

6.6.1 Under the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) 2002 Regulations a COSHH assessment must be undertaken of all the hazardous substances before the substance is used.

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6.6.2 Safe systems of work must also be devised and followed to protect employees and others from contacting, ingesting or inhaling harmful materials. Emergency arrangements for serious leaks/spillages must be devised and written down, as must a safe disposal system, safe delivery and storage arrangements.Pool operators and other trained staff who use hazardous substances must receive training in the chemicals used and any personal protective clothing or equipment that must be worn. A record should be kept of all training given.

6.6.3 Depending upon the type of disinfection system, some or all of the following protective clothing may be needed during delivery, handling of materials, cleaning or maintenance:

Impervious chemical resistant wellington style boots impervious chemical resistant aprons impervious chemical resistant gauntlets chemical resistant full face shield or eye protection to appropriate British

Standard respiratory protection to appropriate British Standards.

6.6.4 The protective clothing must be provided, maintained and replaced by the establishment free of charge to the employee. All replacement equipment should be CE marked, a requirement of the Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992.

6.6.5 The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Policy and method of using risk assessments are contained in the Health & Safety Policy Statement, see Risk Assessment and Hazardous Substances.

7. Energy Conservation

7.1 Temperatures

7.1.1 A balance needs to be achieved between a demand for higher temperatures and operational problems.

7.1.2 High temperatures encourage the growth of micro-organisms. Those derived from bathers including coliform organisms, intestinal and other pathogens grow less readily at 20-22 degrees C. High temperatures also increase the growth of algae, increasing cleaning problems.

7.1.3 With regard to supervisors/lifesavers, high temperatures can cause drowsiness and adversely affect their capacity to remain alert. Temperatures below 15 degrees C are conducive to fainting and cramp.

7.2 Suitable Temperatures

7.2.1 The swimming pool hall, changing rooms and other occupied areas should be maintained at a comfortable temperature. In heated learner pools, the water temperature should be maintained at, but not exceed,

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Competitive swimming and diving, fitness swimming, training 27°CRecreational, adult learning, conventional main pools 28°CChildren’s teaching, leisure pools 29°CBabies, young children, disabled 30°C

7.2.2 Hydrotherapy pools may be heated to higher temperatures up to 37 degrees C.

7.2.3 In indoor pools, the air temperature should be about 1 degree C higher to avoid excess condensation. But it is recommended that air temperatures of over 30°C or more should generally be avoided.

7.3 Pool Covers

7.3.1 On all outdoor heated pools, suitable pool covers must be used during non-swimming periods. These pool covers must be removed and stored in a dry place during winter months.

8. Hydrotherapy Pools

8.1 General

8.1.1 The recommendations contained in other parts of this policy apply to these pools. This section gives information and guidelines on specific problems in these pools.

8.2 Pool Operation

8.2.1 Hydrotherapy pools are normally small volume pools with a regular bathing load. They are, however, used by a vulnerable section of the population, often with healing wounds and lack of bladder and bowel control.

8.2.2 It is extremely important to maintain the optimum pH and disinfectant levels in view of the higher water temperatures found in hydrotherapy pools.

8.2.3 Elevated temperatures encourage the growth of coliforms, organisms, intestinal and other pathogens derived from bathers. Hence the need to maintain disinfectant levels at the higher end of the recommended levels. Pool heating should be adjustable, with controls to keep the temperature stable to within one degree Celsius of the set temperature.

8.2.4 A short turnover period is recommended, ideally be less than one hour and never more than 1.5 hours. Filters should be designed for backwashing with pool water.

8.2.5 Higher temperatures speed up corrosion and scale formation, so, pH levels should be maintained at the optimum level.

8.2.6 Consideration should be given to the balance between water temperature and air temperature in order to reduce condensation and the problems associated with it.

8.3 Pool Water Changing and Inspection

8.3.1 For normal, regular cleaning, pools should be cleaned when full using a long-handled brush. Algae slime should not be allowed to develop and small brown algae spots

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on the walls of the pool must be removed with a wire brush. With deck-level pools attention should be given to cleaning the channels under the grating.

8.3.2 Pools should be emptied at least annually allowing a complete change of water and thorough inspection of the tiles, grouting and fittings. Check with the manufacturer that the pool has been constructed to enable complete emptying of the pool without causing damage to the fabric.

8.4 Microbiological Monitoring

8.4.1 In view of the fact that these pools operate at a high temperature and are of relatively small volume, anything that happens will happen quickly. Samples of pool water will therefore be taken at weekly intervals and sent to the laboratory for microbiological examination by CS Procurement and Contracts team. 8.4.2 Water samples should be taken from the part of the pool which has the highest bathing load but not close to the pool inlets.

8.5 Hygiene

8.5.1 Before entering the pool:

all persons must shower

children must use the toilet and blow their noses

incontinent children must wear plastic pants/swim pants (disposable nappies should not be used as those tend to disintegrate, causing major problems for the filtration system). They could also endanger the wearer as they would reduce the said bathers’ buoyancy. Catheters where in place, should be left in place, although the bag should be removed

all visitors must wear plastic disposable shoe covers. All other persons in the pool area must take their shoes and socks off and use the footbath

the pool surround should be cleaned at least once per day with pool water and the entire area around the pool may be cleaned weekly. Use a ladle and a deck brush, flood the pool surround with the pool water, scrub to clean and loosen and deposits, then flood the pool surround again using the ladle to flush the residue back down the transfer channel – or, if there is the option , to drain

there is no threat to health in a well disinfected pool from solid faecal matter or sickness. The turnover time is based on Diarrhoea and is now six turnovers

if an unformed stool is released into the pool, the pool must be vacated immediately. The pool must be emptied, hosed down, refilled and hyperchlorinated to 5mg/l. The pool circulation should then be continued for six turnover cycles and the filter then backwashed. The pool must remain closed until the disinfectant and pH have returned to normal operating levels. The Water Authority (Southern Water) should be notified prior to emptying pool water. All bathers removed from the pool should shower thoroughly and

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the pool bottom should be swept every turnover (2 hours). A flocculant/coagulant should also be added in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

8.5.2 Ensure that anyone with diarrhoea does not swim until such time as they have been symptom-free for at least 48 hours. Those who have been diagnosed with cryptosporidiosis must not swim for 14 days after diarrhoea has stopped, as infective Cryptosporidium oocysts can still be released in that period.

8.6 Safety of Staff

8.6.1 In the event of the incidents stated in the above two paragraphs, staff should as soon as possible after leaving the water wash off underneath the shower.

8.6.2 Members of employees who spend long periods in the water may, on occasions, experience a slight irritation of the skin. This should be borne in mind and, where possible, arrangements made to minimise this problem.

8.7 Sound Alarms

8.7.1 Means for raising the alarm in an emergency must be provided. There are two types both of which should ideally be used:

a pull cord suspended from a point over the midline of the pool towards the shallow end

push-button alarms on the wall at suitably convenient points.

8.7.2 The pool alarm fitted should be tested at regular frequent intervals, bearing in mind the effect upon pupils and must be connected to the main switchboard/office and be audible in the nearest occupied area.

8.8 Pool Equipment

8.8.1 Pool equipment should be cleaned at least once per week including hoists which should be washed off with soapy water.

8.8.2 Additionally, hoists must be regularly inspected/tested by the manufacturer or supplier.

8.9 Supervision

8.9.1 Please refer to the PE code of Practice for information on supervision and lifesaving qualifications.

9. Cleaning, Maintenance & Repairs

9.1 Maintenance

9.1.1 Regular and correct maintenance of the building, plant and electrical equipment is important in ensuring the safety of pool users and employees. Designers and manufacturers' instructions should specify intervals and arrangements for inspection and for periodic thorough examination where required. They should, where appropriate,

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indicate competence and/or qualifications required for those carrying out the work. If suitable specifications are not available from the designers or manufacturers, operators should draw up their own to be incorporated into the PSOP.

9.1.2 Operators should ensure that inspections, tests and thorough examinations are undertaken at the specified intervals and required maintenance is promptly carried out. Records should be kept of inspections, their results and remedial work carried out.

9.1.3 All maintenance work should only be carried out after consultation with Business Services, (Property).

9.2 Cleaning

9.2.1 Cleaning duties carried out by caretakers should be conducted in accordance with this document and advice from Orbis, Property Services, Contracts Management team.

9.3 Structure & Finishes of the Building and Pool

9.3.1 Buildings should be formally inspected three times per year and the swimming pool area should form part of this inspection. Records of the inspections must be kept

9.3.2 If frequent access is required to roof voids permanent means of access should be provided if possible. If access is required infrequently, this can be provided by temporary means; e.g. scaffolding and ladders if suitable. When accessing roof voids for the purpose of carrying out maintenance or repairs involving work equipment, consideration should be given to the strength of the surface underfoot.

9.3.3 Scaffolding of any type should be erected only by persons competent to do so. If ladders, step ladders and trestles are used, they should be of sound construction, properly maintained and suitable in size and strength for the use to which they are put. All persons must have received training in working at height.

9.3.4 A working at height risk assessment must be completed prior to the activity taking place.

9.4 Lighting

9.4.1 A good standard of illumination is important and pool operators must ensure that there is not any refraction/reflection of natural or artificial light on the surface of the water. This increases the risk of the Lifeguard not being able to see underwater.

9.5 Electrical Equipment & Installations

9.5.1 Fixed electrical installations and any portable equipment should be inspected and tested annually. More frequent inspections and tests should be carried out on equipment subjected to more arduous conditions. Records should be kept of the dates and results of tests and any relevant work carried out.

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9.5.2 Any RCDs in the area or changing areas should be tested for tripping before use, inspected visually weekly and tested by a ‘competent’ person using a RCD tester every three months to ensure that they will safely react to a fault of 30 ma or greater than 40mS. Test records must be kept.

9.5.3 Pool operators should have an effective system for ensuring that faulty equipment is reported to management and immediately withdrawn from use until repaired by a competent person.

9.5.4 All testing, installation and design and maintenance should be carried out in accordance with the current edition of the IEE wiring regulations.

9.6 Outdoor Pools

9.6.1 Specific procedures must be included in the Pool Safety Operating Procedure if schools have an outdoor pool that is only used specific times during the year. Further guidance is contained in the model Pool Safety Operating Procedures.

10. Staff Training

10.1 Employees who will be concerned in any way with the use of the pool require adequate training. They should:

know and understand the PSOP so far as their role may require understand the safety aspects of their own duties and be fully competent to

deal with these.

10.2 Pool Operation

10.2.1 Employees must be adequately trained for the duties they carry out when operating, maintaining and cleaning pools. Therefore the nominated person (Pool Manager/Maintenance Manager) must attend a Swimming Pool Plant Operators course accredited by the Institute of Leisure and Management (ILAM) or Institute of Swimming Pool Engineers (ISPE). It is recommended that this training qualification is updated every two years.

10.2.2 ILAMorganises a number of courses relevant to the management of swimming pools including courses for recreation supervisors, swimming pool attendants (see Appendix 5 - sources of advice and information).

10.2.3 Where complex automatic dosing equipment is installed, the pool operators must also receive training/instruction from the supplier.

10.2.4 Certain aspects of pool maintenance/cleaning and information on water quality testing can be obtained from Orbis, Property Services, Contracts Management team.

10.2.5 All training requirements must be arranged and funded by schools' delegated budgets and budget share arrangements. Requests for training should be arranged through Orbis, Property Services, Contracts Management team for caretaker or pool training. With regards to training "adequate" means:

training specific to the operation of the particular plant, hazards associated with it and substances used. Employees' attention should be drawn to any

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manufacturer's instructions and copies made conveniently available (for example, secured to plant or on plant room walls)

that there are enough employees to ensure that the plant is never operated by untrained employees or others. When a trained operator is on leave or sickness absence, then only another person trained and competent in the operation of the specific pool dosing system and plant may replace him/her. The only alternative is to close the pool until a suitably trained operator is available

line managers ensure that employees understand the plant and associated hazards sufficiently to supervise safe operation

the use, care and maintenance of personal protective equipment required to comply with the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations 2002

requiring those who have been trained to prove that they have understood and can carry out pool operations safely; i.e. competence. Instructions passed on by previous caretakers are not adequate as these can include bad habits and misunderstandings, although a short period of familiarisation is desirable.

10.2.6 Accurate records of training should be maintained by the establishment.

10.3 Familiarisation with Swimming Pools

10.3.1 Before swimming activities take place, school staff must be familiar with the layout of the building, and particularly the position of emergency telephones and other emergency equipment. Contingency procedures should be developed to respond to a variety of emergency situations which could arise, and staff should be fully conversant with those procedures.

11. Lettings (see also model Letting Agreement)

11.1 The costs of operating a swimming pool for its curricular benefits normally require a school to maximise income by letting out of school hours to organisations or to the public. Letting agreement to be reviewed annually or when there are changes to the session.

11.2 Responsibilities

11.2.1 Where pools are let out to supplement funds, there is a shared responsibility by the establishment in providing a safe place and ensuring as far as possible that the hirer is going to use it in a safe way. This is best done by a written agreement.11.2.2 Pool Operator:

When swimming pools are let to outside bodies or used out of normal school hours, a trained and competent pool manager must be available. Frequent use of the pools outside normal hours will require increased cleaning, maintenance and water testing arrangements. Water quality must be kept to the standards set out in this document, Section 4 - Pool Operation. The pool operator must specify the maximum number of persons who can be in the water at any one time for physical safety.

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A written letting agreement should be produced by the pool operator, prior to the outside organisation using the pool, stating details of the activity.

The requirement for appropriate levels of supervision and lifeguarding should be written into any agreement. These should be no less than that required of the establishment (see below and the model agreement). All hire documents must clearly identify who is responsible for providing adequate lifeguarding cover.

All hirers should be given a copy of the school's agreement which should be signed as acknowledgement of receipt and agreement to comply with the requirements.

Where special activities are performed during the hire period, e.g. canoeing, the lifeguard provided must be suitably qualified to supervise such activities and must provide proof of competence.

Ensure, as far as is reasonably practicable, that arrangements for safety procedures agreed with hirers are implemented. It is reasonably practicable to check from time to time that agreed supervision is actually being exercised and any rules of behaviour observed.

11.2.3 Hirer: Where necessary, hirers must ensure that adequate insurance cover is

available.

All hirers should be given a copy of the school's agreement which should be signed as acknowledgement of receipt and agreement to comply with the requirements.

Ensure that the procedures agreed in the letting agreement are implemented.

11.2.4 Spectators should only be admitted at the discretion of the person in charge.

11.3 Supervision & Lifeguarding Requirements

11.3.1 Details on the minimum levels of supervision and the lifeguarding requirements for the school pool must be clearly defined in the letting agreement.

11.3.2 The Institute of Sport and Recreation Management (ISRM) recommends a ratio of 1 adult: 2 children aged 4 – 7 years old for public swimming. However, this ratio can be revised subject to a written risk assessment based on local conditions. It is therefore essential that the risk assessment for the swimming pool is reviewed once the details of the activity have been received from the hirer.

11.3.3 The table below indicates the minimum ratios that must be followed but these may need to be increased following the risk assessment.

Type of Session Ratio QualificationLETTINGS:Learner pools

3 adultsMax 20 swimmers of primary

Written statement that all are:1. capable swimmer

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Type of Session Ratio Qualificationschool age 2. able to affect a rescue

3. can give resuscitation2 adultsMax swimmers (secondary school age) to be specified in letting agreement by Pool Operator1 adultMax swimmers (adults only) to be specified in letting agreement by Pool Operator

Pool with deep water

2 adults

Max swimmers to be specified in letting agreement by Pool Operator

One adult must hold current certificate of qualification in one of the following: RLSS National Pool Lifeguard RLSS Rescue Award(programmed swimming only)

STA NARS Pool Lifeguard STA NARS Pool Attendant(programmed swimming only)Programmed swimming is defined as “activities, in or out of the water, are controlled and disciplined by a teacher or instructor. This includes activities such as competitive training, individual or group swimming instruction.”

Unprogrammed swimming is defined as “activities in or adjacent to the pool that fall outside the definition of programmed sessions such as play or relaxation activities.”

One further responsible adult supplying written statement of competence (as above).

(See section 10 for more information)

11.4 Use of Pool During the School Holidays and Out of School Hours

11.4.1 Whether or not money changes hands, this activity is subject to a letting agreement which should be in accordance with Section 10 and Appendix 2.

12. Specialised Activities

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12.1 Diving

12.1.1 The teaching of diving and diving should only be practised from the side inside designated diving areas.

12.2 Diving Boards in Schools

12.2.1 Schools which possess a diving board must check that the height of the board above water and the dimensions of the pool and surroundings at least match (preferably exceed) the minimum dimensions quoted in the Amateur Swimming Association Recommendations.

12.3 Other Activities

12.3.1 Schools may wish their pool to be used for other activities such as snorkelling, canoeing or aqua lung. The safety arrangements for these activities must be included as part of the Normal Operating Procedures (NOP) and included in any letting arrangements with outside organisations.

12.3.2 If these activities are to be undertaken as part of the curriculum, a risk assessment must be completed and the safety procedures contained in the model NOP must be followed.

12.3.3 Whether or not money changes hands, these activities are subject to a letting agreement which should be in accordance with Section 10 and model letting agreement.

12.3.4 The use of hydrotherapy pools for baby and toddler swimming is not recommended. Bather loads are often high, increasing contamination and decreasing the efficacy of water treatment. Babies and children are positively encouraged to immerse their heads and it is therefore likely that some water will be swallowed. Other vulnerable users may also be put at risk of infection.

Appendix 1: Swimming Pool Users Safety Code

1 Spot the DangersTake care, swimming pools can be hazardous. Water presents a risk of drowning and injuries can occur from hitting the hard surrounds or from misuse of equipment.

2 Always Swim Within Your AbilityPage 23 of 31

Never swim after a heavy meal or after alcohol. Avoid holding your breath and swimming long distances under water. Be especially careful if you have a medical condition such as epilepsy, asthma, diabetes or a heart condition.

3 Check New PlacesEvery pool is different so always make sure you know how deep the water is and check for other hazards such as diving boards, water slides and steep slopes into water, etc.

4 Take Safety AdviceFollow advice provided for your and other's safety. Avoid unruly behaviour which can be dangerous, for instance, running on the side of the pool, ducking, acrobatics in the water, or shouting or screaming (which could distract attention from an emergency). Always do as the lifeguards say and remember that a moment of foolish behaviour can cost a life.

5 Look out for Yourself & Other SwimmersIt is safe to swim with a companion. Keep an eye open for others, particularly young children and non-swimmers.

6 Learn How to HelpIf you see somebody in difficulty, get help immediately. In an emergency, keep calm and do exactly as you are told.

Appendix 2: Signs to be displayed in the Swimming Pool Area

The Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations include a description of sign boards which give a health and safety message by use of a combination of geometric shapes, colours and pictograms. The signs must meet the minimum requirement set out in this legislation. Further information on requirements safety signs must meet is included in the safety signs and signals policy, Health and Safety Policy Statement. The following signs should be included in the pool area:

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Depth of water

Deep and shallow water

No diving (if applicable)

Lifesaving equipment

Alarm points - fire and assistance

Emergency exits

Fire fighting equipment

Emergency evacuation instructions

Emergency telephone - how to summon help

First aid facility

Artificial resuscitation placard

Mechanical resuscitation

Educational notices e.g. DO's and DON'T's, Hygiene

Maximum numbers allowed in the pool

Male and Female changing areas and toilets

A sign prohibiting unauthorised swimming

Appendix 3: Trouble Shooting

Problem Possible Cause Remedy RemarksBlood, vomit, faeces (solid stool)

Retrieve quickly and disinfect the scoop.

Disinfection in pool can now cope.

As long as the pool is operating properly (disinfectant residuals, etc) no further action is

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Problem Possible Cause Remedy Remarksrequired.

Diarrhoea (runny stool)

Clear the pool of bathers immediately.

Disinfectant levels are maintained at the top of the recommended range.

The pool is vacuumed and swept.

Using a coagulant, the water is filtered for 6 turnover cycles.

The filter is back washed.

The pool can then be reopened.

A small pool (for children) - empty and clean the pool, before refilling and reopening.

Disinfectant in the pool can now cope.

Pool can be put back into use.

Cloudy, dirty water Filters may be faulty or not working

Insufficient disinfectant

Chemical imbalance (pH)

Bathing load too high

Check filters, flow rate, backwash.

Additional disinfectant.

Check pH, alkalinity, hardness.

Reduce bathing load.

Sand in the pool Underdrain system in filters failed

Check filter bed for signs of sand loss, uneven distribution and fissures. Replace underdrains and media.

Cloudy, clean water

Hardness salts coming pout of solution

Entrained air or coagulant

Check and where necessary correct pH, alkalinity, hardness.

Check on coagulant dosing. Check air release on filters; air leaks on suction side of pump.

Water has bad High combined Check combined Keep testing pool Page 26 of 31

Problem Possible Cause Remedy Remarkstaste or smell – irritates eyes and throat

chlorine

pH wrong

chlorine levels and type; be prepared to dilute or correct free chlorine level.

Check and correct if necessary.

regularly until disinfectant content is back to recommended level.

Skin and eye irritation

pH level wrong

Over/under disinfected

Check dosage and adjust.

Algae Strong sunlight, no disinfectant, poor hydraulics

Superdisinfect. Without bathers, brush or vacuum off algae, increase residual level, backwash.

Stained or corroded fixtures

Water imbalance

Inadequate cleaning

Iron salts coming out of solution

Check calcium levels.

Clean all fixtures regularly.

Check pH, water balance, coagulation.

Formulation of rust stains

Hair clips or metal fastenings

Remove all items from pool.

If pipe work or equipment is involved, report it immediately to Business Services, Property.

Coloured water Dosage wrong

Build up of cyanuric acid

Check dosage and adjust.

Test for cyanuric acid should be carried out.

Contact CS Procurement and Contracts(see Appendix 10).

Hard scale on surfaces

Hardness salts coming out of solution

Check and where necessary correct pH, alkalinity, hardness.

Excessive condensation

Temperature difference - pool/air

Adjust difference to 1 or 2 degrees C.

Strong chlorinous smell, irritation of eyes and upper respiratory tracts

1. Combined chlorine too high because of bather pollution

2. Free chlorine too high

3. pH value too high

4. pH too low

1. Reduce bather load and ensure pre-swim hygiene is observed

2. Adjust to set range for the pool

3. Lower pH

4. Increase to set

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Problem Possible Cause Remedy Remarks(nitrogen trichloride being produced)

5. A build-up of organic material in overflow channels and/or balance tanks can also contribute to the problem

range. Check form of combined chlorine using DPD 2 and 3: if mainly dichloramine, consider increasing fresh water dilution

5. Shockdosing

* The Water Authority (Southern Water) should be informed prior to emptying pool water to drains.

Appendix 4: Information Sheet on Cryptosporidium and Giardia

An area of great concern in this industry is now Cryptosporidium and Giardia which are protozoas released from bathers suffering from Diarrhoea. Some recent American research indicates that up to 2.5% of pool users will release this into swimming pools. The levels of disinfectant that is maintained in pools are completely ineffective against it and because of its small size (approximately 3 to 5 microns) conventional sand filters will not retain it.

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There have been a number of Cryptosporidium & Giardia outbreaks reported in Swimming pools in the UK.

Cryptosporidium is highly infectious and the research indicates that it can survive in a swimming pool for up to six months. In the event of contamination by this protozoa it is likely to lead to a Cholera type sickness, Diarrhoea, and dehydration. Persons with a good immunity system may suffer for up to two weeks. It has however been established that persons who are immuno compromised i.e. AIDS, the elderly and even the young may suffer a prolong illness resulting in death.

What can be done about it?An Aluminium based chemical can be added to our purification system which will bind these tiny particles together through a process known as 'flocculation' or 'coagulation' until they reach an aggregated size where they will become entrapped in the filter sand and then removed by backwashing.

The procedures for dealing with releases of diarrhea are included in the model emergency action procedures (see Appendix 1).

Preventive MeasuresProactively and these measures are now starting to be implemented world-wide following recommendations by the World Health Organisation (WHO) are:

Continual addition of a 'flocculant'; Better Bather education; Better pre-swim hygiene; Cleaner changing rooms; Signs advocating that anybody who has suffered intestinal disorders should not

bathe for at least three weeks.

There are now manufacturers supplying 'swim nappies' for the industry. These nappies are reusable and well managed centres should consider selling this product. Although these can not guarantee 100% liquid retention they will assist in controlling this hazard. Normal disposable or terry nappies are completely unsuitable for bathing as they are designed to absorb moisture and so in reality would become saturated and lessen the wearer's buoyancy.

Appendix 5: Sources of Advice & Information

Contacts Contact numbersESCC Children’s ServicesOrbis, Property Services, Contracts Management team

01273 481552

PE and Out of Hours Sports 01273 482522

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Personnel and TrainingHealth and Safety Team 01273 336306

Trading Standards 01323 463420

Business Services DepartmentServices to Schools Maintenance Team – Helpline 01273 482000

Health & Safety ExecutiveEast and West Sussex, Surrey Office 01883 732400

Environmental Health OfficesLewes 01273 484354

Hastings 01424 451079

Rother 01424 787550

Wealden 01323 443555

Eastbourne 01323 415350

Organisation Providing Pool Attendants' & Plant Operators' Training:

Charted Institute for the Management of Sport and Physical Activity www.cimspa.co.ukTel: (01569) 226490

Organisations Providing Lifeguard or Lifesaving Training:

The Royal Life Saving Society UK RiverhouseHigh Street, Broom, AlcesterWarwickshire B50 4HNTel: (01789) 773994www.lifesavers.org.uk

Amateur Swimming Association Harold Fern HouseDerby SquareLoughborough Leicestershire LE11 5ALTel: (01509) 618700www.swimming.org.uk

The Swimming Teachers AssociationAnchor HouseBirch Street, WalsallWest Midlands WS2 8HZ

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Tel: (01922) 645097www.sta.co.uk

Organisations who can advise on Supervision of Specialised Activities:

British Canoe Union HeadquartersJohn Dudderidge HouseAdbolton LaneWest BridgfordNottingham NG2 5ASTel: (0845) 370 9500www.bcu.org.uk

British Sub Aqua ClubTelford’s QuaySouth Pier RoadEllesmere PortMerseysideCheshire CH65 4FLTel: (0151) 350 6200www.bsac.com

Water Authority:

Southern WaterTel: 0845 2780845

Further Reading:

Pool Water Treatment Advisory Group (PTWAG)The Treatment and Quality Standards for Pools and SpasISBN: 0951 700 766

Health and Safety Executive (HSE)Managing Health and Safety in Swimming PoolsHSG179ISBN 9780 7176 2681

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