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MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING: AN OVERVIEW Sakhr Bany Khaled [email protected] 1 Al-albayt University - accounting department

MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING: AN OVERVIEW Sakhr Bany Khaled [email protected] 1 Al-albayt University - accounting department

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Page 1: MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING: AN OVERVIEW Sakhr Bany Khaled sakhr87@gmail.com 1 Al-albayt University - accounting department

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MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING: AN OVERVIEW

Sakhr Bany Khaled

[email protected] Al-albayt University - accounting department

Page 2: MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING: AN OVERVIEW Sakhr Bany Khaled sakhr87@gmail.com 1 Al-albayt University - accounting department

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Overview

What is Management Accounting ? Definition of accounting

The process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit informed judgements and decisions by users of the information

Users of accounting information External parties outside the organization (financial accounting)

Shareholders, creditors, tax authorities Internal parties within the organization (management

accounting) Managers

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What is Management Accounting ?

  والغير المالية البيانات ومعالجة تجميع عملية هي اإلدارية المحاسبة

معلومات إلى الوصول اجل من محددة وقواعد أساليب وفق المالية

وتنفيذ أهدافها إلى للوصول المنشاة في المختلفة اإلدارات تخدم

نصار . ) ( أبو المختلفة وظائفها

: األدوات من مجموعة يتضمن محاسبي فرع هي أخر تعريف وفي

مالئمة معلومات تقارير وإعداد البيانات وتحليل لتجميع واألساليب

التخطيط في الستخدامها بالمنشاة المختلفة اإلدارية للمستويات

القرارات . واتخاذ األداء وتقييم والرقابة

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Management Accounting

The Institute of Management Accountants has defined management accounting as: A value-adding continuous improvement

process of planning, designing, measuring and operating both nonfinancial information systems and financial information systems that guides management action, motivates behavior, and supports and creates the cultural values necessary to achieve an organization’s strategic, tactical and operating objectives

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Management Accounting

Be aware that this definition identifies: Management accounting as providing both financial

information and nonfinancial information The role of management information as supporting

strategic (planning), operational (operating) and control (performance evaluation) management decision making

In short, management accounting information is pervasive and purposeful It is intended to meet specific decision-making needs

at all levels in the organization

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Examples of management accounting information include: The reported expense of an operating department, such

as the assembly department of an automobile plant or an electronics company

The costs of producing a product The cost of delivering a service The cost of performing an activity or business process –

such as creating a customer invoice The costs of serving a customer

Management Accounting

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Difference Management accounting Financial accounting

Legal No statutory requirements Statutory requirement

Focus Internal managers needs External users needs

Regulation No specific rules IFRS /GAAP

Time Past, present, and future Past

Report Non standard, when needed Usually annually, standard

Data Both quantitative and qualitative Quantitative

Management Accounting VS Financial Accounting

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اإلدارية المعلومات خصائص

المعلومات بتوفير القرار اتخاذ عملية نجاح يرتبطأن إلى الدراسات وتشير ، نجاح% 90المالئمة من

و المعلومات على يعتمد قدرات% 10القرار علىودور أهمية يتضح هنا ومن ، القرار متخذ ومهاراتهذه أهم ومن القرار التخاذ المالئمة المعلومات

المقدمة المعلومات في تتوفر أن يجب التي الخصائص ، لمستخدميها قيمة ذات تكون والتي القرار لمتخذالبعد هي رئيسية أبعاد ثالثة وفق عرضها سيتم حيث

. الشكلي والبعد المضمون وبعد الزمني

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اإلدارية المعلومات خصائص

الشكلي FormالبعدDimension

Clarityالوضوح

التنظيم

Flexibility المرونة

Presentationالعرض

( المحتوى ( المضمون بعدContent Dimension

Accuracyالدقة

والثبات Validity الصدقReliability

Relevancyالمالئمة

Completenessالشمولية

Concisenessاإليجاز

الزمني ( Temporalالبعدdimension(

Time Linesالتوقيت

الزمنية TimeالفترةPeriod

Currentlyالحداثة

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الزمني Temporal dimension البعد

التوقيتTime Lines المناسب الزمن في المعلومات توفير به يقصد وتفقد قد ولكن الحاضر الزمن في مفيدة المعلومة تكون وقد القرار لمتخذعلى الحصول على قادرا يكون أن المدير على لذا ، قليل زمن بعد أهميتها

إليها . الحاجة وقت في معلومات

الحداثةCurrently وحديثة متجددة المعلومات تكون أن يجب أيهاما دورا الحداثة تلعب حيث القرار لمتخذ تقديمها عند منها لالستفادة

بتقادمها . المعلومات قيمة تقل إذ المعلومات جودة في

الزمنية المطلوب Time Periodالفترة الزمنية الفترة بها يقصد وحجم عن معلومات المدير يحتاج المثال سبيل على ، عنها معلومات توفير

التي هي المالئمة فالمعلومات ، الماضية الخمس للسنوات المبيعاتعنها . االستعالم المطلوب الزمنية الفترة تغطي

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) المحتوى ) المضمون Content Dimensionبعد الدقةAccuracy في تساهم المعلومات دقة أن حيث األخطاء من المعلومات خلو به يقصد و

الوقت وإهدار التكلفة من وتقلل الخاطئة القرارات تجنب على تعمل كما ، القرارات جودة ، المشكلة وطبيعة االستخدام إلى الحاجة حسب المطلوبة المعلومات في الدقة مدى ويختلف

كلفة بين الموازنة من بد ال لذا المعلومات تكلفة زيادة إلى يؤدي المعلوماتي النظام دقة أن كماالمعلومات . دقة حالة في عليه الحصول المتوقع والعائد المعلومات

والثبات أعطتها Validity and Reliability الصدق التي النتائج نفس المعلومات إعطاء هيوالواقعية بالصدق تمتاز النظام يقدمها التي المعلومات تكون وأن فيها استخدمت مرة كل في

ومضمونا شكال الواقع معطيات مع وتتطابقوتوجها .

المالئمةRelevancy عملية تحسين في دور ولها الصلة وثيقة و مالئمة المعلومات تكون أنبشأنها . قرار اتخاذ المراد بالمشكلة صلة ولها للموضوع مالئمة تكون أن بد وال ، القرار اتخاذ

الشموليةCompleteness عن كاملة صورة إعطاء على المعلومات قدرة بها يقصد وحتى لها المختلفة الحلول بدائل تقديم مع الدراسة لموضوع الظاهرة الحقائق عن أو المشكلة

عن الالزمة التفاصيل كمية يقدر أن المدير وعلى ، المختلفة وظائفها تأدية من اإلدارة تتمكنباإلغراق ) ( . يسمى ما المعلومات من بحر في الوقوع يتجنب حتى المشكلة

اإليجازConciseness مع يتناسب وما إداري مستوى لكل الالزمة المعلومات تقديم أيكبير كم في الخوض دون االستراتيجي المستوى في اإليجاز من بد ال إذ المعلومات من متطلباتهالمهمة هذه تحقيق على المدير يساعد أن النظم لمحلل ويمكن ، الموضوع عن المعلومات من

منطقية . بطريقة

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الشكلي Form Dimension البعد

الوضوح : Clarity فهمهما يسهل وشكل بطريقة المعلومات تقديم به يقصدمن وخالية واضحة المعلومات تكون بحيث ، ذلك أمكن كلما المستخدم قبل من

. صائبة قرارات إلى الوصول من المدير يتمكن حتى الغموض

: محددة التنظيم معايير ضمن وتنسيق بترتيب المعلومات تقديم به يقصد. منها االستفادة تعظيم يتم كي مسبقا

المرونة : Flexibility من ألكثر التكيف على المعلومات قابلية بها يقصدمن وأكثر مستخدم

استخدامه يمكن مرن بشكل متوفرة المعلومات تكون أن يجب لذلك ، تطبيقالقرار . اتخاذ عملية في بفاعلية المختلفة اإلدارية المستويات قبل من

: العرضPresentation تقدم أن أي ، المعلومات عرض طريقة به ويقصدأن أو وصفي أو كمي بشكل أو تفصيلية، أو مختصرة تكون كأن مناسب بشكل

توضيحية . جداول شكل على تعرض

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FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT

FUNCTIONS OF

MANAGEMENT

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FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT

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FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT

التخطيط التخطيط Mيعد ما غالبامن األولى الوظيفة

فهي اإلدارة، وظائفعليها تقوم التي القاعدة . األخرى اإلدارية الوظائفمستمرة عملية والتخطيطسير طريقة تحديد تتضمناألسئلة عن لإلجابة األمورنفعل، أن يجب ماذا مثل

وأين، به، يقوم ومن . بواسطة وكيف ومتى،

حد إلى سيمكنك التخطيطتحديد من كمدير كبيرالتنظيمية األنشطة

األهداف لتحقيق الالزمةذلك على األمثلة ومن

الموازنات إعدادالتخطيطية

الرقابة الرقابة تعريف يمكن

األداء قياس بأنهالألفراد الفعلي

المبرمة وللتصرفات   حد على بالمنظمة

مدى من للتأكد سواءبالقرارات االلتزام

والتعليمات والتوجيهات التفصيلية

بالخطة  المتعلقةتبعا و المعتمدةمناسبة لمعايير

سلفا . محددة

التوجيهوتحفيز إرشاد

باتجاه الموظفينالمنظمة أهداف

الموظفين ومعاقبةالتي األخطاء عنباتخاذ يرتكبونها

المناسبة اإلجراءات.

التنظيمعلى التنظيم يعرف

الوظيفة أنهتمزج التي اإلدارية

البشرية المواردخالل من والمادية

هيكل تصميمللمهام أساسي .والصالحيات

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Levels of Management

اإلستراتجية تستخدم تتصف المعلومات والفترات كل وتغطي والشمول بالدقةوسياسية للشركة التنافسي والوضع

الشركة داخل المتبعة

المعلومات تستخدم لغايات التشغيلية

تساعد والتي التشغيلإلى الوصول في في

تم التي والبرامج الخططاإلدارة قبل من وضعهابأنها وتتصف الوسطىالمعلومات من دقة أكثروالتكتيكية اإلستراتجية

مثل قصيرة فترة وتغطيوكمية الخام مواد نوعية

اليومي اإلنتاج

التكتيكية تستخدم وهي المعلوماتاألهداف تحويل خاللها من

وإعمال أفعال إلى واالستراتجياتلمدة تغطي وهي للتنفيذ قابلةاألمثلة ) ( : ومن قصيرة عامين

لغايات - المنشات عمل تمويل كيفيةالتوسع

االستئجار - ام اآلالت شراء يجب هل

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Relative Amount of Time That Managers Spend on the Four Managerial Functions

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Managerial Skills

Conceptual Skills The ability to analyze and diagnose a situation

and distinguish between cause and effect. Human Skills

The ability to understand, alter, lead, and control the behavior of other individuals and groups.

Technical Skills The specific knowledge and techniques required

to perform an organizational

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Skill Types Needed by Managerial Level

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Globalization

تبادل سرعة العالمي، الصعيد على االقتصادية، بالعولمة يقصد   للحواجز  التدريجي اإللغاء بفضل متاحة أصبحت التي والخدمات السلع         منذ المبرمة العالمية التجارة منظمة و الجات اتفاقية إطار في التجارية

1995 . العولمة مصطلح يعد والمواصالت النقل وسائل تطور بفضل وكذلك ،االنجليزية  ) اللغة من المقتبس للمصطلح بينما( Globalizationمرادف�ا ،

" " " عولمة أو السوق عولمة تعبير إلى االستناد األفضل من يكون قدالشركات".

حجم تبين والتي العالمية التجارة منظمة موقع الى الرجوع خالل ومنالمتزايد النمو نالحظ االمريكية المتحدة الواليات الى والواردات الصادراتاالنترنت وانتشار بالعولمة تاثرها لنتيجة وذلك والورادت الصادرات حجم فيالعالمية التجارة منظمة اتفاقيات الى باالضافة االساسي الدور له كان الذي

العالم . دول بين

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2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

China 243.470105 287.774353 321.442867 337.772628 296.373883 364.952634 399.371233 425.626201 440.447696 466.656493

Germany 84.750871 89.0820489999999

94.164096 97.496574 71.4981540000001

82.450412 98.6843379999999

109.22575 114.344548 123.181042

Japan 138.003696 148.180776 145.463343 139.262197 95.803683 120.552145 128.92789 146.437714 138.573324 133.938716

United Kingdome 51.032621 53.513018 56.857542 58.587383 47.479891 49.805396 51.2625020000001

55.003359 52.817096 54.048511

Jordan 1.26685 1.422068 1.328915 1.137459 0.924088 0.974122999999999

1.060517 1.155532 1.197256 1.357439

United Arab Emi-rates

1.4683 1.3854 1.3375 1.2862 1.498 1.1454 2.4398 2.253 2.294 2.7993

25

75

125

175

225

275

325

375

425

475

import to the United states ( billion of dollars )

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2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

China 41.1920100000001

53.673008 62.936892 69.732838 69.4966790000001

91.911081 104.121524 110.515574 121.73638 124.02395

Germany 34.183656 41.159116 49.419703 54.505256 43.306258 48.155263 49.294189 48.800501 47.361641 49.442575

Japan 54.68058 58.458978 61.159583 65.141753 51.134184 60.471852 65.799737 69.96357 65.205776 66.9641200000001

United Kingdome

38.568083 45.410107 49.981491 53.59907 45.703598 48.410311 56.033108 54.859946 47.35324 53.865054

Jordan 0.644195000000001

0.650333 0.856173 0.940321 1.191811 1.172175 1.449688 1.766371 2.083609 2.051949

United Arab Emi-rates

8.1195 10.277 10.7866 14.4174 12.2109 11.6625 15.9216 22.5584 24.4462 22.1131

10

30

50

70

90

110

130

Export from the United states ( billion of dollars )

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COST MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS AND COST

BEHAVIOR

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Cost terms and concepts Direct costs are those costs that can be specifically and

exclusively traced to the cost object

Indirect costs are costs that cannot be specifically and exclusively traced to the cost object

The distinction between direct and indirect costs depends on what is identified as the cost object

Indirect costs (i.e. overheads) are assigned to cost objects on the basis of cost allocations

Cost allocations = process of assigning costs to cost objects that involve the use of surrogate, rather than direct measures

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Different Ways to Describe Costs

Costs can be defined by how they relate to a cost object, which is defined as any thing or activity for which we measure costs.

• Costs can also be categorized as to how they are used in decision making.

• Costs can also be distinguished by the way they change as activity or volume levels change.

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Assigning Costs to a Cost Object

Direct costs are easily traced to the cost object.

Determining the costs that should attach to a cost object is called cost assignment.

Cos

t Ass

ignm

ent

Indirect

Costs

Cost

Object

Direct

Costs

Indirect costs are not easily traced to the cost object, and must be allocated.

cost tracing

cost allocation

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Direct and Indirect Costs

• In manufacturing:

• all labor costs that are easily traced to the product are called direct labor costs

• all materials costs that are easily traced to the product are called direct material costs

• all other production costs are called overhead costs

• Whether or not a cost is a direct cost depends upon:

• the technology available to capture cost information

• the definition of the cost object

• whether the benefits of tracking the cost as direct exceed the resources expended to track the cost

• the precision of the bookkeeping system that tracks costs

• the nature of the operations that produce the product or service

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Direct and Indirect Costs

Listed below are some of the costs incurred by a garment manufacturer. Determine whether the cost is most likely to be considered a direct cost or an indirect cost if the cost object is a single garment as opposed to a batch of 500 identical garments. If it depends, state what it depends on.

Single Garment

Batch of 500

GarmentsProperty taxes on factory Bolts of fabricDyes for yard goodsSeamstresses hourly wage Depreciation on sewing machines ButtonsZippers

Cost Object

Indirect

IndirectDirect

IndirectIndirect It depends

Indirect It dependsIndirect It depends

Indirect IndirectIt depends

Direct

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Linear Cost Behavior Terminology

• Total fixed costs are costs that do not change (in total) as activity levels change.

• Total variable costs are costs that increase (in total) in proportion to the increase in activity levels.

• The relevant range is the span of activity levels for which the cost behavior patterns hold.

• A cost driver is a measure of activity or volume level; increases in a cost driver cause total costs to increase.

• Total costs equal total fixed costs plus total variable costs.

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Behavior of Total (Linear) Costs

Total Fixed Costs$

Cost Driver

$

Cost Driver

Total CostsIf costs are linear, then total costs graphically look like this.

Total fixed costs do not change as the cost driver increases.

Higher total fixed costs are higher above the x axis.

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Behavior of Total (Linear) Costs

Total Variable Costs$

Cost Driver

$

Cost Driver

Total CostsIf costs are linear, then total costs graphically look like this.

Total variable costs increase as the cost driver increases.

A steeper slope represents higher variable costs per unit of the cost driver.

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Total Versus Per-unit (Average) Cost Behavior

If total variable costs look like this . . .

. . . then variable costs per unit look like this.

$

Cost Driver

Total Variable Costs

$/unit

Cost Driver

Per-Unit Variable Costs

m

slope = $m/unit

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Total Versus Per-Unit (Average) Cost Behavior

If total fixed costs look like this . . .

. . . then fixed costs per unit look like this.

$

Cost Driver

Total Fixed Costs

$/unit

Cost Driver

Per-Unit Fixed Costs

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Lari’s Leather produces customized motorcycle jackets. The leather for one jacket costs $50, and Lari rents a shop for $450/month. Compute the total costs per month and the average cost per jacket if she made only one jacket per month. What if she made 10 jackets per month?

$50

$450

$500

$50

$450

$500

$500

$450

$950

$50

$45

$95

Total Versus Per-Unit (Average) Cost Behavior

Total Costs/ Month

Average Cost/

Jacket

Leather

Rent

Total

1 JacketTotal

Costs/ Month

Average Cost/

Jacket

Leather

Rent

Total

10 Jackets

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When costs are linear, the cost function is:TC = F + V x Q, where

F = total fixed cost, V = variable cost per unit of the cost driver, and Q = the quantity of the cost driver.

The Cost Function

$

Cost Driver

Total Costs

Fslope = $V/unit of cost driver

The intercept is the total fixed cost.

The slope is the variable cost per unit of the cost driver.

A cost that includes a fixed cost element and a variable cost element is known as a mixed cost.

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Sometimes nonlinear costs exhibit linear cost behavior over a range of the cost driver. This is the relevant range of activity.

Nonlinear Cost Behavior

Cost Driver

TotalCosts

Relevant Range

slope = variable cost per unit of cost driver

intercept = total fixed costs

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Some costs are fixed at one level for one range of activity and fixed at another level for another range of activity. These are known as stepwise linear costs.

Stepwise Linear Cost Behavior

Total Supervisor Salaries Cost in $1000s

Number of units produced, in 1000s100

40

200

80

300

120Example: A production

supervisor makes $40,000 per year and the factory

can produce 100,000 units annually for each 8-

hour shift it operates.

Example: A production supervisor makes $40,000

per year and the factory can produce 100,000

units annually for each 8-hour shift it operates.

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Some variable costs per unit are constant at one level for one range of activity and constant at another level for another range of activity. These are known as piecewise linear costs.

Piecewise Linear Cost Behavior

Gallons purchased

Total Materials Costs

1000 2000

Example: A supplier sells us raw materials at

$9/gallon for the first 1000 gallons, $8/gallon for the second 1000 gallons, and

at $7.50/gallon for all gallons purchased over

2000 gallons.

Example: A supplier sells us raw materials at

$9/gallon for the first 1000 gallons, $8/gallon for the second 1000 gallons, and

at $7.50/gallon for all gallons purchased over

2000 gallons.

slope=$9/gallon

slope=$8/gallon

slope=$7.50/gallon

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Cost Terms for Decision Making

• Opportunity costs are the benefits of an alternative one gives up when that alternative is not chosen.

• Sunk costs are costs that were incurred in the past.

• Opportunity costs are difficult to measure because they are associated with something that did not occur.

• Opportunity costs are always relevant in decision making.

• Sunk costs are never relevant for decision making.

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Cost Terms for Decision Making

• Discretionary costs are periodic costs incurred for activities that management may or may not determine are worthwhile.

• These costs may be variable or fixed costs.

• Discretionary costs are relevant for decision making only if they vary across the alternatives under consideration.

• Marginal cost is the incremental cost of producing the next unit.• When costs are linear and the level of activity is within

the relevant range, marginal cost is the same as variable cost per unit.

• Marginal costs are often relevant in decision making.

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Reference

essentials of contemporary management 3rd edition (by Gareth R. Jones / Jennifer M. George )

Management Accounting, 4rd ed., Atkinson, Kaplan, and Young

Cost Management Measuring, Monitoring, and Motivating Performance (Gail Kaciuba )

Chapters 1&2 - Weetman, P. (2010) Management Accounting. Harlow: Pearson.

Managerial Accounting, 14/e (Eric W. Noreen, University of Washington and Peter C. Brewer, Miami University )

) اإلدارية نصار) 2012المحاسبة أبو محمد الدكتور األستاذ

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