Management Theory and theManagement of School Library

Programs

1

Management is the business

of getting things done through and with people

in formally organized groups.

PlanningStaffingLeadingControlling

Two Schools of Thought Classical/Scientific Management

Administrative Management Management Science (Quantitative Perspective) Operations Management

Behavioral Management, 1930- Human Relations Movement/Psychological

Organizational Behavior (Behavioral Management)

Integrating Approaches

3

4

From Classical to Scientific Management

(1890-1940)

5

Classical: Based on

Early labor practices of Industrial Revolution

Scientific: Taylor’s principles to increase efficiency

Put Man to work; Keep them working. Don’t let them slack off

Study the way the job is performed; determine new ways

See how much they turn out in a week to determine what can be produced

Codify the new method into rules

This becomes the standard for weekly production rate (guestimation)

Select workers whose skills match the rules

Pay workers extra to produce as much as they can (piecemeal pay)

Establish a fair level of performance

and pay for higher performance

(Taylor, 1911. Principles of Scientific Management)

Soldiering• More productive = fewer workers

• Non-incentive wage system• Rule-of-thumb

Scientific Management Theory1890-1940

Taylor and Scientific Management7

• Taylor

• Human and machine are similar

Time Studies

Pig Iron Work Study, 1898 Science of Shoveling: Standardized Tools

8

4 Objectives of Scientific Management

• Development of a science for each element of work– Classify, tabulate, reduce to rules, laws, formulas

• Scientific selection– Then train, teach and develop

• Cooperation– In order to make sure work is being done according to scientific

principals

• Division of work– Equal division, managers to do what they are best suited to do,

workers likewise

Benefits??? Drawbacks???

• Skilled = own decision

• Scientific management - own decision =

unskilled worker trained for series of tasks.

Psychology of Management

Frank and Lillian Gilbreth and family (minus one)

Time and Motion Studies

1. Break down each action into its elements (“therbligs”)

2. Find better ways to perform it

3. Reorganize each action to be more efficient

Backlash against efficiency

Charlie Chapin in “Modern Times”, 1939

12

Food for thought: How are schools locked into Taylor’s views?

Administrative Management (1930-1950)

Max Weber’s concept of bureaucracy

• Authority is the power to hold people accountable• Positions held based on performance, not social contacts• Lines of authority clearly identified• Rules, standard operating procedures and norms are used to determine how things work

13

Efficiency +Effectiveness

Written, well-ordered rules and procedures

Promote continuity

Produces minimum effort, discourages creativity

Impersonal application of policies Promotion based on seniority

Dissention if supervisor is not qualified

Merit or promotion based on technical competence

Hierarchical levels of authority Line/staff relation

Promotes discipline

Communication blocks exist top down

Separation of interests and property

Bureaucracy

How Are Schools Bureaucracies

A Bureaucracy should have

A Bureaucracy should have

System of taskRelationships?

System of taskRelationships?

Hierarchy ofAuthority?

Hierarchy ofAuthority?

Fair evaluationand reward?

Fair evaluationand reward?

Written rules?Written rules?

15

Management Science:The Quantitative Perspective

Uses rigorous quantitative techniques to maximize resources

• Quantitative management:

utilizes linear programming, modeling,

simulation systems• Operations management:

techniques to analyze all aspects of the production system

16

Total Quality Management (TQM)

17

Total Quality Management (TQM): Focuses on improved qualityCommunication is essentialRecognition is achieved in a culture of integrity an ethics, leadership, teamwork, and training.

Continuous Improvement

Planning

Control

Improvement

18

Taylorism vs. TQM19

Participatory Management

Customer-base decision making vs. top down authority

20

Discussion: Scientific Management in Schools?

How are schools managed in the scientific management approach?What are the implications for library media centers?