Management technology,innovation and change

7/27/2019 Management technology,innovation and change

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MTICTechnology & Its

ImportanceBy

Prof. (Dr.) Vijay Kr Khurana


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Topics in Syllabus Science vs Technology

Technology & Wealth of Nations

Technology & Firm Specific Knowledge


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Questions in Univ Exams

Science, Discovery, Invention & Innovation Technology, its characteristics

Technology for competitive advantage of firm

Technology for firm specific knowledge

Technology for economic prosperity / wealth of

nation


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What is Science?


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What is Science? Science mainly deals with the natural world. It is

the study of the natural laws, which govern theuniverse. Examples ??

Science is public and universal knowledge.

Science is genrally a boon for all human-beings.

Utility of science does not undergo change with thepassage of time. Scientific development usuallyfollows stages like discovery and growth.


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What is ScientificDiscovery?

Scientific Discovery results in something novel tothe society / the world. It does not mean merediscovery of new use, new arrangement or newreorganization of existing scientific principles /existing scientific laws, existing technology or its

related products or services. Rather it focuses on finding some new scientific

principle or scientific law etc.

What is new ?


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What is ScientificDiscovery?

Scientific Discovery means a new scientificprinciple, new technology, new product or newservice means that these did not exist before orhave been invented / introduced recently or havebeen invented / introduced for the first time.

What is nature of scientific discovery? What are the steps in scientific discovery?

h f


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What is nature ofScientific Discovery?

It is a highly creative process.

The scientific discovery results into some novelscientific principle / new scientific law etc.

The ideas for scientific research and discovery cancome from following sources:

Inspiration - Deduction - Induction

It can be both systematic and unsystematic.

h f


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. Contd Scientific research and discovery leads to increaseof overall scientific knowledge

Scientific research and discovery usually focusses

on discovering previosly unknown scientificprinciples or scientific laws, which already hiddenlyexist i.e it is usually past and present oriented.

Many a times, scientific research is pursued even if

immediate costs are more than immediate benefits.

Wh f


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. ExampleThe Hubble Space Telescope was launched by NASA,USA in April 1990 and put in the orbit of the Earth.During the last sixteen years, four servicing of thetelescope have already been carried out to keep itfunctioning. Some of discoveries made are as under:

Galaxy evolution : Images have revealedexistence of around 3000 galaxies, some asold as 10 billion years.

Black holes : Captured proof of the existenceof black holes. Most of them are severalbillion times the mass of the sun.

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. Example Contd Birth of planets : Images of the flatteneddisks of gas and dust revealed the birthplacesof new planets.

Age of cosmos : Observations of burned-outstars helped the scientists to predict the ageof galaxy to be 12-13 billion years old.

Impact of comets : Views of Comet Shoe-

maker-Levy 9s collision with the planet

Jupiter provided information on danger ofimpacts of collision of comets.

Discovery of new planets : Images have helpedscientists to locate new planets in the milkyway.

Wh i f


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Example Large Hydron Collider

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Example . Large Hydron Collider

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The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world'slargest and highest-energy particle accelerator.

It was built in collaboration with over 10,000scientists and engineers from over 100 countries, aswell as hundreds of universities and laboratories.

The collider is contained in a circular tunnel, with acircumference of 27 kilometres (17 mi), at a depthranging from 50 to 175 metres (160 to 574 ft)underground.

Wh t i t f


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The Large Hadron Collider is nearly 30 years in themaking - and costs the member countries of CERNand other participating countries an estimated4.6billion (about US$ 6.4 billion).

It was built by the European Organization forNuclear Research (CERN), with the aim of allowingphysicists to test the predictions of differenttheories of particle physics and high-energy

physics, and particularly for the existence of thehypothesized Higgs boson and of the large family ofnew particles predicted by supersymmetry.

Wh t i t f


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Every time physicists come up with particleaccelerators, critics come up with doomsdayscenarios on how this experiment will destroy Earth:black holes, killer strange-lets, magnetic monopoles,

and vacuum bubbles.

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Example International Space Station

Wh t i t f


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Wh t i t f


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The International Space Station (ISS) is ahabitable artificial satellite in low Earth orbit.

The ISS programme is a joint project between fiveparticipating space agencies, the American NASA,

the Russian RKA, the Japanese JAXA, the EuropeanESA, and the Canadian CSA.. The ISS serves as a microgravity and space

environment research laboratory in which crewmembers conduct experiments in biology, human

biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology and otherfields

Wh t i t f


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The ownership and use of the space station isestablished by intergovernmental treaties andagreements. The station is divided into twosections, the Russian orbital segment (ROS) and the

United States orbital segment (USOS), which isshared by many nations.

Wh t th t i


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What are the steps inScientific Discovery?

1. Statement of Problem, Purpose or ResearchQuestion

2. Hypothesis Formulation

3. Listing of Materials Required

4. Laying Down Procedure for Conducting Research /Experiment

5. Experimentation, Observations and Data Collection

6. Conclusion


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What is Technology ?


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What is Technology ? Technologyhas been derived from Greek word

techno-logia Techno means an art or skill andLogia means science or study. Thus technologymeans systematic treatment of, art or study.

According to Oxford English Dictionary -

Technology is application of scientific knowledge forpractical purposes.


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What is Technology ?

Technology means - the totality of the meansemployed to provide objects necessary for humansustenance and comfort. Objects include not onlygoods but services, i.e. technology is not restrictedto hardware but may include know-how andsoftware.


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What is Technology ?The meaning of Technology, in different contexts, is

as under:- Totality of various technologies vs a specific /particular technology

Technology as technical means - people use to

improve their surroundings. Technology as tool as a device or implement usedfor a particular task

Technology as technique - - a way of doing

something or some practical skill Technology as a cultural force which forms orchanges culture


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What is nature of Technology ? It involves purposive applications of various fields

of sciences and scientific knowledge. It is used to provide objects (like products,

machinery, tools, services etc.) necessary for humansustenance and comfort.

It is not restricted to hardware, but also includesknow-how and software.

It has both public & private components.

Examples ????


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What is nature of Technology ? It is complex in nature- most modern tools are

difficult to understand as to how to manufacture orhow to use or both.

It is dependent on other technologies.

It has high degree of valence large multitude oftypes or variations of the same product.

It is big in scale dominates modern life

Technology carries different meaning to differentpeople in different situations.

Examples ???


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Constituents / Atlas of Technology ?

a. Following are the Parts / Attributes / Constituentsof Technology: Body of certain scientific principles and

scientific laws

Related group of applications (like products,services or processes or improvements thereof)

A specific set of artifacts (set of equipmentslike machinery, tool etc)


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a. contd .

Specific knowledge expressed in a cluster oftechniques for investigation, measurement andapplication

Operational experience and know-how (like

prodcution skills etc.) Organization - expressed in terms of structure &

systems (for developing and delivering itsapplications).


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b. Atlas of Technology

Technoware object or hardware embodiedtechnology

Humanware person embodied technology

Infoware documents, Specifications, procedures,methods

Orgaware institution embodied or support nettechnology

Wh h diff b


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What are the differences betweenScience and Technology

Wh h diff b


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Many times, two terms are used interchangeably

Thin line of demarcation between the two terms

Wh h diff b


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1. Science largely deals with the natural world.

Technology largely deals with the human-made world2 Science mainly focusses on understanding scientific

principles / scientific laws

Technology mainly focusses on doing i.e. it isapplication oriented

3. Science is public and universal knowledge

Technology comprises both public and privateknowledge

Wh t th diff b t


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4 . Scientific research and discovery leads to increase

of overall scientific knowledge Technology development leads to innovation of new

products, services or processes5. Utility of science does not undergo change with the

passage of time. Technology and the product, service or process

associated with it, undergo changes like thebiological concept of a life cycle (i.e. birth, growth,

maturity & death)

Wh t th diff b t


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6. Scientific research and discovery is pursued even

if costs may sometimes exceed benefits Technology development is manytimes guided by

cost vs benefit analysis7. Science is generally useful for all human-beings

Technology provides specific advantages to ownerand users (and some disadvantages to society)

Wh t th diff b t


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8. Scientific research and discovery usually focusses

on discovering previosly unknown scientificprinciples or scientific laws, which already hiddenlyexist i.e it is usually past and present oriented

Technology development is mostly present and

future oriented i.e. deals with finding solutions topresent problems and developing future applications

9 . Scientific research and discovery precedestechnology development

Technology development succeeds / followsscientific research and discovery


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History of last 500 years of the world suggests

that technological progress is crucial for militarystrength of a nation and its survival as an entity.

Not only militarily, it is crucial for economicprogress of nations as well.

Due to technological progress, USA, WesternEurope & Japan etc are able to ensure continuedeconomic progress despite temporary ups & downs.


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a. In domestic market, a nation and its firms, having

better and advanced technology can enjoy followingadvantages :

Improved and efficient functioning of variousorganizations in the nation


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a. ..contd .

Technological progress and infusion brings majorchanges and improvements in the overall functioningof organizations leading to transformations viz.transformation in Banking Sector, Telecom Sector

etc. Enhanced capability to fight foreign competition

and thus retaining control over strategic nationaleconomic assets

Stability in sales and profits of business firms;stable growth of sales and profits


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a. ...contd .

Regular employment generation and high standardsof living

Lesser probability of occurance of economicrecession and lesser adverse impact of economic

recession if it occurs Relative stability in national income

Growth of national economy

T h l & W lth f N ti


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Technology & Wealth of Nationsa. contd .

Proper management of natural disasters and other

crisis like earthquake, tsunami, floods, droughts, oilspills etc; and faster recovery from such disastersand crisis

Proper management of law and order, terrorism,

internal security, and crossborder movements Better infrastructure and facilities like medical

facilities etc; and better infrastructuremanagement

Development of technologies for conserving andstrengthening natural resource base; for protectingflora & fauna ; and environment


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b. In external markets, a nation and its firms having

better and advanced technology can enjoy followingadvantages :

Technological competitive advantage

Boost to exports

Forex earnings through exports Disposal of surplus to external markets thus

maintaining stability in domestic prices

Monopoly & high prices for hi-tech products in theinternational markets


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b. contd

Earnings from external markets provide additionalfunds for supporting research & development athome

Globalisation of operations leading to benefits of

economies of scale of mass production, and costreduction by procuring low cost resources / inputsfrom anywhere in the world.


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b. contd

Facilitates outbound Foreign Direct Investment(FDI) by domestic firms leading to earnings throughcaptive exports, repatriation of profits, sale ofmachinery, sale of components and sub-assemblies

etc. Earnings through technolgy transfer agreements

Employment generation & high standards of living

As the total size of the national economy becomes

bigger due to participation in international busniess,chances of domestic stagnation / recession decline

.


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Technology & Wealth of Nationsb. contd

Growth of national economy Developing international reputation and attractingoverseas investors

A prominent role for the nation in the international

economic matters and international decision- making Increase of national influence over other countries

Enables the nation to monitor movement of its ships,cargos and other resources in the world by using

various technologies like Global PositioningSystem(GPS) etc.


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Technology & Firm specific Knowledge


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Technology & Firm specific Knowledge Technology development provides unique / specific

ownership advantages to a business firm, which areknown as firm-specific knowledge or firm-specificadvantages.

This firm specific knowledge may be heldtemporarily or permanenetly; and are held

exclusively. It includes intangible assets such as technical

expertise, technical knowhow, processknowhow orpatents etc.


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Technology & Firm specific Knowledge contd

The firm specific knowledge provides some sort ofoperational and competitive advantages to the ownerbusiness firm and put its competitors in relativelydisadvantageous position.

These firm-specific advantages promise superiorreturns to the owner firm over its competitors.

These firm-specific advantages enable a businessenterprise / MNC to move into foreign markets andbecome successful in foreign markets despite high

operating costs and problems, (particularly in initialyears).


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Technology & Firm specific KnowledgeImportance / Significance of Firm Specific Knowledge /

Strategic Management of Technology (SMOT)

Improvement in quality thus leading to high qualityproducts

Minimum life cycle costs of product development

Substantially reduced production costs Shorter lead times from R&D design to commercialproduction

High levels of flexibility in responding to changing

market conditions.


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Taking advantage of economics of scale (volume/ massproduction) & economics of scope (variety)

Reduction in number of machine tools required tomanufacture parts

Reduction in floor space requirements due to bettermachinery designing and spatial arrangement

Reduction in labour requirements by better utilizationof technlogical strengths

Increase in machine utilization rate by removingbottlenecks

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Reduction in work in process & finished goodsinventories

Reduction in overall cycle time

Simplification of production scheduling, better work

flow Increase in manufacturing capacity

Higher efficiency & higher productivity

Shared use of design & manufacturing data across

different divisons of the organization and itsbusiness partners

h l & F f l d


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Flexibility in design & manufacturing operations

Increased ability to enter new markets quickly,faster introduction of new products

Improved management control

Shortened delivery time for customers Reduced material handling

Increased safety of workforce and consumers

Enhanced capability to fight foreign competition

Stability in sales and profits of business firms;stable growth of sales and profits

T h l & Fi ifi K l d


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Increased earnings through exports

Monopoly & high prices for hi-tech products in theinternational markets

Facilitates outbound Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)by domestic firms leading to earnings through captiveexports, repatriation of profits, sale of machinery,sale of components and sub-assemblies etc.

Earnings through technolgy transfer agreements

Technological progress and infusion brings majorchanges and improvements in the overall functioningof organizations leading to transformations viz.

transformation in Banking Sector, TelecomSector etc.

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Management technology,innovation and change