Management of Phytophthora Diseases of Durian

file phase2.doc Last update: 12 Feb 1998

SECTION 1 : PROJECT SUMMARY 1.1 Project Title Management of Phytophthora diseases of

durian

1.2 Project Number PHT 95/134 1.3 Category (a) Program Postharvest Technology (b) Commodities/Countries

(with proportion of expected project benefits)

COUNTRIES

COMMODITIES AUST THAILAND VIETNAM Durian 25 40 35 100 TOTAL 100%

© Is there development

expenditure associated with this project? If yes, show percentage

42.%

1.4 Geographic Region South East Asia, Australia 1.5 Related ACIAR Projects CS2/96/193 Biodiversity, identification

and detection methods for Phytophthora (Dr A. Drenth)

1.6 Commissioned Organisation The University of Melbourne 1.7 Collaboration in Australia NT-Department of Primary Industries and

Fisheries (Dr T.K. Lim and Y Diczbalis) Queensland Department of Primary Industries (Lynton Vawdrey)

1.8 Developing Country Collaboration Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand

Southern Fruit Research Institute, Long Dinh, Vietnam

1.9 Collaboration with Other

(Non-ACIAR) Projects

(a) AusAID/IDP Projects Integrated management of Phytophthora diseases of cocoa (PhD studentship to Mr John Konam if CCRI in PNG)

(b) External Agencies RIRDC ZTR-01 Durian germplasm evaluation for tropical Australia

1.10 Key Personnel

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(a) ACIAR Co-ordinator Dr G.I. Johnson (b) Project Leaders Dr David Guest

Senior Lecturer School of Botany University of Melbourne PARKVILLE VIC 3052 Phone: 61 03 93445042 Fax: 61 03 93475460 Email: [email protected] Dr Somsiri Sangchote Project Leader Department of Plant Pathology Faculty of Agriculture Kasetsart University Paholyothin Road, Chatuchak Bangkok 10900THAILAND Phone: 0011 66 2 5790113 Fax: 0015 66 2 5796152 Email: [email protected] Dr Nguyen Minh Chau Director Southern Fruit Research Institute Box 203 Mytho - Tien giang VIETNAM Phone: 0011 84 73 855588 Fax: 0015 84 73 855588 Email: [email protected]

© Administrator of Project in Commissioned Organisation

Ms Denise Dawson General Manager School of Botany University of Melbourne Parkville 3052

1.11 Proposed Duration of Project AND

commencement date

3 years, commencing July 1998

mailto:[email protected]



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1.12

(a) Estimated Expenditure

from ACIAR funds

YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 TOTAL

(1/7/98-30/6/99)

(1/7/99-30/6/00)

(1/7/00-30/6/01)

Personnel 79,515 82,902 86,186 248,603

Supplies and Services 40,210 28,168 41,454 109,832

Travel 39,850 23,300 53,050 116,200

Infrastructure costs 6,186 5,628 5,846 17,660

Capital 120,600 122,600

Total 286,361 139,998 186,536 612,895

Of which development expenditure =

120,272 58,799 78,345 257,416

(This is part of, not additional, to the above figures)

(b) Other Support directly

associated with this project

(i) From Commissioned 45,820 48,108 51,772 145,700

Organisation

(ii) From Australian 46,000 46,000 41,000 133,000

Collaborators

(iii) From Developing Country Thailand

27,600 27,500 27,800 82,900

Partner Vietnam 31,000 31,800 32,000 60,000

(iv) From Others

Thailand Research Fund 54,583 67,376 51,631 173,590

RIRDC 35,000 35,000 35,000 105,000

Grand Total 526,364 395,782 425,739 1,193,385

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1.13 Abstract

Durian is the favourite fruit in many Southeast Asian countries. It is a prized tree in many mixed gardens and a valuable orchard crop that commands extraordinarily high prices at local and export markets. The value of the worldwide trade in durian is estimated at A$ 3 billion annually. This project will develop strategies to control fruit rot, root rot, patch canker and dieback of durian (Durio zibethinus M.), caused by strains of Phytophthora usually identified as P. palmivora Butl. These diseases cause annual yield losses estimated at 15-30%, and their impact is compounded by locally severe incidences of tree deaths, and storage and transit rots that can destroy entire consignments.

The genus Phytophthora includes pathogens that cause root, stem, foliage, flower and fruit diseases of plants, although the pathogen is generally considered soil-borne. Disease is usually initiated when dormant propagules germinate and release infective zoospores following wetting or temporary flooding. Phytophthora is a poor saprophytic competitor, and the survival of the pathogen in the soil is vulnerable to orchard management practices that stimulate the activity of soil antagonists and reduce the likelihood of ponding. Composts and manures that stimulate the activity of actinomycetes, endospore-forming bacteria and certain fungi are used to reduce the incidence and severity of Phytophthora diseases in crops such as avocado (Stirling, Hayward & Pegg, 1992) and thryptomene (Aryantha, 1997; Aryantha & Guest, 1997). Composts and manures also improve soil drainage, soil fertility and plant growth.

Durian is a tall tree that is amenable to mixed farming systems in the tropics. However, the broad host range of P. palmivora creates a risk of cross-infection between intercrops. The variability of Phytophthora also presents a challenge to plant breeders attempting to incorporate disease resistance into breeding lines, and presents a challenge to quarantine barriers. Consequently, it is imperative to document and understand the host range, geographical distribution and virulence of pathogen isolates from different durian-growing areas.

Australian researchers are world leaders in developing integrated disease management (IDM) strategies, including the use of potassium phosphonate, to control plant diseases. Phosphonates have a remarkably low toxicity to mammals, and are selective for pathogenic Oomycetes such as Phytophthora (Guest et al., 1995). When directly injected into the trunk, phosphonates are extremely effective against Phytophthora diseases of cocoa and avocado (Guest et al. 1994 & 1995). The precise timing and rates of trunk injection are known to be important in determining the translocation and partitioning of phosphonate within the tree, and thus the level of disease control achieved. Thus, the mixed results from preliminary trials with durian suggest that further work on the timing of phosphonate injection in relation to tree phenology is required.

The primary objective of this project is to improve orchard establishment and sustainability, and the consistency of quality fruit supplies to the expanding Asian and Australian durian markets, by developing an integrated management program for orchard and postharvest disease. We will also examine the interaction between losses due to Phytophthora and other major post-harvest pathogens, and will develop strategies to improve fruit quality and prolong fruit life. Key elements of the project will be the development of orchard management practices that are appropriate for small-scale mixed farming systems as well as large orchards, including biological control and the targeted use of trunk-injected fungicides. These control strategies will be based on a thorough understanding of the biological and environmental factors conducive to disease, and will investigate techniques successfully used against

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Phytophthora diseases of avocado and cocoa. The expected outcome of this project, and the implementation of its recommendations, will be to reduce tree deaths, increase fruit yields and decrease post-harvest fruit losses. Diseases caused by related Phytophthora species also cause significant losses to Australian horticulture, and to the Australian environment. This proposal will address questions that are common to the management of disease in horticultural and natural plant communities.

This proposal builds on work on the control of Phytophthora fruit rot of durian in Thailand using Aliette (Pongpisutta & Sangchote, 1994), research on integrated management of Phytophthora on cocoa in Papua New Guinea (Guest et al. 1994), and biological control of Phytophthora cinnamomi in horticulture (Aryantha & Guest, 1997). A collaboration has already been established between the University of Melbourne, the Northern Territory Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, the Queensland Department of Primary Industries and pioneering durian growers in Australia, Kasetsart University in Thailand, and the Southern Fruit Research Institute in Vietnam. These collaborators offer the necessary expertise and facilities to successfully undertake the project outlined. The project will combine Australian expertise in:

• phosphonate mode of action and injection technology

• biological control of Phytophthora using composted manures and mulches

• the variability and ecology of Phytophthora, and

• durian cultivation, durian diseases and disorders

with Thai expertise in:

• durian cultivation and disease biology

and Vietnamese expertise in:

• durian orchard establishment

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1.14 Flow Chart

1998 1999 2000 2001

Quarter Site/Objective

J O J A J O J A J O J A

Melbourne

Baseline information & Start-up workshop

U U

Host-pathogen-environment interactions

U U U U U U U U

Develop IDM options for nurseries, orchards and postharvest handling

U U U U U U

Demonstration plots

International collaborations U U U U U U U U U U U U

Travel to Cairns/Darwin D. Guest Research Fellow Travel to Thailand/Vietnam D. Guest Research Fellow

U

UU

U

UU U

U U U

U U

Darwin/South Johnstone


U U


U U U U U U


U U U U U U U U

Demonstration plots U U U U

International collaborations U U U U U U U U U U U U

Travel to Melbourne T.K. Lim NT DPI Y Diczbalis NT DPI Research Assistant NTDPI L. Vawdrey QDPI Travel to Darwin L. Vawdrey QDPI Travel to Thailand/Vietnam T.K. Lim NT DPI Y Diczbalis NT DPI Research Assistant NT DPI L. Vawdrey QDPI

UUUU

U

U

U U U U

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Kasetsart


U U


U U U U U U U U


U U U U U U


International collaborations

U U U U U U U U U U U U

Travel to Australia Somsiri Rutiya

U U

U

SFRI


U U



U U U U U U U U U U


International collaborations

U U U U U U U U U U U U

Travel to Australia Vietnamese scientist 1 Vietnamese scientist 2 Travel to Thailand Vietnamese scientist

U U

U

U

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1.15 Outputs Table ``

SUB-PROJECT SCIENTIFIC OUTPUTS POTENTIAL APPLICATION

1. Baseline information gathering and planning workshop (M,D,SJ,T,V)

♦ Information on areas currently under cultivation, cultivars grown, disease incidence and severity, soils and climate

♦ Information on current expertise and standardised

techniques ♦ Information about research and development and

training needs ♦ Trained personnel

Identification of risk factors in disease Identification of field trial sites Identification of expertise and knowledge gaps Identification of research and training priorities Project implementation

2. Host-pathogen-environment interactions in durian orchards (M, D, T)

♦ Methods for diagnosis and pathogen identification♦ Epidemiology of Phytophthora in durian orchards

and climatic, soil and agronomic management factors conducive to disease

♦ Pathogen biology ♦ Biology of fruit infection ♦ Screen for durian genotypes for resistance to

Phytophthora in laboratory, glasshouse and field studies

Accurate diagnosis and disease mapping Identification of weak links in the disease cycle Orchard management strategies Exploit possible opportunities for biocontrol

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SUB-PROJECT SCIENTIFIC OUTPUTS POTENTIAL APPLICATION

3a. Nursery practice and orchard establishment (D, V) 3b. Orchard management: Fungicides (M, T) 3c. Orchard management: Biological control (M,T) 3d. Orchard management: IDM (M,D,SJ,T,V) 3e. Management of postharvest disease (M,T)

♦ Propagation and stock/scion options ♦ Site preparation options ♦ Nursery practice options ♦ Fungicide use options ♦ Fungicide residue analyses ♦ Use of composts and mulches for tree and

postharvest disease suppression ♦ IDM options ♦ Impact of orchard management on

postharvest disease ♦ Postharvest handling and storage options

Improved tree establishment and survival Define appropriate frequency and rates Rationalise use of suitable mulches Reduction in tree deaths and pre- and postharvest fruit disease Improved preharvest management and harvesting methods, improved postharvest handling and reduced incidence of storage and transit rots

4. Grower demonstrations (D,SJ,T,V)

♦ Extension information and Technology adoption

Fine-tuning of control recommendations

5. International collaborations (M,D,SJ,T,V & others)

♦ Regionally coordinated research ♦ End-of-project workshop

Regional implementation of recommendations

M=Melbourne; D=Darwin; SJ=South Johnstone; T=Thailand; V=Vietnam

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SECTION 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.1 Background

Phytophthora diseases

Many tropical tree crops are severely affected by diseases caused by the polyphagous, cosmopolitan soil-borne pathogen Phytophthora palmivora. On durian, symptoms manifest as root rot, seedling/tree dieback, patch canker and pre- and post-harvest fruit decay (Lim and Chan, 1996, Chan and Lim, 1987, Lim 1990). Infection is most severe during the rainy season, when spores of P. palmivora are dispersed from the soil, or from tree canker infections, to ripening fruits. Rainwater drops at the stylar end of the fruit induce spore germination. The resulting rot spreads rapidly into the flesh, especially during storage and transit, causing the skin to split, rendering the fruits unsaleable within days.

Durian is seriously affected

Durian is an important cash crop in most of Asia, including Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines, and is a key element in the reconstruction of horticulture in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. The rapid consumer-driven expansion of the durian industry in Thailand has led to the establishment of orchards on increasingly marginal land. This marginal land was badly affected by the devastating floods of 1994, and the outbreak of Phytophthora that followed killed about 40% of the durian trees. Severe losses have also been reported in new orchards in Far North Queensland following Cyclone Justin in 1997. Although this scale of tree death is uncommon, rots of ripening fruit are responsible for chronic production losses, estimated at 30% in Malaysia, and 15% in Vietnam (Nguyen Minh Chau, Southern Fruit Research Institute, Vietnam, pers. comm., 1996). The incidence of rots developing after harvest are difficult to estimate and vary with storage conditions and length of storage, but whole consignments are often destroyed (Lee, 1988). Preliminary surveys suggest combined losses of at least 20% due to diseases caused by Phytophthora. The significance of the threat to production resulting these diseases is reflected by the priority ranking of research into their control by the Thailand Research Fund (P. Boon-Long, Thailand Research Fund, pers. comm. 1995), and is a priority crop in the five-year agricultural strategy (1996-2000) of the Vietnam government. Financial support for local aspects of this proposal has been offered by the Thailand Research Fund, the Vietnam Fund and Rural Industries Research & Development Corporation. The durian growers in north Queensland and the Northern Territory have identified Phytophthora diseases as one of the prime production constraints in the Australian Durian Industry Strategic Plan sponsored by Rural Industries Research & Corporation, RIRDC Project No ZTR- 01. Durian was rated in the top three fruits among 41 crops as having the best market potential and developmental prospect in an RIRDC sponsored workshop on Market Opportunities and Research Priorities for Commercially under-exploited Tropical Fruits, Vegetables and Nuts held in Cairns, July 1997.

The disease cycle is similar to that on other tropical tree crops

There have been some attempts to control Phytophthora on durian using fungicides, biological antagonists and hygiene, although these have been firefighting exercises that were applied too late to reduce losses significantly or sustainably. Orchard management practices are important in reducing the survival and dissemination of the pathogen. Studies on Phytophthora in cocoa plantations show that the pathogen survives in several ways over the dry season, including dormant propagules and mycelium in infected roots and host

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debris in the soil, in infected fruit mummies, as infections of flower cushions and cankers, and as dormant propagules in bark crevices (Gregory and Maddison, 1981; Konam & Guest, 1996). There is potential to identify biological factors that reduce the survival, and thus primary inoculum levels, of the pathogen. For example survival of P. palmivora in infected cocoa pod tissue is significantly reduced under mulch compared to bare soil or grass (Konam & Guest, 1996). Composted chicken manures significantly reduce the survival of P. cinnamomi in soil, and the consequent development of disease in horticultural plants (Aryantha and Guest, 1997). A secondary advantage of composts, mulches and manures is their ability to stimulate plant growth.

At the start of the rainy season, the pathogen disseminates from the soil to the canopy as a result of rain-splash and the activity of invertebrate vectors such as ants and flying beetles (Dennis & Konam, 1993). Further work is required to assess the role of these insects in durian orchards. Experiments with leguminous ground covers have significantly reduced disease incidence in cocoa plantations, and improved soil fertility. Control of Phytophthora using post-harvest fungicide applications had no effect on fruit rots caused by other pathogens like Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Phomposis sp., although there is some evidence that fungicidal control of these pathogens may increase the severity of Phytophthora fruit rot (Sangchote, unpublished).

There is an urgent need for co-ordinated research into durian orchard establishment and management practices. This must include the development of a sustainable disease management package for durian, to prevent the outbreak of epidemics, to reduce disease losses to Phytophthora and other pathogens, and to address the related threat of land degradation resulting from the unsuccessful establishment of durian orchards on marginal land.

Resistance to Phytophthora has been reported in related Durio species, although these species have not yet been adequately investigated as potential rootstocks. Durian germplasm collections exist in Cairns, Darwin, Indonesia and Thailand, and offer a valuable resource for future breeding programs. The response of these collections to different isolates of Phytophthora is unknown, making pathogen variability studies an essential part of this research.

P. palmivora has a wide host range including many horticultural and plantation crops in South East Asia. The development of a sustainable durian industry may involve intercropping of durian as a shade tree for other crops, many of which are susceptible to P. palmivora. It is essential that an integrated management strategy addresses the diversity and host range of P. palmivora isolates. There is some evidence from preliminary studies at Kasetsart University of host specialisation in this pathogen, but this needs further study at the physiological and molecular level. Our activity here will complement the much broader study of pathogen variability proposed by Dr A. Drenth under CS2/96/193.

Durian is an ideal model for the development of integrated management strategies for Phytophthora diseases of tree crops. Because of its value, growers are highly motivated to implement intensive orchard management practices, including hygiene, regular pruning and harvests, compost and fertiliser application, pest, disease and weed control. The novel technique of trunk injection of phosphonate fungicide has been shown to economically control Phytophthora diseases of cocoa in monsoonal environments where traditional fungicide sprays are ineffective and potentially polluting (Guest et al. 1994 & 1995). Annual injections have given control in experimental plots for over a decade. Phosphonate applications act by reducing pathogen sporulation and protecting the plant rather than by

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eradicating the pathogen, and in an integrated disease management program phosphonate complements other management practices such as composting, that acts by reducing pathogen survival. Integrated management based on cultural practices, readily-available composts along with strategic applications of an inexpensive fungicide such as phosphonate are particularly suitable for smallholder mixed farming systems.

Post-harvest rot of durian fruit is the major marketing problem, although infection is thought to occur in the field. This project aims to reduce losses by preventing infection of the tree, reducing tree deaths due to canker, and reducing infection of the ripe fruits. It has ready application to the management of a range of other tropical and temperate tree crops.

There is now a unique opportunity for Australia and other producer countries to collaborate in the development of a continuous supply of high-quality fresh fruits to these lucrative markets.

Integrated disease management is sustainable and appropriate for smallholders

Recent work on the biology and management of P. palmivora diseases of cocoa in Papua New Guinea has demonstrated that tree and pod losses can be significantly reduced by an integrated management program including hygiene, establishment of leguminous ground cover, management of insect vector breeding sites, biological control and fungicides (Dennis & Konam, 1993; Konam & Guest, 1996). It also showed, together with related work on avocado in Queensland, the importance of understanding tree architecture and phenology in relation to the timing of phosphonate injection and disease control (Whiley et al. 1995). The use of composted chicken manure to reduce pathogen survival, as previously mentioned, exploits a waste material. There is also recent evidence of antagonistic interactions between other fruit fungi and P. palmivora that warrants further investigation because of their possible impact on tree survival and post-harvest rots caused by P. palmivora and other pathogens. The proposed project will apply similar principles to develop strategies to manage Phytophthora diseases of durian.

The viability of tropical fruit industries, both for local and export markets, depends on the production of high-quality fruit. In previous ACIAR projects involving studies of post-harvest diseases of tropical fruits, including durian, diseases caused by Phytophthora have complicated studies of other diseases. P. palmivora causes significant losses of durian due to pre-harvest fruit infection and tree infections that decrease fruit yields and cause tree deaths. These infections serve as sources of inoculum for post-harvest fruit rots. These diseases have also been the focus of research, funded by the Thailand Research Fund, by Dr Somsiri Sangchote. Following heavy rains during 1994, forty percent of trees in one major orchard in the main durian-growing region of eastern Thailand died following a severe outbreak of stem canker and root rot caused by P. palmivora. Similar losses were recorded in other orchards. There is an emerging durian industry in northern Australia that aims to supply the off-season market in Asia. P. palmivora is present in the areas where durians are being planted, and tree deaths due to canker have been observed in Far North Queensland, and the pathogen identified as P. palmivora (Lynton Vawdrey, QDPI, South Johnstone, Matthew Weinert, CRC-TPP Brisbane & Alan Zapalla, Bellenden Ker, personal communications).

Effective disease control measures for durian diseases will lead to sustainability of the durian industry and guarantee high yields of quality fruit, and prolong their storage life. These developments could foster the development of a much larger industry within the next 20 years, in the same way that such measures have underpinned the expansion of the Australian mango industry.

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2.2 Economic Significance

The significance of durian is Asia is not limited to its commercial value, but includes its cultural significance, a factor that adds to the quality of life experienced by all strata of Asian society. Furthermore, strategies developed for the control of Phytophthora diseases of durian may be easily transferred to other tropical tree crops affected by this pathogen. Its high cultural value promotes intensive management inputs that favour its use as an experimental model, and promotes grower awareness of integrated disease management practices. Durian is one of the most popular and widely consumed seasonal fruit in South East Asia. Quality fruits command high prices

Table 1. Range of seasonal variations in durian market prices, production figures and value (Nanthachai, 1994)

Country Price per kg ($A)

Total production (Thousand Tonnes; 1993-94)

Value ($A million)

Thailand 1.00-6.00 746 746 - 4,476

Malaysia 7.00-8.50 200 1,400 - 1,700

Indonesia 0.30-6.50 200 60 - 1,300

Vietnam 0.50-5.00 110 55 - 550

Philippines -

local rural area

3.85-6.00 145* *(based on 1987 Yield/ha

558 - 870* *calculated at range of

Metro Manilla 7.70-25.65 and 1994 planting area) rural price

Singapore (named varieties)

12.80-18.00 insignificant local production

(village types) 3.85-8.00 0

Australia 8.00-12.00 0.2 1.6 - 2.4

World total (estimated)

2.60 1,176 3,055

Almost half of the world’s durians are grown in Thailand, which supplies 80% of the world’s export trade. Fruit production increased by 50% between 1989 and 1992, and the size of the domestic market, based on a conservative wholesale price of $A2.60/kg, now measures almost $A 2,000 million (A$ 2 billion) (Table 1). By comparison, the production of that nation’s rice industry was valued at $1,317 million in 1993. An additional 53,869 tonnes of fresh fruit and 2,559 tonnes of frozen fruit, valued at over $A50 million, were exported in 1993. Growers expect an average yield of 10-18 tonnes per ha, realising $A26,000-90,000/ha at local market prices for premium cultivars. The value of exports of durian from Thailand now exceeds all other fruits, including banana and mango. Durian is also a significant crop in Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam, and is one of the most valuable

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traded fruits in Asia. The major markets for exported durians are Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Brunei.

Based on initial surveys, total pre- and post-harvest losses due to Phytophthora diseases of durian are conservatively estimated at 20%, equivalent in value to least $600 million. The development of an integrated management program for Phytophthora diseases of cocoa, similar to that proposed in this project, reduced total losses from 30% to less than 10%. If these results are extrapolated to durian, this could mean a saving of at least $400 million to the durian industry.

Durian orchards were first planted in north Queensland in 1980 and in the Northern Territory in 1984. There are two driving forces behind the development of a durian industry in Australia. The first is to satisfy the growing domestic market that consumes imports valued at about $2 million every year. The second factor capitalises on the fact that durian harvesting in Australia is out of phase with major Asian producers (Figure 1), generating a potential export industry to lucrative out-of-season markets in Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Taiwan and Japan. The exploitation of these markets depends on the production, and delivery, of high-quality, disease-free fruit. The threat of post-harvest decay and transit rot is particularly serious for producers attempting to establish a reputation in these markets. The threat is worth resolving, given potential gross returns of $60,000/ha (based on local costs and prices). Figure 1: Seasonality of durian harvests in durian producing areas (Nanthachai, 1994)

Production Area Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

W Malaysia

E Malaysia

Thailand

Indonesia

Vietnam

Laos PDR

Cambodia

Philippines

Brunei

Myanmar

Singapore

N Queensland Northern Territory

2.3 Literature Review

Current status of durian growing in South East Asia Durian is grown in all areas of tropical Asia and the South Pacific. The major areas of commercial production in Thailand are around Rayong, Chanthaburi, Trad, and Prachin Buri in the east and Surat Thani, Chumporn, Nakorn Sri Thammarat, and Yala in the south. The total producing area is 123,260 hectares, consisting of large commercial and smallholder orchards, with a total yield of 746,642 tons (1993/94). The vast majority of

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fruit is consumed locally or shipped to city markets. Exports in 1995, primarily to Hong Kong, Taiwan and Malaysia, totalled 48,761 tonnes, valued at 1004.1 million baht (Sertrapukdee, 1996, Udomsin, 1994). Vietnam produces about 110,000 tonnes of fresh durian from about 10,000 ha, mainly in the Mekong Delta where the industry is expanding rapidly Chau, pers.comm.). Many varieties and local selections are grown, resulting in large variations in yield, fruit quality and disease incidence. Preliminary surveys conducted by Southern Fruit Research Institute at Long Dinh have shown that 70% of fruits are infected by Phytophthora, causing an estimated yield loss of 15%. At present there are no reliable control recommendations. As indicated above, the potential to develop a durian industry in Australia is good. Fruit harvests are seasonally revered compared to the main producers north of the equator (Figure 1), and this is reflected in our observations of tree phenology (Figure 2). Not enough is known about production trends or the threat posed by Phytophthora diseases to be able to predict any trends. P. palmivora is present in northern Australia, and was recently isolated from stem lesions on durian in Darwin and in Cairns, north Queensland (Lim, Vawdrey, Weinert, pers. comms. 1997).

Objective 1: Because the durian industry is dispersed and rapidly expanding, baseline information is essential to define trends in production, disease incidence and severity. Objective 2: Development of disease management strategies requires a complete understanding of the disease cycle on durian, and other hosts. This involves a description of pathogen diversity, host range and sources of disease resistance, and definition of durian crop phenology, environmental, soil and crop management factors leading to disease.

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Figure 2. Durian crop phenology in Darwin, Australia (above) and Chantaburi, Thailand (Below) (after Lim and Sangchote)

Epidemiology of Phytophthora diseases of durian The most common and severe disease of durian trees is caused by the pathogenic oomycete, Phytophthora palmivora. Phytophthora root rot was reported in Thailand in 1966 (Phavakul and Jaengsri, 1969) and in Malaysia (Navaratnam, 1966). Infected trees at first show no external symptoms until a dark liquid begins to exude from one or more spots on the trunk, usually near the base. Scraping the bark reveals a blackened, necrotic lesion in the inner bark and phloem. The portion of bark is killed, forming a patch canker, and

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becomes riddled with boring beetles, including Conopia sp. (Thompson, 1934; Navaratnam, 1966). In advanced stages of infection, defoliation and twig dieback occurs, and if the patch canker encircles the trunk the tree will die. Infection can also occur in leaf, stem, and fruit tissue (Phavakul and Chinnavasarn,1975; Katuruak et.al., 1990). The pathogen also causes a devastating seedling dieback and foliar blight with losses exceeding 50% (Chan and Lim, 1987). P. palmivora can infect fruit directly (Lim and Chan, 1986) and through wounds on the surface of the fruit by zoospore, sporangium, and mycelium (Pongpisutta and Sangchote, 1994). Fruit rot usually starts to develop at the ripening stage of the fruit. Fruit from Rayong province in Thailand suffered average losses of about 8% due to Phytophthora rot (Sangchote and Chana, 1980). Similar surveys in Vietnam have indicated losses up to 70% (Chau, pers. comm). Host range: Morphologically indistinguishable strains of P. palmivora show signs of host specialisation. Strains isolated from durian are highly pathogenic to durian seedlings, moderately pathogenic to papaya seedling and non-pathogenic to seedlings of cocoa, jackfruit, tangelo, mandarin orange, pulasan, rambutan, and passionfruit (Tai, 1971, Chan and Lim, 1987) However, other strains of P. palmivora show specialisation on cocoa, coconut, rubber (Thompson, 1934) orchid (Navaratnam, 1966), and sweet orange (Zitko, et al., 1991). The specificity of durian and non-durian strains of P. palmivora has serious implications for quarantine and for disease management strategies in mixed farming systems. Environmental factors: Humid and damp conditions are necessary for infection and for development of the disease. It is evident sporangia are carried by rain splash, insects, snails or wind (Lim, 1990) to the stem. In the presence of water, sporangia germinate to release zoospores, which infect the stem. Poor drainage and temporary flooding are commonly associated with disease epidemics. The presence of grass and other cover around the collar of trees are also factors conducive to infection and disease development (Navaratnam, 1966). Cultivar susceptibility: Many durian cultivars are susceptible to this disease including Kadoom, Laung, Kob, Kanyao, Chanee, and Monthong (Keeratipatarakul, 1980; Pongpisutta and Sangchote, 1994) Surveys of disease incidence on Kadoom and Laung cultivars in Thailand found that 60 and 59.5% of trees, respectively, were infected (Keeratipataragul, 1980). Resistance to Phytophthora exists in local selections of durian, and gives reduced susceptibility, although systematic surveys of this resource have been very limited (Pongpisutta and Sangchote, 1994; Tai, 1971). Hybrids bred from Malaysian selections by MARDI with increased resistance have been released recently (Lim, 1997). A large resource of potential disease resistance exists in related Durio, Neesia, Coelostegia and Kostermansia spp. that have evolved in high disease-pressure environments (Lim, 1997). However, the difficulties combining yield, disease resistance and fruit quality in perennial tree crop breeding programs is likely to preclude rapid advances in the control of Phytophthora. As well, pathogen variability in different locations may confound disease resistance breeding programs.

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An alternative to conventional breeding that could be used in integrated disease management is to develop rootstocks that confer resistance to Phytophthora root rot. More studies are required to determine graft compatibility with scions of common durian and the nature and extent of disease resistance. Selected rootstocks could also impart desirable agronomic characters, fruiting precocity and habitat adaptability (Lim, 1997). Objective 3: As disease can impact on durian cultivation at all stages from the nursery to mature orchards, and beyond to the marketplace, a series of disease management options must be investigated to reduce disease incidence and severity at each stage of the cropping cycle. Development of disease control measures The following approaches have the greatest potential and are listed according to the time required for implementation and results:

1. Improving soil drainage: There is a clear association between water-logging and disease incidence and severity on durian. Part of this association reflects the dependence of the pathogen on free water for dispersal and infection previously discussed, however the effects of soil, root, trunk and leaf water potential on symptom expression is not well understood (Bunny et al. 1995; Podger, 1972; Davison, 1997; Weste, 1997). Although the most suitable durian-growing soils in Thailand and Vietnam are considered to be well-drained loams, these soils frequently have very high water tables that provide a continuous source of water. Poorer soils may have lower water tables that induce seasonal water stress, or may be more prone to seasonal flooding. It is seasonal stress of this type that causes the secondary dieback symptom in Phytophthora cinnamomi-infected eucalypt forests of southern Australia (Podger, 1972). Improving soil drainage through mounding and mulch application is a successful IDM strategy used in avocado orchards prone to attack by Phytophthora (Broadley, 1992). A thorough understanding of the effects of water relations on disease may allow improved drainage and irrigation practices that reduce Phytophthora disease of durian.

2. Nursery practices and soil pasteurisation: Seedlings understocks are widely used in the

clonal propagation of durian cultivars, however, they are not genetically uniform and give rise to variable planting material (Lim, 1997). Understocks asexually propagated by marcottage or cuttings provide genetic uniformity and hence uniformity in disease resistance, growth development and preclude scion/rootstock incompatibility problems. The use of genetically uniform planting materials, especially those with good resistance to Phytophthora, established in pasteurised potting mix will ensure the development of healthy and vigorous plants that can withstand the onslaught of disease attack. Pasteurised potting mix amended with beneficial antagonistic microorganisms is another approach that can be used to induce soil suppressiveness against Phytophthora. The use of advanced planting material system as is successfully practised in Malaysia can enhanced seedling establishment in the first two years (Lim, 1997). Such practices coupled with the use of a nursery accreditation scheme will thwart the occurrence of diseases.

3. Chemical control: Phytophthora spp. can be experimentally controlled by copper-based

protectant fungicides, or by systemic fungicides including carbamates, cymoxamils, acylanilides, and phosphonates (Cohen and Coffey, 1986). These chemicals may be applied as soil drenches, sprays, root infusions or by trunk injection (Buchenauer, 1990;

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Guest et al., 1995). Disease on the stem of durian can be eliminated by scraping the diseased area, then applying paints of metalaxyl or fosetyl aluminium. Due to the systemic properties of these fungicides, soil drenches with metalaxyl or fosetyl aluminium could be detected on leaves of durian trees after 7 days of application and remain effective for at least 25 days (Vichitranonth et al, 1980). Annual trunk injections of phosphonate successfully control stem canker and Phytophthora pod rot of cocoa (Guest et al., 1994), and root rot of avocado caused by P. cinnamomi (Darvas, et. al., 1984), while transplant dips give persistent protection against root and heart rot of pineapple caused by P. cinnamomi and P. parasitica (Rohrbach and Schenck, 1985). Preliminary trials in Vietnam have shown significantly reduce disease incidence and severity following phosphonate trunk injections (Appendix 1).

Phosphonate is unique among fungicides in its water solubility and its translocation in both

the xylem and phloem of plants. Because of this, trunk injections can be used to treat Phytophthora infections of roots as well as leaves, stems and fruits (Guest et al., 1995). Phosphonate, formulated for use in horticulture, is widely available, inexpensive and environmentally safe. The phosphonate anion is strongly inhibitory to critical stages in the life cycle of certain Phytophthora spp., especially to sporulation (Ouimette and Coffey, 1990), although in general it has only a weak effect on mycelial growth (Guest and Grant, 1991). The activity of phosphonate against Phytophthora spp. results from the disruption of phosphate metabolism, resulting in a loss of pathogenicity and subsequent stimulation of a defence reaction in host (Griffith et al., 1992; Guest and Bompeix, 1990; Guest & Grant, 1991). Unlike Phytophthora, plant metabolism discriminates between phosphate and phosphonate, and phosphonate remains essentially inert, and persists in treated tissue until diluted or lost as the plant grows and senesces (MacIntire, et. al., 1950). Although repeated applications of fungicides can select resistant pathogen strains, no resistance to phosphonate has been recorded, presumably because of this complex mode of action. On the other hand, Ferrin and Wadsworth (1992) reported that two isolates of Phytophthora parasitica, pathogenic to Catharathus roseus, developed resistance to metalaxyl.

4. Biological control: Pathogen inoculum must compete and survive in septic environments,

such as the soil or plant surface, before infecting a host. Many bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi have been shown to compete, antagonise and parasitise pathogen propagules, including those of Phytophthora (Aryantha, 1997; Aryantha and Guest, 1997). These micro-organisms can be manipulated in biological control. Fungi such as Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium spp. have been shown to have potential as biological control agents (Papavizas, 1985). Lim and Chan (1986b) reported sporangia and chlamydospores of Phytophthora palmivora were attacked by mycelium of Gliocladium roseum. Awarun (1994) showed that 2 isolates Trichoderma harzianum provided complete protection of all test plants. Although these microbes are common in agricultural soils, their levels of activity may not adequately control diseases caused by Phytophthora. Two strategies have been employed with biological control agents, the first is to add exotic antagonist strains, and the second is to manipulate the environment to stimulate the activities of endogenous antagonists. This is most commonly achieved by adding organic matter to the soil. Numerous studies have shown, for example, that composted chicken manure stimulates soil actinomycetes, reducing the survival, and disease-potential, of Phytophthora (Aryantha and Guest, 1997). Studies on leaves and fruits have revealed epiphytic yeasts and bacilli, especially those isolated from healthy fruit growing under high disease pressure, that also reduce postharvest disease when applied to harvested fruit (El-Ghaouth & Wilson, 1995; Leibinger et al., 1997). Preliminary studies in Project 9313 suggested

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antagonism between certain postharvest pathogens, including Lasiodiplodia theobromae, and Phytophthora. As a consequence, Phytophthora postharvest disease increased when treatments to control L. theobromae were effective.

5. Resistant rootstocks: D. lawianus, a wild durian from Chumphon Province in southern

Thailand, is more resistant to P. palmivora than commercial cultivars of D. zibithinus. Hundreds of years of selection by durian growers in Malaysia and Indonesia have also produced more resistant cultivars and varieties, and breeding programs by MARDI in Malaysia have produced a range of field-tolerant hybrids. Lim (1997) suggested that many potential sources of disease resistance may be found in Durio and related genera found growing wild in damp, low-lying areas. The few studies on disease resistance in durian have indicated that the type of resistance selected is horizontal or polygenic, resulting in quantitative rather than qualitative disease resistance (Lim, 1997; Phavakul and Chitanavasarn, 1975). The use of these selections as rootstocks would provide a valuable tool in integrated disease management, and avoid the difficulties encountered in combining disease resistance with fruit quality and yield in conventional breeding programs. Single- or multiple-rootstock/scion combinations may offer additional advantages to environmental tolerance, precocity, yield and fruit quality (Lim, 1997).

6. Integrated disease management: The wider appreciation of the need for sustainable

production systems that reduce harmful environmental impacts has prompted a shift to integrated disease management strategies. These strategies are underpinned by a thorough and comprehensive understanding of the dynamic relationship of the crop host and pathogen with their physical, chemical and biological environment. Integrated disease management uses all available management tools in a tactical battle aimed at reducing disease levels to economically acceptable levels. These tools may include the targeted use of fungicides, biological control, resistant rootstocks, fertilisers, physical and cultural methods, as described above. The key to the program is the way management options are used to complement each other. Integrated management programs incorporate growers needs and preferences and are especially suitable for tree crops that allow long-term, continuous application.

Objective 4: Options for integrated management need to be verified by establishing

grower-demonstration plots in durian growing areas.

An important goal of this project is to encourage implementation of the recommendations from our research with on-farm trials and demonstration plots. Grower participation in testing and fine-tuning of disease management options for both orchard management and postharvest handling serves the dual purposes of verifying their practicality, as well as encouraging greater uptake. On-farm and packhouse demonstrations stimulate grower interest and provide sites for field days.

In Thailand, uptake of postharvest technology for longans has succeeded because of the close involvement of producers and marketers in developing quality assurance protocols (Tongdee, 1997).

Objective 5: To encourage international collaboration and information exchange between existing and emerging durian producers This project brings together expertise from Thailand, a major durian producer, as well as from Australia and Vietnam, countries with potential to develop and greatly expand their

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industries. As indicated in Section 2.1 (Background), active research on durian cultivation and orchard and postharvest disease management is being undertaken throughout Southeast Asia (Nanthachai, 1994). The project participants maintain close linkages with durian researchers in Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei. In addition, this project will involve, and contribute to, the wider field of study on the evolution and pathogenicity of Phytophthora species (Irwin et al., 1997), and we have links with Phytophthora researchers in Australia, Europe and the USA.

2.3 Research Objectives, Hypotheses and Expected Outputs

Objective 1: To review baseline information about durian, Phytophthora, and farming

practices, and to undertake a planning workshop. Objective 2: To verify and expand knowledge of host-pathogen-environment interactions that

underpin successful disease management. Objective 3: To develop disease management strategies for nurseries, orchards and

postharvest handling Objective 4: To demonstrate integrated management options to growers using on-farm plots

in durian growing areas. Objective 5: To encourage international collaboration and information exchange between

existing and emerging durian producers Hypothesis: That relevant aspects of the what we know about Phytophthora and the management system involving injection of phosphonates developed for control of Phytophthora diseases in cocoa and avocado can be adapted for control of P. palmivora in durian. Outputs: Tailored management strategies for durian that ensure a sustainable reduction in orchard damage and postharvest losses caused by Phytophthora in South East Asia and Australia. 2.5 Research Method Objective 1: Baseline Review and Planning Workshop A planning workshop will be held to thoroughly review past and current work on Phytophthora in durian, and to develop work plans for the project. Pertinent work on durian cultivation, cropping systems and orchard management practices which have relevance to the integrated control of Phytophthora diseases will also be discussed. This will be followed by an overview of the project schedules and workload requirements. Uniform methodology and experimental procedures and analysis will be elaborated and demonstrated whenever necessary. This workshop will be held in late 1998 at the University of Melbourne where there necessary facilities and equipment are available (see Appendix 2). The planning workshop will be followed by field visit to Southeast Queensland and durian growing sites in Far North Queensland.

The outcomes of this workshop will be communicated to durian researchers not directly involved in this project, including researchers from Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines and Brunei. Options for email networking will be explored. This will encourage future interactions and improve coordination of regional research activities.

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Objective 2: Disease cycle and epidemiology

Once the baseline review identifies suitable field sites covering a range of environments with varying levels of disease incidence and severity, systematic surveys will be undertaken to identify • Sources of primary inoculum (propagative material, soil, alternative hosts etc.); • Seasonal variation in levels of inoculum in soil, roots, bark, leaves and fruit; • Interactions between soil type, drainage, biological antagonism, ground cover and

companion crops and mycorrhiza on pathogen survival, dissemination and infection; • Fluctuations in soil water potential on their effect on the survival and spread of the

pathogen; • Edaphic factors responsible for disease suppressiveness and conduciveness; • Pathogen vectors and modes of dissemination (physical, splash, ants, beetles etc); • Modes of fruit infection. This information will then be used to design intervention studies, examining potential disease management options, such as: • The effect of soil amendments (e.g. Trigreen PP-1R, Trichoderma harzianum, Effective

Microorganisms etc.) and composts on soil biology and disease. • The effect of orchard management practices (soil drainage and irrigation, fertiliser,

pruning, hygiene, intercropping systems etc.) on disease. The techniques required for this study are routine at one or more of these laboratories, but require application to durian and Phytophthora. Pathogen populations will be monitored by baiting techniques and by direct isolation on to agar. Soil physical, chemical and biological characters will be described using standard techniques established in our laboratories (Aryantha, 1997). This study would largely involve the University of Melbourne, NT-DPIF and Kasetsart University, and could form the basis for postgraduate student projects. Pathogen distribution

Pathogen isolates from durian and other hosts from different regions, from different tissues (soil, roots, bark, leaves, fruit) will be collected and examined. Pathogen diversity and specificity will be compared using morphological characters, host and tissue-specificity, isozyme analysis and DNA-fingerprinting. This study would primarily involve Melbourne and Kasetsart, with roles for NT-DPIF and the Southern Fruit Research Institute (SOFRI) in pathogen collection. Resistance screening In vitro and in-vivo assays for resistance of different durian tissues and genotypes will be developed in parallel to assays for pathogenicity, using techniques developed for other crops such as cocoa (Blaha, PNG-CCRI, pers. comm.). This sub-project will be coordinated by the Project Leader and Research Fellow at The University of Melbourne.

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a) Rootstock compatibility, disease resistance, precocity, yield and fruit quality of potentially useful durian genotypes will be examined. Single and multiple rootstocks will be compared in glasshouse and field trials in Darwin. This sub-project will be coordinated with similar programs in Malaysia (Lim, 1997) and Thailand, with whom we will exchange durian genetic resources. This project is ideal for a topic for postgraduate research involving the research assistant to be based in Darwin for the fieldwork.

b) The physiology of disease resistance will be examined to identify discriminatory host

responses for use as early physiological and biochemical markers in rapid screens for resistant durian genotypes. Initial studies will use detached leaves in bioassays, and will be extended to studies on intact plants and fruit. The experience of the Project Leader, derived from ARC-funded research into the role of the oxidative burst in the elicitation of disease resistance mechanisms and the role of hypersensitive cell death and phytoalexins (Sutherland, 1992; Able et al., 1998), will be applied to the durian/Phytophthora interaction.

Nursery practice and orchard establishment The rapid expansion of durian plantings in Thailand, Vietnam and Northern Australia depends on successful orchard establishment and the sustainable production of quality fruit. This study builds on the knowledge gained from the baseline surveys, and aims to identify important factors in site selection and establishment and their effects on disease pressure, including: a. site preparation (drainage, mounding, fertilisers, irrigation, soil amendment, compost,

mulch), transplanting age, season, shade management, pruning, fertilisers, composts etc.

b. the most suitable varieties and planting materials; c. stock/scion compatibility; d. multiple rootstocks; e. the best propagation techniques (seedlings, grafting, marcottage etc.); f. nursery management practices (hygiene, fertiliser, shade, pest and disease

management); The pressure to increase durian plantings in Australia and Vietnam has generated an urgent demand for recommendations, and have also made available suitable field sites and grower cooperators in these countries. This sub-project would be undertaken by NT-DPIF Darwin, in close collaboration with QDPI South Johnstone, SOFRI and The University of Melbourne. Orchard management: Fungicide application

Trunk injections of phosphonate fungicides provide excellent control of Phytophthora on avocado and cocoa.. Preliminary trials in Vietnam, Thailand and Malaysia have also shown good efficacy on durian. Because phosphonate is phloem-translocated, it is essential to thoroughly understand tree phenology so that injections are timed to provide maximum protection to the vulnerable part of the plant when infection pressure is highest. Figure 2 illustrates the seasonal nature of tree phenology at two durian-growing locations, Chantaburi (Thailand) and Darwin (Australia). Fungicide applications will be to coincide with the dry season, start of the rainy season, end of the rainy season or during flowering.

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The main limitation of this sub-project will be getting access to enough uniform trees to design a rigorous but statistically powerful trial. For this reason, we propose two levels of trials - simple +/- trials using the current GreenleavesR recommendation from Thailand (3x20 mL injections of 200 g/L potassium phosphonate at 2-4 monthly intervals), and more complex trials comparing a range of rates, frequency and timing of fungicide injection.

a. A simple pilot trial in Vietnam commenced in November 1996 and similar trials will

be established at other locations. These trials use single tree replicates to compare several rates of application at different times with respect to seasons and tree phenology. Records of fruit yield (healthy, Phytophthora, non-Phytophthora), tree survival, canker severity and post-harvest disease (one week after harvest) will be kept for each single tree replicate (25 trees/treatment), then combined and analysed to formulate interim recommendations.

b. More complex trials will be established in Darwin (or North Queensland) and

Thailand to provide material for fungicide translocation, persistence and residue analyses by the Research fellow at The University of Melbourne. These analyses will allow fine-tuning of the optimum rates, frequency and timing of injection.

Orchard management: Biological control Previous studies, including those in the Project Leader’s laboratory in Melbourne, have identified the beneficial effects of chicken manure-based composts on root diseases caused by Phytophthora because these treatments reduce the survival of the pathogen in the soil (Aryantha and Guest, 1997). The potential of compost, and other soil amendments for the control of durian disease, and their effects on tree growth and fruit yield will be tested in glasshouse trials conducted in Melbourne and in field trials in Northern Australia, Thailand and Vietnam as suitable sites become available. In addition to chicken manure-composts of varying composition, we will screen a range of commercially available soil amendments, including products such as Effective Microorganisms, Bokashi, SC27" and formulations of Trichoderma. Combinations of these amendments with composts will be screened for activity against Phytophthora in vitro, in bioassays and glasshouse trials. The most active amendments will be selected for field trials, where they will be assessed for their potential in IDM. a) Endophytes isolated from durian tissue (stems, leaves, developing fruits) will be isolated.

Their occurrence will be monitored in different tissues and seasons, and screened for activity against Phytophthora. This activity will be coordinated with orchard management and fungicide trials to examine the possible effects of orchard management practices on endophyte colonisation and disease, both in the orchard and post-harvest.

Management of postharvest disease

Our initial studies will focus on the infection process in fruit, and the interactions between Phytophthora, other pathogens, saprophytes and endophytes. Our assumption is that Phytophthora infection of fruits occurs in the field and that lesions develop during postharvest handling, storage and transport. Consequently, practices that reduce the levels of Phytophthora in the orchard should also reduce postharvest infections.

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We will study:

a. Modes of fruit infection b. The effects of pre-harvest orchard management (such as pruning, orchard management,

IDM and calcium amendments) on fruit quality, the incidence of rots caused by Phytophthora and other pathogens and fruit storage life;

c. The effects of postharvest fungicide dips (such as Benomyl, Aliette and phosphonate), biofumigants and biocontrol agents on the severity of Phytophthora and other postharvest pathogens and on fruit quality and storage life;

d. Interactions and reported antagonism between Phytophthora and other postharvest pathogens.

This sub-project will be based in Melbourne and Kasetsart where the facilities and expertise already exist. A key step will be the development of techniques to monitor the presence of the pathogen, and the development of bioassays to facilitate studies of the effects of treatments on different stages of fruit disease. Objective 4: On-farm demonstrations of integrated disease management options The formulation of IDM strategies for each durian-growing area will emerge from a careful analysis of our data on disease epidemiology. For example, if pathogen populations are lowest during the dry season, strategies will be developed to reduce pathogen survival over this season. In this way levels of primary inoculum will be minimised. Incorporation of composts will improve soil drainage, and the physical chemical and biological structure of the soil, reduce ponding and temporary waterlogging, and suppress zoospore release. Mulches and groundcover will suppress the dissemination of inoculum from the soil through rainsplash and vectors. Trunk injection with phosphonate will ensure that any zoospores that are released fail to colonise durian tissues or release secondary inoculum. The net result should be higher rates of tree survival and yield, and lower rates of fruit infection. In this sub-project we will: a. Identify weak links in the disease cycle that can be exploited by applying the

most appropriate and effective nursery and orchard management practices available;

b. Target cost-effective management and disease control strategies for each durian-growing region.

c. At the beginning of the third year of the project, prepare farmer demonstration sites in Thailand, Vietnam and Australia according to preliminary recommendations, and plant with selected durian planting material.

d. Implement a range of management strategies designed to reduce the impact of disease in on-farm plantings of mature durian orchards in Australia, Thailand and Vietnam, once again at the start of the third year of the project. Other countries (Malaysia, Brunei, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia or the Philippines) could also become involved in collaborative trials at this stage.

e. Establishment of these trials will be co-ordinated with the local extension services, and will involve training workshops and regular field visits.

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Objective 5: International collaboration This project brings together expertise from the major durian producing nation, Thailand, a rapidly-developing but smaller producer, Vietnam, and a potential producer, Australia. We also have close links with the highly-developed industry in Malaysia, and contacts in Indonesia and Brunei, and through this project plan to establish a network of researchers interested in both durian and Phytophthora diseases, including studies on pathogen diversity in Project CS2/96/193. Key researchers will be invited to participate in the end-of-project workshop. 2.6 Collaboration / Coordination The proposed activities build on:

• previous research on Phytophthora fruit rot of durian at Kasetsart University Pongpisutta and Sangchote);

• previous research by the Project Leader on the use of phosphonate trunk injection to control Phytophthora diseases of cocoa and coconut in Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, the Philippines and Brazil;

• research on biological control of Phytophthora cinnamomi in native plant communities at The University of Melbourne,

• ARC-funded research on the role of the oxidative burst in the elicitation of resistance to Phytophthora;

• expertise in the management of Phytophthora diseases in durian at NT-DPIF and other tropical tree crops at The University of Melbourne • the rapid expansion and associated research effort at SOFRI and NT-DPIF, and complements: • proposed research in ACIAR Project CS2/96/193 (Biodiversity, identification and detection methods for Phytophthora). Co-funding of aspects of this project is proposed from: • Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation • Thailand Research Fund • Vietnam Fund

In-kind support is also proposed from: • UIM Agrochemicals, the Queensland-based manufacturer of Fosject, the market-leader in

phosphonate fungicides • Durian growers in Australia (for provision of field trial sites, fruit and time)

Project co-ordination meetings and a start up workshop (Appendix 2) will seek input and collaboration with durian researchers in other countries, in particular with the Malaysian research organisation, MARDI, the CRC for Tropical Plant Pathology at the University of Queensland (Project CS2/96/193), and representatives of the durian industry, shipping and retailing companies and agrochemical industries. We will also involve local extension services and coordinate and assist the running of local-language training workshops for extension officers and durian growers. Interest in, and the feasibility of establishing an email network of durian researchers will be investigated.

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2.7 Economic Impact of the Research

Based on a conservative estimate of 20% yield loss due to pre- and post-harvest diseases caused by Phytophthora, a halving of this loss to 10% as a result of the implementation of this research would save durian producers, marketers and consumers $A400 million annually. This will provide significant flow-on benefits to the wider communities. In related research on cocoa in high disease pressure areas of Papua New Guinea, the incidence of Phytophthora pod rot has been reduced from 30% to less than 10% by trunk injection alone, increasing yields by up to 50% (Guest et al., 1994). Implementation of integrated management could further improve yields, sustainability and cost-effectiveness.

In addition, the application of results achieved in this project from durian to the management of Phytophthora diseases of other crops, and the development of scientific expertise in collaborating countries will enhance the benefits from this project.

2.8 Application of Research

The results of this project will be used to reduce pre- and post-harvest infection of durians by Phytophthora. This will improve the longevity of durian orchards and prolong the storage life of harvested fruit. The technology developed will provide alternatives to, and reduce dependence on, the use of fungicides. Country-Partner participants have been chosen to ensure successful execution and implementation of the research program. Key personnel from The University of Melbourne, NT-DPIF, QDPI, Kasetsart University and SOFRI will participate in all aspects of project planning, conduct and extension. Advice will be actively sought, both formally and informally, from growers, industry and collaborating funding agencies (ACIAR, RIRDC, TRF and VF). Experience from a related project on the application and adoption of integrated management programs for the cocoa industry in Papua New Guinea will benefit this project. A combination of on-station and on-farm trials have been effective in demonstrating to growers the benefits of these programs, and in the facilitation of training workshops and field days aimed at all sectors of the industry. In Australia the durian industry is new and attracting attention from enterprising growers because of the potential market in Asia. The presence of Phytophthora strains pathogenic to durian looms as a major threat to this nascent industry. This research will allow the industry to adopt sound disease management practices from the beginning, and avoid the boom and bust scenario that has afflicted other rapidly-expanding industries.

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2.9 Impact Assessment

(a) Environmental and social impact The primary objective of this project is concerned with augmenting the supply of durians by reducing tree death, pre- and post-harvest fruit losses and extending shelf life, resulting in qualitative and quantitative benefits to the population. The year-round availability of quality fresh fruits resulting from improved sustainability of Asian producers and imports of Australian fruit will stabilise the market and could lead to modest price reductions and increased demand. The adoption of integrated disease management practices for Phytophthora will reduce the reliance on fungicides. The major fungicide to be used, phosphonate, is selective and is less toxic to humans than table salt. Because it is to be injected, very little environmental contamination occurs. These two features mean that phosphonate trunk injections are environmentally benign.

The beneficiaries of this project will be the producers, marketers and consumers of durians in Asia and Australia. The technology involved in integrated management is scale- and gender-neutral, and thus benefits smallholders, large orchardists, men and women equally. Durians are produced on family farms or on extended-family enterprises, and are sold by family businesses that employ male and female family members. Women play a prominent role in family decision-making processes, including management of the family budget, and will benefit from the improved supply and quality of durian fruit. Employment prospects will be improved at all levels of durian production and marketing.

2.10 Personnel Involved

Personnel/position Sex Percentage time/annum

Funding agency

University of Melbourne

David Guest Male 20 The University of Melbourne

Research Fellow 100 ACIAR Technical assistant 50 ACIAR Kasetsart University

Somsiri Sangchote Male 30 Kasetsart University Ratiya Pongpisutta Female 50 Kasetsart University NT DPI & F

T.K. Lim Male 20 NT-DPIF Y. Diczbalis Male 15 NT DPIF Research assistant 100 RIRDC

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QDPI L. Vawdrey

Male

10

QDPI

SFRI Vietnam

Nguyen Minh Chau Male 10 SFRI (plant physiology) Huynh Van Thanh Male 80 SFRI (pathology) Do Minnh Hien Male 50 SFRI (postharvest) Huynh Van Tan Male 80 SFRI (agronomy)

Activities and Responsibilities:

University of Melbourne

David Guest: Overall project leader. Responsible for project direction, coordination and liaison sub-project leaders. Project reporting and budgeting, travel coordination, training and PhD supervision, project workshops and publicity. Planning of trunk injection and integrated management studies within project.

Research fellow (Melbourne): Assist Dr Guest in project coordination and reporting, workshop organisation, trial design, visiting scientist programs and documentation. Frequent project visits. Develop protocols for and undertake phosphonate residue analyses; plan and undertake studies of fruit infection and disease resistance mechanisms in durian and exploit links with ARC-funded research on early defence events in infection by Phytophthora of susceptible and resistance hosts in the Project Leader’s laboratory.

Technical assistant (half time Melbourne): Assist with development and conduct of routine bioassays, maintenance of culture collections, assistance with fungicide residue analyses and logistics of training programs and workshops.

Kasetsart University Somsiri Sangchote: Thailand project leader, responsible for planning, coordination,

supervision and implementation of Thai component of the project. Supervision of biocontrol and postharvest studies, and with establishment of on-farm demonstration trials in Thailand. Will liaise directly with other sub-project leaders and the Thailand Research Fund, Thailand Department of Agriculture and growers.

Ratiya Pongpisutta: Responsible for research into the biology of Phytophthora isolates from durian (PhD project co-supervised by Guest & Sangchote).

NT- Department of Primary Industry & Fisheries T.K. Lim: Darwin project leader, responsible for planning, coordination, supervision

and implementation of northern Australia component of the project. Development of rapid screens for resistant durian genotypes. Examine stock/scion compatibility and multiple rootstock trials. Supervision of orchard management studies. Will liaise directly with other sub-project leaders, RIRDC and Australian durian growers.

30

Y. Diczbalis : Crop/soil water physiologist to look into relationships with crop /soil water effects on disease spread and survival.

Research assistant (Darwin): Assistance in establishment, maintenance and assessment

of glasshouse and field trials. QDPI Lynton Vawdrey: Plant pathologist with responsibility for durians in Far North

Queensland. Management of field and on-farm trials investigating integrated disease management in liaison with D.Guest (phosphanate injections and mulches) and TK Lim (Nursery practice).

Southern Fruit Research Institute, Vietnam Nguyen Minh Chau: Vietnam project leader, responsible for planning, coordination,

supervision and implementation of Vietnamese component of the project. Supervision of nursery management studies and on-farm demonstration trials. Will liaise directly other sub-project leaders, Vietnam Fund and Vietnamese durian growers.

Huynh Van Thanh: Responsible for planning, establishment, implementation and assessment of field establishment trials in Vietnam (PhD project co-supervised by Sangchote & Nguyen).

2.11 Project Review

An external review of the project would be appropriate in the middle of the third year of the project. The review will involve consultation between appropriately qualified reviewers, the ACIAR Program Coordinator and project leader, with visits to sub-project leaders in Darwin, Thailand and Vietnam.

2.12 Literature Cited

Able, A., Guest, D.I. and Sutherland, M.W. 1998. Use of a new tetrazolium-based assay to

study the production of superoxide radicals by tobacco cell cultures challenged with avirulent zoospores of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae. Plant Physiology: In Press

Aryantha N. (1997). Control of root rots caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands using manures and composts. PhD Thesis, School of Botany, The University of Melbourne.

Aryantha N. and Guest, D.I. (1997). Biocontrol of Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands using antagonistic microorganisms. 11th Biennial Conference, Australasian Plant Pathology Society, Perth, September 29- October 2.

Awarun, S. (1994). Selection and application of antagonistic microorganisms to control root and stem rot of durian caused by Phytophthora palmivora (Butl.) Butl. M.Sc. Thesis, Dept. of Plant Pathology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok. (in Thai).

Broadley, R.H. (1992). Protect Your Avocados. QDPI. Buchennauer, H. (1990). Physiological reactions in the inhibition of plant pathogenic fungi.

p.178-182. In G. Haug and H. Hoffman (eds.). Chemistry of Plant Protection. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

31

Bunny, F.J., Crombie, D.S. & Williams, M.R. (1995). Growth of lesions of Phytophthora cinnamomi in stems and roots of jarrah in relation to rainfall and stand density in Mediterranean forest of Western Australia. Can. J. Forest Research 25, 961-969

Chan, L. G. & Lim, T. K. (1987). Control of Phytophthora palmivora on cocoa and durian seedlings. J. Pl. Prot. Tropics 4(1), 9-13.

Cohen, Y. & Coffey, M.D. (1986). Systemic fungicides and the control of Oomycetes. Ann. Rev. Phytopath. 24, 311-338.

Darvas, J.M., Toerien, J.C. & Milne, D.L. (1984). Control of avocado root rot by trunk injection with Fosetyl-Al. Plant Dis. 68, 691-693.

Davison, E.M. (1997). Are jarrah trees killed by Phytophthora cinnamomi or waterlogging? Australian Forestry 60, 116-124.

Dennis, J.J.C. & Konam, J. (1993). Phytophthora palmivora cultural control methods and their relationship to disease epidemiology on cocoa in Papua New Guinea. 11th International Cocoa Research Conference, Yamoussoukro, Cote d’Ivoire, 18-24 July.

El-Ghaouth A. & Wilson C.L. (1995). Biologically-based technologies for the control of postharvest diseases. Postharvest News and Information 6, 5-11.

Ferrin, D.M. & Wadsworth, M.L. (1992). Effect of metalaxyl on sporulation and growth of metalaxyl-resistance and metalaxyl-sensitive isolates of Phytophthora parasitica in vitro. Plant Dis. 76, 492-495.

Gregory, P.H. & Maddison A.C. (1981). Epidemiology of Phytophthora on cocoa in Nigeria. Phytopathological Paper No. 25, CAB, Kew.

Griffith, J.M., Davis, A.J., & Grant, B.R. (1992). Target sites of fungicides to control Oomycetes. Pages 69-100. In Targets sites of fungicides action. W. Koller, ed. Chem. Rubber Co. Press, Boca Raton, FL.

Guest D.I. & Bompeix, G. (1990). The complex mode of action of phosphonates. Australasian Plant Pathology 19, 113-115.

Guest D.I. & Grant B.R. (1991). The complex action of phosphonates as antifungal agents. Biological Reviews 66, 159-187

Guest D.I., Anderson R.M., Foard H.J., Phillips D., Worboys S. & Middleton R.M. (1994). Long-term control of Phytophthora diseases of cocoa using trunk-injected phosphonate. Plant Pathology 43, 479-492

Guest, D.I., Pegg, K.G & Whiley A.W. (1995). Control of Phytophthora diseases of tree crops using trunk-injected phosphonates. Horticultural Reviews 17, 299-330.

Irwin, J.A.G., Crawford, A.R. & Drenth, A. (1997). The origins of Phytophthora species attacking legumes in Australia. Advances in Botanical Research 24, 431-456.

Katuruak, C.,Vichitranont, S., and Leelasertrakul, K. (1990). Comparison of morphology and resistance to chemicals of some Phytophthora isolates of durian from different areas. Progress report 1990, Division of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Dept. of Agriculture, Bangkok. p 32-33. (in Thai)

Keeratipataragul,V. (1980). An assessment of importance and the chemical control of Phytophthora root and stem rot of durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.), M.Sc. Thesis, Dept. of Plant Pathology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok.

Konam, J., & Guest, D.I. (1996). Integrated management of Phytophthora diseases of cocoa in Papua New Guinea. 12th International Cocoa Research Conference, Salvador, 17-23 November.

Lee, B.S. (1988). Phytophthora diseases of selected fruit trees and their control. Seminar on Tropical Fruits - Cultivation, Pest and Disease management. Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 20-21 October.

32

Leibinger, W., Breuker, B., Hahn, M. & Mengden, K. (1997). Control of postharvest pathogens and the colonisation of apple surface by antagonsitic microorganisms in the field. Phytopathology 87, 1103-1110.

Lim, T.K. (1997). Boosting Durian Productivity. RIRDC Project DNT-13A Report. Lim, T. K. & Chan, L. G. (1986)a. Fruit rot of durian caused by Phytophthora palmivora.

Pertanika 3, 269-297. Lim, T.K. & Chan, L.G. (1986)b. Parasitism of Phytophthora palmivora by Gliocladium

roseum. J. of Plant Diseases and Protection 93, 509-514. Lim, T.K. (1990). Durian Diseases and Disorders. Tropical Press Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur. MacIntire, W.H., Winterberg, S.H., Hardin, L.J., Sterges, A.J., and Clements, L.B. (1950).

Fertilizer evaluation of certain phosphorus , phosphorus, and phosphoric materials by means of pot cultures. Agron J. 42, 543-549.

Nanthachai, S. (1994). Durian. ASEAN Fruit Handling Bureau, Kuala Lumpur. Navaratnam, S.J. (1966). Patch canker of durian tree. Malay. Agr. J. 45, 291-294. Ouimette, D.G. and Coffey, M.D. (1989). Comparative antifungal activity of four

phosphonate compounds against isolates of nine Phytophthora species. Phytopathology 79, 761-767.

Ouimette, D.G. and Coffey, M.D. (1990). Symplastic entry and phloem translocation of phosphonate. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 38,18-25.

Papavizas, G.C. (1985). Trichoderma and Gliocladium: biology, ecology, and potential for biocontrol. Ann. Rev. Phytopathology 23, 23-54.

Phavakul, K. and Chinnavasarn, S. (1975). Studies on resistance to Phytophthora root rot of durian root stock. Research Report 1975, Division of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Dept. of Agriculture, Bangkok. p 115-119. (in Thai)

Phavakul, K., and Jangsri, V. (1969). Root rot of durian. In Plant Disease Control, Agricultural Science Society of Thailand, Bangkok. p. 60-61.(in Thai)

Podger, F.D. (1972). Phytophthora cinnamomi, a cause of lethal disease in indigenous plant communities in Western Australia. Phytopathology 62, 972-981.

Pongpisutta, R. and Sangchote, S. (1994). Phytophthora fruit rot of durian (Durio zibethinus L.). In Champ, B.R., Highley, E., and Johnson, G.I. (eds) Postharvest handling of tropical fruits. Proceedings of an international conference held at Chiang Mai, Thailand, 19-23 July 1993. ACIAR Proceedings No. 50, 460-461.

Rohrbach, K.G. and Schenck, S. (1985). Control of pineapple heart rot, caused by Phytophthora parasitica and P. cinnamomi with metalaxyl, fosetyl Al and phosphorous acid. Plant Dis. 69, 320-323.

Sangchote, S. and Chana, C. (1980). Control of fruit rot of durian and rambutan after harvest. Research Report, National Research Council, Bangkok. (in Thai)

Sertrapukdee, R. (1996). Informations of five economic fruit crops of Thai Research Fund, The Fruit Newsletter 1(2): 14. (in Thai)

Stirling, A.M., Hayward, A.C. and Pegg, K.G. (1992). Evaluation of the biological control potential of bacteria isolated from a soil suppressive to Phytophthora cinnamomi. Australasian Plant Pathology 21, 133-142.

Sutherland, M. Tai, L.H. (1971). Studies on Phytophthora palmivora, the casual organism of patch canker

disease of durian. Malay. Agric. J. 48, 1-9. Thompson, A. (1934). A disease of durian tree. Malay. Agric. J. 48, 1-9. Tongdee (1997) Tropical Fruit Conference, KL* Udomsin, A. (1994). Durian. In: Agricultural Economic News. Dept. of Agricultural

Economics, Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operative, Bangkok. p. 36. (in Thai)

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Vichitranonth, S.,Katuruak, C., Phavakul, K. (1980). Study on the activity of certain systemic fungicides against Phytophthora palmivora, causal organism of durian root rot. Annual Report, Division of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Dept. of Agriculture, Bangkok. p. 430-448.

Vichitranonth, S., Katuruak, C., and Phavakul, K. (1987). Control of Phytophthora stem end rot of durian by systemic fungicides. Research Report 1987, Division of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Dept. of Agriculture, Bangkok. p 1-17. (in Thai).

Weste, G.M. (1997). The changing status of disease caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi in Victorian open forests, woodlands and heathlands. Australasian Plant Pathology 26, 1-9.

Whiley, A.W., Hargreaves, P.A., Pegg, K.G., Doogan, V.J., Ruddle, L.J., Saranah, J.B. & Langdon, P.W. (1995). Changing sink strengths influence the translocation of phosphonate in avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Trees. Austr. J. Experimental Agriculture 26, 249-253.

Zitko, S.E., Timmer, L.W., and Sandler, H.A. (1991). Isolation of Phytophthora palmivora pathogenic to citrus in Florida. Plant Dis. 75, 532-535.

PHT/95/134 Management of Phytophthora diseases of durian Appendix 1. Planning Workshop, December, 1998 Workshop aims · To review past and current work on Phytophthora in durian, and to develop work

plans for the project. · To identify training needs for individual project scientist visits Preparations and arrangements An interactive workshop will be held over three days in Melbourne, followed by a field visit to South and North Queensland. The workshop will be organised by the Project Leader, in consultation with collaborating partners, with implementation coordinated by the ACIAR project appointees at The University of Melbourne. · Nominated workshop participants will review core baseline information in advance.

Their review papers will be included in the workshop handbook and presented at the workshop.

· Techniques and equipment. Workshop participants will receive practical training in the use of analytical equipment, methods and laboratory and glasshouse techniques for studies on Phytophthora (UM Research Fellow to coordinate).

· Research planning and trial designs. General concepts of experimental design, trial implementation, working with farmers, data collection and analysis. Presentations on proposed work and time-lines by sub-project leaders, followed by discussion and activity scheduling.

· Workshop conclusions and international linkages. · Field visits. South Queensland - QDPI (integrated management of Phytophthora

diseases in avocado and vegetables), Birdwood Nursery (disease-free certification scheme), commercial fruit packhouse (postharvest handling and treatment), CRC-TPP (molecular identification of Phytophthora). North Queensland - Zapalla (commercial durian orchard), QDPI South Johnstone Research Station, Workshop wrap-up.

Draft Program 1. Introduction and welcome · ACIAR project rationale · Program for Melbourne and Cairns · Housekeeping · Workshop manual and workgroups 2. Project overview · Aims · Activity schedule · Institutes involved · Research planning and reporting 3. Baseline review Pertinent work on durian cultivation, cropping systems and orchard management practices which have relevance to the integrated control of Phytophthora diseases will be discussed. · Current status of durian production and handling in Thailand, Australia and Vietnam

(Sangchote, Lim, Chau)

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· Current status of Phytophthora biology · Principles of integrated disease management · achieving adoption and application of IDM by extension services and growers 4. Techniques and equipment Workshop participants will receive practical training in the use of analytical equipment, methods and laboratory and glasshouse techniques for studies on Phytophthora (UM Research Fellow to coordinate). · Disease diagnosis and pathogen identification · Culturing techniques - pathogen isolation, baiting, selective and non-selective media,

establishing single-zoospore cultures, inoculum production, culture maintenance, storage and establishment of a central culture collection, quarantine issues. Isolation and identification of other pathogens and endophytes.

· Studying pathogen variability using morphological, isozyme, molecular and pathogenicity

· Infection studies - sectioning, staining, microscopy · Pathogen dissemination studies - techniques for the identification of sources and mode

of transmission of inoculum for tree and fruit infection, identification of vectors, effects of mulches and groundcovers

· Bioassays for rapid screening of durian genotype resistance, comparing pathogenicity of isolates and assessing the effectiveness of control measures

· Hygiene and soil sterilisation · Propagation techniques: rootstocks, grafting and marcottage · Phosphonate trunk injection techniques and residue analysis · Analysis of total biological activity, chemical and physical characteristics of composts

and mulches · Handling and assaying biological antagonists 5. Research planning and trial designs · General concepts of laboratory records, experimental design, trial implementation,

working with farmers, data collection, analysis and reporting. · Presentations on proposed work and time-lines by sub-project leaders · Discussion and activity scheduling. 6. Workshop conclusions and international linkages · The outcomes of this workshop will be communicated to durian researchers not

directly involved in this project, including researchers from Malaysia, Indonesia, The Philippines and Brunei.

· Options for email networking will be explored. This will encourage future interactions and improve coordination of regional research activities.

7. Field visits · South Queensland - QDPI (integrated management of Phytophthora diseases in

avocado and vegetables, trunk injection), Birdwood Nursery (disease-free certification scheme), commercial fruit packhouse (postharvest handling and treatment), CRC-TPP (molecular identification of Phytophthora).

· North Queensland - Zapalla (commercial durian orchard), QDPI South Johnstone Research Station

· Workshop wrap-up.

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Draft schedule

Morning

Afternoon

Evening

Day 1

Welcome Project overview

Dinner

Day 2

Baseline review I

Techniques I

Free

Day 3

Baseline review II

Techniques II

Research planning

Day 4

Research planning

Planning and conclusions

Fly to Maroochydore O/N Nambour

Day 5

SE Qld

Field visits

O/N Brisbane

Day 6

Cairns

Field visits

Dinner

Day 7

Wrap-up and conclusions

SECTION 3

BUDGET

PROJECT NO. PHT 95/134

Management of Phytophthora diseases of durian

PART A AUSTRALIAN COMMISSIONED ORGANISATION PART B AUSTRALIAN COLLABORATING ORGANISATION PART C DEVELOPING COUNTRY PARTNER PART D SUMMARY OF ACIAR FUNDS PART E REVIEW AND CO-ORDINATION COSTS PART F DEVELOPING COUNTRY PARTNER CONTRIBUTIONS

PART G COMMISSIONED ORGANISATION AND COLLABORATING INSTITUTE CONTRIBUTION

PART H ESTABLISHMENT COSTS PART I ESTIMATED BUDGET FOR ACIAR-FUNDED PROJECT TRAINING COSTS

ALL COSTS SHOWN IN THIS BUDGET ARE AS AT December 1997.

KNOWN COST INCREASES ARE INCLUDED

NO ALLOWANCE HAS BEEN BUILT IN FOR INFLATION IN FUTURE YEARS.

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SECTION 4

DOCUMENTATION

PROJECT NO. PHT/95/134

Management of Phytophthora diseases of durian Letters of Support Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries Office of the Vice President for Research Kasetsart University Thailand The Thailand Research Fund

1

SECTION 4

DOCUMENTATION

PROJECT NO. PHT/95/134

Management of Phytophthora diseases of durian

CV’s of Participants

Dr David I Guest

Dr Lim Tong Kwee (T.K.)

Dr Yan Diczbalis

Dr Somsiri Sangchote

Ms Rutiya Pongpisutta

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CURRICULUM VITAE NAME: David Ian GUEST DATE AND PLACE OF BIRTH: 28 July 1955, Melbourne, Australia NATIONALITY: Australian MARITAL STATUS: Married, two children QUALIFICATIONS: B.Sc.Agr.(Hons 1) (Sydney, 1977) Ph.D (Sydney, 1983) LANGUAGES: English French PROFESSIONAL POSITIONS • Lecturer (1983-93) and Senior Lecturer (1993-present), School of Botany,

The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. • Associate Dean (Academic), Faculty of Science, The University of

Melbourne (1997-present) SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES: Australian Mycological Society Australasian Plant Pathology Society: Councillor (Victoria) 1987-1993

President-elect 1997-1999 Pacific Association of Tropical Phytopatholgy British Mycological Society Society for Free Radical Research International Society for Plant Pathology, Committee for Teaching and

Training (1988-present) American Phytopathological Society AWARDS French Government Scientific Fellowship 1987 Invited Professor, University of Paris 6, 1990/91 & 1992. INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE Division of Plant Pathology, Ministry of Agriculture, HMG, Khumal Tar,

Nepal. Volunteer, Jan-Feb 1981 and Jan. 1983 Plant Pathology Division, Agriculture Corporation, Rangoon, Burma.

Volunteer, Mar. 1981. Faculty of Agriculture Unit, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica.

Study leave, Apr. 1985. Department of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, University of the West

Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad. Study leave, May 1985. Laboratoire de Pathologie Vegetale, Universite de Pierre et Marie Curie,

Paris, France. Invited Professor May 1985; Aug. 1987; Dec. 1988- Mar. 1989; Apr. 1990- Mar. 1991 and May-Jul. 1992

Cocoa Black Pod Research Trust of PNG, Kar Kar Island, Papua New Guinea. Research Director, 1987-present.

UNDP/FAO Coconut Improvement Project, Sulawesi, Indonesia: INS/85/016: "Phytophthora diseases of coconuts". Consultant, Nov-Dec 1989.

UNDP/FAO Integrated Coconut Pest and Disease Control Programme, Mindanao, Philippines. PHI/86/004: "Biology and control of Phytophthora

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diseases of coconuts". Consultant, Oct.-Nov. 1990, Jun.-Jul. 1991 and April 1992.

CURRENT RESEARCH INTERESTS Management of Phytophthora diseases of tropical tree crops and

Australian native plants: We have developed an integrated disease management package for cocoa growers in Papua New Guinea, based on trunk injection of phosphonate fungicides, and have established similar trials in Brazil. I have consulted on UNDP/FAO projects on the integrated control of coconut diseases in Indonesia and the Philippines. I am currently developing a project to manage Phytophthora diseases of durian in Australia, Thailand and Vietnam. We are also studying the management of dieback diseases in Australian horticultural and native plant communities, based on biological and chemical control measures.

Plant disease resistance mechanisms: We are studying the early events that activate plant disease resistance mechanisms, in particular the activation and role of the oxidative burst in challenged plants. Our research aims to discover new ways that these responses may be exploited in the sustainable management of plant diseases.

Fungi as human allergens: Fungi play an important role in human allergic disease. Our study aims to identify the major allergenic species, and to assess their role in the development of adult respiratory diseases such as asthma.

KEY PUBLICATIONS 1. Guest D.I. (1984). Modification of defence responses in tobacco and capsicums

following treatment with fosetyl-Al. Physiological Plant Pathology 25, 125-134. 2. Smillie R., Grant B.R. & Guest D.I. (1989). The mode of action of the

phosphite: Evidence for both direct and indirect modes of action on three species of Phytophthora in plants. Phytopathology 79, 921-926.

3. Nemestothy G.N. and Guest D.I. (1990). Phytoalexin accumulation, phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity and ethylene biosynthesis in fosetyl-Al treated resistant and susceptible tobacco cultivars infected with Phytophthora nicotianae var. nicotianae. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 37, 207-219.

4. Guest D.I. and Grant B.R. (1991). The complex action of phosphonates in plants. Biological Reviews 66, 159-187.

5. Guest D.I. (1994). Fungi. Chapter 36, in Biology, ed R. B. Knox, P.Y. Ladiges and B. Evans. McGraw Hill Australia Pty Ltd., Sydney.

6. Saindrenan P. and Guest D.I. (1994). Involvement of phytoalexins in the response of phosphonate-treated plants to infection by Phytophthora species. Chapter 16, in Handbook of Phytoalexin Metabolism and Action, ed by R.P. Purkayastha & M. Daniel. Marcel Dekker, NY. pp. 375-390.

7. Guest D.I., Anderson R.D., Phillips D.A., Foard H.J., Worboys S. & Middleton R.M. (1994). Long-term control of Phytophthora diseases of cocoa using trunk-injected phosphonate. Plant Pathology 43, 479-492.

8. Guest D.I., Pegg K. & Whiley A. (1995). Control of Phytophthora diseases of tree crops using trunk-injected phosphonates. Horticultural Reviews 17, 297-328.

9. Guest D.I. and Brown J.F. (1997). Infection Processes. Chapter 15 in Plant Pathology and Plant Pathogens. Rockvale Publications, Armidale, NSW.

10. Guest D.I. and Brown J.F. (1997). Disease Resistance in Plants. Chapter 16 in Plant Pathology and Plant Pathogens. Rockvale Publications, Armidale, NSW.

11. Mitikakis T., Ong E.K., Stevens A., Guest D.I. & Knox R.B. (1997). Incidence of Cladosporium, Alternaria and total fungal spores in the atmosphere of Melbourne (Australia) over three years. Aerobiologia 13, 83-90.

12. Able A, Guest D.I. & Sutherland M.W. (1998). Use of a new tetrazolium-based assay to study the production of superoxide radicals by tobacco cell

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cultures challenged with avirulent zoospores of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae. Plant Physiology (accepted 22 Dec 1997).

1

CURRICULUM VITAE Name: LIM TONG KWEE (T.K.) Department:

Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Berrimah Agriculture Research Centre, GPO BOX 990 Darwin, NT 0801 Telephone 08-89992222, Fax - 08-99992049, Email [email protected]

Education and Academic Qualification: Degree:

B. Agr. Sc. (Hons.) University Malaya - 1970 M. Agr. Sc. University Malaya - 1974 Ph. D. University of Hawaii (Botanical Science - Plant Pathology)- 1977 Gamma Sigma Delta (Honor Society of Agriculture) - 1976 East West Centre Scholar, 1974 -1977.

Thesis/Dissertations:

LIM, T. K. 1974. Germination and storage problems of some tropical fruit seeds. M. Agr. Sc. Thesis.

LIM, T. K. 1977. Etiology of three pineapple fruit diseases caused by Penicillium funiculosum. Ph. D. Dissertation.

Current Appointment:

Principal Horticulturist (PO3). Previous Academic and Other Relevant Appointments:

Associate Professor, Department of Plant Protection, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia 1981- May 1990. Lecturer (Universiti Pertanian Malaysia) - Oct. 1972-1981. Lecturer (College of Agriculture, Serdang) - 5 July 1971 - 10 Oct. 1972. Tutor (University of Malaya) - 1970 - July 1971.

Published Work: Books LIM, T.K. and KHOO, K.C. 1985. Diseases and Disorders of Mango in Malaysia. Tropical

Press, Kuala. Lumpur, 101 pp. LIM, T.K. 1990. Durian Diseases and Disorders. Tropical Press, Kuala Lumpur, 95 pp. LIM, T. K., and KHOO, K.C. 1990. Guava in Malaysia: Production, Pests and Diseases,

Tropical Press, Kuala. Lumpur, 260 pp. LIM, T.K. and SIJAM, K. 1990. Penyakit Pokok Durian. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka

Publishers, Kuala Lumpur 78 pp. Proceedings Editor CHACKO, E., LIM, T.K. and KULKARNI, V. 1991. Proc. of the Third International Mango

Symposium., Acta Horticulturae 291. LIM, T.K. et al. 1979. Strategies In Plant Protection, Proc. Plant Protect. Sem. Kuala Lumpur,

284 pp. LIM, T.K., LIM, W.H., HAMIDAH, S., and CHOO, P.H. 1990. Ornamentals in Malaysia

Pests and Diseases, Proc. MAPPS Seminar, Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. 151 pp.

2

Journals/Bulletins/Proceedings 1998 Lim, T. K. 1998. Chapters on Loofahs, gourds, melons and snake-beans; Durian, and

Rambutan. In The New Rural Industries - a Handbook for Farmers and Investors (ed. K. Hyde) pp. 212-218, 281-287, 306-313.

Lim, T. K. and Luders, L. 1998. Durian flowering, pollination and incompatibility studies. Annals of Applied Biology. Vol. 132 (Accepted for publication).

Lim, T. K., Luders, L., Mansfield, J., Zappala, G. and A. Zappala. 1998. Polygonal graph analysis of durian cultivars using leaf characters. Tropical Science Vol. 38. (Accepted for publication).

1997 Lim, T. K. 1997. Boosting Durian Productivity. (ISBN 07245 30150) 167pp.RIRDC. Lim, T.K. 1997. Durian - sources of resistance to Phytophthora palmivora. Proceedings

International Workshop on Disease Resistance in Fruit, Chiang Mai Thailand, 18-21 May, 1997. (In press)

Lim, T.K., Luders, L., Diczbalis, Y. and Poffley, M. 1997. Rambutan nutrient requirement and management. DPI&F Tech. Bull. No. 261.

1996 Lim, T.K., Luders, L. and Poffley. 1996. Studies on fruit deformity and nubbin in Irwin

mango. Proc. Int. Conf. on Global Commercialisation of Tropical Fruits, K.L. Malaysia. pp.287-298.

1995 LIM, T.K. 1995. Chapters on Carambolas, Rambutans and Durians in Horticulture Australia

(ed. B. Coombs) Morescope Publishing Pty., Ltd. Victoria, pp. 392-396, 453-458, 443-446 respectively.

LIM, T.K. and BOWMAN, L. 1995. Control of sapburn on "Kensington" mangoes with postharvest chemical treatment. ASEAN Food Journal 10(3):83-89.

LIM, T.K. and CHUNG G.F. 1995. Occurrence of the entomopathogen, Hirsutella versicolor Petch on Idioscopus nitidulus Wlk. the mango leafhopper in Malaysia. The Planter, Kuala Lumpur 71:207-211.

LIM, T.K. (contributor). 1995. Producing Quality Kensington Pride Mangoes for the Australian Market. Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Northern Territory,

1994 LIM, T.K. 1994. Algal leaf spot, Pink Disease, Grey leaf spot of mangoes in Compendium of

Tropical Fruit Diseases. APS, St. Paul, Minnesota USA. 1993 IBRAHIM Y.B., LIM, T.K., TANG, M.K. and TENG, H.M. 1993. Influence of temperature,

pH and selected media on germination, growth and sporulation of Aschersonia placenta and Hypocrella raciborskii. Biocontrol Sc. and Technology 3:55-61.

LAM, C.H. and LIM, T.K. 1993. Efficacy of hexaconazole for the control of white rust on chrysanthemum and powdery mildew on roses. Int. J. of Pest Management 39(2):156-160.

LIM, T.K., BOWMAN, L., and TIDEMANN, S. 1993. A report on the survey of winged vertebrate pest damage on crops in the Northern Territory. Department Primary Industry. & Fisheries, NT Tech. Bull. 209.

LIM, T. K. and KUPPELWEISER, W. 1993. Mango sapburn amelioration in the Northern Territory. Acta Horticulturae. 341:518-527.

1992

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LIM, T.K. 1992. The rambutan industry in the Northern Territory - current status, research and development emphasis. Acta Horticulturae 321: 62-70.

LIM, T.K., CHUNG, G.F. and KO, W-H. 1992. Basal stem rot of oilpalm caused by Ganoderma boninese. Plant Pathology Bull., 1:147-152.

LIM, T.K., POFFLEY, M. and BOWMAN, L. 1992. New grafting techniques for exotic fruit trees. Department Primary Industry. & Fisheries, NT Tech. Bull. No.194.

LIM, T.K. and RAMSAY, G. 1992. Abiu a crop with potential for the Northern Territory. Acta Horticulturae 321:99-105.

1991 HASHIM, K, LIM, T.K. AND ABDUL RAZAK, A.R. 1991. Pathogenicity of Ganoderma

boninense Pat. on oil palm seedlings. Proc. 1991 PORIM International Palm Oil Conference- Progress and Challenges Towards the 21st Century. 9-14 Sept. 1991, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp. 418-423.

HASHIM, K, LIM, T.K. AND ABDUL RAZAK, A.R. 1991. Determination of a suitable substrate for culturing of Ganoderma boninense Pat. Proc. 1991 PORIM International Palm Oil Conference- Progress and Challenges Towards the 21st Century. 9-14 Sept. 1919, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp. 507-510.

LIM, T.K. 1991. Abiu - a botanical and agronomic review. Department of Primary Industry & Fisheries, NT Tech Bull. No. 169.

LIM, T.K., SIJAM, K. and ONG, E. T. 1991. Bacterial black spot of mango - a new disease in Malaysia. Third Int. Mango Symposium, Darwin, Australia, 25-29th Sept., 1989. Acta Horticulturae :317-323.

1990 LIM, T.K., HAMM, R.T. and MOHAMAD, R. 1990. Persistency and volatile behavior of

selected chemicals in treated soil against three basidiomycetous root pathogens. Tropical Pest Management 36(1):23-26.

LIM, T.K., IBRAHIM, Y.B., M.K. TANG and R. LIEW 1990. Occurrence of Aschersonia placenta and Hypocrella raciborskii on Asterolecanium ungulata in durian (Durio zibethinus). Biocontrol Science and Technology 1:137-144.

LIM,T.K., KHOO, K.C., YUSOF, I., and LAM, C.H. 1990. Pesticide management in floriculture in Malaysia. Proc. Ornamentals in Malaysia Pests and Diseases (eds. Lim, T.K., Lim W.H., Hamidah S. and Choo, P.H.) MACA Malaysia.

LIM, W.H. and LIM, T.K. 1990. Current status of orchid diseases in Malaysia. Proc. Ornamentals in Malaysia Pests and Diseases (eds. Lim, T.K., Lim, W.H., Hamidah, S. and Choo P.H.).

SIDEK, Z. and LIM, T.K. 1990. Occurrence of a mosaic virus in guava. Pertanika 13(3):357-359.

1989 ARIFFIN, D., SINGH, G. and LIM, T.K. 1989. Ganoderma in Malaysia- current status and

research strategy. Proc. 1989 PORIM International Palm Oil Development Conference, 5-9 Sept., 1989, K. Lumpur.

HO, Y.W., LIM T.K. and RATU, N.R. 1989. Histopathological development of the crusty leaf spot of mango. J. Pl. Prot. Tropics Vol 6(1) :13-17.

KAMARUZAM, S. and LIM, T.K. 1989. A rust disease on Gendarussa vulgaris Nees caused by Puccinia thwaitesii Berks. Pertanika 12(1): 7-10.

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LIM, T.K. 1989. A foliar blight of Bougainvillea caused by Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica in Malaysia. in Interactions Between Plants And Microorganisms (eds. G. LIM and K. KATSUYA) Proc. JSPS - NUS Seminar on "Microorganisms and Plant Interaction", University of Singapore, 25-27 Oct.,1989. pp 20-34.

LIM, T.K. 1989. Studies on some lesser known mycoflora of durian: Sooty mould and black mildew. Pertanika 12(2): 159-166.

LIM, T.K. 1989. Verticillium lecanii - an entomopathogen on a cocoa pest, Lawana conspersa in Malaysia. J. Plant Prot. Tropics. 6(3): 189-192.

LIM, T.K. and KAMARUZAMAN, S. 1989. A rot of detached durian ruits caused by Sclerotium rolfsii. Pertanika 12(1):11-14.

LIM, T.K. and KAMARUZAMAN, S. 1989. Occurrence of the green alga Trentepohlia on trunks and branches of durian. Planter, Kuala Lumpur 65: 328-333.

LIM, T.K., RITA, M., CHUNG, G.F. and CHIN, C.L. 1989. Studies invitro on Beauveria bassiana isolated from the cocoa mirid, Helopeltis theobromae. Crop Protection 8(5): 358-362.

LIM, T.K. and TEH, B.K. 1989. Antagonism invitro of Trichoderma species against several Basidiomycetes soil borne pathogens and Sclerotium rolfsii. J. Plant Disease and Protection (Z. PflKrkh. PflSchutz) 97:33-41.

1988 HO, Y.W., LIM, T.K., AZAHARI, M.H.M., and HO, C.T. 1988. Studies on the aetiology and

control of grey leaf spot of coconut. J. Pl. Prot. Tropics 5(2): 75-81. HO, Y.W., LIM, T.K. and MUDA, M. 1988. Suppressiveness of peat soil as a possible

biocontrol agent for Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica pathogenic to pineapple. Proceedings of the Symposium on Crop Pathogens and Nematodes, Bogor, Indonesia. BIOTROP Special Publication No. 34:217-222.

LIM, T.K. 1988. Diseases of selected perennial fruit trees and their control. Seminar on Tropical Fruits: Cultivation, Pest and Disease Management, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, 20-21 October, 1988. 21 pp.

LIM, T.K. 1988. Studies on some sooty mould on guava in Malaysia. Pertanika 11(3): 349-355.

LIM, T.K., RITA, M., OOI, P.A.C. and CHIN, C.L. 1988. Some entomopathogenic fungi isolated from Conopomorpha cramerella. Planter 64: 548-554.

MOHAMAD, R.B., LIM, T.K. and HAMM, R.T. 1988. Distribution of 14-C tridemorph after application as soil drench. Proc.Inter. Symposium on Changing Perspectives in Agrochemicals: Isotopic Techniques for the Study of Food and Environmental Implications, Neuherberg, 24-27 Nov., 1987. p.300.

1987 ANG, B. B., LIM, T.K. and TEE, S.K. 1987. A sudden dieback of cocoa caused by

Botryodiplodia theobromae. Planter 63:228-235. CHAN, L.G. and LIM, T.K. 1987. Control of Phytophthora palmivora on cocoa and durian

seedlings. J. Pl. Prot. Tropics 4(1):9-13. FATIMAH , M. A., VARGHESE, G. and LIM, T.K. 1987. The recent fungicide crisis in

vegetables: Facts and fallacies. Options 2/87:3-6. Planter 63:418-423. LIM, T.K. 1987. Management strategies for the control of important diseases of selected fruit trees. Proc. National Multipurpose Tree Species Seminar 1, 14-15 Dec., 1987,

Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 16 pp. LIM, T. K. and CHIN, C.L. 1987. Foliar blight of guava seedlings caused by Phytophthora

nicotianae var. nicotianae. Fitopatologia Brasiliera 12(3): 251-254.

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LIM, T.K., CHUNG, G.F. and CHIN, C.L. 1987. Occurrence of the entomogenous fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae on Lawana conspersa, a pest of cocoa. Annual Report Negeri Sembilan Planters' Association, 1987 , pp 32-36.

LIM, T. K., NG, C.C. and CHIN, C.L. 1987. Etiology and control of durian foliar blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Annals of Applied Biology 110(2):301-307.

RAZAK, A. R. and LIM, T.K. 1987. Occurrence of the root-knot nematode Meloidoygne incognita on guava in Peninsular Malaysia. Pertanika 10(3):265-270.

1986 CHAN, L.G. and LIM, T.K. 1986. Comparative invitro sensitivity of selected chemicals on

Phytophthora palmivora from cocoa and durian. Pertanika 9(2):183-191. LIM, T.K. and CHAN, L.G. 1986. Fruit rot of durian caused by Phytophthora palmivora.

Pertanika 9(3): 269-276. LIM, T.K. and CHAN, L.G. 1986. Parasitism of Phytophthora palmivora by Gliocladium

roseum. Zeitschrift fur flanzenkranheiten und Pflanzenschutz ( Journal of Plant Disease and Protection) 93(5): 509-514.

LIM, T.K., KHOO, K.C. and RAZAK, A.R. 1986. Pest and disease of guava fruits in Malaysia. Prosid. Simp. Buah-buahan Kebangsaan, Serdang, 8-9 April, 1986. pp 262-271.

LIM, T.K. and RAZAK, A.R. 1986. Studies on a Phomopsis rot of bagged guava (Psidium guajava L.) fruits in Malaysia. Fitopatologia Brasiliera 11:227-236.

LIM, T.K. and WAI, O.C. 1986. Effects of selected fungicides on the mango anthracnose pathogen, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Fitopatologia Brasiliera 11:67-74.

1985 LIM, T.K. 1985. Fungicides and nematicides in Agriculture. Occupational Safety and Health

in the Use of Agrochemicals Seminar, Petaling Jaya, 19 Dec., 1985. 15 pp. LIM, T. K. and KHOO, K.C. 1985. Some vascular epiphytes of mango and their control.

Planter, Kuala Lumpur 61:162-171. LIM, T.K. and LIM, W.H. 1985. Cercospora leaf spot on orchids. Malaysian Orchid Bulletin

2:13-15. LIM, T.K. and SINGH, G. 1985. Disease and pest problems of cashew in Malaysia. Acta

Horticulturae 108:139-144. 1984 LIM, T.K. 1984. Fungicides and their usage in orchid cultivation. Malaysian Orchid Bulletin,

1:15-28. NIK, W.Z. and LIM, T.K. 1984. Occurrence and site of infection of Colletotrichum dematium

f.sp. truncatum in naturally infected soybean seeds. J. Plant Prot. Tropics 1:87-91. 1983 BONG, C.F.J., NIK, W. Z. and LIM, T.K. 1983. Studies of Colletotrichum dematium f.sp.

truncatum on soybean. Pertanika 6(1):28-33. KHOO, K.C., HO, C.T. NG, K.Y. and LIM, T.K. 1983. Pesticide application technology in

perennial crops in Malaysia. in Pesticide Application Technology. eds. LIM, G.S. and RAMASAMY, S. pp. 42-85.

LIM, T.K. and KHOO, K.C. 1983. Crusty leaf spot disease of mango. Pertanika 6(3): 12-14. LIM, T.K. and KHOO, K.C. 1983. Zimmermaneilla trispora, a leaf parasite of mango in

Malaysia. Plant Disease 67: 1389. LIM, T. K. and NIO, H.L. 1983. Control of Phytophthora palmivora on orchids with some

new systemic and standard fungicides. Pertanika 6(1):34-39. LIM, T.K. and WAN ZAINUN, N. 1983. Mycoparasitism of coffee rust pathogen, Hemileia

vastatrix by Verticillium psalliotae in Malaysia. Pertanika 6(2):23-25.

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1982 KHOO, K. C., IBRAHIM, Y., MAELZER, D.A. and LIM, T.K. 1982. Entomofuana of

cashew in West Malaysia. Proc. Int. Conf. Pl. Prot. in the Tropics. pp 289-294. LIM, T.K. and KHOR, H.T. 1982. Effects of pesticides on mango leaf and flower microflora.

Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenshutz und Pflanzenkhranheiten (Journal of Plant disease and Protection) 89(3):125-131.

1980 LIM, T.K. 1980. Chemical control of mango anthracnose in Malaysia. Invitro fungitoxicity of

selected chemicals. Pertanika 3(1): 5-9. LIM, T.K. and ABDUL, R.A.1980. Cashew cultivation in Malaysia. The Planter, Kuala

Lumpur 56 :266-272. LIM, T.K. and ROHRBACH, K.G. 1980. Role of Penicillium funiculosum strains in the

development of pineapple fruit diseases. Phytopathology 70(7): 663-665. NIK, W.Z. and LIM, T.K. 1980. Seedborne pathogens of some selected grain legumes in

Malaysia. Proc. Symposium on Legumes in the Tropics, Serdang, Malaysia, 13-17 Nov., 1979,pp 35-48.

1979 LIM, T. K. and WAN ZAINUN, N. 1979. Biological control of Rhizoctonia damping-off of

mungbean through antagonistic seedborne microflora. Proc. Pl. Protect. Sem., Kuala Lumpur, pp 35-48.

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Curriculum vitae Name: Yan Diczbalis Work Address: Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries PO Box 990 Darwin, Northern Territory, 0801, AUSTRALIA Phone 08 89992309, Fax 08 89992049 Email: [email protected] Date of Birth: 31 August 1956 Academic Qualifications: Masters of Agriculture Science (1986) University of Queensland Thesis Title: The effect of duration of the vegetative phase on

growth and yield in grain sorghum. Bachelor of Agriculture Science (1980) University of Queensland Major: Plant Physiology Professional Association: Member Australian Institute of Agricultural Science and Technologists (1980-present) Current Appointment: Senior Horticulturist Irrigation Research and Management 1990 - present Job Profile: - Determine water requirements of tropical tree fruit and vegetables. - Conduct experiments on effects of water management and environmental variables

on tree physiological response. - Assist growers in matters related to water management (water requirements,

irrigation scheduling, soil moisture measurement techniques, water quality). - Present research findings at grower field days, research seminars and conferences. - Manage technical staff assigned to irrigation research program. - Manage program budget and apply for external funds as required. Previous Appointments: Floodplains Agronomist Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries 1986-1990 Research Assistant (half time) University of Queensland Department of Agriculture August 1981 - December 1984, January 1986 - September

1996.

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Current Work Achievements/Experience: Water requirement and management experiments (high frequency drip irrigation) on

rockmelons (Cucumis melo cv. reticulatus). Mango water requirement (from flowering to harvest) research. Irrigation monitoring of perennial crops using a range of techniques including;

evaporation based models, soil moisture tension and volumetric soil moisture monitoring techniques. Range of crops includes mango, rambutan, mangosteen, durian and cashew.

Effect of environmental variables on growth and yield of rambutan, Nephelium

lappaceum, (RIRDC funded project DNT-10a). Effect of irrigation system and variety on Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) yield and

quality. Banana water requirements and irrigation scheduling. Research mango fruit maturity indicators with emphasis on the use of heatsums to

predict maturity (HRDC funded project No. FR605). Effect of pre-flowering irrigation management and the growth regulator Paclobutrazol

on flowering, fruit set and yield of Kensington mangoes. Experienced in the use of a wide range of environmental monitoring and plant

physiological measurement equipment including; temperature and humidity loggers, automated weather stations, neutron moisture probe (Campbell DR504), electrical capacitance probe (EnviroScan), tensiometers (Digital and analog meter types), sap flow sensors and electronic dendrometers, portable photosynthesis equipment (Licor 6200 and 6400), plant canopy analyser (Licor 2000), pressure bomb, bulk density sampling and gravimetric moisture sampling equipment.

Management of technical and field staff. Budget management and research funding application experience with two successfully

funded projects. Ability to install trial scale irrigation systems for research purposes. Experience with fertiliser, chlorine and acid injection techniques. Experience in the propagation and agronomy of a range of tropical crops and fruits. Guest Lecturer (Horticulture Irrigation Management), University of the Northern

Territory, School of Horticulture and Landcare Studies, Faculty of Science.

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Past Work Achievements/Experience: Design and implement rice research experiments in areas such as, varietal evaluation,

fertiliser response, pre-emergent herbicide efficacy, rainfed rice water management and aerial sowing).

Design and implement applied projects on wet culture soybean cultivation. Design and implement trials on legume pasture, livestock, rice rotation systems. Manage agronomic trials on cassava (Manihot esculenta) and pigeon pea (Cajanus

cajan). Publications: (Papers, Proceedings, Reports, Agnotes etc) Diczbalis, Y. and Menzel, C.M. (1998). Low temperatures decrease CO2 assimilation and

growth in the tropical rambutan. Journal of Horticultural Science; in press. Diczbalis, Y. (1997). Environmental factors influencing the growth and yield of rambutan

and cupuacu. Final Report for Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Project DNT-10a.

Diczbalis, Y. (1994). Mango irrigation management guidelines. NT Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Agnote 587.

Diczbalis, Y. (1993). An introduction to irrigation of horticultural crops. NT Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Agnote 558.

Diczbalis, Y. (1993). Irrigation management of bananas in the top end. NT Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Agnote 567.

Diczbalis, Y. (1992). Tensiometers. NT Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Agnote 520.

Diczbalis, Y. (1990). Report on a study tour of the irrigated crop management service, Loxton , South Australia. Technical Bulletin No. 158. NT Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries.

Diczbalis, Y., Eamus, D. and Menzel, C.M. (1996). Environmental factors influencing the growth and yield of rambutan in the wet/dry tropics of northern Australia. in Proceedings of the International Conference on Tropical Fruits, 23-26 July 1996, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Volume II (Compiled by S. Vijaysegaran, M. Pauziah, M.S. Mohamed and S. Ahmad Tarmizi). Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Serdang, Selangor.

Diczbalis, Y., Rann, R., Cameron, C. and Sawyer, B. (1996). Floodplain farming systems, a rice-legume pasture rotation trial. in Conservation Farming for the Semi-arid Tropics: proceedings of a workshop at the NT Rural College, Katherine 18-20 July 1995 (ed) J.D. Sturtz and A.L. Chapman. Australian Institute of Agricultural Science.

Diczbalis, Y., Hofman, P., Landrigan, M., Kulkarni, V. and Smith, L. (1995). Mango irrigation management for fruit yield, maturity and quality. in proceedings Mango 2000 marketing seminar and production workshop, 30 July - 3 August, Townsville, Queensland. (Ed) by Rowland Holmes, Department of Primary Industries, Queensland.

Lim, TK, Luders, L., Diczbalis, Y. and Poffley, M. (1997). Rambutan nutrient requirement and management. Technical Bulletin No. 261. NT Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries.

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Lim, T.K., and Diczbalis, Y. (1996). Rambutan, 2. Growing and Marketing. Agnote No. 662. NT Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries.

Lim, T.K., and Diczbalis, Y. (1995). Rambutans in: Horticulture Australia. Morescope Publishing.

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CURRICULUM VITAE NAME: Ms.Ratiya Pongpisutta BIRTH DATE : July 5,1963 BIRTH PLACE : Nakhon Si Thammarat NATIONALITY : Thai MARIATAL STATUS : Single MAILING ADDRESS : Department of Plant Pathology Kasetsart University

Kamphangsaen Campus, Nakhon pathom 73140 THAILAND

Tel: 66-34-351890 Fax: 66-34-351890 E-mail: [email protected] POSITION: 1993-1994 Researcher,The Royal Chitralada Projects Chitralada Palace,Bangkok 1994-date Lecturer, Department of Plant Pathology Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University EDUCATION: DEGREE FIELD INSTITUTION YEAR B.S. Agriculture Kasetsart Univ. 1987 M.S. Agriculture Kasetsart Univ. 1992 INTERESTED FIELD: Taxonomy and Diversity of Fungi EXPERIENCE: RESEARCH Project co-worker: Integrated control of fruit rot of durian (Durio zibethinus L.) supported by

TRF (Thailand Research Fund) Project co-worker: Molecular biology of plant disease resistant of pepper supported by

National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology PUBLICATIONS: Sangchote,S.,Pongpisutta,R., and Bunjoedchoedchu,R. 1996. Diseases of durian fruits after

harvest. The 34th Kasetsart University Annual Conference held at Kasetsart University, Bangkok. pp.148-152.


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Sangchote,S., and Pongpisutta,R. 1996. Fungi caused fruit rot of mangosteens after harvest. The 34th Kasetsart University Annual Conference held at Kasetsart University, Bangkok. pp.153-160.

Sangchote,S.,Pongpisutta,R., and Bunjoedchoedchu,R. 1997. Glomerella cingulata: perfect stage of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causing anthracnose of durian fruit. Tthe 35th Kasetsart University Annual Conference held at Kasetsart University, Bangkok. (in pressed)

CONFERENCES AND SYMPOSIA PROCEEDINGS : Pongpisutta, R., and Sangchote,S. 1993. Phytophthora Fruit rot of durian (Durio zibethinus

L.) In Champ,B.R., Highly,E., and Johnson,G.I., ed. Postharvest handling of tropical fruits: proceedings of an international conference held at Chiang Mai, Thailand, 19-23 July 1993.ACIAR Proceedings No. 50,pp. 460-461.

Pongpisutta, R., and Sangchote,S. 1994. Durian diseases. In Johnson,G.I., and Highley,E.,ed. Development of postharvest handling technology for tropical tree fruits; a workshop held at Bangkok, Thailand, 16-18 July 1992. ACIAR Proceedings No.58,pp.80-83.

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CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: NGUYEN MINH CHAU Designation: Director and Plant Physiologist Date of Birth: 14th January, 1954 Age: 43 Qualification: MSc., Ph.D. (IARI, New Delhi, India) Address: Long Dinh Fruit Research Centre Box: 203 MyTho, Tiengiang, Vietnam Phone/Fax: 84-73-855588 Experience: Research: 19 years International Experience:

- Worked at IRRI, as non-degree research scholar for one month. - Visited Laboratories in France, Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, India - Participated in International Fruit Symposiums in France, Malaysia.

Research Management:

- Head of Department of Research Management and International Relations, Cuu Long Delta Rice Research Institute, Cantho, Vietnam.

- Director, Long Dinh Fruit Research Centre, Box: 203 Mytho – Tiengiang – Vietnam

Special Assignments:

- Executive Member of International Society for Citrus Nurseryman - Editorial member of Fruits (Published in France) - Editorial member of Rau Qua Journal (Published in Hanoi, Vietnam)

Employment Record: Employer Designation and Institution Period Cuu Long Rice Research Institute Deputy Head of Agronomy 1978-1987 (Ministry of Agriculture and Department Rural Development) MSc., Ph.D Student at IRRI 1987-1992 India

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Head of Research Management 1992-1994 Long Dinh Research Centre Director (First Director) 1994 – now (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Total No of Publications: - Book: 1 - Research paper: 1 - Seminar/Symposium: 30 + International: 3 + National: 10 - Popular articles: 5 List of Publications: Book: Chau, N.M. and D.K. Son. 1987. Floating Rice cultivation in the Cuu Long Delta river (in

Vietnamese). Ho Chi Minh City published, 186 pages. Thesis: Chau, N.M. 1992. Physiological basis of high yielding rice with special reference to grain

filling. Ph.D. thesis. IARI, New Delhi, India Chau, N.M. 1989. Nitrogen induced physiological changes in lowland rice. MSc. Thesis,

IARI, New Delhi, India. Research Papers: Buu, B.C., N.T. Lang, and N.M. Chau 1995. Inheritance of some quantitave physiological

characters in rice (Oriza sativa l) Omon Rice No. 4. Chau, N.M. 1985. Cultural practices for the double transplanted rice in the Mekong Delta (in

Vietnamese). Môt sô biên pháp canh tác lúa mùa lâp vu ó ÐBSCL. Khoa hoc phô thông, 229:1-2

Chau, N.M. 1986. Double transplanted rice cultivation (in Vietnamese). Môt sô biên pháp

canh tác luá lâp vu. Tài liêu phô biên hoc ky thuât tính Kiên Giang. Sô 2 (33): 7-10. Chau, N.M. 1995. Role of plant biotechnology in fruit trees improvement in the Mekong

Delta. Science News. Science Technology and Environment Service of Tiengiang. (2): 14-15.

Chau, N.M. 1996. Fruit: present status and research plans for the Mekong Delta, in the year

1992-2000. In Science. Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Hanoi, Vietnam.

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Chau, N.M and B.B. Bong. 1982. IR 48 for acid sulfate soil (in Vietnamese) Giô lúa chiu phèn IR 48. Khoa hoc phô thông (Jan. 1982).

Chau, N.M. and P.S. Deshmukh. 1989. Net assimulation rate during grain filling period and

grain yield of rice varieties in relation to nitrogen application. New Botanist – Vol (1-4), 1989: 261-266. Today and tomorrow’s printers and Publishers, New Delhi.

Chau, N.M. and P.S. Deshmkh. 1991. Nirtogen inducedc physiological changes in lowland

rice. Oryza 28: 205-209. Chau, N.M. and S.C. Bhargavar: 1993. The appearance of difference grades of grain filling in

short and medium duration varieties. Rice Res. Newsletter. 18(3): 11-12. IRRI. Chau.N.M. and S.C. Bhargavar: 1993. Physiological Basis of higher productivity. India. J.

Plant physiuology. 36 (4): 215-219. Chau.N.M. and S.C. Bhargavar: 1993. Effect of sink size and position on grain filling of rice.

Ind. J. Plant Physiology 36. (3): 166-169. Chau. N.M. and L.T.T. Hong. 1995. Present status and future plans for citurs improvement in

the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. P8-12. In Citrus production and Marketing, Information Center of MAFI, Hanoi, Vietnam.

Chau, N.M., P.N. Lieu, P.V. Vui, N.T. Thuan, P.D. Phap. 1995. Preliminary results of

collection, clonal section and introduction of fruit trees at Long Dinh Fruit Research Center. J. Agri. And Food Industry. (9): 327-329, Hanoi, Vietnam.

Hong, L.T.T., N.M. Chau, T.P.A. Thu, T.T. Xuyen 1997. Preliminary result on the technology

package in cutrus free-disease planting materials production. Journal of Science, Technology and Economic management No. 420 June 1997. Hanoi.

Chau, G.D. and N.M. Chau. 1995. Preliminary evaluation of citrus rootstock. J.Agri. and

Food industry. (9): 332 – 333, Hanoi, Vietnam. Deshmukh, P.S., Chau, N.M. and F.U. Zaman. 1992. Effect of nitrogen level on the relation

between sink-source parameters and grain yield. IRRN 17 (1): 7-8 (February, 1992). Luat, N.V., B.B. Bong, N.M. Chau. And J.C. Mohan. 1983. Performance of IR42 and IR48 in

Cuu Long Delta. IRRN, 8:1. Luat, N.V., B.K. Singh, N.M. Chau, T.V. Hoa. 1995. Performance of promising varieties in

dep water rice areas of Cuu Long Delta. Deep water rice newsletter (Jan. 1985). Laut, N.V.; B.K. Singh, N.M. Chau, T.V. Hoa. 1985. Effect of cultural methods and fertilizer

combination on yuield of deep water rice in the Mekong delta. Deep water rice newsletter (Jan. 1985).

Singh, B.K., N.M. Chau, T.V. Hoa 1985. Effect of planting methods and fertility levels on

floating rice grown on acid sulphate soils in the Cuu Long Delta Vietnam. IRRN, 10(3):32 (Jan. 1985).

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Thuan, N.T., L.H. Phap, and N.M. Chau. 1995. Preliminary result of clonal selection of

mango in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. (in Vietnamese). J. Agri. And Food Industry (9): 338-340, Hanoi, Vietnam.

Vui, P.V. and N.M. Chau. 1995. Preliminary result of clonal selection of durina in the Mekong

Delta of Vietnam, J. Agri. And Food Industry. (9): 333-335, Hanoi, Vietnam. Yamauchi M, P.V. chuong and N.M. Chau 1995. Ecophysiology of rice crop establishment in

direct seeding in Vietnam with emphasis on anaerobic seedling growth in Vietnam and

IRRI: A partnership in Rice Research edited by G.L. Denning and Vo Tong Xuan P89-

89 IRRI Philippines.

Documents

Management of Phytophthora Diseases of Durian