Management of Open Water Resources: A Strategy for Sustainable Food Through

Culture Based Fisheries (CBF)

Sena S De Silva School of Life & Environmental Sciences

Deakin University

Victoria 3280, Australia Sena.desilva@deakin.edu.au

INDOAQUA & APA 2016 Surabaya, 26-29th April 2016

Outline

Food fish needs

•Changing scenario

• Traditional fish food supplies

• Capture versus culture

CBF

•Principles & key elements of practices

•Advantages

•Beneficiaries

•Disadvantages/ negatives

Solutions?

Changing world Environmental concerns

Climate change

Outline

Why culture –based fisheries (CBF)

•The need for it

• What is CBF

• Various interpretations

• Nomenclature problems (?)

CBF

•Principles & key elements of practices

•Advantages

•Beneficiaries

•Disadvantages/ negatives

Potential CBF-

where to practice

Food needs

• Increasing population: 9.5 billion by 2050

Future

food needs

In the wake of population growth

Food needs. 2

Food needs :

A brief outlook – how much the world needs

Food needs. 3

Food needs :

A brief outlook – how much the world needs

Food needs. 4

– 70 percent by 2050

additional

nearly 1x 109 t cereals

200 x 106 t of meat (Source: FAO 2009. How to feed the

world in 2050).

Food needs :

A brief outlook – how much the world needs

Food fish needs. 1

• 1950 to 2012: per caput fish consumption increased from 6 kg/yr to 19.2 kg/yr (Committee on

World Food Security 2014).

• Increasing per caput consumption

– Global average: 17-18 kg/caput/yr

– Asian average: 26-28 kg/caput/yr

– Siem Reap Province ~80-90 kg/ yr

Food fish needs of the future:

A brief outlook: sector-wise limitation

Food fish needs. 2

• Until recently main source

– Marine fisheries

– plateaued at ~100 x 106 t/yr

– ~ 25% not available for human consumption!

Food fish needs of the future:

A brief outlook: sector-wise limitations

Froese, R. et al, 2012, What catch data can tell us about global fisheries, Marine biology, March 2012

Food fish needs. 3

• Are the future needs likely to come with from aquaculture??

• Has grown ~ 6% / year for nearly three decades

• It currently accounts for ≥ 50% of fish food needs

• It is only in the last decade that FISH FOOD needs are predominated from a FARMED ORIGIN like all our other staples

Food fish needs of the future:

The solution??

Food fish needs. 4

• Can aquaculture grow unabated??

• Can it provide the extra 30-40 million t of fish by 2050

Food fish needs of the future:

The solution??

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Capture Aquaculture % Aquaculture

Aquaculture highly diverse

• Highly diverse in form & functions

– 442 cultured species

– Range of environments

– Farming systems

• Ponds

• Indoor tanks

• Net cages

• Pens

• ropes

Aquaculture

• Highlights

• Diversity of practices

We live in a very changing/ dynamic world

Plastics to outweigh fish in oceans by 2050

Ellen MacArthur Foundation: http://www.dw.com/en/plastics-to-outweigh-fish-in-oceans-by-2050-study-warns/a-18990459?maca=en-gk_volltext_microsoft_topstories-13226-xml-atom

We live in a very changing/ dynamic world:

• CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS

– No geographical boundaries

– No Socio-economic boundaries

– Will impact mostly developing nations and related food production sectors

CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS

CLIMATE CHANGES WILL IMPACT FISHERIES and AQUACULTURE

Increasing impediments to Aquaculture Growth

• Competition for primary resources:

– Land

– Water

• Limitation of biological inputs

– Fish meal/ fish oil

– Increasing price of other feed ingredients

• Increasing need to attain environmental integrity

Increasing impediments to Aquaculture Growth

• Increasing need to attain environmental integrity

Why Culture Based Fisheries (CBF)?

• Traditional food fish supplies- marine fisheries- stagnating

• To a great extent forms of aquaculture expected to fill the gap between supply & demand

• Aquaculture possibly in a fresh phase of growth

Froese, R. et al, 2012, What catch data can tell us about global fisheries, Marine biology, March 2012

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Contribution of aquaculture to global food-fish production(1970 - 2008)

Supply from aquaculture

Supply from capture

Share of aquaculture (%)

Why CBF?- New phase of aquaculture

• Early developments of aquaculture: – Concentrated on Intensive practices

• Justifiably so – Pond, cage etc.

• Limitations on land/ water resources • Environmental concerns • Over-crowding

– Conflicts of interests – Lead to the next phase – Use of existing water bodies (small/

medium) • Secondary use for food fish production • Extensive forms of aquaculture= CBF

CBF: what?

• A form of stock enhancement (SE)

• Increase food fish production beyond that could be obtained through natural recruitment

CBF

• Adding seed stock of desirable species

• Improving spawning grounds

• Introducing closed seasons

• Gear restrictions

• Introducing conservation zones

SE

-many forms/ facets

Stock enhancement: many purposes

– Public good • (including conservation purposes)

– Religious good • Traditional practices

– Food fish production

– Food fish production + environmental mitigation • Indonesia

– Some enhancements border on aquaculture e.g. SL, Thailand, Vietnam

CBF: what?

A form of stock enhancement

• Often conducted in small water bodies

• Under natural conditions unlikely to support a fishery

The water body is community managed

• Therefore ownership of the stocked seed is “defined’

• As such CBF falls into the realm of “aquaculture”

CBF practices result in appreciably high yields

• In China for e.g. 1800 kg/ha

Features of culture-based fisheries

A form of stock enhancement in which Ownership is defined*

Stock is cared-for

Needs annual stocking*

• Almost entirely based on finfish (one or two exceptions at the most unlike in the case of enhancements)

Realm of aquaculture

CBF: where?

Best suited for small water bodies

• Relatively easy to manage; keep watch etc.

• Enables almost complete harvest at the end of the growth cycle

• Facilitates community involvement and management

Small water bodies; usually smaller communities

• More synergy; less top-down approach

• Higher degree of involvement of community households

Small water bodies

• Generally more productive

• Less loss of stoked seed

• Higher returns from stocked seed

CBF: how?

Direct stock & recapture strategy

• Species to be stocked based on productivity of the water bodies

• Consideration of feeding habits; niche segregation to be utilized: Comparable to pond-polyculture

• Could utilize fertilization; if available such as for e.g. cow dung

Care of stock until harvest

• Prevent escape through sluices etc.

• Keep watch; easily dine as a measure of community management

• Keep vigilance on disease outbreaks (very rare)

Harvesting often limited to a short window

• Harvesting period often dictated by downstream water demand/ use

• Possible a glut to occur in a given region/ area

• Marketing strategies have to be worked out; staggered harvesting may reduce such gluts

CBF: benefits

Almost, always rurally based

• Impacts rural (often poor) communities

• Direct nutritional & monetary gains for communal households

Low cost

• Attractive to governments

• Minimal technical expertise needed at community level

• High food fish production

• Profits filtering also for communal welfare

CBF: secondary use of water resources

• Only external input is seed stcok

• Environmentally friendly

• Also trigger other activities; e.g. fry to fingerling rearing

CBF in Chinese Reservoirs

China: From Wang et al., 2015

Examples of CBF successes:

510,6

144,9

27,2 202,3

284,1 261,2 193,5

223,1

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Pre-CBF (kg/ha) Post- CBF (kg/ha)

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Medium Reservoirs

Pre-CBF (kg/ha) Post-CBF(kg/ha)

Sri Lanka: Chandrasoma et al., 2015

Examples of CBF successes:

Laos: from Phomsouvanh et al. 2015

Indonesia (?)

Name of Island Lakes Reservoirs Total

Sumatera 329 217 546

Java 327 342 669

Bali 14 29 43

Nusa Tenggara 27 586 613

Sulawesi and Maluku 37 151 188

Papua 2 16 18

Indonesia 736 1,341 2,077

Many small water bodies suitable for CBF development in Indonesia (Kartamihardja, 2015)

Indonesia (?)

(Kartamihardja, 2015)

(1) an understanding of science and technology of CBF by officers and the community is lacking

(2) in general, CBF implemented in some water bodies has not been carried out correctly (3) monitoring and evaluation of the CBF implementation to determine the success or failure has not been done; (4) regulation and institutions in the management of fisheries resources are not yet available; and (5) management of fishery resources has not involved public participation.

CBF : potential

• ~66.7x 106 ha of suitable water acreage for CBF in Asia alone (FAO, 1999)

• Only a small proportion utilized for CBF; needs to increase the water acreage devoted for CBF

Water resources

• In the past emphasis on intensive aquaculture development

• Resource limitations e.g. land for pond construction, water favors CBF development

• Also community management suits rural development

• Low capital input; therefore attractive to governments & development agencies

Increased emphasis

• Fingerling availability

• Needs to coordinate harvesting in a given region in order to maintain favorable farm gate prices

• Growth cycle(s) subjected to the prevailing elements

Bottle necks

CBF : potential

• If 20% of 66.7 x 106 ha are to be utilized for food fish production through CBF by 2020

• And if average yields of 800 kg/ ha/yr can be obtained

• Food fish production will be boosted by approximately 11 x 106 t/yr

• SHOULD WE NOT AIM EVEN MORE THROUGH CBF???

CBF : potential

• CBF developments benefit mostly rural communities

– Such communities are often impoverished

• CBF facilitate and generate synergies among communities

• CBF generate ancillary, small scale aquaculture related developments; e.g. fry to fingerling rearing

Take home messages. 1.

• World will need an extra 30-40 million t of food fish by 2050

– To cater to

• increasing population

• Increasing per caput consumption

Take home messages. 2.

• The main traditional source of food fish supply (marine capture fisheries) is stagnant

– Expected to yield about 75 million t (for consumption)

Take home messages. 3.

• Aquaculture has continued to fill the gap in supplies

• But can aquaculture be expected to grow at an annual rate of 6% for the next few decades

– Unlikely

– Many reasons for this

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Take home messages. 4.

• Therefore we have to look for and develop other strategies for augmenting the food fish supplies

• One such strategy is CBF – A form of semi-intensive aquaculture

– Utilises existing small water bodies

– Communally managed

– Low cost

– Acceptable to developing countries

Take home messages. 5.

• If CBF were to be developed in 20% of small water bodies in Asia (which are unutilised for fish production)

– Conservative estimate of 11 million t of food fish can be produced

– Will also create additional employment opportunities

– Will be environmentally friendly

Take home messages.6.

• BUT remember CBF is not an alternative to traditional intensive aquaculture

(Lord Buddha)