PHILIPPINE MAMMALS BIOLOGY 117 VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY

Turtles and tortoise

Mammals

All reptiles and birds Ichthyosaurus

Mammalian Characteristics:

Transformation of accessory jaw bones

mandible consists only of dentary bone

dentary-squamosal jaw articulation

three ear ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes

Stapes small relative to skull

hearing highly developed

tympanic bone

DENTARY-SQUAMOSAL ARTICULATION

Mammalian Characteristics: Four chambered heart (also in

crocodilians, Aves) single functional left

aortic arch; reduction of the right (birds

left aortic arch is functional)

Hair and Fur (including pelage): : insulation

Mammalian Characteristics:

Covered with hairs

Fur or pelage – a thick covering of hair, composed of gurad hairs and underfur Guard hairs – large, coarse hairs projecting beyond the underfur, forming the outer surface of the fur. Underfur – finer and softer underlayer of fur, shorter than the guard hairs

Specialized hairs

Vibrissae or whiskers – found

around the snout of many

mammals.

Quills – stiff, coarse hair

specialized for defense

Mammalian Characteristics: Enucleate erythrocytes (red blood cells) : without

nucleus, enhances oxygen carrying capacity of the cells

Muscular diaphragm: A muscular diaphragm helps mammals to breathe, especially during strenuous activity

Bony secondary palate (also in crocodilians) with epiglottis: Mammals have a secondary bony palate, which separates the respiratory passage from the mouth, allowing them to eat and breathe at the same time

Skin with muscles, hair and glands

Mammalian Characteristics: Mammary Glands

Endothermic: "Warm-bloodedness”

Endothermy, the ability to generate heat internally rather than via behaviors such as basking or muscular activity.

Homeothermy, maintaining a fairly constant body temperature.

determinate long-bone growth

epiphysis

cartilage

diaphysis (shaft)

Mammalian Characteristics:

Determinate growth (long bones with

epiphyses)

Mammalian Characteristics: Teeth

Much of the adaptive success of mammals is related to teeth

Mammals are the only vertebrates that masticate

Mammalian teeth are adapted for various diets

Kinds of teeth

Typically mammals are diphyodont--have a single deciduous milk dentition followed by permanent teeth

only mammals have differentiated (heterodont) teeth

incisors-anterior-most teeth [uppers occur on premaxilla]

canines--longer, conical teeth used for grasping

cheek teeth--post canine

premolars--cheek teeth that have deciduous predecessors (milk dentition)

molariform teeth, squarish teeth used for grinding food

molars--cheek teeth that do not have deciduous predecessors

Kinds of teeth

Crown Height

Brachyodont teeth with low crown: Omnivores

Hypsodont High crown: Herbivores

Cusp patterns/occlusal surface

1.Bunodont with round cusps for crushing and grinding: (monkeys and pigs)

2.Lophodont . Cusps with continuous ridges:, (elephants)

3.Selenodont . Ridges in crescent shape, (deer)

Hypsodont Brachyodont

Crown height

Cusps patterns

Lophodont

Replacement

some are polyphyodont--have multiple replacement sets (Trichechidae, manatees, have 30+ molars)

toothed whales (e.g., dolphins, porpoises, sperm whales) are monophyodont--have only a single set

Dental Formula

Teeth are listed in the order they occur in the jaw; upper jaw listed over lower

Primitive dental formula

placental mammals - 3/3 1/1 4/4 3/3 = 44 teeth

marsupial mammals - 5/4 1/1 3/3 4/4 = 50 teeth

3-3 1-1 4-4 2-2 = 20

3-3 1-1 4-4 3-3 = 22 Incisors Canines Premolars molars = 42

Dental formula Canis

Or simply 3/3 1/1 4/4 2/3 = 42

Dental

Formula

Feeding

Specialization

Mammal

group

1/1,0/0,1/1,3/3

Gnawing

rodents

2/1,0/0,3/2,3/3

Browsing

hares, rabbits

0/3,0/1,3/3,3/3

Grazing

deer, sheep,

etc.

2/2,1/1,2/2,3/3

Omnivory

humans

3/3,1/1,4/4,2/3

Carnivory

dogs, cats,

wolves, etc.

DENTITION

DENTITION

Specialized mammal teeth:

Sectorial teeth – teeth with opposing sharp edges like scissors specialized for cutting, as in carnassials (specialized sectorial teeth formed by upper premolar and lower molar among carnivores to cut muscles and sinews)

Specialized mammal teeth:

Tusks – elongated teeth; arise from different teeth in different species of mammals: left upper incisor (3 m long) in narwhal, or both upper canines that protrude downward in walruses, or both upper incisors in elephants.

DENTITION

Specialized mammal teeth:

Sectorial teeth in primates (upper canine and lower premolar)

Peg-like teeth in dolphins

Teeth are absent in anteaters and baleen whales

DENTITION

Specialized tooth growth in mammals:

In most mammals, permanent teeth do not grow nor replaced after they erupt, except in rodents (continuous growth at the roots of incisors to replace worn edge); in elephants molars erupt sequentially, newly emerged molar at the back pushes old molars forward to the front.

DENTITION

TROPHIC ADAPTATIONS

INSECTIVORES:

Intestinal tract tends to be short, as very little vegetable matter is taken that would require prolonged fermentation.

In the Philippines: Crocidura, Suncus, Podogymnura, Tupaia, Urogale.

TROPHIC ADAPTATIONS

Vermivory is a dominant trophic adaptation of endemic Philippine rodents, represented by an entire clade feeding on earthworms and other soft bodied-invertebrates.

In the Philippines:

Archboldomys, Chrotomys, Crunomys, Rhynchomys

TROPHIC ADAPTATIONS

TROPHIC ADAPTATIONS

HERVIBORES:

Feed on grasses and other vegetation; two main groups: browsers and grazers (ungulates or hooved mammals) and gnawers (such as rodents and rabbits); canines reduced or absent, molars broad and high-crowned for grinding vegetation

TROPHIC ADAPTATIONS

HERVIBORES:

Stomach is large and long. The

gut of some herbivores (horses,

elephants, rodents), has caecum

(an expanded diverticulum or

side pocket) that serves as

fermentation chamber and

absorptive area.

Coprophagy – eating of fecal

pellets

In the Philippines: Batomys,

Carpomys, Crateromys,

Phloeomys, Cynocephalus

TROPHIC ADAPTATIONS

TROPHIC ADAPTATIONS

HERBIVORES:

Ruminants (cattle, deer, sheep,

goat, giraffes, etc.) have huge, 4-

chambered stomach for

extensive fermentation. Grass

passes down to rumen, where it

is broken down by rich microflora,

and formed into small balls of

cud. Cud is returned to the

mouth and further chewed to

break down fibers. Swallowed

the second time, the cud is

further digested in the rumen by

cellololytic bacteria

TROPHIC ADAPTATIONS

HERBIVORES:

From the rumen, the pulp is then passed down to the reticulum then to the omasum, and finally to the abomasum (“true” acid stomach) where proteolytic enzymes assist in the normal digestion.

In the Philippines: Axis, Cervus, Bubalus

TROPHIC ADAPTATIONS

CARNIVORES: Well equipped with biting and piercing teeth, and powerful clawed feet; feed mainly on herbivores.

Digestive tract generally shorter; caecum small or absent.

In the Philippines: Arctictis,

Amblonyx, Herpestes,

Paradoxurus, Prionailurus,

Viverra, Mydaus

TROPHIC ADAPTATIONS

OMNIVORES:

Live on both plants and animals; largely opportunistic, taking advantage of seasonally abundant food (include rodents, pigs, racoons, bears, primates).

In the Philippines: Sus, Macaca, Rattus, Apomys

TROPHIC ADAPTATIONS

Locomotor Adaptation

Ambulatory. Adapted for walking; rodents and insects

Cursorial. adapted for running

Digitigrade: Carnivores, Cheetah

Unguligrade: Artiodactyls, horses

Saltatorial. Adapted for jumping

Rabbits Leap “spring”

Kangaroos Leap “Ricochet”

Graviporta.l Adaptation of cursorial form to support weight; Elephants

Locomotor Adaptation

Fossorial locomotion-reduce body projections, reduction of vision, inc number of tactile receptors, enlarge forefeet and claws and reduction of tail and neck

Semifossorial: ground squirrels, kangaroo rats

Fossorial: animals leaving underground: mole

Locomotor Adaptation

Scansorial: Adapted for climbing; Squirrels; sloth

Brachiating: monkeys

Arboreal: Adapted for tree living: Prehensile tails; opposable digits

Natatorial: Adapted for swimming; Cetaceans

Volant: Bats

Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology. 3rd edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 643 pp. Burde, J. H. and G. A. Feldhamer. 2005

PHILIPPINE MAMMAL: DIVERSITY AND ENDEMISM

ORDER NO. OF SPECIES

INSECTIVORA 10

SCANDENTIA 2

DERMOPTERA 1

CHIROPTERA 75

PRIMATES 3

RODENTIA 81

PHOLIDOTA 1

C ARNIVORA 7

ARTIODACTYLA 9

TOTAL 188++

Order Insectivora

small shrew-like forms, heavily tailed except in the tails which are more or less naked; braincase reduced in size; plantigrade; toe with short claws; dentition simple; terrestrials or burrowing.

Family Soricidae

Family Erinacidae

Insectivora No. of Species Endemic

Soricidae 8 6

Erinaceidae 2 2

Family Soricidae

Crocidura beatus . Common Mindanao Shrew © The Field Museum. Photograph by DS Balete. From Mindanao Island, South Cotabato Province

Crocidura palawanensis . Palawan Shrew. © The Field Museum. Photograph by DS Balete. From Palawan Island

Family Erinacidae

Podogymnura aureospinula . Dinagat gymnure. Photo courtesy of BR Tabaranza, Jr., Haribon Foundation. From Dinagat Island

Podogymnura truei . Mindanao gymnure. © The Field Museum. Photograph by LR Heaney. From Mindanao Island, Bukidnon Province

Order Scandentia

non-opposable digits present; with claws; nails absent with distinct shoulder stripes; nose naked

Family Tupaidae

Scandentia No. of Species endemic Tupaidae 2 2

Tupaia palawanesis.Palawan Tree shrew Photo courtesy of MJ Veluz, National Museum of the Philippines. From Palawan Island

Urogale everetti . Mindanao Tree Shrew. © The Field Museum. Photograph by DS Balete. From Mindanao Island, South Cotabato Provinc

Order Dermoptera

body covered with fur; gliding forms, patagium present, extending from side of neck to manus to toes to side of tail; first two lower incisors comb-like

Family Cynocephalidae - flying lemurs or cologos

Dermoptera No. of Species endemic Cyanocephalidae 1 1

Family Cynocephalidae

© The Field Museum. Photograph by PD Heideman. From Leyte Island.

Order Chiroptera

body covered with fur; teeth present; forelimbs modified into true wings extending from 2nd to 5th digits; with greatly elongated digits

Bat Morphological Anatomy

Metacarpal

First Phalanx

Terminal Phalanx

© The Field Museum. Photograph by DS Balete. From Luzon Island, Cavite Province

Posterior noseleaf

Connecting Process

Sella

Anterior noseleaf

Supplementary leaflet

Antitragus

© The Field Museum. Photograph by DS Balete. From Luzon Island, Camarines Sur Provinc

Posterior noseleaf

Intermediate noseleaf

Internarial Septum

Anterior noseleaf

Different nose leaf structure

Tails of representatives of Philippine bat Families. A – Pteropodidae, B- Megadermatidae, C – Vespertilionidae, D – Rhinolophidae, E – Molossidae and F - Emballonuridae

1 Interfemoral membrane absent or reduced, forming narrow region along insides of legs; tail short (up to 1/5 of body length) or absent and never incompletely enclosed by interfemoral membrane; second finger usually with claw (except for 3 species); both tragus and anti-tragus absent; ear margin forms a continuous ring .................................Pteropodidae

1' Interfemoral membrane a continuous expanse of skin stretching between legs if tail is present; tail usually more than 1/5 of body length; second finger without claw either tragus orantitragus or both present; ear margin does not form a continuous ring ....................................................................................... 2

2 Noseleaf present ............................................................................. 3

2' Noseleaf absent .............................................................................. 4

Photo courtesy of J Holden, Flora and Fauna International. From Cebu Island.

Photo courtesy of MRM Duya, Conservation International Philippines. From Mindanao Island, Sultan Kudarat Province

3 Large ears connected at top of forehead; tragus long and forked; external tail absent but interfemoral membranes well developed ............................................................................................................ Megadermatidae

3' Ears not connected across top of forehead; tragus absent but antitragus well developed; tail if present enclosed by interfemoral membrane except at extreme tip ........................................ Rhinolophidae

4 Tail extends beyond posterior margin of interfemoral membrane; ears maybe variable ........................................................................................ 5

4 ' Tail emerges dorsally from interfemoral membrane but shorter than membrane when membrane and legs outstretched; ears not thick and fleshy ............................................................................................... Emballonuridae

5 Tail tip may project 1-2 mm beyond membrane; ears not usually fleshy .............................................................................................................. Vespertilionidae

5' Tail tip projects over half its length; ears thick and fleshy .. Molossidae

© The Field Museum. Photograph by PD Heideman. From Negros Island

© The Field Museum. Photograph by DS Balete. From Luzon Island, Rizal Province

©The Field Museum. Photograph by DS Balete. From Luzon Island, Camarines Sur Province.

© The Field Museum. Photograph by DS Balete. From Luzon Island, Camarines Sur Provinc

Photo courtesy of JL Sedlock, Lawrence University. From Bohol Island.

© The Field Museum. Photograph by DS Balete. From Mindanao Island, Surigao del Sur Province.

© The Field Museum. Photograph by PD Heideman. From Negros Island

© The Field Museum. Photograph by DS Balete. From Luzon Island, Camarines Sur Provinc

Photo courtesy of G Jakosalem, Cebu Biodiversity Conservation Foundation. From Cebu Island

Photo courtesy of A. Cariño, Biak-na-Bato National Park

Order Primates functional digits more than two; toe or thumb or both, opposablle; nails or claws present on digits; no distinct shoulder stripes

Family Lorisidae - lorises and coucangs; second digit of foot with claws; rhinanium present; area around nostrils naked; tail vestigial

Family Tarsiidae - tarsiers; second or third digits with claw-like nails; tips of digits with large circular pads; rhinanium absent; area around nostrils haired; long sparsely haired tail

Family Cercopithecidae - old world monkeys; all digits with flattened nails; tail long or vestigia

Primates No. Of Species Endemic Loriidae 1 0 Tarsiidae 1 1 Cercopithecidae 1 0

Photo courtesy of Arkive Images of Life on Earth (http://www.arkive.org). Photograph by D Heuclin Tarsius syrichta. Philippine tarsier. Photo courtesy of Arkive

Images of Life on Earth (http://www.arkive.org). Photograph by P Fidenci, Endangered Species Internationa

Order Rodentia

small or medium sized forms with a single pair of greatly elongate chisel-like incisors in upper or lower jaws; manus with four or five functional digits; claws always present

Family Sciuridae - squirrels; patagium maybe present or absent; tail hairy and bushy; adapted for arboreal or volant mode of living

Family Muridae - mice and rats; patagium absent; tail may be hairy, bushy, with scales or naked or bi-colored; adapted for arboreal, semi-arboreal, or terrestrial mode of living

Family Hystricidae - old world porcupines; pelage with well developed spines; mostly for terrestrial or cursorial mode of living

Rodentia No. of Species Endemic Scuiridae 9 9 Hystricidae 1 1

Sundasciurus philippinensis . Mindanao Tree Squirrel. Photo courtesy of MRM Duya, Conservation International Philippines. From Mindanao Island, Sultan Kudarat Province

Sundasciurus rabori . Palawan Montane Tree Squirell © The Field Museum. Photograph by DS Balete. From Palawan Island

Sundasciurus steeri . Southern Palawan Tree Squirell © The Field Museum. Photograph by DS Balete. From Palawan Island

Family Muridae

Archboldomys sp. Photo by DS Balete

Rodentia No. of Species Endemic Muridae 64 56

Apomys datae. Photo by DS Balete.

Batomys hamiguitan Photo courtesy of RS Quidlat

Bullimus luzonicus. Photo by LR Heaney

Carpomys melanurus . Photo by DS Balete.

Chiropodomys calamianensis. Photo by DS Balete.

Chrotomys whiteheadi. Photo by LR Heaney

Crunomys melanius DS Balete

Order Pholidota

body covered with imbricate scales; teeth lacking; palate with conspicuous medial, longitudinal depression

Family Manidae - pangolins

Ma

nis

cul

ion

ensi

s. P

alaw

an P

ang

olin

.

Pholidota No. of Species Endemic Manidae 1 0

Order Carnivora

canine teeth strongly differentiated from incisors; medium sized; burrowing, terrestrial or arboreal forms

Family Felidae - cats; claws retractile

Family Mustelidae - weasels, Otters, badgers; feet either with long powerful curved claws or partly webbed and clawless; scent gland maybe present near anus

Family Herpestidae - mongoose; claws not reractile; pelage coarse with light coloration and without stripes or markings; tail never prehensile; anal glands absent

Family Viveridae - civets; claws not retractile; pelage maybe long with shaggy black coat or dark with stripes, spots and markings on the back of the head; tail maybe prehensile or striped; anal glands usually present

Carnivora No. of Species Endemic Felidae 1 0 Mustelidae 1 1 Herpestidae 1 0 Mephitidae 1 0 Viveriidae 3 0

Prionailurus bengalensis . Leopard Cat. © The Field Museum. Photograph by PD Heideman. From Negros Island

Aonyx cinerea. Oriental small-clawed otter

Herpestes brachyurus. Short-tailed mongoose

Mydaus marchei . Palawan Stink badger

Artictis binturong. Palwan bearcat

Family Viveridae

Artictis binturong. Palawan bearcat

© The Field Museum. Photograph by LR Heaney. From Mindanao Island, Bukidnon Province

Photo courtesy of CC Lee, Nature Photography of Southeast Asia (http://www.wildborneo.com.my). From Malaysia

Order Artiodactyla

relatively large forms; functional digits of forelimb and hindlimb reduced to two; digits with hoofs instead of claws or nails; even-toed ungulates

Family Suidae - pigs; upper canines curve either outward, upward or both; four pedal digits

Family Tragulidae - mouse deer or chevrotains; upper canines present in males; well developed hoofs present; only hoofs touch the ground

Family Cervidae - deers; paired antler or antler pedicels present only in males

Family Bovidae - cattles and goats; paired horns or horn cores present; horns never forked

Artiodactyla No. Of Species Endemic Suidae 3 2 Tragulidae 1 0 Cervidae 3 3 Bovidae 1 1

Tragulus nigricans. Balabac Mouse deer Bubalus mindorensis. Philippine tamaraw.. Photo courtesy of Arkive Images of Life on Earth (http://www.arkive.org). Photograph by D Heucli

Family Cervidae

Cervus mariannus. Philippine Brwon Deer © The Field Museum. Photograph by LR Heaney. From Luzon Island, Mountain Province

Cervus alfredi Philippine Spotted Deer © The Field Museum. Photograph by LR Heaney

Family Suidae

Sus cebifrons. Visayan Warty Pig Sus ahoenobarbus. Palawan Bearded Pig

Sus philippensis. Philippine Warty Pig