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The major challenge of the Triennale : to identify which critical skills can bring about accelerated and sustainable development in Africa. Mamadou Ndoye Richard Walther General Coordinators . - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Ouagadougou Triennale 2012 13/02/2012
THE MAJOR CHALLENGE OF THE TRIENNALE: TO IDENTIFY WHICH CRITICAL SKILLS CAN BRING
ABOUT ACCELERATED AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA
Mamadou NdoyeRichard WaltherGeneral Coordinators
THE MAJOR CHALLENGE OF THE TRIENNALE: TO IDENTIFY WHICH CRITICAL SKILLS CAN
BRING ABOUT ACCELERATED AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA
Contents• Africa is stalling• From Maputo to Ouagadougou• The main themes of the Triennale• The path towards sustainable development• Recasting education and training systems• The way forward for the future
Ouagadougou Triennale 2012 13/02/2012
Africa is currently stalling:The last in line in human development
HDI 1990 2000 2010• Africa 0.4 0.4 0.4• East Asia and Pacific 0.5 0.6 0.6• South Asia 0.4 0.4 0.5 • Latin America & Caribbean 0.6 0.7 0.7• OECD 0.8 0.9
0.9
Ouagadougou Triennale 2012 13/02/2012
The main reasons why Africa has been left behind:The stock and quality of skills make the difference
• 48% of all out-of-school children worldwide live in sub-Saharan Africa, 47 million children are illiterate, and 10 million drop out of school
• 66% of all youths remain outside of any sort of formal learning path after the primary education cycle.
• The gross enrolment ratio in tertiary education is 6% in sub-Saharan Africa whereas it is 70% in North American and Western Europe.
Ouagadougou Triennale 2012 13/02/2012
The main reasons why Africa has been left behind:Extremely weak research
In 2006, Africa had only 35 research centers while there were 861 in North
America, 1576 in Europe and 655 in Asia.
Triennale de Ouagadougou 2012 13/02/2012
25.1
32.235.5
2.9
2.2
2
2002
North America
Europe
Asia
Latin America & Car-ibbean
Africa
Oceania
21.9
29.5
40.9
3.5
2.2
2
2007
The main reasons Africa has been left behind:Extremely weak research DISTRIBUTION OF RESEARCHERS
2002 and 2007 (%)
Source: UNESCO Science Report 2010
Ouagadougou Triennale 2012 13/02/2012
Will the gap narrow or widen in the future?
• Optimistic scenarios…• Remarkable economic growth rate and school enrolment
ratio along with huge natural and demographic assets• Africa’s GDP will increase from 1700 billion dollars in
2010 to 15000 billion dollars in 2060• The per capita GDP will increase from 1600 dollars to
more than 5600 dollars between 2010 and 2060• In 2060, most African countries will be average-income
countries and extreme poverty will be abolished (AfDB, 2011)
Will the gap narrow or widen in the future?
• Pessimistic scenarios• Threshold effects and greater scientific and technological gaps that
confine Africa to exporting raw materials (90% of its exports) which are on a downward trend
• The gap and impoverishment will worsen, “in 2025, the continent will still have a per capita income below a quarter of the world average”(Attali, 2006)
• Resources or constraints: no grounds to be fatalistic• Demographic growth and a young population: asset or hindrance?• Huge amounts of natural resources: sources of trafficking and
conflicts or prosperity?
Ouagadougou Triennale 2012 13/02/2012
From Maputo to Ouagadougou
The future is built in people’s minds…
Ouagadougou Triennale 2012 13/02/2012
From Maputo to Ouagadougou:From stock to efficiency of transferable skills for effecting major changes in direction and steps forward
Real progress but also persistent challenges: • Greater access, equity, duration, opportunities• Fighting the marginalization of women, rural populations, etc.• Promoting globalization, diversification, integration, flexibility in systems…
A promising outlook but also new challenges• Guaranteeing adaptation, efficiency, relevance, usefulness and use of
learning• Strengthening the capacity to innovate and introduce change in contexts
that raise complex issues• Promote the emergence of a class of innovators and creators
Main themes of the Triennale:Concept and challenges of sustainable development (S.D.)
The challenges presented by global warming
Preservation of biodiversity and the environment
The challenges presented by the subsistance economy
Driving accelerated and sustainable growth
Increasing inequalities and poverty
Building inclusive societies
Conflict and civil wars Promoting intercultural
understanding and the values of solidarity, peace and democracy
S.D. a capacity to survive and improve living standards in the face of rapid change
Main themes of the Triennale: Concept and implications of critical skills (C.S.)
Make use of and integrate knowledge of theory, procedure
and the environment when confronting a problematic context
Promote qualifications for sectors and occupations that are strategic to development today
and tomorrow
Learn to innovate to solve unprecedented problems and
develop transformation
Promote an overall and open lifelong learning
C.S.: fundamental capacity to meet challenges and optimize comparative advantages in a particular context so as to ensure that a society remains strong and competitive
Ouagadougou Triennale 2012 13/02/2012
MethodologyHow should critical skills for the accelerated and sustainable development of Africa be promoted?
The combination of two approaches to identify, analyze and learn from policies and experiences that offer solutions
– Action-research of a strategic type
– Consultations with various stakeholders
Ouagadougou Triennale 2012 13/02/2012
On the path towards sustainable development:Adopt a strategic approach
• Step 1: revisit the past to build up pride and confidence in Africa so as to have greater mastery of the avenues to the future: “we need to know where we come from to know where we are going”
• Step 2: devise, together with all the players involved, “a consistent, long-term vision of Africa’s future”
• Step 3: make education and training central to current and future policies and strategies as “drivers of sustainable development”
Ouagadougou Triennale 2012 13/02/2012
The path towards sustainable development:Identify and promote critical skills for the accelerated and sustainable development of Africa
• A set of common core skills for a new, aware, responsible and active African citizenship in respect of all facets of sustainable development
• Technical and vocational skills to raise productivity of labor and the added value of the economy, and accelerate growth
• Technological and scientific skillsto build up knowledge- and innovation-based economies and play an active role in the dynamics of globalization
Ouagadougou Triennale 2012 13/02/2012
Recasting the education and training systems: Basic guidelines
1. Tailor education and training to economic and social demand
Training must take on board the issues pertaining to local and national development
2. Adjusting curricula consequently Not simply gaining mastery of knowledge but more
importantly knowing how to use it to solve problems in one’s environment or to develop skills
3. Refocus teaching approaches Shift from teacher-led processes to learning-based ones
Ouagadougou Triennale 2012 13/02/2012
Recasting the education and training systems: Cultural change and undermining practices on the ground
4. Learn to learn, from oneself and from others5. Go beyond the walls of the institution and
establish skills while confronted with the immediate environment
6. Re-train teachers/trainers and all the players involved from the critical standpoint of promoting new cultures and practices centerd on the new paradigms and approaches
Ouagadougou Triennale 2012 13/02/2012
Recasting the education and training systems: Three decisive changes in direction, a basic change
1. Incorporate the linguistic, cultural and historical heritage of African societies, including traditional knowledge and practices into education and training
2. Broadly disseminate a scientific culture in society by outreach and by including it in all forms of education from an early ageThe interaction between these two dimensions offers the potential for open, dynamic African cultures, the internalization of the sciences by African societies and the indigenous production of relevant scientific and technological inventions.
3. Include ICTs to amplify capacity and the impact of the implied changes
Ouagadougou Triennale 2012 13/02/2012
Recasting the education and training systems: Meeting the challenges of its implementation
1. Build up and maintain as broad as possible a consensus about the planned reforms
2. Promote an environment of material and community well-being conducive to relevant, quality learning
3. Plan and raise significant resources for the implementation of the required changes
4. Develop capacities for research and supporting measures for the reforms (performance indicators for managing, monitoring and assessing change)
5. Guarantee the long-term continuity of reforms
Ouagadougou Triennale 2012 13/02/2012
Recasting the education and training systems: Inter-African and international cooperation
1. Strengthen the dynamic of learning from others, pooling resources, cooperation and integration on the sub-regional and regional levels to:• Build up and pool capacities, policies and reform tools• Promote centers of excellency at all levels of skills
development, in particular in the strategic sectors and occupations
• To provide for advanced and highly specialized areas2. Re-position North-South and South-South cooperation so that
African expertise itself builds up its skills in action3. Involve national and international businesses in the processes
of identifying and providing training for critical skills
Ouagadougou Triennale 2012 13/02/2012
Areas to explore to open up new horizons
• How can education and training be placed at the heart of the strategies and policies for sustainable development?
• How can a strategic framework for the development of skills be devised and implemented at the national, sub-regional and continental levels?
• How can a partnership-based, participative Governance Charter be promoted?
• How can the other conditions and decisive factors in accelerated and sustainable development in Africa be fostered, since while necessary, education and training are not enough?
Ouagadougou Triennale 2012 13/02/2012
Thank you