Male reproductive system

Dr: Azza ZakiDr: Azza Zaki


Male Reproductive SystemMale Reproductive System


Male Male ReproductiveReproductive

SystemSystem

External GenitaliaPenis: Organ of

CopulationScrotum

Genital Ducts:Genital Ducts:Epididymis

Vas deferensEjaculatory duct

Urethra

Genital Glands:Genital Glands:ProstateProstate

Seminal vesicleSeminal vesicleBulbourethralBulbourethral

PrimarPrimaryy

Sex OrganSex OrganTestisTestis

Accessory Sex Organs


Function of the Male Reproductive SystemFunction of the Male Reproductive System Primary sex organs: Gonads (testes):

produced: Gametes: sperms Sex hormone:

testosterone Genital Ducts: store

sperm &transport sperms Accessory glands:

secrete substances that nourish the sperms

External genitalia: Penis: organ of copulation Scrotum: protect testis


TestesTestesThey are the 1ry sex 1ry sex

organorgan which produce:

spermatozoa (exocrine function)

& testosterone hormone (endocrine function).

Location: small oval organ

located in the scrotumscrotum suspended by spermatic cordspermatic cord


Coverings Of The TestesCoverings Of The Testes Each testis has

the following coverings:

3 capsules:3 capsules: tunica vasculosa tunica albuginia:

fibrous layer, which thickened posteriorly to form mediastinum testis

tunica vaginalis: serous layer ,which has visceral & parietal layers


3 coats3 coats derived from anterior abdominal wall:

Internal spermatic fascia: derived from the fascia transversalis

Cremasteric muscle and fascia: derived from the internal oblique muscle

External spermatic fascia: derived from the external spermatic aponeurosis


The Covering Of The TestisThe Covering Of The Testis (From Outside To Inside)(From Outside To Inside)

1) Skin (scrotum)2) Dartos muscle 3) Colle's fascia4) External spermatic fascia5) Cremasteric muscle & fascia6) Internal spermatic fascia7) Tunica vaginalis:

– parietal layer & visceral layer8) Tunica albuginea (fibrous capsule)9) Tunica vasculosa


The Covering Of The TestisThe Covering Of The Testis (From Outside To Inside)(From Outside To Inside)


Internal Structure Of The TestisInternal Structure Of The TestisFrom the medistinum testis septa arise and dividing the testis into 250 lobules each lobule contains 1-4 convoluted seminiferous tubules(60 cm in length)


• Connective tissue between the tubules contains interstitial cells of Leydig which secrete testosterone

• Spermatogenic cells: produce sperms

• Sertoli cells: supporting • The seminiferous

tubules join to form straight tubules called tubuli recti

• Which break into a network of canaliculi called rete testis.


Arterial supply: Arterial supply: Testicular arteryTesticular artery which is a branch from abdominal aorta at the level of the 2nd lumbar vertebra.Venous drainage:Venous drainage: pampiniform plexus of veins, becomes:The right testicularright testicular vein &drains into the inferior inferior vena cavavena cava,, left testicularleft testicular vein drains into the left renal veinleft renal vein

Blood SupplyBlood Supply


Lymph Drainage of the Testis & Lymph Drainage of the Testis & ScrotumScrotum

• The lymph drainage of the testis and epididymis is into the lumbar or paraaortic lymph nodes at the level of the first lumbar vertebra.

• The lymph drainage of the scrotal wall is into the superficial inguinal lymph nodes.


Clinical Notes:Clinical Notes:1-Varicocele1-Varicocele A varicocele is a condition

in which the veins of the pampiniform plexus are elongated ,dilated and tortuous.

It is a common disorder in young adults, with most occurring on the left side.

This is thought to be because the right testicular vein joins the low-pressure inferior vena cava, whereas the left vein joins the left renal vein, in which the venous pressure is higher.


Cryptorchidism: Undescended Testis:Cryptorchidism: Undescended Testis:

• One of the testes may fail to descend into the scrotum during development.


Imperfect descent (Cryptorchidism)Imperfect descent (Cryptorchidism)• Incomplete descent:• in which the testis, although traveling down its normal path,

fails to reach the floor of the scrotum. It may be found within • The abdomen, within the inguinal canal, at the superficial inguinal ring, or high up in the scrotum.• It is necessary for the testes to leave the abdominal cavity because the temperature there retards the normal process of spermatogenesis. If an incompletely descended testis is brought down into the scrotum by surgery before puberty, it will develop and function normally. A maldescended testis, although often developing normally, is susceptible to traumatic

injury and, for this reason, should be placed in the scrotum. The incidence of tumor formation is greater in testes that have

not descended into the scrotum.


• Hydrocele: This is an accumulation of fluid within the tunica vaginalis.

• The indirect inguinal hernia: the protrusion of part of the abdominal contents into the inguinal canal &scrotum

• It is congenital in origin (the remains of the processus vaginalis). The hernial sac enters the inguinal canal through the deep inguinal ring and lateral to the inferior epigastric

vessels. The hernial sac may extend down into the scrotum

Scrotal swelling: Varicocele, Inguinal hernia, Hydrocele or testicular tumor


The ScrotumThe Scrotum

• It is a sac of dark & wrinkled skin

• It is divided by a septum into right & left compartments, each of which enclose:

• a testis• The epididymis• The lower end of

the spermatic cord


• The wall of the scrotum has the following layers:

• Skin; dartos muscle; Colles’ fascia; external spermatic fascia; cremastric muscle &fascia; internal spermatic fascia& tunica vaginalis

• the dartos muscle is innervated by sympathetic nerve &contraction of dartosdartos muscle wrinkles the scrotum & reducing heat loss.reducing heat loss.

The external location of the testis in the scrotum brings the tests in an environment with a temperature less than the body by 1.5-2 degree, a condition necessary for the development & storage of development & storage of the sperms.the sperms.


Spermatic CordSpermatic Cord• The spermatic cord is a collection of

structures that pass through the inguinal canal to and from the testis.

• It is covered with 3 concentric layers of fascia derived from the layers of the anterior abdominal wall.

• It begins at the deep inguinal ring& ends at the testis.

• Structures of the Spermatic Cord: Vas (ductus) deferens Testicular artery testicular vein (Pampiniform plexus) Testicular nerve (Autonomic) Testicular lymph vessels Remains of processus vaginalis


The Coverings Of The The Coverings Of The Spermatic CordSpermatic Cord

External spermatic fascia: is derived from the external oblique aponeurosis

Cremasteric muscle & fascia: derived from the internal oblique muscle

Internal spermatic fascia: is derived from transversalis fascia


Pathway of Sperm• Seminiferous tubules

• Rete testis

• Epididymis

• Vas (ductus) deferens

• Ampulla of vas deferens

• Ejaculatory duct

• Prostatic urethra

• Membranous urethra

• Penile (spongy) urethra


Genital DuctsGenital Ducts• Conduct the sperms Conduct the sperms

from the testis to the from the testis to the urethra.urethra.

• They allow the They allow the maturation & storage maturation & storage of spermatozoaof spermatozoa

• They include:They include: Tubuli recti. Rete testis. Efferent ductules. Duct of EpididymisDuct of Epididymis Vas deferensVas deferens Ejaculatory ductsEjaculatory ducts urethraurethra


EpididymisEpididymis • It is a highly coiled tubecoiled tube 6 meters)

• Forms a commacomma- shaped structure in relation to the posterior posterior part of testis.part of testis.

• It is formed of the following parts:

• Head: the upper part that forms a cap around the upper pole of the testis.

• Body:Body: the middle part behind the testis.

• Tail:Tail: the lower part which is continuous with the vas deferens.

•The sperms storedsperms stored & complete their maturation in epididymis until ejaculation.


Vas DeferensVas Deferens• It Is a cord like structure 45

cm tube with thick muscular wall

• It transmits the sperms from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.

• 1-It begins in the scrotum as a continuation of the tail of the epididymis behind the testis.

• It ascends in the spermatic cord

• 2- It enters the inguinal canal• At the deep inguinal ring, it

hooks around the lateral side of the inferior epigastric artery to enter the pelvis.


3-Then, it passes on the side wall of pelvis crossing the following from above down:• External iliac vessels• Umbilical artery• Obturator nerve & vessels

– Then, it passes medially crossing over the ureter and descends behind the base of urinary bladder medial to seminal vesicle where it forms the ampulla of vas.

• It join the duct of seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct.ejaculatory duct.

• Vasectomy: male sterilization is done by vasectomy, where a short segment of vas is cut through an incision in the upper part of the scrotum .


Ejaculatory DuctEjaculatory DuctFormed by union of

the ampulla of the vas deferensvas deferens with the duct of the seminal vesicleseminal vesicle.

It opens in the prostatic urethraprostatic urethra.

Urethra:Urethra: Is a common

passageway for urine and semen.


Accessory GlandsAccessory Glands• Are the glands that

secrete substances into the passageways that transport sperms.

• These substances contribute to liquid part of semen.

• They include:They include:• Seminal vesicle• Prostate• Bulbourethral

(Cowper’s) glands


Seminal VesicleSeminal VesicleThey are in the form of They are in the form of sacculated glands 5 cm longsacculated glands 5 cm long

lying behind the urinary bladder, lateral to the ampulla ampulla of vasof vas & anterior to the & anterior to the rectum.rectum.

Formed of highly coiled tube

Its duct joins the vas deferens to form ejaculatory duct

Its secretion constituting 60% of semen. This secretion is alkaline & contains fructose.


Prostate GlandProstate Gland Single gland (2,3,4cm)Single gland (2,3,4cm) Site: lies below the

neck of urinary bladder

behind the lower border of symphysis pubis

surrounding the upper part of the urethra (prostatic urethra).

• Shape: inverted cone which has:– Apex.– Base.– 4 surfaces.


• Apex: directed downwards • Base: directed upwards. It is directly with the bladder neck.

It is pierced by the urethra – Posterior surface: related to ampulla of rectum – It is pierced by 2 ejaculatory ducts – Anterior surface: lies behind the lower border of Symphysis pubis


Prostate GlandProstate Gland Its ducts open along the Its ducts open along the urethral cresturethral crest

It produces an It produces an acidic acidic secretion, which is add to secretion, which is add to the the (25%) semen(25%) semen during during ejaculationejaculation

The urethra & 2 ejaculatory ducts traverse the prostate; dividing it into 5 lobes:

Lobes:1. Lobes:1. Median:Median: It lies between the urethra and the 2 ejaculatory ducts. It projects inside the urinary bladder forming “uvula vesicae” just behind the internal urethral meatus. It contains much glandular tissue (common site of adenoma). 2.2.Anterior, Anterior, 3.3.Posterior Posterior 4.4.Right & Right & 5.5. left left lateral lobeslateral lobes


Hypertrophy Of Prostate With AgeHypertrophy Of Prostate With AgeThe prostate The prostate

undergo undergo hypertrophy with hypertrophy with age (50 y)age (50 y) resulting resulting in benign in benign hyperplasia, a hyperplasia, a condition that may condition that may constrict the constrict the urethraurethra resulting resulting in in difficulty in difficulty in urinationurination

Per rectal Per rectal examination of examination of the prostatethe prostate

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands:Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands:They are small gland that lie on either side of They are small gland that lie on either side of membranous urethra. They open into penile membranous urethra. They open into penile urethra. They produce alkaline secretion that urethra. They produce alkaline secretion that protecting the sperms & lubricate the tip of the protecting the sperms & lubricate the tip of the penispenis


Crus of penis

Bulb of penis

Corpus spongiosum

Corpora cavernosa

Glans

Penis: Erectile BodiesPenis: Erectile Bodies

It is the copulatory organ in man that passes urine & semen. It is a highly vascular cylindrical organ

Erection is by parasympathetic nerves.

Ejaculation: is by sympathetic nerves.


• It consists of a :• Root: that attach

penis to perineum• A body (shaft):• Glans penis:

enlarged end of the body. Prepuce (foreskin): partially covers glans and surrounds external urethral meatus (may be removed in circumcision)


Internal Structure Of The PenisInternal Structure Of The Penis• It consists of 3

masses of erectile tissue:

• 2 corpora cavernosa

• Corpus spongiosum: is traversed by the urethra & its posterior end expand to form the bulb of the penis.


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Male reproductive system