Malcolm Knowles Adult Learning Theory

Patricia Farley MS RN CNEWalden University

EdD StudentEDUC 8101

Questions to be addressed?

• What is andragogy?• What is the difference between

andragogy and pedagogy?• What are Malcolm Knowles

assumptions of adult learning?• What are some limitations of Knowles

adult learning theory?

Andragogy

• Andragogy

• Alexander Kapp

Malcolm Knowles

• Father of adult learning• Harvard University• Director of YMCA• Astronomy class• The Modern Practice of

Adult Education: Andragogy vs. Pedagogy

• Published over 230 articles & 18 books

Pedagogy vs. Andragogy

Six Assumptions of Andragogy

1. Self concept

2. Learner’s experience

3. Readiness to learn

4. Orientation to learning

5. Motivation to learn

6. Need to know

Self Concept

Adults are actively involved in decisions that affect themselves

The Role of the Learner’s Experience

Adults come into educational activities with experience

Readiness to Learn

Adults are ready to learn when they need new information to cope effectively with life situations.

Orientation to Learning

Adult learning experiences should be structured around life situations.

Motivation to Learn

Adults are motivated by internal pressures

The Need to Know

Adults must recognize the necessity of learning something prior to starting the process of learning.

Strengths of Knowles Theory

• A set of core adult learning principles

• Can be applied to all

adult learning situations

Limitations of Knowles Theory

• Based on observation and experience

• No valid measurement tool

• Various order of assumptions

• Adult experiences may be negative

• These assumptions can relate to children

• The impact of culture, race, gender or environment not mentioned

Summary

• Andragogy remains the best known model of adult learning

• All theories have strengths/weaknesses.

• No single theory explains how every adult learns.

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