MALARIA

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AN INTRODUCTION TO MALARIA

Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals that is transmitted by the Plasmodium parasite that develops inside the mosquito. It begins with a bite from an infected female Anopheles mosquito, which introduces the Plasmodium through saliva into the blood stream. In the blood, the Plasmodium travel to the liver to reproduce. Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever and headache, which in severe cases can progress to coma or death. The disease is abundant in Africa.

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CONTENTS

How does it effect us?

What’s being done about it?

What is the history of Malaria?

Who does it affect?

Bibliography

HOW DOES IT EFFECT OUR ECONOMY?

The effects of Malaria on our Economy are incredibly draining, including:

Medical cost

Reduction in tourism

Unemployment

These are the top 3 economical impacts of Malaria. This economic burden has a definite relation to poverty as in 1995, countries with Malaria had 33% of the income of countries without. Haiti, the country with the worst levels of Malaria in the Western Hemisphere is also the poorest country in the Western hemisphere.

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ECONOMICAL EFFECTS: MEDICAL

Costs for providing mosquito nets, prevention medicine, insecticide and other Malaria control methods are a huge drain on the economy of infected countries. Hospitals are constantly treating Malaria patients costing valuable resources and space. Transport and treatment of infected patients is also extremely costly.

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THE MOST VULNERABLE

Children and pregnant women are the most susceptible to the Malaria parasite.

This is because in both situations, the immune system is weakened so therefore are more hospitable for the parasite.

117 Africans (mainly women and children) die from Malaria per 100,000

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LOCATIONS MOST VULNERABLE.

Most humid, and warm countries can house the Anopheles Mosquito (which spreads the Parasite). So places like Africa and Thailand.

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MAP OF I

NFECTED

COUNTRIES.

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CELEBRITIES INVOLVED WITH MALARIA.

People like, Bono, Paul Mcartney, George Clooney, Brad pitt and even Elton John have come together to fight Malaria.

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LEADING SCIENTISTS.

The fight for Malaria is a combined cause and so there are many scientists working together to find a cure/vaccine, but some more famous names include Peter Agre and John Hopkins.

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FACTS ON MALARIA

About 3.3 billion people – half of the world's population – are at risk of malaria.

In 2010, 90% of all world wide malaria deaths occurred in the African Region, mostly among children under five years of age.

86% of Malaria deaths are sadly, young children.74H112

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ANCIENT CURES

As far back as ancient Egypt, people have been trying to prevent diseases associated with the mosquito. The earliest documented case of prevention was the Pharaoh Sneferu who made bed nets to stop pesky mosquitos.

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THE FUTURE

Finding a cure is Incredibly difficult as the Malaria parasite has multiple strains that affect humans that constantly mutate to resist the drugs we use to fight them. It is unlikely that a cure is going to be found, but a vaccine for the deadliest and most common strain is undergoing clinical trials at the moment and is projected to be ready by 2015!

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ECONOMICAL EFFECTS: TOURISM

Malaria infested countries have an astoundingly lower percentage of tourism. Fear of contracting the disease has had a negative impact on the economies of many African countries, many of whom rely on any income they can manage. A key factor for Malaria to thrive is that the country is poor, so that many of the infected countries are already struggling without the added burden of Malaria.

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ECONOMY: UNEMPLOYED

An economy is highly dependant on people working, but if people are struck down with Malaria, that task becomes slightly more complicated. Due to the symptoms of Malaria, it is impossible to work if you have contracted it, so there is a massive strain on the economy because of jobs that aren’t getting done, because the people simply can’t do it.

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SOCIAL IMPACTS?

Malaria has multiple devastating effects on the lives of others. Aside from killing off a member of your family, even it if doesn’t prove fatal, it can send someone who is a families main source of income bedridden and sick for weeks, preventing normal life from continuing. It can also kill important members of small communities and villages such as a leader or chief, sending the entire community into chaos.

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THE PROCESS

http://prezi.com/6hgit9zct5if/edit/#3

Click here to see a Prezi on this process

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The pregnant female Anopheles Mosquito bites it’s victim to feed it’s babies on the blood.

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WHAT IS THE HISTORY OF MALARIA?

Malaria is a single celled organism that predates the existence of humanity. Malaria was first mentioned over 4,000 years ago. Symptoms of malaria were described in ancient Chinese medical writings, and the disease was widely recognized in Greece by the fourth century BCE

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MOST IMPORTANT DATES IN MALARIA HISTORY

1820 Quinine becomes a common treatment for intermittent fever, later identified as malaria

1880 First malaria parasite discovered by Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran

1898 Sir Ronald Ross discovers that mosquitoes transmit malaria

1934 Anti-malarial drug Chloroquine discovered by Hans Andersag

1955 Global Malaria Eradication Campaign launched by WHO

Malaria parasite first grown in culture in a lab by Dr. William Trager and Dr. JB Jensen

1992 Today’s most advanced malaria vaccine candidate, RTS,S, enters clinical trials

1996 Insecticide-treated bed nets are proven to reduce overall childhood mortality by 20% in large, multi- country African study

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FIRST DOCUMENTED CASE

Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, a French army surgeon stationed in Constantine, Algeria, was the first to notice parasites in the blood of a patient suffering from malaria. This occurred on the 6th of November 1880. Six years later Camillo Golgi, an Italian neurophysiologist, established that there were at least two forms of the disease.

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On August 20th, 1897, Ronald Ross, a British officer in the Indian Medical Service, was the first to demonstrate that the malaria parasites could be transmitted from infected patients to mosquitoes and then from the mosquito to more humans.

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THE ANCIENT HISTORY OF MALARIA

Malaria was recognised in ancient China and Greece. Ancient Chinese treatments of Malaria use the same remedy, Quinghao, as we do today. It is a sweet wormwood extract and is used in conjunction with other medicines. Ancient Greece made note of the disease and it’s symptoms in texts as well.

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To ensure the blood doesn’t clot and harden around the proboscis it injects it’s saliva with an anti-coagulant agent, this is what causes the itchy bump.

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Along with the anti-coagulant, the female mosquito passes on the malaria parasite.

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The cell passes through liver cells until it decides on one to infect, killing those is passes through. It reproduces until it has bred a new generation of parasite that targets red blood cells.

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The parasite then hides inside the red blood cell so the immune system can’t attack it and it reproduces further, destroying red blood cells causing severe anaemia (severe loss of blood).

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The parasite multiplies inside the red blood cell until the cell dies, then the cell bursts releasing the newly born parasites into the bloodstream.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

WebsitesMalaria Lifecycle August 05 2009, Youtube, accessed 18 March 2013,

<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szlfndj0TFE>.

Malaria 15 March 2013, Wikipedia, accessed 15 March 2013, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria>.

Malaria Control and Elimination n.d., WHO, accessed 19 March 2013, <http://www.emro.who.int/entity/malaria-control-and-elimination/>.

Global Malaria Action Plan n.d., Roll Back Malaria, accessed 19 March 2013, <http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/gmap/>.

BooksShan, S July 06 2010, The Fever, Sarah Crichton Books, .

DocumentariesBBC Malaria Documentary: Return to Fever Road 2011, DVD, BBC, Kenya,

October 26

We also attended 3 lectures on Malaria, two by Christopher Adda and the third by Robin Anders