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CKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, thanks to my Biology teacher, Mrs Azlinda for
being such good
us while we were doing this task. She had given us appropriate
example and
knowledge in order to make us understand more about this
ecological study. We
take some idea from the past years students work. She spends her
time to carry
out each and every experiment related to this ecological study.
She also makes
sure that we understand everything she told and gives some
explanation before we
begin to work on these practical assessments.
I also appreciate the school authority for giving us permission
to carry
outexperiment in school laboratory and going our quadrates and
transect sampling
technique in school ground. School also provided all the
apparatus and
materialsthat we used in the ecological study task.
I also want to thank to my classmates who are willing to share
their
information about this ecological study. They give me a lot of
ideas about the tasks
and I use all their information especially in transect sampling
technique which
required us to work together in order to complete the ecological
study folio.
Also, a great thanks to my family who tried their best to give
their support
either by giving me a lot of encouragement for keep us with this
task or by
supporting the financial for use topay all the cost required to
complete this
ecological study.
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8 1 THE ABIOTIC AND BIOTICCOMPONENTS OF THE
ENVIRONMENT
Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions among
organismsand the interaction between the organisms and their
environment.
An environment consists of living component and
non-livingcomponent.
The living component in an environment are called the
bioticcomponents.
The non living component in an environment are called
abioticcomponents.
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The abiotic factors of an ecosystem
pH VALUE The pH value of the soil or water has a significant
effect on the distribution of
organisms which live in a habitat.
Most organisms survive well in neutral or nearly neutral
environments. Aquatic organisms are sensitive to the effects of the
pH of water and may be killed if
the pH changes considerably.
HUMIDITY
Humidity refers to the amount of water vapour in the air.
Humidity affects the rate of water loss from plants and animals.
Humidity is usually higher during the night and lower during the
day.LIGHT INTENSITY
The intensity of light affects the distribution and growth of
plants, and the distributionof animals.
The sun is the source of energy for photosynthesis in
plants.TEMPERATURE
Temperature affects the physiological activities of plants and
animals. Temperature higher than 45 C usually lead to the
denaturation of enzymes within the
organisms.
TOPOGRAPHY
Topography refers to physical land features such as the
altitude, gradient, and aspect ofa region.
The main topographic factor is altitude. Higher altitudes are
associated with lower atmospheric pressures and temperatures.
MICROCLIMATE
Microclimate refers to the climate in a microhabitat.
Microclimate also affects the population and distribution of
organisms .
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CONSUMERS Organisms that cannot photosynthesise must acquire
energy and most of their
nutrients by feeding on other organisms. Therefore, they are
called consumers.
DECOMPOSERS
The important group of heterasotrophs is the decomposers such
bacteria and fungi.
The biotic components of an ecosystem
The biotic components of an ecosystem are the living organisms
such as humans, plants
and animals living within that environment. There are
interactions between the biotic
components. These interactions are mainly for light, food and
shelter. The number of
organisms and their distribution are greatly affected by the
interactions between the biotic
components.
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Food chains, food webs and trophic levels
One of the important relationships among the biotic components
of an environmentis the feeding relationship. To understand the
feeding relationship, it is useful to divide the biotic
components
into the following three trophic levels based on the nutritional
groups:
A food chain can be arranged in the form of pyramid of numbers.
A pyramid of numbers is a diagram showing the number of organisms
at each trophic
level in a food chain in ascending order.
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ENERGY FLOW WITHIN A FOOD WEB
In an ecosystem, several food chains interact to form a network
called a food web. In a food chain, energy is transferred from one
trophic level to another trophic level. When energy is transferred
from one trophic level to another trophic level as much as 90%
of
the chemical energy in the food consumed is used for its
metabolic activities and lost as heat,
excretory products and undigested matter.
Only 10% of the energy in an organism is passed on to the
organism at the next trophic level.
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Interactions between biotic components
The interaction between biotic components is divided into three
main types which aresymbiosis, saprophytism, prey-predator
interaction and competition.
SAPROPHYTISM Saprophytism is an interaction whereby an organism
lives and feeds on decaying organic
matter.
Saprophytes refer to plants which obtain food from decayed
organis matter. Examples of saprophtes are the various types of
fungi such as mushrooms, bread mould
and bracket fungus.
Saprozoites are microscopic animals that feed on decayed organic
matter. Some examples are paramecium sp. And amoeba sp. Which feed
on organic matter from
dead organisms.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ORGANISMS
SAPROPHYTISM SYMBIOSIS
COMMENSALISM MUTUALISM PARASITISM
PREY-PREDATOR COMPETITION
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SYMBIOSIS Symbiosis is an interaction between two organisms of
different species that live together. In symbiosis, one organism
will live in or with another organism called the host. The organism
that interacts with the host will benefit from the interaction.
Symbiosis is further classified into three types:
Commensalisms Paratism Mutualism
Commensalism Commensalisms is an interaction between two
organisms where only one organism
benefits from the relationship. The other is neither benefit nor
harmed.
The organism that benefits is called the commensal while the
other organism is called thehost.
Examples of commensal are epiphytes and epizoites. Epiphytes are
green plants which grow on other plants to obtain more sunlight and
for
support.
Examples of epiphytes are:a) Pigeon orchidb) Staghorn fernc)
Birds nest fern
Epizoites are animals that live in external surface of another
animal. The benefits that epizoites get from their hosts are
transport, protection and leftover foods
from the mouth of the hosts.
Examples of epizoites area) remora fish and a sharkb) clown fish
and sea anemones
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