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Making Solar Cells. Prof. D. Venkataraman (DV) Department of Chemistry UMass Amherst [email protected] http://thedvgroup.com UMass Amherst. Why Care about Photovoltaic Cells?. US needs ~98 Quads of Energy. 68% Waste. Units of Energy. Energy - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Prof. D. Venkataraman (DV)Department of ChemistryUMass Amherst
[email protected]://thedvgroup.com
UMass Amherst
Making Solar Cells
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Why Care about Photovoltaic Cells?
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US needs ~98 Quads of Energy
68% Waste
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Energy1 Quad = 1015 BTU (Quadrillion British Thermal Units) = 8,007,000,000 Gallons of gasoline = 1018 joules
Units of Energy
Power = Energy transfer rate1 Watt = 1 joule of energy transferred in 1 sec
1 kW h = 3.6 x 106 joules (3.6 megajoules)
US Energy Need/Person/Year= ~1012 Joules = Energy from 1 nuclear bomb
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US needs ~98 Quads of Energy
68% Waste
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Why Care about Photovoltaic Cells?
World Economic Forum
US Cell Phone Need = 327 MWFukushima Reactor = 460 MWWorld Need = 5.6 GW
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~106 J/day/m2
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Solar Cells
Target = 1020 Joules/y
~10% of US area = 1020 J/y Renewable Source of Energy
Energy Magnitude
Cost = ~$0.25/kW h Economic Viability No CO2 emissions during energy
conversion
Production of Si:SiO2 + C Si + CO2
1 ton of Si = 1.6 tons of CO2
Environmental Impact
“Photovoltaic energy production will benefit global society by creating jobs, distributing energy supplies, and preventing pollution that results in health, and environmental degradation.”In Photovoltaics — a path to sustainable futures, Futures, 2002, 7, 663-674
Equity
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“I’d put my money on the sun and solar energy. Whata source of power! I hope we don’t have to wait until oil and coal run out before we tackle that.”
Thomas EdisonIn 1931 to Henry Ford and Harvey Firestone
From Current Thinking by Heather Rogers inNew York Times, June 3, 2007
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Efficiency of Photovoltaic Cells Depend on Absorption in the Solar Spectrum Charge SeparationCharge MobilityCharge Collection
Photovoltaic Cells
Exciton
Active Layer
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Single Junction Photovoltaic Cells
Source: NREL
Active Layers: Crystalline Silicon Amorphous Silicon Gallium Arsenide Copper-Indium-Gallium-Selenide (CIGS) Titanium dioxide/dyes Carbon Nanotubes, Carbon-based Polymers
& Molecules
Inorganic
HybridOrganic PVs
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Solar Cells
Energy Magnitude Economic Viability Environmental Impact Equity
Energy Magnitude Economic Viability Environmental Impact Equity
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Organic Solar Cells
Making active layers materials is not energy intensive Carbon-based active layers are inexpensive Carbon-based active layers are light Flexible solar cells
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Exciton Diffusion Distances in OPV and Si Cells
Si or III-V Cells
Exciton diffusion distance >100 nm
Excitons loosely bound
Organic/Hybrid/Dye-sensitized
Exciton diffusion distance <10 nm
Excitons tightly bound (Frenkel Excitons)
Low dielectric constant
10 nm
Gregg, B. A., Excitonic solar cells. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2003, 107 (20), 4688-4698.
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